Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T.

EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

English Literature
English Renaissance/ Elizabethan Period Literature
The English Renaissance, also known as the Elizabethan Period, was a significant
era in English history that spanned from the late 15th century to the early 17th
century. This period marked a cultural and artistic renaissance in England,
characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning, literature, and the arts. The
reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) is often referred to as the Golden Age of
English literature, during which many influential writers, poets, and playwrights
emerged.
One of the key figures of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare, often
regarded as the greatest playwright in the English language. Shakespeare's works,
such as "Romeo and Juliet," "Hamlet," and "King Lear," are considered masterpieces of
world literature and have had a lasting impact on Western culture. Another prominent
figure of this period was Christopher Marlowe, a playwright and poet known for his
works such as "Doctor Faustus" and "Tamburlaine." Marlowe's contributions to
English literature helped shape the development of drama during the Elizabethan era.
In addition to Shakespeare and Marlowe, other influential individuals who
contributed to the English Renaissance include Edmund Spenser, known for his epic
poem "The Faerie Queene," and Sir Philip Sidney, a poet and courtier whose works
helped define the literary style of the period. The English Renaissance was also
marked by the emergence of the printing press, which facilitated the dissemination of
literary works and contributed to the growth of literacy and education in England.
The impact of the English Renaissance on society was profound, as it brought
about a renewed interest in humanism, classical learning, and the arts. The period
saw a flourishing of literature, music, theatre, and visual arts, with many of the works
produced during this time still celebrated today. The English Renaissance also played
a key role in the development of the English language, as writers sought to create a
national literature that reflected the unique cultural and historical identity of England.
However, the English Renaissance was not without its controversies and criticisms.
Some scholars argue that the period was marked by social inequality, political
instability, and religious conflicts, as England grappled with issues of power,
authority, and identity. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I was also characterized by
political intrigue and repression, as the monarch sought to maintain control over her
kingdom and suppress dissent.
Looking ahead, the legacy of the English Renaissance continues to influence
contemporary culture and academia. The works of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser,
and other writers of the period remain widely studied and performed, demonstrating
the enduring relevance of the literature produced during the Elizabethan era. The
English Renaissance also continues to inspire new generations of artists, writers, and
Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T. EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

scholars, who seek to explore the themes and ideas that emerged during this pivotal
period in English history.
The English Renaissance, also known as the Elizabethan Period, was a
transformative era in English history that had a lasting impact on literature, arts, and
culture. Key figures such as Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser, and Sidney made
significant contributions to the field of English Renaissance literature, shaping the
development of drama, poetry, and prose. While the period was not without its
challenges and controversies, its influence can still be seen today in the works of
artists, writers, and scholars who continue to draw inspiration from the rich legacy of
the English Renaissance.

The Romantic Period

The Romantic Period, which spanned roughly from the late 18th century to the
mid-19th century, was a time of great cultural, artistic, and intellectual growth. It was
a movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, and individuality, and it was a
reaction against the rationalism and order of the Enlightenment.

One of the key characteristics of the Romantic Period was its focus on nature.
Romantic artists and writers were inspired by the beauty of the natural world, and
they sought to capture its essence in their works. This can be seen in the poetry of
William Wordsworth, who celebrated the beauty of the English Lake District, and in
the paintings of artists such as J.M.W. Turner, who captured the power and majesty
of natural landscapes.

Another important theme of the Romantic Period was a fascination with the past.
Romantic artists and writers looked to history for inspiration, drawing on ancient
myths, legends, and folklore to create works that were both timeless and universal.
This can be seen in the poetry of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who drew on the legends of
King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table for his epic poem "The Rime of the
Ancient Mariner."

One of the most enduring legacies of the Romantic Period is its emphasis on the
individual as a creative and independent force. Romantic artists and writers believed
in the power of the individual to shape their own destiny and to create works of
enduring beauty and significance. This can be seen in the poetry of John Keats, who
celebrated the beauty of the human heart and soul, and in the music of Ludwig van
Beethoven, who broke new ground in his symphonies and sonatas.
Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T. EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

The Romantic Period was a time of great innovation and creativity in the arts. It
was a period characterized by a fascination with nature, a reverence for the past, and
a belief in the power of the individual. The works of Romantic artists and writers
continue to inspire and captivate audiences to this day, demonstrating the enduring
power and relevance of this important cultural movement.

The restoration of the 18th century literature

The restoration of 18th century literature marked a pivotal moment in literary
history, as it brought about a revival of classical forms, themes, and styles in English
literature. The period of restoration literature, which spanned from the late 17th
century to the early 18th century, was characterized by a rejection of the strict
moralism of the Puritan era and a return to themes of wit, satire, and libertine
behavior. This period saw the rise of key figures such as John Dryden, Alexander
Pope, and Jonathan Swift, who played significant roles in shaping the literary
landscape of the time.
One of the key historical contexts for the restoration of 18th century literature was
the political and social turmoil of the time. The period saw the restoration of the
British monarchy with the coronation of Charles II in 1660, after years of civil war and
republican rule. This political change brought about a new sense of optimism and
hedonism in English society, which was reflected in the literature of the time. Writers
began to explore themes of love, passion, and human emotion in ways that had not
been seen before, leading to a flourishing of both dramatic and poetic works.
One of the most influential figures of the restoration period was John Dryden, who
is often regarded as the father of English literary criticism. Dryden's works, such as
"Absalom and Achitophel" and "All for Love," exemplified the wit and sophistication of
the restoration style, while also engaging with political and social issues of the time.
Dryden's critical essays, such as "Of Dramatic Poesy" and "An Essay of Dramatick
Poesie," helped to shape the literary tastes of the period and laid the groundwork for
future developments in English literary criticism.
Another important figure of the restoration period was Alexander Pope, whose
satirical works, such as "The Rape of the Lock" and "The Dunciad," are still regarded
as classics of English literature. Pope's wit and keen sense of irony made him a
significant voice in the literary world, and his works continue to be studied and
appreciated to this day. Pope's influence can be seen in the works of later writers,
such as Samuel Johnson and William Wordsworth, who were inspired by his wit and
ingenuity.
While the restoration of 18th-century literature brought about many positive
developments in the field, it also faced criticism for its perceived decadence and
immorality. Critics such as Samuel Johnson and John Milton argued that the
restoration period had gone too far in its pursuit of wit and satire, at the expense of
Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T. EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

moral and ethical values. However, the restoration period's legacy continues to be felt
in English literature, with its influence seen in works ranging from the romantic
poetry of the 19th century to the modernist experiments of the 20th century.
References:
1. Abrams, M. H. (2000). "A Glossary of Literary Terms." Cengage Learning.
2. Fairer, D. (2005). "Poetry and Restoration Drama: A Companion to Restoration
Drama." John Wiley & Sons.
3. Lodge, D. (2011). "A History of British Poetry." Harvard University Press.

The Victorian age to Comtemporary Period

The Victorian Age, also known as the Victorian Era, was a period in British history
that lasted from 1837 to 1901, during the reign of Queen Victoria. This era was
characterized by a strong sense of morality, propriety, and social hierarchy. It was a
time of great economic, political, and social change, with the Industrial Revolution
transforming the country into a leading industrial power.

During the Victorian Age, there was a significant emphasis on family values,
religion, and social order. The upper class dominated society, while the lower classes
struggled to make a living in an increasingly industrialized world. The era was marked
by strict social mores and expectations, with women expected to be modest and
obedient, and men expected to be strong and dominant.

In literature, the Victorian Age produced some of the most enduring works in the
English language, with authors such as Charles Dickens, the Bronte sisters, and
Thomas Hardy exploring themes of class, gender, and morality. The era was also a
time of great scientific discovery, with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution challenging
long-standing religious beliefs.

The 20th century was a period of incredible upheaval and change, marked by two
world wars, the rise of totalitarian regimes, and the decolonization of many countries
around the world. The early 20th century saw the continuation of industrialization
and the growth of urbanization, leading to greater social and economic inequality.
Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T. EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

The two world wars had a profound impact on the 20th century, leading to the
deaths of millions of people and the displacement of many more. The aftermath of
World War II saw the emergence of the Cold War, with the United States and the
Soviet Union locked in a tense struggle for global dominance.

In the latter half of the 20th century, the civil rights movement, feminism, and the
environmental movement gained momentum, challenging long-standing social norms
and advocating for greater equality and justice. The 20th century also saw rapid
advances in technology, with the invention of the internet revolutionizing how people
communicate and interact with one another.

Today, in the contemporary period, we continue to grapple with many of the same
social, economic, and political challenges that have defined the previous centuries.
Issues such as climate change, income inequality, and globalization continue to shape
our world, while new challenges such as artificial intelligence and digital privacy
present fresh dilemmas.

The Victorian Age, the 20th century, and the contemporary period are all
interconnected, with each period building upon the successes and failures of the
previous one. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, it is important to
reflect on the lessons of history and consider how we can learn from the past to create
a more just and equitable future.

American Literature
Early American and Colonial Period Literature
The Early American and Colonial Period in literature took place from the 17th century
to the late 18th century. This was a time marked by exploration, settlement, and the
formation of colonies in the New World. Literature during this period reflected the
themes, concerns, and values of the people living in early America.
One of the most influential early American writers was Anne Bradstreet. She was one
of the first poets in America and her work reflected the struggles and aspirations of the
Puritan colonists. In her poems, Bradstreet grappled with the tension between her
religious faith and her desire for artistic expression. Her most famous work, "The
Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America," was published in 1650 and was a
collection of poems that explored themes of nature, love, and spirituality.
Another important figure in early American literature was William Byrd II. Byrd was a
wealthy Virginia planter and writer whose diaries provide a valuable glimpse into life
in the colonial South. His writings offer a candid and often humorous portrait of the
social and political landscape of the time.
Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T. EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

Early American literature was also influenced by the work of Native American writers.
One such writer was Samson Occom, a Mohegan Indian who was a minister and
advocate for Native American rights. Occom's sermons and essays provided a powerful
voice for the indigenous peoples of America during a time of colonial expansion and
displacement.
The literature of the Early American and Colonial Period was varied in genre and style.
It included sermons, diaries, poetry, and political pamphlets. Many of the writers of
this period were deeply influenced by religious beliefs, particularly the values of
Puritanism and the Great Awakening.
The literature of the Early American and Colonial Period provides valuable insights
into the thoughts, beliefs, and experiences of the people who lived in early America. It
reflects the complex social, political, and cultural landscape of the time and serves as
a testament to the enduring power of literature to capture the essence of a historical
moment.

The American Colonial Period

The American Colonial Period is a crucial era in the history of the United States, as it
laid the foundation for the development of the country as we know it today. One of the
key aspects of this period was the influence of Puritan literature, which played a
significant role in shaping the cultural and moral values of the early American settlers.
The Puritans were a religious group who believed in strict adherence to Biblical
teachings and a simple, austere lifestyle. They came to the New World seeking
religious freedom and the opportunity to establish a community based on their beliefs.
Puritan literature, which included sermons, diaries, and poetry, reflected their values
and beliefs, as well as their struggles and triumphs in the New World.
One of the most famous works of Puritan literature is "The Bay Psalm Book," which
was the first book printed in British North America in 1640. This book contained
Psalms translated into English verse by Puritan leaders, and it was widely used in
churches throughout New England. The language of the Psalms was plain and direct,
reflecting the Puritans' desire to communicate their religious beliefs in a clear and
accessible way.
Another important work of Puritan literature is "The Diary of Samuel Sewall," which
provides a first-hand account of life in colonial America. Sewall's diary chronicles his
daily activities, as well as his thoughts and reflections on the moral and spiritual
challenges of the time. Through his writings, Sewall reveals the struggles and
contradictions of the Puritan community, including their treatment of Native
Americans and their role in the Salem witch trials.
Overall, Puritan literature played a crucial role in shaping the moral and cultural
values of the American Colonial Period. It provided a means for the Puritans to express
Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T. EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

their beliefs and experiences, as well as a way to pass down their traditions to future
generations. By studying Puritan literature, we can gain a deeper understanding of the
ideals and struggles of the early American settlers, and appreciate the lasting impact
of their legacy on American culture.

Revolutionary Period Literature

During the Revolutionary Period in America, literature played a crucial role in shaping
the cultural and political landscape of the newly formed nation. The literature of this
time reflected the ideals and values of the American people as they fought for
independence from British rule.
One of the key themes in Revolutionary Period literature was the concept of liberty and
freedom. Writers such as Thomas Paine and Patrick Henry used their words to inspire
and motivate the American people to fight for their rights and freedoms. Paine's
pamphlet "Common Sense" was instrumental in galvanizing public support for the
American Revolution, while Henry's famous speech "Give me liberty or give me death"
became a rallying cry for those fighting against British tyranny.

Another important theme in Revolutionary Period literature was the idea of democracy
and self-governance. Writers such as John Adams and Thomas Jefferson wrote
extensively on the principles of democracy and the importance of a government by the
people, for the people. Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, with its famous words
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal," encapsulated
the ideals of democracy and equality that were central to the American Revolution.

In addition to political and philosophical themes, literature of the Revolutionary Period

also focused on the personal experiences and sacrifices of those involved in the war for
independence. Writers such as Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren wrote letters
and diaries that documented the struggles and triumphs of the time, providing a
firsthand account of the challenges faced by those fighting for freedom.

The American Republic and the Contemporary Periods

The American Republic has gone through various periods of growth, change, and
transformation since its establishment in 1776. From the early days of the founding
fathers to the contemporary era, the United States has seen significant developments
in its political, social, and economic landscapes. The contemporary period, which
Ricafrente, Aivan Jann T. EduEng21
BSED Eng 3A Ms. Loreta Edquiban

encompasses the last few decades, is marked by rapid globalization, advances in

technology, and shifting cultural norms.

One of the defining features of the contemporary period in American history is the
increasing interconnectedness of the world. Globalization has led to greater economic
integration, cultural exchange, and political cooperation among nations. The rise of
multinational corporations, the expansion of international trade, and the growth of
social media have all contributed to the interconnected nature of our modern world.
This interconnectedness has brought both opportunities and challenges for the
American Republic.

Advances in technology have also played a significant role in shaping the

contemporary period of American history. The digital revolution has transformed the
way we communicate, work, and live our lives. The internet and social media have
given rise to new forms of activism, political engagement, and social movements.
Technology has also had a profound impact on the economy, with automation and
artificial intelligence reshaping industries and creating new opportunities for
innovation.

Despite these advancements, the American Republic faces numerous challenges in the
contemporary period. Economic inequality, political polarization, and environmental
degradation are just a few of the issues that continue to plague our society. The
election of Donald Trump in 2016 highlighted the deep divisions within the country
and the growing distrust of political institutions.

In order to navigate these challenges and build a more inclusive and sustainable
future, the American Republic must draw on its founding principles of democracy,
freedom, and justice. By upholding the values of equality, fairness, and opportunity
for all, the United States can continue to be a beacon of hope and progress in the
contemporary world.

the American Republic has faced many trials and tribulations throughout its history,
but it has always emerged stronger and more resilient. The contemporary period
presents new challenges and opportunities for the United States to shape its future
and make a positive impact on the world. By embracing diversity, innovation, and
social justice, the American Republic can continue to thrive and lead in the 21st
century.