Gateway To The World c1 Workbook

to the world Workbook
Jigital Workbook
macmillan
education Kate Pickering
www.frenglish.ru
Contents
Vocabulary Grammar
High hopes Synonyms: challenges and 1 Present perfect forms and past simple p6
p4 achievement p4 2 Modifying comparative and superlative
Word formation - prefixes p7 forms p8
Trending now Trends p12 1 Present and past habits p14

p12 Expressions relating to fashions 2 Relative clauses p16
and trends p15
Formal and informal language p18
Cumulative review Units 1-2 and O n -th e-G o Practice
. M aking history Words that are similar in meaning 1 Narrative tenses p24
P2 2
p22 2 Inversion with negative adverbial phrases
Phrasal verbs - separable and p26
inseparable p25
Future visions Support and opposition p30 1 Future forms p32

1 p30 Word formation - suffixes p33 2 Advanced future forms p34
The Internet and online
communication p36
Cumulative review Units 3 -4 p38 and p39 -th e-G o Practice
Find your voice Getting meaning across p40 1 Review of conditional forms p42
p40 Expressions with communication 2 Advanced conditional forms p44
and voice, Expressions with say,
speak and tell p43
New horizons Collocations: travel p48 1 Mixed conditionals, Inverted

p48 Phrasal verbs - experiences p51 conditionals p50
Collocations: describing places 2 Past regrets p52
p54
Cumulative review Units 5-6 p56 and p57
Identity Personality and behaviour p58 1 Passive constructions and causatives p60
p58 Expressions with self p61 2 Adding emphasis - cleft sentences p62
Describing data: synonyms p64
Giving back Positive action p66 1 Reported speech p68

p66 Expressions with give and take p69 2 Order of adjectives p70
Charity p72
Cumulative review Units 7-8 p74 and p75 O n-the-G o Practice
Seen on screen Viewing habits p76 1 can, could, may and might p78
p76 Phrasal verbs - the film industry 2 Ellipsis and substitution p80
p79
10 Lead th e way People who make a difference p84 1 Gerunds and infinitives p86
p84 Words with prepositions p87 2 Participle clauses p88
Skills and qualities p90
Cumulative review Units 9-10 p92 and p93 O n-the-G o Practice
2 Contents www.frenglish.ru
Reading Listening Speaking Writing I Exam trainer
Nothing's going to get Life plans p7 Personal interviews p9 Joining your school Paper 1: Reading and
in my way p5 An informal email of Use of English
advice p10 Exam Parts 1-8:
multiple-choice cloze,
open cloze, word
formation, key word
Dance trends through The future of fashion p15 Extended discussion 1 Buying fashion locally transformation, multiple
history p13 p17 An opinion essay 1 p18 choice, cross-text
multiple matching,
gapped text, multiple
matching p94
Black History Month p23 Historical objects p25 Discussing photos 1p27 Volunteering at an
archaeological project
A cover letter p28
Forecasting the future Seed banks p33 Collaborative tasks 1 p35 How banking and the Paper 2: Writing
p31 way we use money is Exam Parts 1-2: An essay
changing and a choice between
An academic essay p36 an email, proposal, or
report p99
How to become a great The benefits of word Collaborative tasks 2 p45 Job applications
public speaker p41 puzzles p43 workshop
A proposal 1 p46
New experiences: Travellers' tales p51 Giving a talk p53 A terrible holiday
microexploring p49 A review p54
Paper 3: Listening
Exam Parts 1-4:
Who are we? The many What your clothes say Discussing photos 2 p63 Personal appearance in 3-option multiple
symbols of national about you p61 online sharing choice, gap-fill, 4-option
identity p59 Describing visual multiple choice,
information p64 multiple matching plOO
Doing good - the easy Young volunteers p69 Discussing photos 3 p71 Choosing the right
way p67 charity
A report p72
The biggest online video Talking about screens Extended discussion 2 The educational
platform in the world p79 p81 function of the cinema
p77 An opinion essay 2 p82 Paper 4: Speaking
Exam Parts 1-4: giving
factual or personal
Young heroes p85 Peer mentoring p87 A debate p89 A candidate for a Local information, talking
Heroes Award about photographs,
negotiating an
A proposal 2 p90
agreement, general
discussion p102
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Contents
HIGH HOPES
Vocabulary in context and reading
Synonyms: challenges and achievement V Great students' tip
Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Reading: Previewing
accomplishments • adventures • feat • obstacle • Always read with a purpose. Look at the material
ordeal • trials before you start reading. The title, photos and any
sub-headings will give you an idea about what the
1 Tell me all about your abroad. I can't text is about. You can then read to check your ideas.
wait to hear about them!
2 In the end, the exam was less of a(n)
than I had feared. Read the article quickly and choose the focus of
3 The Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai is a(n) each person's achievement.
of modern engineering. 1 business 3 sport
4 Speaking four languages is just one of his 2 activism 4 education
5 Getting up in the night is one of the Read the article again. For questions 1-10,
of having a baby. choose from the people (A-D). You can choose
each person more than once.
6 Nowadays, disability is no to success
in sport. Which person ...
1 found it difficult to cope psychologically?
Complete the text with the correct form of the 2 came up with an original idea?
words in 1. Do not repeat any of the words.
3 became aware of problems in their local area?
We're here today to celebrate the work of our colleague, 4 got some surprising news while at school?
June Davies, on her retirement. June has worked her
way up through the company and proved that leaving 5 visited a place they always wanted to go to?
school at 16 is no (1) to success. Among 6 was not put off by a negative comment?
June's many (2) was the introduction of 7 is working to improve things for people in a
the new website and her work on the holiday rota is an similar situation?
annual (3) of organisation! But the route 8 is aware of their strengths and weaknesses?
to success has not always been straightforward: June
9 had to support several family members?
has had to overcome many (4) along the
way. As many of you know, June has now made a good 10 was an unexpected focus of media attention?
recovery following a long (5) with illness.
She was also among the staff who feared for their lives Match the underlined words and phrases in the
during the terrifying (6) of the fire on the article to the meanings.
third floor last year. Happily, those things are in the past 1 holding tightly with the hand
and in retirement June and her husband Ron plan to visit
2 person who helps people buy, sell
their daughter in Australia. We wish her the very best of
or rent homes
luck on this (7) and look forward to hearing
about her (8) 'down under'. 3 teachers at college or university
4 considered the best
5 periods of time with extremely high
Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆ temperatures
Complete the sentences with the correct 6 room in a hospital where doctors
form of hope or dream. perform surgery
1 Never in my wildest did I think 7 person who looks after sick or old
I'd be working on a Hollywood movie! people at home
2 I know you think you failed the exam, but let's
k
for the best until you get the Critical thinkers
results.
Do these achievements benefit the
3 I took my bike to get it repaired and now it
individual (I) or society (S) more?
works like a
4 A: Will you lend me your new camera? 1 Environmental activism l/ S
B: In your ! 2 Sporting success l/ S
5 Mum might not let us go to the party tonight, 3 Studying what you want l/ S
so don't get your up. 4 Becoming a successful performer l/ S
5 Setting up an NGO l/ S
4 Unit 1 www.frenglish.ru
NOTHIFIG'S Gome TO GET IO IDV WAY
There are many different kinds of success in life. We look at four young people in very
different situations who are focussed on achieving their dreams.
At many sporting Alisha Morgan's dream is to becom e a paediatric
C
competitions, you'll nurse. But she has faced some significant hurdles
see players who along the way, because she is also a full-time
have managed to overcome caregiver to her mother, who has a number of serious
serious obstacles to get to health problems. Alisha helps with her mother's basic
the top of the game. The personal care and manages her medication. When she
2021 Australian Open tennis was 17, Alisha started developing mental health problems
tournament was no exception and finding everything too much of a struggle. She
and journalists were all keen decided to give up her studies. Eventually, however, with
to interview a very special the help and support of her tutors, she was able to go
20-year-old tennis player. back to college and hopes to go on to university. Alisha
Unusually, she was not one of the highest-ranked players was aware that many other young people were also facing
but she had fought harder than most for her place in a difficult situations so she decided to set up a youth club
Grand Slam tournament. Francesca Jon es was born with for 11-2 5 year olds to support teenage carers and other
a rare genetic condition which means that she has three young people in challenging situations. In recognition of
toes on one foot, four on the other and only three fingers all her hard work and accomplishments, she was recently
and a thumb on each hand. As a child, she spent a lot of awarded an Inspire! Young Adult Award.
time in the operating theatre, but she always dreamed of
being a professional tennis player. Her condition meant
she had difficulty gripping her racket and she also found
balance a struggle. When she was eight or nine, a doctor
told her she would never play tennis professionally, but
Francesca describes herself as a perfectionist, very
determined and extremely competitive. And she was not
going to be put off by her medical condition! At the age
often, she moved to Barcelona and started training in a
tennis academy there. She's achieved more than anyone
thought possible and has no thoughts of stopping!
Akshay Ruparelia was Like many teens,
D
always business- Nkosilathi Nyathi is a
minded, even selling football fan, so visiting
sweets to his classm ates at the home of Real Madrid was
school. But having seen how a dream come true for the
much estate agents charged 17-year-old from Zimbabwe.
when his parents moved But Nkosilathi was in Madrid
house, he hit on a business for a very different reason:
idea which, after just one as a delegate at CO P 25, the
year, was worth 12 million United Nations Framework
pounds. While still at school, Convention on Climate
he developed an app which Change. Appointed a UNICEF Youth Climate Advocate in
later developed into Doorsteps - a house sales website 2020, he has been an environmental activist since the age
which has been described as the 'Uber of the property of 10 when he joined his school's environmental club and
world'. He found out he had sold his first house during his started making videos to document soil erosion caused
school lunch break! While in traditional house sales the by heatwaves and floods near his home in Victoria Falls.
seller pays a percentage of the house value to the agent, He went on to help build a machine that creates biogas
on Doorsteps you always pay a fixed price of just £99, which now powers the kitchens at his old primary school,
meaning a significant saving for the customer. But life and is an advocate for solar energy. As a co-founder of
hasn't always been easy for Akshay: both his parents and Fridays for Future in Zimbabwe, he encourages national
one of his sisters is deaf, so while he was setting up his and world leaders to involve young people in planning
business, Akshay was also helping to look after his family. policies and actions. Nkosilathi remarks 'I was never good
For some people this might have been an obstacle, but at sports, but I am a good public speaker.'
Akshay says having this kind of responsibility at a young
age helped him realise the importance of hard work.
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Unit 1 5
Grammar in context 1
Present perfect forms and past simple 4 This is my first time doing a parachute jump, never
Identify the verbs forms in bold. a parachute jump before.
a Kiara's been going to a lot of 5 The last time I saw Claudio was at that
auditions. fund-raising event. since
b I've always wanted to learn to play I that fund-raising event.

piano.
Complete the text with the correct form of
c We've asked for funding for our new
start-up.
d They've been struggling to get the
project off the ground for a long time.
e Shari finally achieved her dream of
opening her own business in 2022.
Choose the correct alternative.

1 How long Japanese?
a have you been learning b have you learnt
2 They the company about four years ago.
Martin Luther King Jr. (1) (deliver)
a have started b started
his famous speech during the March for Jobs and Freedom on
3 I about starting my own business when I had 28th August, 1963 and it (2)
a job. (be) a symbol of the civil rights movement ever since.
a never thought b have never thought Over 250,000 people (3)
4 How many application letters ? (listen) to the speech that day but since then, the
a have you been writing b have you written words (4) (become) a
long-standing symbol of the fight for freedom, and people
5 My grandfather to learn to sail. It's a shame he
didn't manage to do so. (5) (refer) to King's words
ever si nee.
a has always wanted b always wanted
Apart from its message of hope and its impact on civil
6 Did you speak to Greg? He all morning. rights, the speech itself (6)
a has been calling b has called (go down) as one of the most famous in history. King
7 Have you heard the news? Misha for the (7) (speak) to the head and to
national team! the heart and speech writers (8)
a has been selected b was selected (analyse) King's use of repetition and contrast for the past 60
8 Henry and Nicole the last three months years. The IHave a Dream speech (9) (have) a
preparing to launch their YouTube channel and huge influence on the speeches of other leaders ever since.
they're finally ready!
a have spent b have been G ram m ar ch allen ge ☆ ☆ ☆
spending
Complete the sentences with the
expressions in the box.
/ Great students' ti
Exams: Reading instructions carefully time and time again • the first time •
just in time • for the time being •
Remember to read the instructions in exam tasks
for some time • it's high time
carefully: it's important not to write fewer or more
words than stated at the beginning of the task as you 1 This is I've met a
could lose marks. trilingual person.
2 I've been wanting to start my own business
Complete the second sentence so that it now.
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do not 3 you thought about
change the word given. Use between two and five what you're going to study next year.
words, including the word given. 4 Jack's parents have told him
1 It's six months since Jo's family moved here, for not to give up on
Jo's family six months now. his dreams.
2 I'm preparing the fifth slide of my talk. four 5 Ed has decided to focus on the guitar
but may learn the
So far I of my talk.
piano later.
3 Gina started learning Chinese a year ago. has
6 Mel submitted the application form
Gina a year. and managed to
get a place on the course.
Developing vocabulary and listening
Word form ation - prefixes
1 Critical thinkers
1 /'m//'npractical 4 d/s//7legal Match the ideas in 1-5 to how you think
2 d/'s/m/'sapproving 5 /r/un relevant Dr Woolf would respond to them (a-e).
3 /n/unreliable 6 /n/unexperienced 1 Once you have decided your life plan
you should not change it.
Complete the words with prefixes in the box. 2 You should not plan, but wait to see
where life takes you.
anti • dis • in • mis • over • sub
3 I'm going to start by thinking about
everything that's wrong with my life.
1 advantaged 4 climax
4 I'm just going to think about my life plan
2 paid 5 lead
in my head.
3 zero 6 store
5 My top priority is my family. I work
12-hour days.
Complete the text with the correct prefix
and form of the word given. a Writing things down helps clarify your
I've always wanted to learn Spanish, but unfortunately it thoughts and gives you something to refer
seems I am (1) (capable) of learning! I tried back to.
a translating app but it was often (2) (rely) b You may need to adapt due to obstacles or
and would stop working at the crucial moment. It also changes in your life.
felt (3) (social), to be constantly looking c Make sure the time you spend on things
at my phone and (4) (practical) to use reflects how important those things are in
in the middle of a conversation. While these apps are your life.
(5) (deny) a good solution for travelling, d It's not a good idea for you to think
they are generally (6) (rate), and so, I've negatively.
had to (7) (consider) going back to the
e You might not do anything: you're more likely
classroom to study serand estar again!
to be successful if you have a plan that you
can put in action.
@ 0 Listen to a talk about life plans. Number the
points (a—f) in the order they are mentioned.
a Think about your future V ocabulary extension ☆☆☆
b Get support Complete the sentences with the words in
c Definition of a life plan the box.
d Consider your values
bacterial • changeable • fresh • heard •
e Make a short-, medium- and long-term plan powering • star
f Importance of having a plan
1 All hospital visitors need to clean their
Listen again and complete the notes hands using anti gel.
with a word or short phrase. Write no more than 2 In many contexts, the words
three words and/or a number. adventures and exploits are
inter and you can use either.
Life plans 3 I thought the teacher said the project
was due on the 24th, but I may have
Dr Woolf starts by making a comparison between a life mis her.
plan and a (1) , though she says unforeseen
4 When we opened the door, there was
(2) might lead us to change our initial plan.
anover smell of gas, so we
Making a plan is not only a good way to achieve your dreams
but also means you feel more (3) of your life. called the gas company.
The first thing you need to do is to (4) of how 5 Once you've put in the data, you may
you want your life to be in the future. In thinking about the type need to re the page before it
of person they wish to be, some people think about the different updates the results.
(5) that might describe them in the future. When
making goals to improve their well-being, people consider things 6 Gaten Matarazzo is famous for his role as
like dealing with stress, (6) or having better Dustin Henderson in Stranger Things, but
relationships. When putting things down on paper, Dr Woolf he's not exactly a super
herself likes to (7) When it comes to how you
spend your time, Dr Woolf gives the example of people in the
(8) whose use of time does not reflect their
stated priorities. It's important to break your action plan down
into (9) and to get some type of support which
will mean you are less likely to (10)
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Unit 1 7
Modifying comparative and superlative forms
Complete the lists with the words in the box. Choose the correct alternative.
altogether • by a long way • considerably • ever • not nearly 1 The circus skills course is by far as/
nowhere near as difficult as I thought it
was going to be.
1 before a comparative: a great deal, significantly,
2 The economy is growing far/by far more
2 after a comparative: by far, by miles,
quickly than last year.
3 before a superlative: easily, simply,
3 For me learning German is slightly any/
4 modifying as ... as: nowhere near, not quite,
hardly any more difficult than learning
5 after a superlative: by far, by miles, French.
4 Annabelle is easily the most successful/
the most successful easily person I know.
5 Sticking to my action plan has been
great deal/a great deal harderthan I
anticipated.
6 It's considerably/simply the bestfilm I've
seen in ages.
My cousin is by far/a great deal less shy
than she used to be.
8 Could you walk a b/t/ever faster, please?
Mark (A) the correct position of the modifier in each line.
Research by scientists in Ottawa, Canada has shown that people who have a
agreat deal
goal in life are likely to live longer than those who don't and also have a great deal
a lower incidence of dementia. According to Brain World magazine, of all far
the feelings we can experience, hope is one of the most powerful. It is without doubt
thought that those who have hopes and dreams are more positive about considerably
their lives and this leads to an healthier lifestyle. By contrast, people without altogether
hopes and dreams are likely to try out new things or face challenges. This in nowhere near as
turn leads to faster deterioration of the brain. So go ahead and make a wish. significantly
It could be the best thing that you do for your brain today! by far
G ram m ar challenge trtrto

Are the sentences correct? If not, correct them.
1 Istanbul is by far the bigger city in Turkey. 5 They've been preparing for the trip for a long
time.
2 The team has played over twenty matches this
season. 6 Cleo is the fastest runner in the squad by miles.
3 Mrs James still hasn't given us our grades - 7 Where's Jake? I've seen him on my way here and
I've asked her all week. he said he was coming.
4 The exam was nowhere near as difficult I was 8 How long have you painted that room? Aren't
expecting. you finished yet?
Developing speaking
Personal interviews Complete the table with expressions from
the box.
Actually,... • Apparently, it seems th a t... •

As I was saying ... • Basically •
Finally, I mustn't forget... •
In addition, I should mention • In fa c t,... •
Like I mentioned already ... • To be honest...
Structuring your response

I should begin by ... / Also, I should say th a t...
Reporting something you believe to be true
They say th a t...
Emphasising
In actual fa c t,...
Repeating/Paraphrasing what you've already said
As I told y o u ,...
Expressing your attitude to what you're saying
Honestly...
For each pair of questions, choose the topic
from the box.
©o Read the text and choose the correct
studying English • healthy living • alternative. Then listen and check.
family and friends • your free time • (1) / should begin by saying/ They say that I live in a
your city or town • your hopes and dreams reasonably large town in the south of England, so you
might imagine that local transport would be quite
1 a How easy is it to get around? good. However, (2) basically/in actual fact, I don't think
b What kind of area do you live in? it's good at all. Although there is a train line, there
2 a Do you prefer to plan or to see where life takes are only two stations in the area, so (3) apparently/
you? basically, it seems that to get around locally, you have
to use the bus. (4) Honestly/ln addition, I should
b Where do you see yourself in five years' time?
mention that the timetable is really limited: the service
3 a What's the best advice you could give someone finishes early in the evening and there are no buses at
starting out? all on Sundays! (5) In actual fact/As I told you, this is a
b Do you think it's important to go abroad? largish town and it's on the coast, so in summer there
4 a Where are the best places to go at the weekend are lots of visitors and foreign students. (6) Finally,
where you live? I mustn/t forget that/To be honest, I don't think the
b Do you prefer to spend time with your friends or public transport is good enough.
family?
D Pronunciation
5 a Who do you go to if you have a problem?
b What things do you celebrate with different @ 1 3 Listen and repeat the examples with
people? pauses to help the listener understand.
6 a What do you do to keep fit? To be honest / I don't do as much as I should
b What do you understand by the saying 'Healthy In actual fact / my friends tend to tease me
body, healthy mind'? about this
@ 13 Listen to three students answering @ F I Read and mark where you think
questions from 1. Which question does each the speaker will pause. Then listen and
person answer? Is it a good answer? Why/ check.
Why not? 1 In actual fact I've never set foot in a gym
Speaker 1 2 I should begin by saying that I am generally
quite an organised person
3 Like I mentioned earlier I'm a believer in
Speaker 2 being organised
4 To be honest I'm not much in favour of that
Speaker 3
Practise answering two of the questions
in 1. If possible, record yourself.
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Unit 1 9
Developing writing: an informal email of advice
Read the task and the model email. Tick (s/) the things Clara asked about.
• social life • work experience
• the biology programme • additional activities
• homework • school uniform
• science facilities
You have received an email from a student who is going to join your school next
term. You have been asked to answer her questions and give her relevant advice.
To: Clara From: Leah

Start a new
Use informal (Hey Clara?) paragraph
expressions when you
First of all, I'm super pleased you're going to be Joining our school next term. I've only
to open and change
been here for two years myself, but I'm glad I made the change. I'll try to answer your subject
close your questions but let me know if there's anything else you want to know.
letter
I understand you're taking science subjects and to tell the truth, you've chosen the
right place. The teachers here ardfoiles bettefrthan at my old school and really make Use
an effort to help; the engineering programme is particularly good, but if you want more
informal
info about biology, you could try writing to Mrs M cM anus who's the Head of Science. cohesive
Having said that, the labs have seen better days, but the quality of the teaching is devices to
outstanding and at the end of the day I guess that's the m ost important thing. organise
dncidentally£/ou asked about school activities. There's a cool robotics club and a great your
response
''debating team, but if you mean sports, then frankly I'm not the best person to ask.
I know there are lots of team s which take part in local leagues and all that, but I don't
Use a ^know a whole lot morefl reckor^/ou’ll be able to find out about that when you get here. Use
range of informal
(By the way)you asked ab o ut the uniform. I'd say things are pretty relaxed,
modifiers expressions
(Ebwhere near as strict a |)my old school. The good news is that there's no uniform
to give
in the sixth form. The other change from next term is that we do com m unity
advice
service on W ednesday afternoons. All in all, it's a pretty cool place.
Anyway, I hope I've answered your questions, but if
there’s anything else you'd like to know^yhy don’t yol)
text me and we can arrange to chat?
(p h e e rsf)
Leah
2 Complete the table with the information Leah gives.
Good things about the school Bad things about the school Not sure
Choose the correct word or phrase, a or b, to complete the text.

(1) , I'd recommend you take a look at the company website to find out some
background. (2) , it always amazes me that people don't think to do this.
Knowing about the place you're applying to is the most important thing - (3)
that's my view. (4) , I'd really recommend you practise the journey so there's no
risk of being late on the day. (5) while you're there is to pop into the reception.
(6) the company has got a very relaxed atmosphere so it might help to get a feel
for the place and think about how to present yourself at the interview. (7) , these
simple ideas can make all the difference to your confidence.
1 a It seems that b First of all 5 a By and large b Another thing you

2 a Even so b Frankly could do
3 a at any rate b apparently 6 a I've heard that b All the same

4 a Incidentally b At the end of the day 7 a By the way b At the end of the day
Unit 1 www.frenglish.ru
Writing bank
Task Useful expressions for informal writing
Your cousin is thinking about taking up a
hobby or activity that you do and has asked Introducing ideas and paragraphs
you for some advice about the best way to • First of a ll,...
get started, any equipment you need and • First things first,...
any other useful tips you may have about the • To start w ith ,...
hobby or activity. • OK, n e xt...
Write an email of between 220 and 260 Adding information
words. • And another thing ...
• On top of th a t...
• Talking about...
Prepare
Changing the subject
Read the writing task and plan your email. • B yth e w a y,...
Make notes.
• Incidentally,...
What hobby are you going to choose? Generalising
• All in a ll,...
• At the end of the day ...
How can you get started? • By and large ...
Giving opinions
• Frankly...
What equipment or other things do you need to buy?
• To tell the truth ...
• To be honest...
What tips/advice do you have?

Reporting
• It seems th a t...
• I've heard th a t...
• Apparently...
Use this paragraph plan in your email. Qualifying what has been said
Paragraph 1: Opening • All the same ...
Paragraph 2: About the hobby and how to get • Even s o ,...
started • Having said th a t,...
Paragraph 3: Equipment or things to buy Emphasising the most important point
Paragraph 4: Any other tips • At any rate,...
Closing paragraph: Inviting further questions
Write
6 Write your email in your notebook. Use your
notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model
on the opposite page and the Writing bank to
help you.
® Check
Read your email and complete this checklist.
1 I have answered all parts of the task.
2 I have used informal language to open and
finish my email. (2Z
3 I have used clear paragraphing. Q
4 I have used expressions for informal writing. |__
5 I have included modifiers.
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2 TRENDING NOW
Trends Read the text and choose the best title.
Choose the correct alternative. a Why dance is important
1 If you use , you can follow trending topics and b Dance trends through history
stay c Dance isn't what it used to be
a hashtags b in the know
2 It was only a matter of time before this © E J Read the text again. Complete the summary
accessory made a long-awaited with the phrases in the box.
a comeback b iconic ancient societies • broadcasting success •
3 Fashions can change really quickly, meaning that contrasting forms • economic migrants •
today's item becomes tomorrow's style. enforced migration • inappropriate behaviour
a must-have b outdated social norms • unexpected comeback
4 People reject the of ever-changing trends:

The author starts by describing dance as a universal and
there has been a against fast fashion.
international phenomenon with two (1)
a backlash b fad being both a performance and a social activity, and also
5 Initially, it took a few years for jeans to as a capable of constant evolution and the sparking of new
fashion item, but they became a that are trends. Evidence found by experts proves that dance was
always in fashion. important in (2) but it was originally a
a catch on b cultural phenomenon local art form. This changed when (3)
moved abroad in search of new opportunities. Dance
Write the correct words for the definitions. also reflected the (4) at different
stages in history. During Victorian times, for example,
1 : a negative and often angry reaction dancing close together was seen as (5)
to something that has happened The (6) caused when people were taken
2 : something that is admired as a from Africa to America and the Caribbean as slaves,
timeless classic led to further mixing of cultural traditions, including
3 : something people are only dance. The author concludes by describing the
interested in for a short time (7) made by ballroom dancing in recent
4 : something which is no longer a trend years, following the (8) of celebrity
dance shows.
5 : an expression that means 'become
popular again after being unfashionable'
Match the underlined words and phrases in the
6 : expression that means 'have special text to the meanings.
or secret information about something that is not
1 keep increasing in speed or popularity
known by most people'
2 rose quickly
7 : describes something which it is
currently important to own 3 produced from two different things,
to contain characteristics from both
Vocabulary extension tXriir 4 suited to a small and specific market
Complete the sentences with the correct 5 display or present the best of
form of the phrasal verbs in the box. something
6 exist before
fit in • get into • keep up with • lookahead •
spring up 7 morally wrong, inappropriate
L
1 If you like the latest trends, Critical thinkers
sign up to the Fashion Now podcast.
2 Maya is a little different but she doesn't feel Decide if the examples are dance as
performance (P), as a social activity (S) or
the need by doing the same as
both (B).
other people.
3 In this week's programme we 1 Competitors on Strictly Come Dancing
to next year's major fashion shows. 2 Different crews doing street dance
4 My dad's not a fan of fantasy. I was surprised 3 Dancing with a family member at a party
when he this new series. 4 A Royal Ballet show
5 As the trend for local shopping took hold, 5 A ritual dance by a tribe in the Amazon
farmers' markets everywhere. 6 Going to salsa classes
Posts Contact FAQs
Each period in history has

It's a worldwide industry which employs seen the development of
30,000 people in the UK alone and a new dance trends, which
centuries-old cultural phenomenon in which reflect the times and the
all of us have taken part. It has shaped society which produced
them. For example, though
and been shaped by the development of
the origins of the waltz go
many musical styles and is an international
back to the 1700s, it came
language without words, which can connect to popularity in the 19 th
people from diverse backgrounds and century, in the Victorian era.
cultures and generate trends and crazes This was a period when
which go viral in hours. Today we explore the great emphasis was placed
on moral values, with strict
history of dance and its importance in society. divisions between the sexes.
It was thought improper for men and women to dance together, so people
used to dance at arm's length. Some authorities even tried to ban the
Dance is one of the oldest forms of expression and its dance until Queen Victoria herself became a fan and it became more
evolution reflects the many changes in society across acceptable, evolving into the waltz style still seen today.
the centuries. In common with other art forms, it exists on
Some dance traditions have their roots in Africa and crossed the Atlantic
two levels: as a spectacle, performed by experts for an
during the terrible years of the slave trade. One dance thought to have
audience and, alternatively, as a form of social interaction,
African origins is the tango, the technically complex and highly dramatic
in which anyone can take part. Its movements can follow
dance now associated with Argentina. It was initially performed in the
established rules and patterns, or constitute a free and
neighbourhoods of Buenos Aires in the 1860s, but its popularity soared
unrestricted form of self-expression. And it continues to
from the 1920s after it was featured in shows and films.
evolve: for a TikTok dance to gain.momentum online and
become a hit, it has to catch people's attention in under Hip hop, which has in turn given rise to many of the dance styles of recent
a minute and, in order to be visible on-screen, its moves years, caught on alongside rap on the streets of New York in the 1970s as
need to focus more on the arms and upper body than a form of expression of African American and Puerto Rican youth culture.
the feet. Dance forms such as breakdancing still have a huge fan base, with
people mesmerised by the skill and level of physical fitness required to do
No one is sure about the origins of dance but there's no
it well. In fact, as of 2024, it is even an Olympic Games® event!
doubt that it's been around for a very long time. Experts
agree that dance predates written language, and it is likely As well as TikTok showing fans filming themselves, other screens continue
to have formed an important part of ceremonies in ancient to reflect the ongoing popularity of dance. TV programmes like America's
Egypt, Greece and China. It is also thought to have played Best Dance Crew showcase new talent, but it's not all about the latest
a significant role in the transmission of cultural history. moves. A decade or so ago, ballroom dancing - the formalised discipline
including such dances as the foxtrot and the quickstep - was very much
For many centuries, dance evolved independently in
a niche interest, often for older generations. Who would have thought
individual areas and there are still strong local dance
that a reality show, in which celebrities were paired with and coached
traditions, such as folk dancing or highly developed
by professional dancers, would prove to be such a massive success? Yet
but ultimately regional forms like flamenco. However,
Britain's Strictly Come Dancing, America's Dancing with the Stars and
once people started migrating in search of new
dozens of international equivalents have proved to be an absolute TV hit
opportunities, this also prompted encounters between the
of recent years. Ballroom dancing is back in fashion and there has been a
dance traditions of different parts of the world and the
dramatic increase in the number of people taking it up.
development of new hybrid forms.
So, whether you're into street dance, a fan of the

ballet or prefer to follow the latest TikTok craze,
there is a dance style to suit everyone. So go on -
make some history and have a dance
'b 13
www.frenglish.ru
Present and past habits 4 would; past continuous
Match the sentence halves. a My brother never left the house on time and he
(always/make) me
1 We use will (unstressed) or the present simple
late for school.
to talk about...
b My granddad got up early all week, so on
2 We use will (stressed) or the present continuous
Sundays he (often/
with an adverb of frequency to talk about...
have) a lie-in.
3 We use u sed to or w ould to talk about...
4 We use the past continuous with an adverb of Are these sentences correct? If not, correct
frequency to talk about... them.
5 We use w ould (stressed) to talk about... 1 I use to follow fashion a lot more than I do now.
a a single present event that we expect or feel is

typical in a way that shows annoyance or criticism. 2 So, Paula got a new phone the day they came out?
b a past habit in a factual, neutral way. Well, she will, won't she?
c a present habit in a way that shows annoyance or

criticism. 3 My friends are continually telling me to get new
d a past habit in a way that shows annoyance or trainers, but mine are fine.
criticism.
e a present habit in a factual, neutral way. 4 When we shared a room, my sister forever was
borrowing my clothes without asking.
5 My grandma would always dress well, even just to
FROM FUR TO FASHION go to the shops.
(1) W/'ll you stand/Are you forever standing in front of

your wardrobe trying to decide what to wear? It’s nothing 6 Ina typical month, Carla is spending about half her
new! It is thought that people started wearing clothing allowance on keeping her wardrobe up-to-date.
about 170,000 years ago. Before that time, Homo Sapiens
(2) would have/used to have more body hair, but with
evolution, early people needed clothes in order to keep
warm. As time went on, modern humans (3) were always
Grammar challenge ☆ ☆ ☆
hunting/would hunt animals such as the wolverine, whose
fur had the best insulating properties. Even today, groups Choose the alternative which is not correct.
such as the Inuit (4) use/used to use wolverine fur. Before
1 Lester in fashion
the Stone Age, people (5) were always wearing/
used to wear body paint, but from that time they used
journalism for the past ten years,
clothing to reflect their identity. Evidence suggests that a worked b has worked
people (6) would specifically produce/will always produce c has been working
clothing in different colours. Despite all this, some
traditional societies today (7) wear/will keep wearing
2 We to the seaside
minimal or no clothing, indicating that being covered up is every summer when I was younger.
not an essential human characteristic. a were going b would go
c used to go
3 ☆ Complete the sentences with the correct form 3 We near my
of the verbs given. The tenses are given each time. grandparents until my mum changed her job.
1 past continuous; used to a lived b would live
a We (always/go) on c used to live
holiday with my cousins- it was lovely to spend 4 That's the most
time together. ridiculous idea you've had yet!
b Our maths teacher a by far b easily
(always/give) us tests without any warning. c considerably
2 will; present continuous 5 Colleen hockey
a My dad (forever/tell) every Saturday until she injured her knee,
me to tidy my room.
a played b has played
b Genaro (help) if you c used to play
have a problem.
6 Anthony the cello
3 present simple; will
for hours - he loves it.
a The caretaker
a will sometimes play
(generally/open up) at about quarter to eight.
b sometimes plays
b You (keep) leaving the
kitchen in a mess. It's just not fair. c is sometimes playing
Expressions related to fashions and trends 3 What is unusual about the clothes the Tidball
brothers make?
Complete the expressions.
a They are designed to prevent the spread of
1 back fashion disease.
2 the radar b They are made from unusual materials.
3 vogue
cThey are more environmentally friendly.
4 keep the latest trends 4 Why does Karim think Amelia will be interested in
5 the next thing the new bikini?
6 the trend a Because she wants to become a competitive
swimmer.
Complete the text with the expressions in b Because there's a beach at the end of her road.
the box.
c Because she enjoys going to the beach.
all the rage • go-to • on trend • 5 What is special about therapy clothing?
make the ultimate fashion statement • a It was invented as a result of science-fiction
a passing trend • raise your profile films.
b It has to be used with the guidance of a
T HE E L IZ A B E T H A N T IM ES physiotherapist.
c It can have a life-changing impact.
That m ust-have look
1
Critical thinkers
Saturday 23 rd April, 1566
Last year, some people said the
Are these statements about clothing
facts (F) or opinions (O)?
ruff - one of those crazy white
collars everyone was wearing - 1 It seems like something out of science
was nothing more than fiction. F/O
(1) but they’re 2 Designers are using materials not normally
still (2) . If you’re a member of the English associated with clothing. F/O
nobility, looking to (3) at Elizabeth’s court, 3 Some sportswear gives the user feedback. F/O
the ruff is once again your (4) accessory 4 Smart clothing will improve our lives. F/O
this season. And if you really want to (5) 5 Therapy clothing is the most-useful
with the people who count, white face make-up is also application of this technology. F/O
(6) this year. 6 Therapy clothing is designed to help people
with mobility problems. F/O
3 ( § D * Listen to a podcast about the future of
fashion. Tick (>/) the topics that are mentioned.
Vocabulary extension
1 The use of new materials
Complete the expressions in bold with the
2 Clothing which includes technology words in the box.
3 The use of clothing in therapy
4 Sustainable materials belt • cap • hat • pocket • skirt • socks
1 You can't expect me to produce a meal for

4 Listen again and choose the best
your friends at the drop of a
answers.
2 There's no need to around the
1 Why does the presenter mention London Fashion is s u e - just get to the point.
Week?
3 I bought Kim's present from us all, but I'm
a Because her guest is a designer. going to be out of unless you
b Because it has influenced the topic of this each give me your share.
week's programme. 4 You keep failing in the tests. You'll really have
c Because many of the items in the programme to pull your up before the
were seen there. exams.
2 What does Karim say about the original function of 5 I'm going to have to tighten my
clothes? if I want to buy my new guitar before the
a Their principal function was to reflect our summer.
identity. 6 I'm sure you can come up with a way to
b They developed because of extreme weather solve the problem if you put your thinking
conditions. on.
c Their initial function was to protect us from
climatic conditions.
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Unit 2 15
Relative clauses Complete each sentence with the
Decide if each rule refers to defining (D) or correct relative pronoun. Use that where
non-defining (ND) relative clauses. possible. Omit the relative pronoun if it is not
necessary and add the appropriate commas.
1 Provide information necessary to identify the
person/thing being talked about.
2 Who and which cannot be replaced with that.
3 Do not provide essential information to identify
the person/thing being talked about.
4 Who, which, that and when can be omitted if
they refer to the object of the sentence.
5 The relative clause is separated from the main
clause by commas.
6 Who and which can be replaced with that.
Underline the relative pronouns which can be

replaced with that.
1 What happened to the book which Clara lent you? 1 The first watch inventor is said to be
2 The woman who looks after my brother is away this Peter Henleim was made between 1504 and 1508.
week.
2 Eighty-six percent of people wear a
3 They moved to St Ives, which is a village in Cornwall. watch wear it on their left wrist.
4 Her house, which is in the south, has six bedrooms.
3 The most expensive watch was
5 He didn't reply to any of the texts which I sent him. valued at $25 million was made by Chopard.
Tick (y) the sentences in which you can omit the 4 A watch worn on the Titanic stopped at the precise
relative pronoun. moment the boat sank.
1 I found the book that I thought I had lost. 5 Apple was the company produced
2 They made me an offer which I couldn't refuse. the first smartwatch.
3 The woman who lives next door to us is a lawyer.
6 According to a study, people
4 That's the shop where I bought my phone. choose to wear a watch today tend to be more
5 The people who I work with all live near the office. conscientious.
6 That's the road which leads to the station.

Grammar challenge
Rewrite the sentences using a relative clause. 6 Find and correct nine mistakes in the text.
Omit the relative pronoun where possible.
When my family asked me where I would like
1 We decided to go to the village. We always go there. to eat out on my birthday, I immediately said
We decided 'Tony's'.
2 I learnt this recipe from my aunt. 'We were always going there! It's not really
This is the recipe special', they complained.
3 Anya can't eat some cakes. The cakes Anya can't eat They're right, but it's by much the best
contain nuts. restaurant I know. We went there since I was
Anya can't a child and the chef, that is also a neighbour,
has become a good friend. I didn't used
4 Eric introduced me to a girl. I had met her before.
to be adventurous with food and always
Eric introduced ordered the same thing. Now I eat anything!
5 The leader of the party won the election. She is from The risotto, which is it made with leftover
the north. vegetables would normally be thrown away,
The leader is my favourite. It's a popular place and you
need to book - you would always see people
6 The man came to speak to us. It was his shop.
queuing to get in. I've been going there
The man dozens of times now and I've never been
disappointed!
0 Great students1 tip
1 6
Speaking: Using the correct relative pronoun
2 7
When producing relative clauses, consider if the
information is about a person, place, thing, or time and if 3 8
the relative pronoun can be replaced with that. 4 9
5
Developing speaking
Extended discussion 1 Put the words in order to make sentences.
1 evidently / untrue / That's / .
2 agree / I / partially / .
3 already / this / There's / proof / happening / of / .
4 reasonable / It / like / seems / assumption / a /

make / to / .
Read the questions (1-4) which an examiner

might ask during a speaking exam. Choose the
sets of words and phrases (a-d) you could use to 5 be / I / believe / studies / true / that / have / this /
answer each question. proved / to / .
1 There's no point in fashion shows because no

normal person would wear the clothes you see
there. Do you agree? 6 done / back / Quite / a / of / up / research / has /
2 What familiar objects from life today do you lot / been / to / this / .
think could be considered style icons of the
early 21st century?
3 To what extent is your opinion of people affected
by how stylish or up-to-date they are? Are the expressions in 4 used to justify (J),
4 Do you think fashion victims exist? Why/ agree (A), or disagree (D)?
Why not? 1 2 3
4 5 6
a reflect the times • representative • classic
[ O Pronunciation
b extravagant • extreme • impractical
The words below contain groups of
c the latest style • obsessed • single-minded consonants (clusters). Listen and underline
the clusters that you hear.
d superficial • open-minded • judgemental
1 assumptions 4 impressions
2 conclusions 5 influenced
2 Listen to two students answering a 3 demonstrably 6 statement
question from 1. Answer the questions below.
1 Which question are they answering? 7 Listen again. Practise saying the
words.
2 What is each student's opinion on the question?
Student A (boy):
8 Listen to a student's answer to the
Student B (girl): question. Make notes in your notebook on your
response to their answer.
Do you think style is something people are born with or
3 Complete the expressions with the can you learn it?
words in the box. Then listen again and check.
Great students1 tip
anecdotal • extent • evidence • idea
Speaking: Preparing to record
Your pronunciation will be better and you will sound
Justifying your opinion
much more natural if you speak freely, rather than
1 There's to show th a t... reading from a prepared script. Try to note down key
2 This is only , b u t... words and phrases and refer to them as you speak.
Agreeing
3 I would go along with the that...
9 ’ Practise your response. If possible, record
Disagreeing yourself.
4 Perhaps to some , b u t...
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Unit 2 17
Developing writing: an opinion essay 1
Vocabulary - Formal and informal language
Replace the words in bold in the essay introduction with more formal words or phrases.
A local charity has launched their (1) idea to (2) make sure that young people on low
incomes have affordable clothes. Young Start realised that a company which (3) makes costumes for
theatres were regularly (4) getting rid of surplus material that was not (5) needed.
They approached the company with a (6) suggestion to donate the material. Young Start then set up
workshops for young people to learn how to make clothes with help from a local sewing group.
Read the task and a student's essay. Which two arguments (1-3) does the essay discuss?
You have listened to a podcast about reasons for buying fashion locally. A panel discussed the pros and
cons. You have made notes below.
1 Closer relationship between the producer and. the customer
2
3 More ethicalproduction
Opinions from the discussion
'You can make sure the profit goes directly to the local businessperson, not some huge anonymous company.'
'There's less risk that you'll end up wearing an identical outfit to someone else.'
'Some stores exploit workers in poor countries who work in dreadful conditions.'
Write an essay discussing two of the arguments in your notes. You should explain which argument is more
important for buying fashion locally, giving reasons in support of your answer. You may, if you wish, make
use of the opinions expressed in the discussion, but you should use your own words as far as possible.
Use a clear (Increasingly) big name brands are considered

paragraph
the only option when buying clothes.
structure
with an Many people don’t even think twice about it:
introduction whether they ultimately make thei^purchas^)
and a ' in-store or online, they tend to buy from
conclusion companies we’ve all heard of.^Towever)^
there is an alternative that people could \
Use more consider: buying^garments)from local shops.
formal
(One reasor^for doing this is to be able to source original items which you Use
language
are not going to find on the high street. If you’re choosing something for appropriate
a special occasion, the last thing you want is to see someone else wearing features
an identical outfit. Buying from independent traders means you are far less of a formal
likely to suffer this embarrassment and that you can avoid that cloned look essay
> 4
that often results from everyone shopping in the same outlets.
Com ore important argument, th o u g h ts the ethical impact of fashion. If you
buy clothing from a local shopjC^Fwill probably have been produced^ocally.
Use more _ ^CThis not only provides employment to people where you live but alsp means Use the
complex that there is a more direct relationship between the shop owner and the passive to
expressions people who make the gpods. By contrast, garments in high street chains increase
to link ideas formality
(are often manufacturegJby workers in developing countries. Shopping
locally may mean that you pay more for your clothes, but it is important to
remember that if you buy a T-shirt for a couple of euros, the person who
made it in another continent will probably have earnt only a few cents.
In conclusion, while purchasing clothing in a big high street store may offer
variety at a budget price, if you’re looking for original fashion which has
not had a negative impact on the lives of those who produced it, you could
consider shopping more locally in future.
Find and write the synonyms used in the text for each word.
Task
You have listened to an expert panel discussion
about why consumers buy the latest technology.
You have made notes below.
• Upgrades and new versions are better
• Things don't last a long time
• They're status symbols to reflect lifestyle,
personality and wealth
Some opinions from the discussion
'It doesn't matter if you buy the latest model -
they're sure to release a new version soon after.'
'Tech companies want people to buy new products,
so they don't make them easy to repair or to last.'
'Some consumers just want to have the latest Writing bank
version to be seen to be cool.' Features of a formal essay
Write an essay discussing two of the suggested an introduction and a conclusion
reasons for buying the latest technology, giving your • impersonal style; more use of the
opinions and explanations to justify them. You may, passive; less use of / and you
if you wish, make use of the opinions expressed in • complex sentence structure (two or
the discussion, but you should use your own words more clauses)
as far as possible.
• fewer phrasal verbs
Write between 220 and 260 words. • formal language
• no contractions, slang or idioms
Prepare
Read the writing task and plan your opinion essay. Make notes.
1 Choose the suggested reasons you are going to discuss:
2 Your opinions on the first suggested reason:
3 Your opinions on the second suggested reason:
W
ri
Use this paragraph plan for your essay. ti
Paragraph 1: Introduction to the topic Paragraph 3: Second argument in support of your opinion
n
Paragraph 2: First argument in support of
your opinion
Paragraph 4: Conclusion, restating and possibly expanding
points made g
Write
6 Write your essay in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model on the
re
opposite page and the Writing bank to help you.
fe
Check
Read your essay and complete this checklist. re
1 I have used clear paragraphing for my essay, with formal linkers to connect my arguments.
n
2 I have completed the task, giving my opinion with reference to two points from the notes.
c
3 I have used formal language, including complex structures and the passive.
4 I have used formal vocabulary, and synonyms to avoid repetition.
5 I have not used contractions, slang or idioms.
e
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 2 19
Grammar
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the 3 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
verbs given. 1 I've met Lance six years ago in primary
1 I can't believe that you (finish) all your school.
homework already. You only (start) it half
an hour ago.
2 Rhona (study) all morning and she
(not take) any breaks.
2 New Zealand is the most simply
3 It's ages since I last (see) Hilary. What
beautiful place you could ever visit.
she (do) lately?
4 How long Zaf (have) driving
lessons? he (take) his test
yet?
5 you (watch) that programme 3 It's easily the best restaurant I ever
I recommended yet? What you visited.
(think) of it?
2 Choose the correct alternative.
1 When I was a teenager, I thought that I wouldn't have to

work (1) as hard once I made it. Now I understand that
4 At two metres, Jason is significant taller
than his brother.
the most successful people are (2) the hardest-working
people I know and they don't tend to stop. I also thought
that success meant everything had to happen immediately,
but now I'm aware that one challenge tends to lead to
another (3) bigger one. I used to be really obsessed 5 Has Molly spoken to you? She has
with work and I found myself working (4) harder, but looked for you all morning.
the most important lesson I learnt (5) was knowing
w when to switch off and now I'm (6) more relaxed.
e
i
1 a nowhere
2 a easily
b nearly
b much
c much
c significantly
6 Have you been writing that report yet?
v 3 a barely b quite c far I need to send it before lunch.
e
r
4 a a little
5 a by far
b barely
b a long way
c ever
c easily
6 a by far b quite c considerably
e
v
it Vocabulary
a
l 1 Choose the correct alternative.
1 Playing for the national team while studying for a
3 Complete the text with the correct
form of the words given.
u 2
degree is quite an accompZ/shment/adventure.
It was quite a hurdle/struggle but in the end, we
1 Trust your instincts. Don't
(estimate) the power of intuition.
m managed to get everyone to agree. 2 If your gut tells you something, listen
u 3 The journey was a bit of an obstac/e/ordea/ and we

didn't arrive till well after midnight.
to it, even if other people
(agree).
C 4 Megan spent the afternoon telling us about her

exploits/feats on the trip to Nepal.
3 You need to work on your
communication skills or you might
seem (social).
5 I think we're in for a battle/trial with the council to
try and get more funding. 4 You can compensate for being
by being very professional
6 Coping with bureaucracy in another language was just
(experience).
one of the ohstacles/struggles they had to overcome.
5 What other people think is
(relevant); it's your opinion that matters.
Complete the words with the correct prefix.
6 Things don't seem to be working out.
1 credible 5 reliable
I think we may need to
2 practical 6 sonic (consider) our strategy.
3 active 7 sleep
4 discover 8 approve
20 www.frenglish.ru
Grammar
Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Choose the correct alternative.
1 I would go on holiday to America three times 1 Rani messages late at night. It keeps me
before I was ten. awake.
2 Did your dad used to have long hair? a will be sending b has sent
3 Carmen would be quite shy, but she's more c is always sending
outgoing these days. 2 The film, got rave reviews, is set in Victorian
4 Darren will forget my birthday - that's typical times.
of him. a which b that
5 I don't know why Gina goes to the gym - she c what
forever complains about it.
3 We this unit in the book, so next week we'll
be starting Unit 3.
Combine each pair of sentences with a
a have finished b have been
defining or non-defining relative clause.
finishing
1 Claudia arrived late. It really annoyed me.
c would finish
4 I'm feeling more confident about maths this
2 He is the person. He taught me to drive. year. I think I'll pass my exam.
3 My grandma has just learnt to ski. She is

a
c
barely
by far
b a great deal
1
over 70.
5 Spending time in the country is the best way
to learn a language.
4 Students do better in exams. Their diets are rich a much b easily
in protein.
c significantly
6 You for hours. You should take a break.
5 This is the cafe. My parents met here.
a are studying b have studied
c have been studying
w
e
i
Vocabulary v
Complete the words in the sentences. The first
letter is given.
3 Technology becomes very fast.
They're always bringing out a new model which
e
r
makes old ones obsolete.
1 The band had had no hits for years, so it
surprised everyone when they made a 4 I don't think it'll last for very long - it's probably
e
c
2 The little black dress is such an i
just a(n)
5 I like to hang on to all my clothes. You never v
it
fashion item that it is known by the acronym know when something will be
LBD.
3 This mini backpack is the m
6 The trend for Algerian cuisine is definitely on
this winter.
a
l
accessory this spring.
4 It doesn't bother me that my phone is Choose the correct alternative. u
o
more memory.
and old, but I do wish it had 1 When it comes to vitamin C, oranges are
m
5 Years ago, people thought sushi would be just
overrated/overesti m ated. A red pepper contains
over twice as much. u
af
supermarket.
, but now you can buy it in any 2 There are numerous hurdles/ordeals to
overcome when opening your own business. C
3 Fans of fusion cooking will be excited to hear
Match a word from box A and a word from B to that Mexican sushi is the next big/great thing on
make words and expressions. Then complete the horizon.
the sentences.
4 Winning the award at such a young age is quite
A back in • my • on • out • passing • trend an exploit/a feat. You should feel very proud.
5 Lucia is wearing that strange combination of
B dated • fashion • radar • setter • trend (x2) clothes because she wants to do/make a fashion
statement.
1 If you want to be this season, 6 His help with the project was invaluable/
you'll need to be wearing vintage clothes. impractical. We would have been absolutely lost
without it.
2 Jude is quite a(n) .She always
seems to be three steps ahead of everyone else.
www.frenglish.ru
21
Words that are similar in meaning 2 Woodson decided to start the ASALH because he ...
Complete the words with a similar meaning. a was a school teacher.
The first letter is given. b recognised that education needed changing.
1 sceptical c c saw how popular the exhibition was.
2 naive 3 February...
3 authentic g a was already a month in which figures in Black
4 reliable t rights were celebrated.
b was the month chosen to celebrate Black History
2 Complete the sentences with words in 1. Month around the world.
1 Nancy will believe anything you say - she's so c was chosen because Lincoln died in that month.
4 The celebration ...
2 Dev's got a really attitude and never a was officially recognised by President Barack
thinks the best of anyone or anything. Obama.
3 Mr Reed always shows a interest in b only focusses on politicians and statesmen,
all his students. c lasted a whole month at some universities by
4 You can definitely ask Lidia to look after the the late 60s.
money - she's completely 5 In Britain, Black History Month ...
Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆ a was first celebrated in the 1960s.
b is also celebrated in February.
Complete the sentences with the correct
pair of adjectives from the box. c tries to address a problem in society.
classic/classicaI • economic/economical • Match the underlined words and phrases in the

electric/electrical historic/historical article to the meanings.
the state in which people are owned
a The fall of the Berlin Wall was a(n)
by another person and forced to work
occasion.
2 the official end to a law, a system or
b Jamie loves reading novels.
a practice
2 a When I'm stressed I like listening to
3 remember an important person or
music.
event by having a special ceremony
b In his free time, he repairs and restores
4 in an effort to do something or to
cars.
obtain something
3 a I think you'll find it's more
5 the process of giving social or political
to buy a return ticket.
rights and freedom to someone
b The policy of the country
6 an attempt to do something, especially
hasn't changed in 15 years.
something new or difficult
4 a Life in the village was transformed by the
notable, because something is not
arrival of light.
where it should be
b I think the problem is being caused by
a(n) fault. Critical thinkers
Which of the reasons below are for (F) and
Read the article. Why do some people think that which are against (A) the existence of special
Black History Month is important?
weeks or months like Black History Month?
a It ensures that this topic is discussed
at least once a year.
b In a truly fair society, equality should
5 © O Read the article again and choose the best
always be part of people's consciousness.
answers.
c Paying attention to the topic once a
1 Woodson was in Chicago because he ...
year is unlikely to change people's
a had studied there as a student, behaviour and beliefs.
b was working at the exhibition, d It's an opportunity to both celebrate and
c had gone to visit the exhibition. look critically at the past.
22 Unit3 www.frenglish.ru
BLACKHISTORYMONTH
Black History Month is an annual celebration of black people and their achievements. It's a
chance to reflect on history and the people who shaped and changed the past, as well as to
celebrate black leaders and recognise their accomplishments and central role in world history.
Black History Month has its But Black History Month is not only celebrated in
roots in Chicago during the the United States. Several other countries around
summer of 1915. A graduate the world, such as Britain, Canada, Germany and the
of the University of Chicago, Netherlands, also celebrate black history. In Canada, as
Carter G. Woodson travelled in the United States, it is celebrated in February, but in
there from Washington, DC to some European countries, it is celebrated in October.
attend a national exhibition In Britain, Black History Month was launched in the
to commemorate the fiftieth 1980s to combat racism in society and draw attention
anniversary of emancipation. to the history that is often conspicuous by its abscence
Many African Americans had on the school curriculum. Additionally, it celebrates
made the journey from all the contributions of people of African and Caribbean
across the country to see the descent who have migrated to the UK over many
exhibition, which charted the generations and have shaped society in Britain today.
progress of African Americans
since the abolition of slavery, and a gueue of thousands
formed outside. Woodson realised that this subject had been
ignored and neglected in American schools and the wider
academic world and decided to do something about it in a bid
to bring greater attention to African-American history. Prior
to his leaving Chicago, he co-founded the Association for
the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), the
organisation which was later to create Negro History Week.
Woodson decided that the celebration would take place each
year in February. It is thought that Woodson chose this month
because it included the birthdays of two great Americans who
had played a significant role in shaping black history. The first
was Abraham Lincoln, the president responsible for abolishing
slavery, whose birthday had been remembered ever since his
assassination. The other was Frederick Douglass, an escaped
slave who had been a prominent activist and social reformer.
By choosing February, it is believed that Woodson wanted to
build on existing traditions commemorating black history.
By the late 1960s, due in part
to the civil rights movement,
Negro History Week had evolved
into a month-long celebration
at many American universities.
Celebrations of Black History Month in Britain
In 1976, Black History Month
typically include special events, live performances and
received the official recognition
TV programmes. Many schools celebrate this special
of the president at the time,
month and pupils will focus on Britain's black history,
Gerald Ford, who called on
learning about the influence of black musicians,
the American people to 'seize
writers and artists, as well as studying significant
the opportunity to honour
events in history and more modern movements like
the too-often neglected
Black Lives Matter.
accomplishments of black
Americans in every area of Opinions worldwide vary about Black History Month.
endeavour throughout our history'. Since 1976, Black History Some people are rather cynical about the celebration:
Month in the US has focussed each year on a specific theme. In they feel it is sad that it is a one-month-a-year
the past, special attention has been given to the contributions event and complain that the fact that we still need a
of people like Dr Martin Luther King Jr., who pioneered the special month to focus on black history reflects the
Civil Rights movement, Mae Jemison, who in 1992 became continuing lack of integration of all histories into the
the first female African-American astronaut to travel in space, school programme. However, others feel that Black
and Barack Obama, who was elected the first ever African- History Month is important precisely as a reminder
American president of the United States in 2008. In 2021, the that there is still much to be done to achieve a truly
focus of Black History Month was Black Family: Representation, representative curriculum and is one of the best
Identity and Diversity. routes to achieving a truly inclusive society.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 3 23
Narrative tenses Complete the text with the correct form of
Match the narrative tenses (1-4) to the the verbs given.
descriptions of the functions (a-f).
1 past simple
Great moments inhistory:
2 past continuous THE DISCOVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS
3 past perfect simple
4 past perfect continuous
a An action that happened before another action in

the past.
b An action that took place repeatedly before
something else happened.
c Focus on the duration of an activity that took place
before another activity in the past.
d An action that was in progress when another action
happened.
e Finished action in the past, often at a specified
time.
f Two activities in progress at the same period of time
in the past
In 1928, Scottish scientist, Alexander Fleming,
(1) (work) as a researcher in a laboratory
Choose the correct alternative. in St Mary's Hospital, London. At that time, he
1 Jo on his school project when (2) (do) experiments into the influenza
his computer crashed. virus but he (3) (not expect) the surprise
he (4) (get) when he (5)
2 While one team was working on the music for the
school play, the other team was working/ (arrive) at work on 28th September. He (6)
(be) away on holiday for the previous two weeks and when
had worked on the melody.
he (7) (come) back, he (8)
3 We never saw/had never seen snow until we moved (discover) that, during his absence, a mould
to the UK. (9) (grow) for the past few weeks in a dirty
4 She had called/been calling all morning before the Petri dish. It (10) (turn out) that the mould
school secretary finally picked up the phone. was resistant to bacteria. Penicillin had been born!
5 I had bought/bought this T-shirt online before I'd
seen the sales were on at the local shops. Grammar challenge ☆☆☆
6 After leaving the restaurant, Meg was tripping/ Are the sentences correct? If not, correct
tripped on the steps and was breaking/broke her them.
ankle.
1 Lorna had never flown before, so she was
7 The film had already started/already started by the
feeling a little nervous.
time we got to the cinema.
Complete the sentences with the correct form 2 Jed couldn't do his homework last night
of the verbs given. because he's left his books at school.
1 Lily and Ross (watch) TV downstairs,

when burglars (break into) their 3 I didn't used to like classical music, but now I
bedroom. quite enjoy it.
2 The interview (be) a joke because they
(already/decide) who would get the 4 When I lived in Quito, I would be frustrated at
job. my inability to speak Spanish well.
3 Ben (play) his music very loudly and
(not hear) the neighbours banging on
5 Sorry, I didn't hear you. I talked to Gavin.
the wall. What did you say?
4 It (rain) for three days and all the
roads (be) impassable.
6 Carmel would say that - she's always trying to
5 We (can not) understand why Hussein provoke a fight.
(not phone) to tell us about the
accident.
7 I've been visiting Italy for years, but I still
6 Laura (drink) coffee all morning and
haven't been to Rome.
as a result she (feel) quite nervous.
Phrasal verbs - separable and inseparable © 0 Listen to five students talking about
Complete the sentences with the phrases in the historical objects in a history lesson.
box.
For questions 1-5, choose from the list (a-h) the
see you off • 's going around • 's making it up • object each person is talking about. There are
taking on • to get on with • went over three extra letters which you do not need.
a a painting
1 I simply don't believe what he's saying - I think he b a game
Speaker 1
c a tool to help with reading Speaker 2
2 I think that's a long enough break. We need
d a Viking helmet Speaker 3
the project now.
e a water jug Speaker 4
3 Before voting, we
the main points once again. f a writing box Speaker 5
4 You've got enough to do at the moment without g a coin
something else. h a tool for preparing food
5 What time's your flight? David and I want to come
© 0 Listen again. For questions 1-5, choose
and
from the list (a-h) each speaker's reason for
6 Luke's always had a big mouth and now he choosing their object. There are three extra letters
telling everyone which you do not need.
I'm going to resign from the team.
a its simplicity
Write the phrasal verbs with the same b the person who owned it
Speaker 1
meaning as the words in bold. The first letter is c how people lived at that time Speaker 2
given. d its beauty Speaker 3
1 I don't think I can tolerate her behaviour any e the period in history Speaker 4
longer, p u w f how it was made Speaker 5
2 You can rely on Sheena to be here on time, g its usefulness
c o h the age of the object
3 For your homework, please research the Romans'
contribution to civil engineering. Critical thinkers
r u o
Are these statements facts (F) or opinions (O)?
4 Mo said you've started playing the double bass.
How did that happen? c a 1 It's about 2,500 years old.
5 There are no trains today as they're doing repairs 2 It's difficult to know what this was used for.
on the line, c o 3 King Alfred was actually the first king
to put his head on coins.
Order the words to make sentences. 4 Florence Nightingale would spend
1 made / our / with / all / jewellery / off / The thieves. her days looking after her patients.
5 They probably spent a lot of time using
things like this.
2 behaviour / His / add / recent / doesn't / up / really.
3 to pass / You're / exams / it / sure / the / if / stick / Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆

you / at. Complete the sentences with the phrases in
the box.
4 Indian / They / out / to / town / try / every /
restaurant / set / in. ancient • go down in • in the making •
rewriting • the rest is
5 close / recount / The election / called / was so / 1 Today is going to history as the
th e y /fo r/th a t/a . most embarrassing day of my life.
2 You only just heard about Flo and Ricky?
That's history!
Great students' tip 3 Seeing the Mars landing felt like watching
Listening: Dealing with distractors history
Exam listenings are designed with a variety of 4 I think you're history a bit
plausible answers. Only one is correct. Try to keep an there - that's not how I remember things.
open mind and don't rush to make a choice until you 5 ... after ten years, Clara started working here,
have finished listening. and history.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit3 25
Inversion with negative adverbial Rewrite the sentences with a negative inversion
phrases which includes the word in bold.
Look at the rules about inversion. Tick (^) 1 Flo would not consider a career in marketing under any
the correct statements. circum stances.
1 We usually use negative inversion in

informal language. 2 I didn't realise the importance of contacts until I was
looking for my first job.
2 We use negative inversion to add
emphasis.
3 The negative adverbial normally comes in 3 The city has never experienced such extreme weather
the middle of the sentence. before.
4 We need an auxiliary verb in the sentence;
if there is no auxiliary verb, add the 4 I only noticed the questions on the back of the exam
correct form of do. paper after time was up.
5 After the negative adverbial the order is
subject + verb. 5 Bella didn't know that the rude woman was her new
6 Negative adverbials include phrases maths teacher.
starting with little, no, only, not and some
frequency adverbs.
6 I have hardly ever had such a disgusting meal.
Complete the negative adverbials using

the words in the box. Grammar challenge ☆☆☆
account • after • circumstances • little • Choose the correct option for each sentence.
rarely • sooner • than
1 Under no should visitors touch Standing out from the crowd

the exhibits. Twenty-seven-year-old Zack MacLeod Pinsent
2 Only paying the full price did I from Brighton doesn't own or wear any modern
realise the museum was free for students. clothing. He (1) modern clothing
but says he (2) eveiyday clothes of
3 No had we entered the gallery
the early 19th century. He started wearing clothes
a large group of school children
(3) he bought in vintage shops but before
arrived.
long he (4) to make his own. He spent a lot
4 On no should children be left of time researching fashion history and (5)
unsupervised. his design and sewing skills ever since.
5 did we realise the importance of Little (6) that
booking in advance. his hobby would one day turn
into a successful business
6 have I seen such a thoughtfully-
(7) customers would
curated exhibition.
come from all over the world. Pinsent
Tailoring offers the opposite of fast
Find and correct six mistakes in the text. fashion: Zack's clothes are hand
crafted and made-to-measure.
Dear Sir/Madam, (8) garments for
I am writing to complain about our recent visit to private individuals, but he also
your hotel - a disaster from start to finish. No sooner works as a consultant and tailor for
had we arrived when all the lights went out. Little museums and private collections.
we knew that this was only rhe start of our problems.
Our room could nor have been more disappointing. 1 a would own b used to own
Not only was it dirty, and it also smelt strongly of c usually owned
cigarette smoke.
2 a far prefers b by far prefers
Only after I complained repeatedly we were moved to
c prefers much
another room. The receptionist was far from helpful.
Rarely I have received such appalling sendee. 3 a what b that c where
Under no circumstances do I would recommend this 4 a has decided b was deciding
hotel to others. c had decided
Yours, 5 a has developed b has been developing
Margaret Ash c was developing
6 a did he know b he knew c he did know
1 4 7 a whose b who's c which
2 5 8 a Not only he makes b Never does he make
3 6 c Not only does he make
Developing speaking
Discussing photos 1 Complete the table with expressions a-i.
Write the letter of each phrase.
Linking word Comparative form Other phrases
a nowhere near as e although

(adjective) as f looks (adjective)
b while by comparison
c just as (adjective) g have (a lot) in
as common
d there's not much
difference
h whereas
i far more
□
between X and Y (adjective) □
4 © D i r i r Listen to Student A again. Put the
expressions in 3 in the order you hear them.
There are two expressions you do not hear.
D Pronunciation
5 ☆☆ @ 0 Listen and underline the word with

the main stress in each sentence.
1 It's far more appealing.
2 It's just as informative as the other one.
3 It looks really boring by comparison.
4 There are several points of similarity between
them.
Do the speaking task. If possible, record

yourself.
Read the task and underline the key things that
Student A has to do in the instructions. Here are three photos. Talk about two of them on
your own for about a minute.
Student A: It's your turn first. Here are your photos.
Student A: It's your turn first. Here are your photos.
They show different types of museums. I'd like you
They show different ways of learning about history.
to compare two of the photos, and say why the
Compare two of the photos, saying what kind of
museum may have chosen this type of display and
things the people might be learning about and why
how suitable you think the museums are for different
they might have chosen to learn this way.
types of visitors.
Student B: Which museum would you personally
most like to visit and why?
2 @ ra . Listen to the speaking exam. Tick (>/)

what each speaker does.
A B
Gives a quick introduction
referring to all three photos
Clarifies which two photos will be
compared
Describes each photo in detail
Considers why this form of
display was chosen
Talks in detail about the things
exhibited in the museum
Considers the museums'
suitability for different visitors
Expresses their preference for
one of the museums
www.frenglish.ru
U n it3 27
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Writing bank
Task Useful expressions in cover letters
Write a cover letter for one of the posts in the
following advertisement. Use 220-260 words. Opening and closing expressions
• I am writing in regard to/in connection
with ...
• the role/position/post o f ...
The Viking Centre • I am available for an interview at your
convenience.
This historically-themed family-friendly
• Please do not hesitate to contact me if
attraction brings in visitors from Britain
and abroad. It offers an interactive
you require further information.
museum exhibit, live performances Giving reasons for applying
about life in Viking times, as well as a • I would like to gain relevant work
children's play area, a cafe and a shop. experience in the field o f ...
• I was interested to read/hear th a t...
We are recruiting the following staff for the summer months:
• It would be a wonderful opportunity
■ Staff for the information desk and ticket sales for me.
■ Leaders for children’s workshops in the museum • I would greatly welcome the chance
■ Retail staff for the shop and cafe t o ...
Please send your CV and a cover letter indicating which post interests Describing your skills, education and
you and detailing any relevant skills, experience and personal qualities. experience
• As you will see from my CV, I ...
• I am confident that I am an ideal
Prepare
candidate for an internship with your
Read the writing task and plan your letter. Make notes. company.
Position you are applying for: • I believe that I am an ideal candidate
for the role o f ...
Relevant qualifications, skills, work experience and interests: • I feel confident that my experience
volunteering in the museum last year
will help me in this role.
• I have found the training I received in
Relevant personal qualities: my previous job to be very useful.
• I consider myself to have excellent
analytical and problem-solving skills.
Use this paragraph plan in your letter.

Paragraph 1: Introduce yourself and say which position you are applying for
Paragraph 2: Outline any relevant formal education/other qualifications
Paragraph 3: Include information about relevant skills, work experience and interests
Paragraph 4: Highlight relevant personal qualities
Paragraph 5: Conclude by summarising what is included with the letter and invite a response
Write
Write your letter in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model on the
/ Great students1 tip

W riting: Purpose and register
When you are writing any type of text, it is important to think about who you are writing to, as well as your
reason for writing. You need to make sure that you are using the appropriate language: formal or informal.
When you finish writing, check the language you have used. Also check that the purpose of your writing is
clear to the reader.
v Check
Read your letter and complete this checklist.
1 I have used clear paragraphing for my letter. 4 I have used formal structures, such as passives
2 I have opened and closed the letter in an and negative inversions.
appropriate way. 5 I have given information about relevant skills,
3 I have used more formal vocabulary. experience and personal qualities. |
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Unit3 29
4 FUTURE VISIONS
Support and opposition Read the text quickly and match each person
(A-D) to the topics of their prediction (1-6).
Complete the words with the opposite
There are two options you do not need to use.
meaning.
1 Trends in medicine and treatment results.
1 support >c with
2 Economic and financial trends.
2 obey > d
3 All types of changes.
3 obstruct > f
4 Life and society in the future.
4 rebel against > c to
5 Trends in fashion and consumer goods.
5 strengthen > u
6 Changes in climate and the weather.
6 weaken > r
Read the text again. For questions 1-4,

Great students' tip
choose the correct commentator (A-D). Each
Vocabulary: Antonyms commentator may be chosen more than once.
Recording antonyms when you learn new words is Which commentator...
a good way to extend your vocabulary. Notice how
1 agrees with commentator A that different
we can often make antonyms by adding a prefix, factors lead to more precise predictions?
e.g. obey > disobey.
2 has a different opinion to commentator B
about how thoughts and feelings should
Are the following sentences logical? If not, shape predictions?
change the word or phrase in bold to its opposite. 3 share commentator B's opinion that historical
1 Being irresponsible simply weakens your attempts information is useful when making predictions?
to win back your parents' trust. 4 feels more optimistic about the role of A.I. in the
2 The doctor had told her to rest, but she future than two other commentators?
obeyed his orders and went to work.
3 Generally speaking, it's quite normal to rebel
text to the meanings.
against your parents at some point.
4 The emergency services condemned Kim for 1 the amount of water in the air
her quick-thinking after the accident. 2 current, in progress
5 Far from being helpful, the committee seem 3 preventing people from doing what
intent on obstructing everything we they want
try to do. 4 changes
6 Bitter at not getting the promotion herself, Naomi 5 a feeling in favour of one side of an
set out to strengthen her new boss. argument, often not based on fair
judgement
6 be attracted to something
Complete the sentences with the prefix
7 on a large scale
pro- or anti- and the words in the box.
8 making a simple description of a
active • ageing • biotic <freeze • complex process to use for analysis
hero • septic
‘ Critical thinkers
1 The main character in the movie is a(n)
who rebels against society. Which of these opinions about predicting
2 I suggest eating some yoghurt the future express advantages (A)? Which
to protect your digestive system. express disadvantages (D)?
3 Make sure you top up the in 1 It can help us plan and prepare. A /D
your car before the cold weather sets in. 2 It can lead to feelings of anxiety. A /D
4 Tom's very . He doesn't just wait 3 We can think of creative solutions to
for things to happen to him. potential problems. A /D
5 You should probably put some 4 They can be inaccurate and can waste
cream on that cut to prevent infection. time and money. A /D
6 When I bought Grandma some 5 We can make optimum use of resources. A /D
face cream, she laughed and said it was 6 People might feel resigned to what has
too late! been predicted. A /D
Home About Blog
FORECASTING THE FUTURE

Four people whose jobs involve predicting the future tell us about their work.
l work in a lab where we conduct all kinds of research in order to predict the
A weather. This includes longer term shifts in the climate as well as what is likely
to happen in the next few years and how that will impact on things like agriculture.
It's not so much about what the weather is going to be tomorrow - we're looking at
bigger trends. We collect and process a tremendous amount of data, probably 10,000
times as much as we worked with just 20 years ago. This data includes a whole range
of different factors, including temperature, wind speed, air pressure and humidity.
But for me, the most significant thing is that scientists are not only using today's
data to predict future change. Researchers in China have been taking samples from
rock formations in caves, which - fascinatingly - have been used by scientists at the
University of Minnesota to chart what's been happening in terms of rainfall for the
past half-million years. This can then be used as a way to establish rain cycles over
the past centuries, which can help us identify patterns and predict what's to come.
It's quite thrilling.
A S a science-fiction writer, obviously a lot of what I do is about imagining

B a future point in time and predicting how people will be living then. It's not
prediction in the scientific sense, based on reliable data, but I do find that
I am drawn to observing current trends and anticipating where they may take us. I also
actively follow research into new technologies and developments in science. Things
which are only just starting to emerge can form the basis for the future worlds I create.
There are two other things that inform my predictions. The first is looking back at big
movements in history, things like the Industrial Revolution or the World Wars, in order
to see how they re-shaped society, and then trying to apply that to ongoing trends.
The other thing is identifying people's current fears. In my view, a lot of people like
reading about dystopian futures precisely because they focus on the things that are
worrying us now, such as artificial intelligence and the very real potential for conflict
between humans and robots.
Medical predictions take place on two different levels. At a macro level, you
C can look at global trends. A clear example would be the coronavirus pandemic.
When it first started in 2020, governments were desperate for predictions about how
long it would last and how serious it would get. Obviously, these were essential to
inform their decisions about things like introducing restrictive measures and investing
in everything from masks and protective equipment to pre-buying vaccines, before
they had even been invented. On a smaller scale, we try to predict the likely outcome
for a patient of a particular type of medication or course of treatment. To do this, we
need to take account of a wide range of factors, from family history to all types of
signs and symptoms. Here, we've seen that the predictive skills of humans and Al can
really complement each other. Looking ahead, I'm hopeful that combining these skills
is the optimum way to provide us with the best quality predictions and ultimately the
best outcomes for patients.
I work for an agency specialising in super-forecasting. We are hired by

D companies, governments and international organisations to make reliable
predictions about all sorts of future trends. We might be looking at what is likely to
happen in politics, or things like the impact that artificial intelligence is going to have
on the labour market - how many jobs it will replace, what will happen to society as a
result, and so on. Super-forecasters come from all kinds of backgrounds. Obviously,
a certain number come from fields like computing, and mathematical modelling is
certainly one way to go about making predictions. But some forecasters don't have a
maths background: in fact, it's been proven that there are other qualities which also
facilitate accurate forecasting. These include being open-minded and able to consider
a problem from different angles rather than jumping to a conclusion. It's important for
me to limit my thoughts about the future to proven facts and to avoid any personal
bias I may have: my findings need to be based on fact, not opinion.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 4 31
Future forms C o m p le te th e a d v e rtise m e n t with th e
co rrect form of th e verb s given. S o m e tim e s m ore
Read th e co n versatio n b etw een two scien tists.
th an o n e a n sw e r is p o ssib le.
M atch th e future form s (a - k ) to th e ir fu n ctio n s
(1-10).
A: Hi, Felix. Doctor Carr said you guys are (a) on the
verge of making a big breakthrough.
B: I hope so. (b) We're likely to get the latest test
results this afternoon, (c) I'm going to watch my
FUTURE
Scientists’ Camp
email all afternoon until they arrive.
A: (d) You're bound to be nervous, but considering
all the progress you've made (e) it's going to be
fine. Incredible to think that this time last year you
were worrying that (f) you weren't going to get the
funding to even do the research.
B: Exactly! I never thought things (g) would turn out
so well. Anyway, the first phase of the project
(h) will be completed next week and the clinical
trials (i) start next month, (j) W e're having a meal
to celebrate. Please tell your team.
A: Thanks - (k) I'll let the people in my lab know.
(1) you (do) anything
exciting this summer? You could be! Why not sign up
1 express general plans and intentions
for Landers Future Scientists' Camp? This summer,
2 talk about the future in the past our College (2) (welcome) all
3 refer to schedules and timetables those interested in making a future in the world of
4 make decisions about the future at the time science. The camp (3) (begin)
on 1st August. A team of professional scientists
of speaking
(4) (be) on hand to lead sessions.
5 talk about fixed arrangements
This course is a must if you (5)
6 talk about a probable future outcome (study) science at university in the future and we can
7 refer to something about to happen in the assure you that you (6) (have) an
near future amazing time.
Here's what some of last year's participants thought:
8 make predictions based on evidence
'I thought we (7) (have) a lot
9 make factual predictions about the future of theoretical sessions, but it turned out to be very
10 say something is extremely likely to happen practical.'
in the future 'With great facilities and helpful staff, you
(8) (bound/love) this excellent
C h o o se th e best answ er. summer camp.’
1 Be quiet! The lecture Places (9) (likely/be) in demand,

so don't delay. Download your application form today.
a is going to start,
b will start.
c starts.
Grammar challenge
2 Next Saturday we my cousins.
Find and co rrect six m istak es in th e text.
a see
b are going to see If you have looking for a career with guaranteed
c will see future employment, you should strongly consider a
3 I was in a panic as I thought we late. degree in gerontology. This is the study of changing
needs in adults which are aging and how society
a were going to be
will need to adapt to a population which will be
b will be a big deal older than the one we know today. It is
c are going to be estimated that the number of people in the United
4 The plane at Heathrow at 10 am tomorrow. States over the age of 65 is doubling by 2060. As
a consequence, we are likely seeing an increase in
a arrives
support services for the elderly. Not will you study
b would arrive a fascinating degree, but you will also find excellent
c will arrive employment opportunities on graduating.
5 L o o k a tth e sk y .lt before we reach the hostel,
1 4
a is going to rain
2 5
b is raining
3 6
c is on the verge of raining
Word formation - suffixes 3 What did Nikolai Vavilov do?
W hich word does not use the same suffix to a He founded a research centre which closed after
form an adjective in each group? the Second World War.
1 breath, fear, collaborate b He was praised by the authorities in the Soviet
Union.
2 event, sense, success
He travelled widely in search of plants and seeds.
c
3 environment, harm, practice
4 The Pavlovsk Research Station is special because it ...
4 science, economy, sensation
a holds 90% of the world's seeds and planted
5 receive, produce, peace
crops.
6 academy, access, comprehend
b is the biggest collection worldwide.
c has a large number of varieties of some plants.
C om plete the sentences w ith the correct form
o f the words given. 5 What is the Australian Seed Bank Partnership or
ASBP?
1 What's the (likely) of this meeting
finishing on time, do you think? a The owner of one third of the seed banks in
Australia.
2 Can you just give me a few minutes to
(familiar) myself with the programme? b The organisation that recently finished the '1000
species project.'
3 Our two companies are joining together in a spirit
of (partner) and co-operation. c An organisation focussed on the preservation of
plants native to Australia.
4 We were greatly (sad) to hear of the
death of our dear colleague, Bill Watts. 6 It is important to continue to preserve seeds...
5 Amelia's (eager) is one of the reasons a because we need to be able to eat them if other
she got the job. crops disappear.
6 Can you (simple) the language a bit? b to prepare for a possible future catastrophe.
It sounds very formal. c because so far only the seeds of 100,000 species
7 I'm sorry, but I fail to see the (relevant) have been stored.
of that comment to our conversation.
8 I know she's been suffering from Critical thinkers
(anxious) in the run-up to the exams.
Which aims relate to regional (R) seed banks
and which to global (G) seed banks?
3 © O Look at the photo. Where is the person?
W hat is he doing? Listen to the radio program m e 1 Preserve the heritage of a particular
and check your answers. area. R /G
2 Preserve plants which only grow in
regions where there is conflict or war. R /G
3 Protect local plants in case of damage
by invasive species. R /G
4 Provide a back-up in case one part of the
world is affected by a pest or fungus. R /G
5 Avoid the risks of seeds in one bank
being lost, for example by an extreme
weather situation. R /G
Vocabulary extension trtrfr

4 ©EJ Listen again and choose the best C om plete the table w ith the correct verbs,
answers. adjectives and nouns.
1 121 . ...... 1
1 What does Jeremy say about the Millennium Seed Verb . Adjective Noun |
Bank? Lo
|(2 )
(7) conclusion
a It is closed to the public. danger
k— (8)
b It stores seeds from over 100 different countries.
prefer (9) (12)
c It stores its seeds below ground level.
(3) inflatable (13)
2 What happens in a seed bank? I (4) ”1
(10) origin
a Conditions are maintained so that seeds can be
kept for over a century. (5) (11)_ __ __ __ ___ _ __. sympathy
____
b New plants are grown from existing seeds. (6)__________ ^believable (14)
c Light and heat are carefully controlled to
preserve the seeds.
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Unit 4 33
Advanced future forms Complete the text with the correct future perfect
Look at the sentences and the forms in simple, future continuous or future perfect continuous
bold. Write the tense. form of the verbs given. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.
1 By this time next year, we'll have collected
seeds from over 1,000 plant species.
Latest news Articles More»
2 The prime minister will be visiting the seed

bank on Wednesday afternoon. Future-proof foods
3 In April, we will have been working on the We all know that food goes off after a
collection project for three years. time and we check use-by dates before
we eat things. So which foods actually
last the best?
Choose the correct alternative. Leave some bread at room temperature
1 A: How long have you been at the company? and within a few days mould
(1) (grow).
B: In Septem ber I'll have been working/
The same thing would happen if you
be working here for five years.
put the bread in a sealed box because of
2 A: Are you going to be in the office the microbes which (2) (already/
tomorrow? live) on the bread before you put it inside. Eat some meat left
B: No, I'll have travelled/be travelling all day lying around and you (3) (complain)
but you can reach me on my mobile. of a stomach ache a few hours later. Without some form of
3 A: The builders say they'll have finished/ preservation, a lot of food (4) (go
be finishing the wall by 5 pm tomorrow, off) in a matter of days. But if you leave some honey out,
but I have my doubts. even for months, when you look at it again, no microbes
(5) (grow) during that time, due to
B: I hope so - they'll have been working/
the high sugar content.
have worked on it for five days.
4 A: By this time tomorrow, will you and Ed Probably the safest foods to eat after any length of time are those
be arriying/have arrived at your hotel? which have been specially designed for space travel or for the
army. These (6) (be) dehydrated
B: Yes - while you're here working, I will be
and vacuum packed and many will last up to three years. So, if
lying/have been dying on the beach!
you're looking for 'future-proof' foods, these are the ones to try.
V Great students' tip

Grammar: Looking for fixed expressions Grammar challenge ☆☆☆
When doing word ordering activities, it can
Rewrite the sentences using the word given.
be helpful to look for fixed expressions,
such as this time next week, on my own and 1 I'm sure Reg will be late, (bound)
in terms of. Reg
2 I had no idea that the bus had already left, (know)
Put the words in order to make Little
sentences. 3 I've been living in this town for eight years, (will)
1 by / I'll / have / dinner / 8.00 / finished / . Next year,
4 We didn't know if we would survive the ordeal, (going)
2 been / all / doing / We'll / have / exams / We
w e e k/ . 5 Don't bother going to Jed's house after five. He's
leaving before then, (already)
3 this / arriving / What / will / time / you / Don't bother going to Jed's house after five
home / evening / be? because
6 My friends' house overlooks the river, (whose)
4 time / school / week / we'll / be / end / I've got
celebrating / of / next / the / This / . 7 We don't expect the parcel to arrive before
Wednesday. (Tuesday)
5 population / world's / years / have / the / In / The parcel will
will / quadrupled / 100 / . 8 Tigers are almost extinct, (verge)
Tigers
Developing speaking
Collaborative tasks 1 Complete the sentences with the words in
Tick (>/) the things you should do in a the box.
collaborative task. consider • honest • might • reminds • right •
1 Ask your partner's opinion and get them share • take • thinking
involved. U-. /
2 Take a long solo turn. Inviting your partner's response
3 Check instructions if you're not sure what to do. [ j 1 What's your on...?
4 Do the task the examiner sets you. " I 2 Am I right in that...?
5 Extend and give your own opinion. 3 Do you my opinion on ...?
6 Just give one-or two-word answers. Responding to your partner's comment
7 Learn expressions you can use to interact. [ ] 4 I guess that's
8 Worry if you don't have time to speak about 5 I suppose that betrue.
every point. Q 6 Let me this for a moment.
7 To be that's something I've never
@D Look at the areas for discussion in the thought about before.
collaborative speaking task diagram. Choose the 8 What you said me of...
correct discussion question. Then listen and check.
A: What matters to you most in a home? O Pronunciation
B: How will the home of the future be different from
where we live now?
questions. Decide if each has a rising ora
C: Home is where the heart is. Do you agree? falling intonation.
1 What's your take on that?
2 Does that exist?
3 Do you share my opinion?
4 Am I right in thinking you live in a flat?
5 How do you feel about it?
6 Choose the correct alternatives.

We generally use rising/falling intonation for
wh- questions and rising/falling intonation for
Yes/No questions.
Prepare to take part in a collaborative task.

Look at the diagram and make notes in your
notebook on each point.
3 @ EJ Listen again and make notes on the
candidates' opinions.
@ 0 Listen to a student giving their

opinion on each point in 7. Pause after each
point and respond with your opinions and ideas.
If possible, record yourself.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 4 35
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Task
Write an academic essay on the following
topic.
Some people believe that technology is
increasing the gap between rich people and
poor people. To what extent do you agree
and how can we address this problem?
Give reasons for your answer and include any
relevant examples from your own knowledge
and experience. Write between 220 and 260
words.
Prepare
Read the writing task and plan your academic
essay. Make notes.
Writing bank
1 Ideas and examples that support the statement: Useful expressions for academic essays
Expressing contrast
• Nonetheless/Nevertheless,...
• Despite the fact that...
• However,...
• Despite this,...
2 Ideas and examples that contradict the Ordering arguments
statement: • With regard to ...
• First of a ll,...
• On a wider scale ...
• Finally,...
Adding arguments
• Another thing,...
3 Possible solutions (if any): • Moreover,...
• Furthermore,...
Giving reasons
• Consequently,...
• That is why...
• For that reason,...
Use this paragraph plan for your essay.

Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: Answer the first part of the question with supporting reasons and examples
Paragraph 3: Answer the second part of the question with supporting reasons and examples
Paragraph 4: Further points in response to second part of the question
Paragraph 5: Conclusion
Write
6 Write your essay in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model on
the opposite page and the Writing bank to help you.
y Check
Read your essay and complete this checklist.
1 I have used clear paragraphing for my essay.
2 I have answered the question, supporting my ideas with reasons and examples.
3 I have used appropriate linkers to organise the essay.
4 I have used more formal language such as negative inversion and passives.
5 I have used synonyms to avoid repetition.
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Unit 4
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Grammar
Choose the correct alternative. Choose the correct alternative.
1 I think she's upset. She looks bound to cry/on the 1 So many people in class today that I
verge o f crying. couldn't hear a thing.
2 According to the timetable, the train gets in/ a talked
is getting in at six. b were talking
3 The exam was more difficult than they thought it c have been talking
was being/would b e.
2 Ollie a fuss when he heard the news.
4 Katia is having/will have her hair cut on Saturday. That's typical of him.
5 I'd no idea Phil was in hospital. I'll give/l'm giving a will make
him a call this evening.
b was always making
6 Caroline's going to have/likely to have a baby later
c would make
this year.
3 Vicki is older than the rest of the class but
only by about a month.
Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs given. Use the future simple, future a slightly
continuous, future perfect or future perfect b by far
continuous. c considerably
call • eat • live • shop • sleep • work 4 I can't find my headphones. What with
them?
1 Trish a have you done
much all day, so she's bound to be hungry. b had you done
2 Martin will be tired tonight. He c have you been doing
all day.
5 I had to explain that I my homework at
3 I have to go now. I home by mistake.
you later.
a have left
4 Don't phone after 11. I
b had left
as I have
to get up at six tomorrow. c was leaving
5 By the time Lukasz goes back to Poland in May, he 6 That's the girl mobile was stolen yesterday.
abroad a who
for ten years. b who's
c whose
Vocabulary
Write the words for the definitions. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words
The first letter is given. given.
1 u : make somebody's 1 Given the (likely) of heavy traffic, we should
confidence or authority gradually probably set off early.
weaker 2 Luke has set up a (partner) with two
2 c : say publicly that physiotherapists he met in college.
you think an action is the wrong 3 We couldn't do the experiment because the lab lacked the
thing to do correct (equip).
3 d : refuse to obey or 4 Her essay was badly written and to be honest fairly
show respect for authority or a rule (comprehend).
4 r : add to and 5 Carlos's (eager) is unfortunately not matched
strengthen an idea, etc. by his skill on the football pitch.
5 o : do what you are 6 The lake is remote and (access) by road, so you
told or expected to do have to hike to get there.
6 f : make it easier for
others to do something Complete the words with the missing vowels.
7 o : deliberately 1 ncr s n g ly 6 sc pt c I
prevent somebody/something
2 d b t f l 7 b stc l
from doing something
3 f c I t t 8 n trn d
8 c : seriously argue or
disagree, often publicly 4 h rd I 9 rd I
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5 FIND YOUR VOICE
G etting m eaning across Read the article. Choose the correct heading (1-6)
for each paragraph (A-F).
1 Time spent planning is a great investment
1 Clive tends to imply/drone on in meetings and he
fails to pick up on social cues/hints. 2 The best advice is to ignore advice
2 My boss is often quite m umble/vague about 3 A skill for everyone
things so it can be hard to convey/interpret exactly 4 Practice makes perfect
what she means. 5 Be aware of who you're speaking to
3 I asked our maths teacher for a hint/cue on how to 6 Take a good look at yourself
solve the problem, but she seemed to imply/hint
that I ought to know without her help. (§13 Read the article again and choose the best
4 When I asked you to imply/convey your apologies, answers.
I didn't expect you just to mumble/drone on
1 Which two problems that people have with public
'Sorry, mate'.
speaking are highlighted by the writer?
a becoming nervous and suffering from stage
Com plete the sentences with the correct
form of the words in the box. fright
b not taking the audience's background
convey • drone on • hint • interpret • mumble • knowledge into account
vague c standing in a place where the audience can't see
d droning on and boring the audience
1 That lecture was so boring. She just
I thought it would never end. e a tendency to speak too quickly
2 The man gave us rather directions, 2 Which two pieces of advice does the writer offer for
so we had considerable difficulty finding the hotel. successful public speaking?
3 Try to speak more clearly. Grandma can't a include information the audience will find
understand you if you keep memorable
4 I'm not quite sure how to this email. b get the advice of a public speaking coach
What do you think it means? c find an approach that works for you
5 I'd like to my thanks to the Student d don't use any notes
Union committee for all their hard work. e ask another person to watch a film of your
6 I have no idea what to get him for his birthday. speech
I wish he would drop a
Vocabulary extension article to the m eanings.
Com plete the sentences with the words in 1 clarify meaning by repeating
the box. something
appeal • claims • guidelines • proverb • 2 try to persuade someone to agree
quote • tribute to something
3 think about something so you fully
1 The police have made a(n) for understand it
any witnesses to come forward. 4 a description of the main features
2 In her speech, the headteacher paid
5 a practice for a talk, play, show etc.
to all Lilian's hard work over
6 make a formal speech to a group
the years.
of people
3 The admissions department will be issuing
some on how to complete the k Critical thinkers
new enrolment form.
4 Evelyn began her essay with a(n) Which statem ents are good pieces of advice
from Martin Luther King Jr. for public speaking?
5 Daniel is so wise - he can come up with a(n) a Get the audience's attention quickly.
for any occasion.
b Tell lots of jokes.
6 The company had made some exaggerated
c Read directly from a prepared speech.
about the quality of the new
model. d Don't write a lot of text on your slides.
e Focus on one person in the audience.
Posts Contact FAQs (
How to become a great public speaker

D
Public speaking is something that most of us will have to do at The more familiar you are with your talk, the more confident you
one time or another. It's now increasingly common for students will feel when you come to deliver it. Plan well in advance so that
to present projects in an academic context; and of course, if you have time for several run-throughs. Not only will this enable
you're planning to be active in the business world, presentations you to become less dependent on your notes, and therefore
will be very much part of your day-to-day tasks, whether in an more able to make eye contact with the audience, but you'll also
internal context, such as reporting the work of your team or become more aware of the best way to convey your meaning, by
in representing your company, such as pitching a new idea to identifying key words to stress, and where to pause to give the
a potential client. But public speaking is not restricted to the audience time to digest content. It'll also help you have a better
academic or professional fields. You might be called upon to idea of timing, which is especially important if your talk needs to
make a speech at a family celebration or to a team you play be a specific length.
with. It is therefore important that all of us have some ideas
E
about the dos and don'ts when it comes to speaking in front of
other people. One of the best pieces of advice is to record yourself. This is really
easy to do, using your mobile phone or webcam. This gives you a
chance to look at yourself with a critical eye and is a fantastic way
One of the key factors which determines what you should say to see if you're mumbling or speaking clearly at an appropriate
and how is your audience. Don't overlook their knowledge of the speed. Many of us are inclined to rush, but you're more likely to
subject matter, their interests and their relationship to you and become aware of the need to slow down if you see it yourself
to each other, as these factors will all affect the content of your than if someone tells you. Filming yourself also gives you a
speech and the way you deliver it. If you were a scientist, you chance to take a close look at your body language. We are often
wouldn't address a group of high school students in the same unaware of gestures we make or if our posture is appropriate.
way as you would a conference of biochemists, for example. Though admittedly watching yourself on video might make you
Connecting with the audience from the start is also vital. feel a little uncomfortable at first, it's surely far better to identify
According to one coach, you have just 30 seconds to get the any areas for improvement yourself, than to be unaware they
audience's attention. even exist. It's also a good way to see if your chosen outfit looks
suitable for the occasion.
Preparation is essential to success. In terms of content, you're

more likely to engage the audience if you include interesting Now you've finished reading this article, I'm actually going to
facts, entertaining stories or amusing anecdotes: these are the tell you to forget everything I've said! The most important thing
types of things that people will remember. You also need to think is to be yourself. One public speaking coach actually implies
about your materials. It's always better to speak from notes than that training is a bad idea as she feels there's a danger that it
to read a speech and if you are projecting a presentation, think can make people look artificial or become overly self-conscious.
carefully about the visual elements. How much text to include It's also true that most of us will revert to our natural tendencies,
and how to make the best use of images are key questions you whatever advice we get. Perhaps the best
need to consider. Make sure you guide your audience: this may thing to recognise is that in public
mean giving an overview of the talk at the start or using section speaking, as in so many other things,
headings to indicate when you're moving on to something new. there is no one right method.
It's also important to recap and use repetition periodically in order With experience all of us can find
to drive home your main points. You may find a summarising slide the way that works best for us and
at the end to be particularly useful. learn to speak with confidence.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5 41
Review of conditional forms Complete the text with the correct form of
the verbs given.
1 If you happen to/happened to see Julian, can you
tell him I need to speak to him?
2 If we're gping/w e were going to get the early bus,
we should probably leave now.
3 If Sian hasn't left/hadn't left her passport on the
bus, she wouldn't have missed the flight.
4 If Lucy were/would be here, she'd love this.
5 If the team played/had played better, they'd have
won the match.
6 We are bound to be late, if the traffic is n't/is bad.
At a recent job interview, I was surprised to find myself
7 We wouldn't/m ight not have any homework this in a room with five other candidates. But when an
weekend, if we're lucky. HR manager (1) (have) 30 candidates
8 When I leave/'ll leave school in the evening, it's still to see, it (2) (make) sense for him
light outside. or her to conduct group interviews. The thinking is
also that in general, if a candidate (3)
Add the missing word to each sentence. (be) good, they (4) (be able) to make
an impression, even in a group. How you present
1 If she'd helped me with my maths, I might felt like
yourself and the role you take in a group interview will
giving her a hand with English. depend on the job. Let's imagine you were going for
an interview that (5) (be) for a post as
2 If we known about the concert, we could all have a sales executive. In that case, you (6)
gone. (need) to show you can talk, but in other contexts,
working together would be more important.
As for the interview I went to, looking back, I think
3 If your computer is old, you consider getting a new I (7) (might/perform) better if I
one. (8) (know) what to expect in advance.
So next time I (9) (get) invited to an
4 If you should to see Lenny, can you give him his interview, I (10) (definitely/find out) the
headphones? format first.
5 We wouldn't be in this mess if it not for Jamilla. Grammar challenge

Choose the correct alternatives.
1 Leo to get an appointment online all
Choose the correct sentence in each pair.
morning.
1 a If you will insist on interrupting, I'll have to ask a has tried b has been trying
you to leave.
c is trying
b If you will get there before me, can you switch
2 Seldom such a thoroughly charming
on the air conditioning?
young man.
2 a If I would know how to fix it myself, I wouldn't be
a did I meet b I have met
taking it to be repaired.
c have I met
b If Jake would only listen, I'm sure I could help
him. 3 You to update your CV if you're thinking
of looking for a new job.
3 a If they will wait any longer, they're going to miss
the start of the show. a might want b had wanted
b If you'll just wait here a moment, I'll get c would want

someone to come and speak to you. 4 This summer I'll Pilates for five years.
4 a If you had listened to the directions, we hadn't a have been doing b be doing
got lost. c have done
b If you could just hold on for a minute, I'll try to 5 First we stayed in Oban, is on the west
find someone to help you. coast.
5 a If it should rain tomorrow, we'll have the party in a that b - c which
the house.
6 If you here, someone will be with you in a
b Happens Carl to call, please pass on my minute.
message.
a waited b should wait
c would wait
Expressions with communication and voice 3 Which is not a benefit of doing crosswords or
playing Scrabble™?
Match the expressions to the definitions.
a It can stimulate the part of the brain where
1 lower your voice
language is stored.
2 speak with one voice
b It can make your short-term memory better.
3 means of communication
c It will help your eyes focus better.
4 at the top of your voice
d It can improve your ability to integrate different
5 breakdown in communication types of information.
a a difficulty in understanding each other 4 The first crossword puzzle ...
b as loudly as possible a was designed by a professional puzzle inventor.
c share the same opinion b had the same name as now.
d a way to contact someone c was a different shape to crosswords today.
e speak more quietly d was an immediate success in the UK.

5 What did the University of Buckingham compare?
Expressions with say, speak and tell
a The abilities of over 30 people.
b The abilities of crossword champions.
of say, speak or tell.
c The different types of brain needed to solve a
1 To you the truth, I've never been a big
cryptic clue.
fan of sushi.
d The connection between a talent for crosswords
2 I think it was very brave of you to out
and the ability to reason logically.
against the coach like that.
3 Sorry, I think I interrupted you. What were you i 1
Critical thinkers
about to ?
4 Which of these two colours is lighter? I can't Match the game to the skills involved.
the difference.
1 Sudoku
5 I was so angry I didn't trust myself to
2 Scrabble
in case I was rude.
3 Trivial Pursuit™
6 You know what I think. I have nothing further to
on the matter. 4 Jigsaw puzzles
7 I hate to you so', but I a vocabulary
did try to warn you.
b spatial awareness, memory
3 @ 0 Listen to a radio programme about c memory, logic and reasoning
puzzles. Tick (>/) the topics the speakers discuss. d general knowledge
a Puzzles and dementia.
b Puzzles and remembering language. Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆
c Comparing the benefits of different puzzles. Match the idioms in bold with the definitions.
d The history of puzzles.
1 Claude and I are on the sam e wavelength.
e Other skills of people who do puzzles. We understand each other perfectly.
f International puzzle competitions. 2 I heard on the grapevine that you've been
g The positive effects of puzzles. given a scholarship. Congratulations!
3 The introductory chapter of the book
@ 0 Listen again. Choose the best answers. explains everything in a nutshell.
1 Nathan... 4 OK, don't beat about the bush. Just tell
a doesn't know the meaning of the word me directly.
'cruciverbalist'. 5 I think we're talking at cross purposes:
b prefers Sudoku to crosswords. I'm talking about Meena, not her mother.
c never does crosswords. a in a brief, concise way
d thinks he's good at doing crosswords. b delay saying something by talking indirectly
2 What does recent research show about the effect of or about other things
crosswords on dementia? c think you are discussing the same thing when
a They can help prevent the disease. in fact you aren't
b Research supports the idea that doing d have the same opinions and tastes
crosswords can slow its progress. e hear something passed from one person to
c They can't reverse this type of condition. another
d They keep the brain active and improve the
condition.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5 43
Advanced conditional forms Complete the text with the words and
Complete rules 1-5 with the words and phrases in expressions in the box.
bold in sentences a-f. as long • even if • in case • provided that •
a When applying to university, it's important to have a supposing • unless
Plan B in case you don't get your first choice.
b You can wear quite casual clothes in this company
provided that you don't wear scruffy jeans. AdegreeinVisual Communications
c Even if you're not comfortable speaking in public, it is (1) that you're the kind of person who has
a skill most people need to master.
an interest in art, coupled with an ability to communicate,
d You should start a letter of application 'Dear Sir/ then a career in visual communications could be for
Madam' unless you know the name of the person you. Visual communication is the study of any kind of
you're writing to. sign, poster, drawing or photograph - it can be anything
e I said Georgia could sit in on your presentation, (2) it is used to communicate an idea.
as long as that's OK with you? (3) you have a very clear idea what type of
f Supposing that Mr Simpson agrees to see us, would work you want to do after graduating, it's probably a good
you be prepared to come and represent the class? idea to keep things general at first. (4)
you think you already knowwhat you want to specialise in,
1 We use to imagine a possible future a degree in visual communications allows you to keep your
situation. options open (5) you change your mind
later on.
2 We use to indicate being ready for a
possible future development. Your degree will be officially recognised
(6) as it's from an accredited institution of
3 We use and to mean only if
higher education, so be sure to check your course is listed
and to say what is necessary for an action to happen.
by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design.
4 We use to mean if not and to talk about
conditions without which an action will not happen.
5 We use to talk about a result that will
happen whether or not the condition is true.

1 You must go ahead and start the meal in case/
even /f I'm late.
2 My mum will be able to pick us up provided that/
unless she's working late.
3 If they offer me the job, I'll take it as long as/
supposing that the money's reasonable.
4 Supposing that/Even if you found some money in
the street, would you keep it? Grammar challenge ☆ ☆ ☆
5 Take these spare keys unless/in case you get to the Find and correct the mistake in each
flat before me. sentence.
1 We'll never get this project done unless
Complete the sentences with the expressions we will stay late.
in the box.
as long • even if • in case • provided • supposing • 2 This time tomorrow we'll sit on the
unless plane to Mexico.
1 He won't take the job they let me finish in

3 Take a jacket with you supposing that it
time to pick up his children. gets cold later.
2 I feel a bit nervous, but I'll take the job as
they give me the necessary training.
4 Annie forever arrives late. It drives me
3 She's going to keep an eye on her phone mad.
they call her about that job.
4 We'd be prepared to travel for work that
5 Even I practise a lot, I'll never be a
they let us come back at weekends
great singer.
5 There's no way I would work nights. they
offered me a lot of money, my answer would still be No.
6 Hardly had I ever seen Claire that angry
6 that they said I had to work from home,
I'm not sure I'd accept the post. before.
Developing speaking
Collaborative tasks 2 0 Pronunciation
1 © E) Read the exam task and listen to
two students doing the task. Which form of 5 <r © E Sometimes letters at the end of
communication do they not discuss? words seem to disappear in faster speech
when they come before certain sounds.
Read, listen and repeat the phrases.
Here are some different ways that people communicate

1 They tend to be ...
and a question for you to discuss. 2 I guess that's true.
© 0 Listen and underline the letters

which disappear in these phrases.
1 Isn't it true t h a t ... ?
2 Can we com e to an ag reem ent now?
Talk to each other about the 3 I'm going to have to stick with ...
advantages and disadvantages 4 You w ant the im m ediacy ...
Look at the exam question and make notes

on each area for discussion in your notebook.
Here are some different things which affect whether you

are a good listener. Discuss the importance of each point.
Now you have about a minute to decide which of these

means of communication you could most easily live without.
@E) Listen again. Put the advantages

and disadvantages (a—f) in the order they are
mentioned and in the correct category.
a O ffers different options for use
b Being in the sam e place
c Provides a record
d Contact with groups
e Not only verbal inform ation
f Tim e-consum ing
Advantages: 1 2 3
D isadvantages: 1 2 3
©0 Listen to two students doing the second Now you have about a minute to decide which of these you
part of the speaking task. What decision do they think is the most important factor.
reach?
>/ Great students' tip

(Q 0 Complete the expressions. Then listen Speaking: Natural interaction
again and check. W hile it's im portant to focus on carrying out the detail
1 My would have to be written of the task, the exam iner's m ain priority is to evaluate
com m unication. your ability to speak and interact with your partner,
2 But don't you it's som ething we so m ake sure you com m unicate together as naturally
should try and keep? as possible.
3 Personally, I'd for the phone. You

could use voice m essaging instead.
Imagine you are doing the final part of
4 Yes, but isn't it that there are still tim es the task. Choose the factor which most affects
when you want the im m ediacy of a phone call? being a good listener. Practise giving your answer,
5 O K, let's try to a decision. explaining briefly why you have chosen this factor
and not some of the others listed. If possible,
6 I'm going to have to with written
record yourself.
com m unication.
7 Then let's agree to - my choice would
be the phone.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5 45
4
6
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www.frenglish.ru
c e e v co
n o u iv s p ki p n tu e r ts e y o f
o lc o o e u ic d n a a u o
8 7 C 6 5 W o l i m s u l e e e w q a ci , v e f r u o u d b h ( l c r a
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Task
Imagine that your school organises its own
Ready for Life Week. Think of a workshop that
would be beneficial to people in your school
and write a proposal to your headteacher,
outlining why you think it is important,
what activities could be included and how
students would benefit. Write between 220
and 260 words.
Prepare
Read the writing task and plan your proposal.
Make notes.
1 What type of workshop would help students be
Writing bank
'ready for life'? Useful words and expressions in proposals
Introduction
• The purpose of this proposal i s ...
• This proposal is intended to ...
2 Why is the skill taught in the proposed workshop • This proposal relates to ...
important? Referring to a present situation
• Presently/At present/At the moment/Currently,
• As things stand ...
Referring to a possible future situation
• The meetings/initiative/club would/could ...
3 What activities would the workshop include?
• It would be beneficial to ...
• ... will be important going forward
• There are many benefits o f ...
Conclusion and recommendations
4 How would students benefit from the workshop? • To sum up/To conclude ...
• In conclusion ...
• On balance, we would say th a t...
• l/We recommend/propose th a t...
• l/We feel strongly th a t...
Use this paragraph plan in your proposal:

Paragraph 1: Introduction and overview of the proposal
Paragraph 2: Reasons why the workshop is important
Paragraph 4: How students would benefit
W
Paragraph 3: Activities which could be included
ri
y Great students' tip
ti
Writing: Opening statements
n
Use an opening statement in each section to introduce the content to the reader. An opening statement
should be a concise overview of the specific section. The following sentences then provide further detail to
inform the reader.
g
Write
re
Write your proposal in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model
on the opposite page and the Writing bank to help you.
fe
y Check
re
Read your proposal and complete this checklist.
n
1 I have used clear paragraphing. 4 I have used other examples of formal language.
c
2
3
I have included a title and section headings.
I have used expressions characteristic of
5 I have finished with a positive closing remark.
e
proposal writing. ) ’
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 5
A NEW HORIZONS
Collocations: travel Read the blog quickly. What is microexploring?
Complete the missing words in the expressions.
1 c heritage 5 prehistoric a
2 scenic r 6 burial g
3 remote I 7 n wonders
5 Read the blog again and decide if
the sentences are True (T), False (F) or the
4 n wildlife 8 g features information is Not Given (NG). Underline the
evidence in the text to support your answers.
Complete the text about Shetland with the 1 Despite its size, it's now relatively easy
expressions from 1. Do not repeat any expressions. to visit all parts of the Earth. T /F/N G
2 Tourism is causing considerable
Introduction Things To Do Events More» l
damage in Antarctica. T /F/N G
STUNNINGSHETLAND
Shetland is an archipelago of around 100 islands, but its
3 Recent events encouraged many people
to get to know their local area better.
4 People would probably have started
discovering their local area even
F / NG
(1) , 474 km to the north-east of mainland without the Covid-19 crisis. T /F/N G
Scotland, means that just 16 of these are inhabited. 5 You have to pay to use the Geocache
With 2700 km of coastline, the islands are full of app. T /F/N G
( 2) . In fact the physical geography of
Shetland is said to be more diverse than any other place 6 Alastair Humphreys is used to taking
of a similar size in Europe and today it is a UNESCO Global his time travelling. T /F/N G
Geopark; its (3) include cliffs, inlets and an 7 He suggests taking a day off work to
extinct volcano and almost every road you take is essentially go on a microadventure. T /F/N G
a (4) . Aside from (5) like bats,
dolphins and seals, there are numerous other species which
8 One advantage of microexploring is
were introduced to the islands by humans. reducing some of the annoying aspects
Over the centuries, the islands have been inhabited by a of long-distance travel. T /F/N G
wide variety of different people, giving it a rich and diverse
(6) . There are over 5000 archaeological Match the underlined words and phrases in
sites on the islands including (7) where the article to the meanings.
Neolithic and Bronze Age people, and later the Vikings, laid
their dead to rest. While there are no notable examples
1 make a record of something
of (8) , many fine objects have been found, 2 produced for a specific person
including silver bowls and jewellery. 3 world
4 a machine with a flat moving band
Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆ used for moving things from one
part of a building to another
Match the expressions in bold to the 5 game in which you follow clues to
definitions. find a prize
1 They live in a village in the back of beyond. 6 immeasurably large
It's impossible to get to by public transport.
2 The flat is conveniently located just a stone's Critical thinkers
throw from the station and local shops.
3 When I moved to the country, I really missed According to the article, are the
the hustle and bustle of the city centre. sentences facts (F) or opinions (O)?
4 Is there a good Indian restaurant in your a Tourism to the Antarctic more than
neck of the woods? There aren't any in my doubled between 2014 and 2019. F/O
neighbourhood. b There's plenty of cultural heritage and
5 I live in the thick of it, right in the city centre. scenery to see much closer to home. /O
c Users of their map app increased by
a the noise and activity of people 41% from April 2019 to April 2020. F/O
b a long way from other places d What happens in those 16 hours will make
c in the busiest part you feel considerably more alive. F/O
d very close to e Travelling on foot or using local transport
e in the area where you live will contribute to reducing global
warming. F/O
New experiences: About Blog More Q
MICROEXPLORING
The world is a very big place, yet today, by spending Other ideas for urban microexploring include working out
just a few minutes in front of our computers, it’s a running route that passes as many underground stations
possible to organise travel to pretty much anywhere as possible, going for a walk where you flip a coin to decide
on the globe. For all its size, our planet has become whether to turn left or right, or going out to take photos on a
extremely accessible, and the invasion of tourists into theme such as cool street art or interesting front doors.
almost every environment is causing untold damage to You might also like to try geocaching - a type of treasure
some natural habitats. Even formerly remote locations hunt. Using a GPS, you find the location of a ‘cache’ - normally
are turning into popular destinations. According to one a box containing a notebook and a few small toys or items
report, published in Business Insider, tourism to the of stationery. When you find it, you record your visit in the
Antarctic more than doubled between 2014 and 2019. notebook, swap something you have brought for one of the
But surely there’s plenty of cultural heritage and beautiful items in the box and later log your visit on the app. There
scenery to see much closer to home? This is one of the are bound to be caches near you - you just never knew they
concepts underlying microexploring: the idea that there is no were there.
need to travel a long way to discover something new, because But what if you want to do some microexploring outside
there are often unexpected treasures to be discovered just a the city? Blogger Alastair Humphreys coined the expression
stone’s throw from your front door. ‘microadventures’. The kind of outdoor adventurer who
This was one of the discoveries made by thousands of people once took a four-year bike trip round the world, has rowed
during the Covid-19 lockdowns. In many places, during the across the Atlantic and walked round India, Humphreys was
strictest restrictions, people were confined to their local awarded the National Geographic Adventurer of the Year
district. In my city, we could only take exercise within a 1 km for his pioneering work on the concept of microadventures.
radius of home. Along with many others, the first thing I did He has also published a book on the subject. In essence, a
was download an app which traced ‘my’ circle on a map, with microadventure is ‘an adventure that is short, simple, local,
my home in the centre. A circle with a 1 km radius doesn’t cheap - yet still fun, exciting, challenging, refreshing and
sound very big, but if you walk or run from home, go right rewarding’. It consists of leaving your city life, with just basic
round the circumference and back, you’ll be doing just over equipment for an achievable overnight adventure outdoors.
8 km of exercise. However, once you set about exploring You don’t need special training or lots of fancy equipment.
everything that’s inside the circle, you’ll be surprised at all the One of Humphreys’ adventures is called ‘Making the most
things you never knew were just around the corner. British of your 5 to 9’. It comes from the idea that many people
map producers, Ordnance Survey, said users of their map describe the 8 hours of their working day as ‘a 9-to-5 job’.
app increased by 41% from April 2019 to April 2020, while The adventure consists of going straight from work - even in
sales of their custom-made maps, which people could order a suit - to an outdoor place where you can sleep out under
with a specific location in the centre, also increased notably. the stars. Next morning, after watching the sun rise, you go
According to the Ordnance Survey website, customers back to work and carry on as normal - but what happens in
commented how having a personalised custom-made map those 16 hours will make you feel considerably more alive.
has helped them discover areas near them. Had it not been There are obviously significant environmental advantages
for the pandemic, people probably wouldn’t know as much to spending time nearer home. Travelling on foot or using
about their local area. local transport will contribute to reducing global warming.
Furthermore, you can avoid the inconvenience of a busy train
station or airport and all the awkwardness of lifting luggage
on and off a conveyor belt. It also significantly reduces travel
costs: many microexploring adventures are completely free
and, even if you’re considering having an adventure a little
further from home, once you’ve invested in the basics of a
rucksack and sleeping bag, there’s little else to pay for.
So go on - do some microexploring today. You never
know what adventures are just around the corner.
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Mixed conditionals Inverted conditionals
la Match the halves to make sentences. 3 L Change the inverted conditionals to
1 If you had started cooking sooner, conditionals with /f and vice versa.
2 If I weren't so shy, 1 Should you have any problems, don't hesitate to

contact me.
3 If I hadn't got a place to study Medicine,
4 If we'd caught the plane,
2 If we were to visit Rome again, we would certainly
5 If I didn't have exams this week,
stay in a different hotel.
6 If they had more money,
a I'd probably be a nurse now. 3 If I had known how much you liked those
b they wouldn't have travelled by bus. chocolates, I'd never have eaten them.
c we would be having dinner right now.
d I would have gone to my cousin's party. 4 Were you to see Brian, could you let him know I
called?
e I would have auditioned for the school play,
f we wouldn't be stuck in this airport.
5 If you should hear of a cheap flat in the area, please
lb Which three sentences in 1 refer to ... let me know.
a an imaginary situation in the past and

its present consequences? 6 If it were not for the kindness of other travellers, we
could have been stranded.
b an imaginary situation in the present
and its past consequences?
Grammar challenge ☆☆☆
1c t Complete the rules for mixed conditionals
with would + infinitive or past form. Complete the second sentence so that it has
a similar meaning to the first sentence
a Imaginary present situation -» past consequence
1 The meeting is about to start.
If +
would/wouldn't have + past participle. The meeting is on
b Imaginary past situation -» present consequence 2 We'll never qualify for the finals if we don't
play as a team.
If + past perfect,
Unless
Choose the correct alternative. 3 As soon as we arrived, the storm started.
Last summer I went to the beach with my friend Rob. No
My suitcase was three times as big as his and I was 4 If I were better at languages, I would love to
constantly struggling to lift it. I know I (1) hadn't/ work as a tour guide.
wouldn't have had those problems if in general I Were
(2) had taken/took less stuff with me when travelling, Jess is much shorter than Anna.
but you never know what you will need. If I (3) would
Jess is nowhere
pack/packed like Rob, I (4) would have taken/took just
one change of clothes! I met my best friend almost ten years ago.
It's lucky for me that suitcases today have wheels. For I've
this, we have to thank inventor Bernard Sadow. If he We ate dinner late and are not yet
(5) hadn't decided/wouldn't decide to make a suitcase in bed.
with wheels in 1970, we (6) had still been carrying/ If we
would still be carrying them today. Modern luggage
has changed a lot in the past 50 years. Another In July, it will be three years since
change is the collapsible handle. If this wonderful I started living in the UK.
device (7) hadn't been invented/wouldn't have been In July, I'll
invented, our suitcases (8) looked/would look very
different today. Apparently, the next big change will be
autonomous suitcases that follow their owners round
the airport!
In terms of my holiday, when we got to the beach,
it rained for the first three days. I was fine, as I had
packed a rain jacket and umbrella, but Rob wasn't as
well prepared. If he (9) were/would be more like me,
he (10) wouldn't have got /hadn't got so wet!
Phrasal verbs - experiences 4 What's the best thing about her trips abroad?
Choose the correct alternative. a seeing her team win
1 I didn't enjoy Pilates at first, but now I've really b spending time in the cities they visit
got into/in/over it. c the friendly local people
2 If you're in Mexico City, you really must check Extract three
through/in/outthe Frida Kahlo Museum. 5 What's Rita's principal complaint about flying?
3 Travelling solo turned on/over/out to be one of the a the cost
most important experiences of my life. b the way passengers are treated
4 Sorry, the signal's really bad. It's impossible to make
c the time wasted at the airport
out/up/overwhat you're saying.
6 What reason does Rita give for considering train
5 The final climb to the summit was more exhausting
travel?
than we had bargained to/with/for.
a avoiding a sudden temperature change
6 Amazingly, I ran into/through/over an old university
friend on the other side of the world. b comfort
c the gradual transition to somewhere new
of the verbs in the box. J Great students' tip
miss • pick point • run • start • take Listening: Using the options constructively
As the options are designed to challenge you, you
1 Craig is only just out with his new may find it useful to try to answer the question
course, but so far it seems to be going well. without considering the options first, and then look
closely at the choices to confirm your answer.
2 Are you sure you want to direct the play too? Don't
you think you've on too much?
3 Our tour guide was great. He out 1
Critical thinkers
lots of interesting sights.
4 I'm glad he through the plan again. Which advantages refer to train (T) travel
I didn't listen the first time. and which to plane (P) travel?
5 I was so sorry to out on meeting you. a Faster
6 The number of visitors is up now b Less environmental impact
that the weather has improved.
c More space
3 Listen to three conversations. Put the d Able to travel between all continents
topics (a-c) in the order you hear them.
a different forms of transport Vocabulary extension
b something the speaker always takes on a trip
Match the phrasal verbs in the text to the
c a colleague's reason for travelling meanings.
I sometimes wonder if my natural caution is
4 ☆ Listen again. For each question,
(a) holding me back from trying new things,
choose the correct answer.
so when a friend suggested going canyoning
Extract one in Zion National Park, I thought I should try it -
1 What does the woman like best about the item? even if I didn't exactly (b) leap at the chance!
a how light and easy to pack it is At the start, I wasn't entirely sure what (c) lay
ahead, but after an hour-long hike, we climbed
b how versatile it is
down a rock, put on wetsuits and started walking,
chow useful it is for beach holidays swimming and jumping along the river. We spent
2 How does the man feel at the end of the the whole day gradually heading downstream
conversation? and (d) topped our afternoon off with an eight
a regretful that he doesn't have one too metre jump down into a lake. I have to say that,
despite my initial nervousness, I really (e) took to
b sceptical about how useful it would be
canyoning.
c hopeful about buying one to use in the future
Extract two 1 complete by doing one final thing
3 How do the woman and her husband reduce the 2 limit or prevent from doing something
cost of travelling? 3 take an opportunity with great enthusiasm
a by travelling on coaches organised for fans 4 start liking
b by staying in cheaper hotels 5 be going to happen
c by sleeping in the car
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Unit 6 51
Past regrets Jo e: He decided to take his bike, leave his home in
Scotland and go on a trip round the world. When he
Read the sentences. Complete the rules for
was cycling through Bosnia, a cat started following
forming past regrets.
him and Dean ended up adopting her! Dean and
1 If only I'd taken a decent camera on my trip. Nala have now travelled 10,000 miles together.
2 I'd rather have gone in summer, but I didn't They have 800,000 followers on Instagram and have
have leave. published a book. I wish a cat (2)
3 I wish I hadn't booked all the accommodation (start) following me!
in advance. M olly: People today are cat-crazy.
4 I shouldn't have taken all those thick clothes. Jo e: I know. Their YouTube channel brings in enough
5 I'd sooner have stayed in hostels, but my friend money to cover bike repairs and cat food! If only I
wanted to go for hotels. (3) (have) a cat companion for my trip!
M olly: Yes, you should (4) (do). You'd have
a If only and wish are followed by saved a lot of money. But I think I (5)
b 'd rather, 'd sooner and should(n't) are followed (sooner) travel with a person than a cat. You'd get
by more conversation!
c express a stronger regret than
Rewrite the sentences using the word given.
1 I'm sorry now that I didn't choose to study
Match the halves to make sentences about Turkish. sho uld
Lou's walking experience.
1 If only I 2 I regret eating that second piece of cake. w ish
2 On reflection, I shouldn't
3 I'd sooner have 3 I'm sorry I didn't take up a musical instrument
4 Thinking about it, I'd when I had the chance. o n ly
5 I wish
a I had taken a waterproof cover for my backpack. 4 I'd have preferred to do the project on my own. so o n e r
b done the Portuguese route where there aren't

so many walkers. 5 Going to an Italian restaurant would have been
c had bought better walking boots. better in my opinion. ra th e r
d rather have gone by bike.

e have gone in July - it was way too hot. 6 It's such a pain we didn't check if the museum was
open on Sundays. w ish

form of the verb given.
Grammar challenge ☆☆☆
1 I'd rather (not spend) the whole
Correct the mistakes in the sentences.
weekend working.
2 I wish my sister (not notice) that 1 You won't get lost provided you don't follow my
stain on the jacket I borrowed. directions.
3 If only we (see) the weather
forecast before going to the beach. 2 If you would keep arriving late, I'm not surprised
4 I should (listen) to my friend's people think you're unreliable.
advice about that film - it was rubbish!
5 Clare was desperate to go out, but to be 3 I'd sooner we wouldn't have taken the train.
honest, I would sooner (stay) in.
4 By the time my exams are over, I'll have been
Complete the text with the correct form missing three hockey matches.
of the verbs given.
Jo e : I wish I (1) (do) what
5 I could see we weren't getting there before the
shop closed.
6 Under no circumstances you should leave the

children unattended.
7 Borough Market, that is located south of the river,

is a great place for street food.
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Developing speaking
Giving a talk 2 Listen to a student doing the task. Does
Read the speaking task instructions and the he talk about all parts of the question? W hat
topic card. Then look at two ways of making additional questions does the exam in er use?
preparation notes. Answ er the questions.
1 Do the notes cover all parts of the task?
2 Apart from content ideas, w hat else do the students

include? 3 Listen again. Com plete the expressions
(a - g ) and num ber them in the order you hear
them .
3 Can you see any other differences between the
notes? a W hat s out m ost for me is ... 1
b If I r rig h tly ,... 2
4 Which style of notes do you think is better? c I also shouldn't I o u t ... 3
d O n the q o f ... 4
e As I r ,... 5
You will have to talk about the topic for one to two minutes. f Thinking b ,... 6
You have one minute to think about what you're going to say.
g I v re m e m b e r... 7
You can make some notes to help you if you wish.
Describe a place you used to visit as a child. Great students' tip

You should say: Vocabulary: Noting new expressions
• where it is located Write a com plete sentence in your notebook when
• who you went with noting new expressions. This will show you how the
• what things you did when you were there expression is used and m ake it m ore m em orable.
and talk about what type of memories you have of it.
0 Pronunciation
(§ E J When one word finishes in a
consonant sound and the next starts with a
vowel sound, we usually link the two. Listen
and repeat.
a As I r e c a ll...
b If I rem em ber rightly ...
(8 jF l Read and m ark the linking. Then

listen and check.
a I also shouldn't leave o u t ...
b As it g o e s ....
c In term s of w hat I learnt
d W hat stands out m ost for me
e O n the question of why ...
Prepare notes for the speaking task in 1 and

give a talk. If possible, record yourself.
A place I u se d to visit as a child: W atchet (affection)

Practise answering these two additional
Where it is located exam in er questions. If possible, record yourself.
In North Somerset (coast, geologicalfeatures, fossils)
1 Do you have any negative m em ories of that place?
Who yo u w ent with
2 Would you like to spend tim e in that place now?
W hat things we d id
We w ent hiking in Quantock Hills (trail), I spent time on the
beach (shells, rock pool, fossil, cliff), we visited the nearby towns o f
b u r s te r wool m arket) a n d M inehead (biggest town), we spend
the evenings playing cards
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Unit 6 53
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Task
You recently visited a place on holiday and
had a terrible time. Write a review about it
for a website. Include information about the
problems you experienced with different
aspects of the trip. You can invent details if
you wish. Write 220-260 words.
Prepare
Look at the problem areas. Choose three to
include in your review and make notes.
1 Expectations:
2 Transport:
3 Nightlife:
Writing bank
Useful words and expressions for a review
4 Accommodation:
Giving your opinion
• In my opinion,...
• To be perfectly honest,...
5 Eating out:
• Frankly/To be (perfectly) frank,...
• Without doubt...
• As far as I'm concerned,...
6 Friendliness of the people: • I'm certain that...
• I'm afraid that...
• To tell the truth,...
Evaluating
Use this paragraph plan for your review. • ... it's perfect fo r...
Title: Write something that gets the reader's • ... to visit is ...
attention • There's something for everyone/every budget/
Paragraph 1: Introduce the place and your overall
opinion
every age group...
• I'd recommend it to anyone looking fo r...
W
Paragraphs 2-4: Describe a problem in each
paragraph, including details of what happened
• The facilities were disappointing.
• We had issues with ...
ri
Paragraph 5: Conclude by restating your opinion • It's a shame that... ti
and provide advice
n
Write
Write your review in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model
g
Check
re
Read your review and complete this checklist. fe
1
2
I have used logical paragraphing.
I have included an attractive title, an appropriate introduction and a conclusion.
re
3 I have used collocations to describe a place.
n
4 I have used mixed and inverted conditionals for emphasis.
c
5 I have used appropriate expressions for giving my opinion and evaluating.
e
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Unit 6 55
Grammar
Complete the sentences with one word in each Choose the correct alternative.
gap.
1 Unless your temperature comes down, I
1 the train gets in late, I'll let you the doctor.
know. a 'm going to call b might
2 the speaker is fully charged, the red c call
light goes out.
2 If everything goes well, we on a beach this
3 If I where Liam was, I would tell you. time next week.
4 If they still asking for a lift, they'll a might lie b 'll have been lying
need to come now.
c 'll be lying
5 If you to see Lulu, can you tell her
3 Only after I heard his surname, that I had
the training starts at six o'clock tonight?
met Frank before.
6 If I have to work late, I get home
a did I realise b I realised
after you - it depends if I miss the train.
c have I realised
Rewrite the sentences so that the meaning is 4 He at least three shops, trying to find the
similar. trainers he wanted.
1 I don't have time, but in any case, I don't want to a had been visiting b had visited
go to Kim's party. c was visiting
Even if 5 If things go according to plan, they
2 We must start work to get the project finished by building the hospital in the spring.
tomorrow. a finish b 've finished
Unless c 'll have finished
3 We should be there on time if we don't get stuck 6 Tessa say that. She's always convinced that
in traffic. everyone's against her.
As long a will b can
4 Imagine this situation. You have the chance to do c would
an unpaid internship. Do you do it?
Supposing
5 We may arrive late, so I'll give you your ticket now.
I'll give
Vocabulary
Choose the correct alternative. 4 Steve and Jess haven't been on
terms since their argument last week.
1 I don't really know exactly what you're trying to
imply/mumble by saying that. 5 I admire people who aren't afraid to speak
against injustice.
2 Has Jen given you any cues/hints as to want she
wants for her birthday? 6 I much prefer communication to
talking to someone online.
3 I can't understand what you're saying. Speak up
and stop mumbling/conveying.
Complete the words in the sentences.
4 Lena sometimes finds it hard to convey/
interpret what other people actually mean. 1 Because I had to run, I was quite b
5 Stan doesn't pick up on social cues/hints such as when I arrived at the interview.
body language when he is talking too much. 2 Surfing is definitely challenging at first but if
6 When giving presentations, pictures can often you s a it you'll be
interpret/convey things better than words. standing on the board in no time.
3 There's no need to use that t of
Complete the sentences with one word in voice when speaking to me.
each gap. 4 I'm so g ! I thought Jake had really
1 People should be free to speak their hurt himself, but he was just joking.
in class discussions. 5 Clara is very respectful and always
2 I to say it, but you were right all o the rules.
along. Ted is not to be trusted. 6 I'd like top Henry for his excellent
3 The misunderstanding was due to a work coordinating the fundraising.
in communication.
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Grammar
Choose the correct alternative. 3 Complete the sentences with one word in
each gap.
1 If I hadn't taken a break, I would be feeling/have felt
really tired now. 1 you go with an official guide;
2 If Zoe wasn't so shy, I'm sure they would have given/ it's easy to get lost in the old part of the
gave her the job. town.
3 Should you/lf should you have any suggestions, 2 Rarely I stayed in such a
please let one of the team know. terrible hotel.
4 If they didn't have/hadn’t had that argument, Ben 3 In the past, people didn't to
and Shaheen might still be together. go abroad on holiday so much.
5 He wouldn't have had the heart attack if he 4 If you don't check expiry dates on the food
would take/took better care of his health. you eat, you're likely get an
upset stomach.
6 You wouldn't be in all this trouble if you
would have listened/haoLli^&nedl to my advice. 5 My sister has travelling
round south-east Asia for the past six
Complete the dialogues with the correct form months.
of the verbs given. 6 Take the number of the consulate with you
in you run into difficulties
1 A: You shouldn't (go out) last night
during the trip.
without asking your parents.
7 Plane travel can be a great deal
B: I know, I wish (ask) them. Now
expensive if you are flexible
they're very angry with me.
about dates and times.
2 A: If only we ( know) about the concert
8 you to have time, you should
sooner. Now there are no tickets left.
definitely visit the National Museum of
B: Yes, we (check) the webpage more Scotland in Edinburgh.
regularly.
9 only did we visit the capital,
3 A: I wish we (go) to the cinema instead but we got to spend two weeks at the
of that party. It was really boring. beach as well.
B: Well, I'd sooner (stay) home and 10 As long your passport is valid
watched a good series, like I told you. for at least six months, you can get a visa
4 A: I'd rather you (not tell) Greg about at the border.
my operation.
B: I'm sorry, I didn't realise you wanted it kept quiet.
You should (tell) me.
Vocabulary
Add nouns to complete the expressions. 4 I wasn't keen on scuba diving at first, but by the
1 Despite its remote , the island is end of our trip I had really into it.
well worth a visit. 5 Travelling by bike out to be one of
2 Caves, cliffs and an extinct volcano are among the worst decisions I could have made.
its geological 6 The number of snowboarders has
3 This website has a great guide to the prehistoric up after last week's heavy snowfall.
you can see in the region.
4 If you have time, take the scenic
along the coast. 1 If you have nothing to , it's better to keep
5 You can't walk across this field because it's the quiet.
site of an ancient burial a speak b tell c say
6 Unfortunately, much of the native 2 The match was interrupted by someone shouting
has become extinct due to the introduction of at the of their voice.
invasive species. a loud b top c height
3 Don't forget to adjust the privacy to avoid
Complete the sentences with one word in each unsolicited contacts.
gap.
a settings b footprint c controls
1 I into my neighbour at the market. 4 While I was preparing for the exam, I took time to
We hadn't seen each other for ages. myself with the task.
2 We knew the hike would be tough, but it was a know b familiarise c learn
even harder than we had for.
5 She constantly my authority with the rest of
3 The guide out lots of things we the team at work.
would never have noticed on our own.
a undermines b reinforces c defies
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Personality and behaviour
Decide if these adjectives are positive (P) or 4 When I said Hi, Lou gave me quite a sour/
negative (N) characteristics. sweet look. I don't know what's wrong with her.
5 They gave the visiting team a very warm/
1 compassionate 6 resilient
sweet reception when they got off the bus.
2 conscientious 7 selfless
6 His manner is quite warm/cool and
3 distant 8 self-serving calculating: I don't think he particularly wants
4 manipulative 9 spiteful to work with me.
5 principled 10 unruly
Read the article quickly, ignoring the gaps.

Complete the sentences with an adjective What types of national symbols are mentioned?
from 1.
1 My mother is very and never puts her
own interests ahead of others.
2 I find Maude quite and difficult to
/ Great students' tip
talk to: she's not a very warm person.
3 My older brother was rather when we Reading: Completing a text
were kids and would say horrible things to me just Before you choose which paragraph fits each gap, take
to make me cry. time to read the whole text. This will give you a good
understanding of the whole text which can help predict
4 My uncle is a very person who always
the type of content that will fit in each paragraph.
shows sympathy for others.
5 His friends are quite a(n) bunch of
people and only do something if it benefits them Read the article again. Six paragraphs are
personally. missing. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G)
6 The kids are lovely, but they are quite a(n) the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one
group and things can get a bit paragraph which you do not need to use.
chaotic in class.
7 It's great that Joel's so , but Match the underlined words and phrases in the
sometimes he needs to stop work and relax for article to the meanings.
a bit. 1 as a result of their own ability or
8 She was so as a child that she could quality, not by association with others
always get her parents to do what she wanted. 2 famous building or object that you
9 Although he's already had three operations can see and recognise easily
this year, Ali never loses his smile. He's very 3 connected, related or linked
4 one complete turn around a course,
10 Maya is a very person: if she doesn't e.g. in athletics
think something is right she'll say so. 5 have no connection to
Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆ 6 informal way to refer to Australia or
New Zealand
Complete the sentences.
7 ceremonial design or shield which
1 We usually use bitter, sour and sweet to represents a family, city or country
describe f
2 We usually use cool, warm and icy to Critical thinkers
describe t
3 However, we can also use these adjectives to Which are advantages (A) and which are
describe p and f disadvantages (D) of national symbols?
1 Give people a sense of belonging
2 Could make migrants feel like outsiders A / D
1 May seems quite bitter/sweet about not
3 Promote a local identity in a globalised
being given a main role in the school play.
world A /D
2 Mr Cross gave us a warm/an./cy stare when
4 Help to preserve culture and traditions A /D
we arrived late for the exam.
5 Can represent links to things which have
3 Chloe is a very sour/sweet person who is
changed (e.g. a colonial past) A /D
always kind to others.
6 Could be identified with extremism A /D
WHOAREWE? Themanysymbolsof national identity
As humans, we like to belong. According to an article by 4
Doctor Kelly-Ann Allen in Psychology Today, humans have Staying 'down under, it probably won't be too difficult to guess
an innate need to connect and create bonds with others. which country's coat of arms features the kangaroo and the
When looking at identity, we can describe ourselves in emu. Indeed, it probably com es as no surprise to discover
various ways. We can identify ourselves with other people that another symbol which many countries have is a national
because of where we live, our interests, or where we work animal - and some have up to six! Did you know that 33
or study. But one of the main ways most people describe countries actually have a national bird and five have a national
themselves is in terms of their nationality. On a superficial insect? One animal is the choice for no fewer than 17 different
level, this relates to where you are from. nations: the lion. And a further 15 countries have animals which
1 don't even exist - mythical animals like the Welsh dragon.
The most obvious of these is the national flag. But how are 5
these designed? It has been estimated that 86% of world flags The public were invited to send in nominations and 5,000 ideas
reflect geographical features of their country in some way, were received. 300,000 people then took part in a vote to
for example, including blue in reference to the sea or a line choose the winners and a final list of 100 icons was drawn up,
to represent the Equator. Other common elements are stars, featuring such diverse symbols as fish and chips, Doctor Who
stripes and crosses, while some flags feature depictions of the and the map of the London Underground.
sun, the moon or animals. The most popular colour for flags
6
is white, which features on 17.7% of national flags, while only
0.6% include orange. The 99-year-old veteran of the
Second World War decided to try
2
and raise £ 1,000 to support the
Sports teams are another national symbol which people often British National Health Service
identify with, particularly during important events like world by walking laps of his garden. His
championships and the Olympics. Even people who may not selfless effort and dedication
consider themselves very patriotic or big sports fans can be caught the mood and hearts of the
drawn together by such events and start using the pronoun nation and by his 100 th birthday
'we' to refer to national victories. the com passionate national hero
3 had far surpassed his initial target,
It's evident then that sports play a significant role in raising over 32 million pounds and
becoming an icon of 2020.
establishing national identity. According to a survey conducted
in Canada, hockey was the fifth most important national So whether it’s flags, colours, sports or buildings, or less
symbol rated as 'very' or 'somewhat important' by over 75% of tangible things like custom s and heroic endeavours, it's clear
the population. Yet other countries may be associated with very that we share diverse national symbols with people from our
different national symbols. 'tribe' and that these form an integral part of our identity.
A If asked to pick something representative of France, the Eiffel Tower would clearly be an
obvious choice. In fact, in a survey of people from Germany, Italy, Spain and Britain, it was
picked as the monument that best symbolised not only France, but the whole of Europe.
Other landmark buildings which have come to symbolise an entire nation might include
India's Taj Mahal or Australia's Sydney Opera House.
B For national symbols aren't restricted to real, tangible things. Back in 2006, the Icons
project in England set out to identify things that people associate with 'Englishness'
in order to build up a kind of national image.
C However, national identity is about much more than mere geographical origin. It is
closely bound to all types of symbols which serve to identify and unite people from a
particular place.
D When asked for examples, many people will come up with a national dish, traditional
costume or folk song. Some of these are centuries old, but of course other national
symbols may be considerably more recent.
E Not surprisingly, the colours which can be found in the national flag often become a
symbol in their own right. Apart from being the colours of the Union Jack, red, white
and blue are also closely associated with Britain and worn by Team GB at international
sporting events. However, in other countries this is not the case. The Italian flag is red,
white and green, yet interestingly Italian athletes normally compete wearing blue.
People may also become national icons by doing something particularly significant at a
specific moment in time, and fostering a sense of national unity. One recent example is
that of Captain Tom Moore.
Aside from supporting a team in actual competitions, many countries also have a
national sport which may in itself become a significant national symbol. In around 15
countries, these are even established by law. They often bear.no relation to actual
viewing or participation figures and cover a wide variety of sports, from archery (one of
three national sports in Mongolia) to sumo wrestling (Japan) to water polo (Montenegro),
with cricket coming out as one of the most popular.
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Unit 7 59
Passive constructions and causatives Are these sentences correct? If not,
Match the passive and causative sentences (1-7) to correct them.
the descriptions (a-g). 1 My friend gets her nails done every month.
1 I was named after my mum.
2 Can you get Will to bring my ID card when he comes? 2 When you arrive, get someone given you a
3 I was really annoyed to be asked for proof that I hand with your suitcase.
was over 18.
4 All assignments must be handed in by midday. 3 My parents had a new air conditioning unit
5 I'm having my photo taken for my new ID card. install.
6 We had someone take a family portrait for my
grandad's birthday. 4 I'm getting my eyes test this afternoon.
7 I don't like being confused with my younger sister.
5 Can you get your brother to give us a lift?
a past simple passive
b passive gerund
6 Have you ever taken your photo professionally?
c passive infinitive
d passive infinitive following a modal verb
e causative with have/get + object + past participle Rewrite the sentences using a passive
f causative with have + agent + infinitive without to or causative form.
+ object
1 I asked Kim to explain it one more time.
g causative with get + agent + infinitive with to + object
I got
2 They're giving Lena an award for her project.
Complete the sentences using correct passive
forms. Lena
1 Medicine should (take) after meals. 3 A technician reformatted my computer.
2 I worked from home yesterday while my new washing I
machine (install). 4 We must finish the project before the weekend.
3 The film (release) last week and is already The project
proving to be a big hit. 5 One of our staff will bring your order now.
4 My phone was off because I didn't expect I'll have
(call) after 11.00 at night. 6 It makes me upset when people ask my age.
5 The dish (normally/serve) with rice. I don't like
6 Can you turn off your phone to avoid us
(disturb) during the meeting?
7 A new mall (construct) near here. It should Grammar challenge
be finished next month. Find and correct eight mistakes in the
text.
Complete the text using correct passive forms.
As my passport was on the verge to expire,
I wanted to make sure the new one had
The history of ID CARDS a good photo of me. I'm not a big fan
of having taken my photo so my mum
People can (1) (require) to identify suggested I should get the job done
themselves in many different daily situations. In some professionally. In the end I decided to get
countries, IDcards need (2) (carry) at all a friend take the photo. I should had listen
times. In other countries different forms of identification, such as driving to my mother! They rejected my passport
licences or other photo ID, (3) (accept). But when exactly application because of the photo, that was
(4) (ID cards/invent)? the wrong size. No sooner I had received the
The oldest items which (5) (use) to indicate identity are rejection than I made an appointment with
thought to be pieces of simple jewellery around 100,000 years old. By the a professional photographer. I don't regret
end of the 15th century, the first 'passports' (6) (introduce): it. Not only she put me at my ease, but the
King Henry V created documents for English people travelling abroad. One of photo actually made me look human! Had
the earliest national IDcards (7) (issue) by Sultan Mahmud I known the difference it would make, I had
II of the Ottoman Empire in 1844. taken my mother's advice in the first place!
Nowadays, biometric identification, involving fingerprints and iris scans, 5
1
(8) (use) extensively. How people feel about IDcards varies
2 6
a lot. In countries where IDcards (9) (require) for a long
time, they are quite uncontroversial, but elsewhere (10) 3 7
(ask) to carry an IDcard can make people feel quite uncomfortable. 4 8
60 Unit? www.frenglish.ru
Expressions with self Great students1 tip
Match the halves to make sentences. Listening: Multiple matching tasks
1 With so much pressure to be available for Read both tasks before you start, so that you know
work 24:7, switching my computer off at 8 pm what you are listening for. In an exam, you usually get
2 Taking part in the school debating team to listen twice. One method is to answer both tasks
3 It's normal to question your abilities, but try not the first time you listen and then check your answers
the second time.
4 I may not be a great artist, but I find painting
5 Eating what I want whenever I like
TASK 2
6 Louise often seems
For questions 6-10, choose from the list (a-h)
a to get overwhelmed by feelings of self-doubt. where each person gets their clothes. There are
b is my idea of self-indulgence. three extra letters which you do not need to use.
c is an act of self-preservation. a online
d has done wonders for Jamie's self-esteem. b an outlet store
e to be a great vehicle for self-expression. c on the high street Speaker 1 1
f to criticise herself and use self-deprecation to get Speaker 2 2
d small shops offering quality
a laugh. Speaker 3 3
e at a hypermarket
Speaker 4 4
Replace the words in bold with the correct f they don't really buy any Speaker 5 5
form of the expressions with self. g they make them from scratch
1 After his stay in hospital, Luke didn't look anywhere h second-hand
near as robust and healthy as he did before. 1
Critical thinkers
2 Are you alright? You seem very quiet and distant Which things are usually true of second-hand
from other people today. clothes shopping?
a It's more economical.
3 I think we should take the cat to the vet. She hasn't b There's a big selection.
appeared as healthy as normal for a few days now.
c It reduces the environmental
impact of fashion.
4 I find Jed quite irritating. He thinks he's more d You're contributing to a good
important than anyone else. cause.
e You find all of the latest brands.
5 We don't really know our next-door neighbour. She f The staff work for free.
tends to maintain a distance from other people.
g It's easy to find what you want.
6 Come on in! Take a seat, get comfortable.

Complete the sentences with expressions
© E) You will hear five people talking from the box.
about the clothes they wear. Listen and complete
both tasks. self-control • self-defence • self-employed •
self-aware • self-opinionated • self-satisfied
TASK1
1 They've just started special
For questions 1-5, choose from the list (a-h)
classes at our school.
what determines the clothes each person wears.
There are three extra letters which you do not 2 Mitch is not very and tends to
need to use. drone on even when it's obvious other people
are bored.
a the latest trends
3 When it comes to chocolate, I have very little
b wanting to be different i
■
c ethical considerations Speaker 1 1
4 I know Todd got an A in the exam, but I wish
Speaker 2 2
d comfort he wouldn't go around with that
Speakers 3 expression on his face.
e price
Speaker 4 4
f looking smart 5 I find Margot rather . She never
Speakers 5 listens to other people's points of view.
g sharing a look with others
6 My mum got fed up working for someone
h an active lifestyle
else, so she's now
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Unit 7 61
Adding emphasis - cleft sentences Complete the text with one word in each
Read the sentence in bold. Then complete gap-
1-3 with phrases from the box to make more
emphatic sentences.
is the friendly service • it's • that I like

the thing that • what I like
WORLD
I like the friendly service.
1 is the friendly service.
of
2
3
the friendly service
I like
REDHEADS
Overall, less than 2% of the world's population have
Make emphatic sentences about the red hair. (1) is striking is that in Scotland,
underlined information starting with The thing/ the figure stands at around 10%. However, according
person/place/reason.... to Scottish photographer Kieran Dodds, what is even
1 Jake works in a computer store. more interesting (2) that there are other
parts of the world where red hair is common too.
It (3) while attending World Redhead
2 They left because the sales assistant was so rude.
Day in London that Kieran met people from around the
world who shared his hair colour. And (4)
3 M s C Ia rk is the person you need to speak to about was this experience that led Kieran to prepare a book
the robotics club. of photographs on the subject. It wasn't such a surprise
to meet other red-headed people from Perm in Russia,
as it's about as far north as Scotland. The reason
4 I really miss being able to lie in bed on a Saturday
(5) people with ginger hair generally tend
morning.
to come from northern latitudes is (6)
they are able to absorb vitamin D even in areas with
5 There are lots of great shoe shops in Fisher Street. little sunlight. But (7) did surprise Kieran
was the fact that there are also pockets of red-headed
people in places he did not expect. For example, did
Rewrite the sentences starting with It and you know that one place (8) there are
emphasising the underlined word. groups of redheads is Jamaica?
1 Gem m a left her phone on the bus.

Grammar challenge
2 I saw our new maths teacher yesterday.
6 Choose the correct alternative.
1 a holiday tomorrow, I'd stay in bed till
3 We saw my cousin in the high street last week. lunchtime.
a Was it b Were it c It was
4 Clem is the captain of the water polo team. 2 Rarely such an enjoyable evening.
a have Ihad b I've had c I did have
5 I was born and raised in Ireland. 3 the oral exam that I'm worried about.
a What b The thing c It's
4 Craig's parents were delighted to their
Rewrite the sentences with what... is/was.
friend's wedding.
1 You need a holiday. a being asked b to be asked c be asked
5 dinner before they get here do you think?
2 I found her attitude surprising. a Are they on the verge of eating
b Will they have been eating
3 I'd like something to eat. c Will they have eaten
6 We got the garage my uncle recommended
4 They disliked her air of self-importance. our car.
a serviced b service c to service
5 The amazing thing was that Jude arrived at exactly 7 The gym will during the school holidays.
the same time. a be being repainted
b being repainted
6 I saw Peter practising for the play c be repainting
62 Unit? www.frenglish.ru
Developing speaking
Discussing photos 2 a from experience...
Match the words in the box to the photos b looking at (their faces),...
c th ecaseth at...
beard • hairstyle • hipster • identical •
d in that kind of situation myself, b u t...
short-sleeved • sleeveless • suit
e find themselves in this kind of situation ...
Rewrite the sentences using do/does/did to

make them more emphatic.
1 You also see siblings of different ages wearing the
same clothes.
2 I think it's important that parents give twins the

opportunity to develop a different image.
3 We made a decision to dress the twins differently.
4 My mother tends to buy the children matching outfits.
D Pronunciation
@ 13 Decide which sentence in each

pair should carry emphatic stress on the
verb do. Then listen, check and repeat.
1 a I do wish they would hurry up.
b We do the housework on a Saturday
morning.
2 a I hope Carlos does his part of the
© E3 Read the task then listen and answer project tonight.
the questions.
b Eating late at night definitely does
1 Which vocabulary items from 1do you hear? affect my sleep.
2 What's her opinion about the second part of the 3 a Grace did a course in Manchester
question? last summer.
b We did enjoy the party at your place
Compare the pictures and say what they might tell
us about the visual identity of the twins and how you on Saturday.
think parents should dress twin children.
Practise answering the task below.
3 Listen again. Complete each sentence If possible, record yourself.
with a word or short phrase.
Compare two of the pictures, saying why people
1 She thinks the twins in the first photo are about
are wearing similar clothes and how sharing their
identity might make them feel.
2 She says some parents not only dress twins the
same, but also
3 She says the formally-dressed man in the second
photo might have to dress like this
4 She says some parents opt to dress twins the same
because
Match the sentence halves to make

expressions used to speculate based on our own
experience and knowledge.
1 Most of us know
2 It could be
3 I've never been
4 Almost everyone will
5 I think, from
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 7 63
Writina reference
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Task Useful language for describing visual
The bar chart below shows the aspects of information
identity which were more important to
different age groups. Describing statistics
• 5/10/15 per cent/%
Summarise the information by selecting
and reporting the main features, and make • a quarter/a third/half/three-quarters o f...
comparisons where relevant. • twice/three times the amount
• ... was (almost) two/three/ten/ times a s ...
* • one in three/four/five
These aspects of identity stood out as being • the majority/minority o f...
more important to younger people than Describing trends
older people: • remain the same/change little
• stabilise
• fluctuate
• reach a high/peak/low
• a significant difference is
• there was less/more of a difference
• a (more/less) dramatic difference
Making comparisons
• slightly less than/considerably more than/
markedly different from ...
• One figure/Something that stands o u t...
• The ... are almost the same as/broadly similar
to ...
• One of the more notable changes w as...
18-21 II 22-34 35-48 ■ 49-64 3 65+
• The highest figure was fo r...
U — — ..
• ... stands out a s ...
4
Prepare
Read the writing task and plan your summary. Make notes.
1 What does the chart show?
2 What are the main features?
3 What comparisons can you make? W

ri
ti
Use this paragraph plan for your review.
n
Paragraph 1: Introduction explaining what the bar chart shows
Paragraph 2: Main body explaining the most noticeable and important information in the bar chart
Paragraph 3: Conclusion summarising the main findings of the study
g
Write
re
Write your description in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model
on the opposite page and the Writing bank to help you. fe
J Check re
Read your description and complete this checklist.
n
1 I have used an appropriate paragraph structure.
c
2 I have used a formal style.
3
4
I have included passives and cleft sentences.
I have used appropriate expressions for describing visual information.
e
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 7 65
3 GIVING BACK!
Positive action 3 Read the article quickly. Choose the correct
alternative.
word. The writer introduces (1) three/four ways people
can contribute (2) directly/indirectly to charitable
enterprise/initiative
organisations without (3) time or money/
a The council hopes the new will effort or knowledge.
attract volunteers.
b They are involved in an exciting new business Read the article again. Decide if the
statements agree with the writer's views. Choose
2 measures/steps Yes (Y), No (N) or Not Given (NG) if it is impossible
to say what the writer thinks.
a There are just a few final to
complete before you send us your application. Most people aren't interested in
b What will be taken to avoid supporting charities. Y /N /N G
donations being spent on administrative tasks? 2 There is a good range of charities you
3 empower/enable can support. Y /N /N G
a We're working to unemployed 3 This type of shopping platform seems to

people by involving them in decision-making. be becoming more and more popular. Y /N /N G
b The website will local people to 4 Charity Miles makes fewer demands on
find out about fundraising events, the user than Give as you Live. Y /N /N G
4 incentive/motive 5 Companies should operate ethically. Y /N /N G
a His for joining the organisation 6 It's important that companies participate in
was to be with like-minded people. this type of scheme for the right reasons. Y / N / NG
b The opportunity to meet local celebrities is an Other search engines shouldn't profit from
added to take part in the fun run. income received from advertising clicks.
5 beneficial/profita ble 8 It's easy to change to using Ecosia. Y /N /N G

a Volunteering is not only to the
local community, but also personally satisfying.
article to the meanings.
b These actions are not necessarily
but will raise the profile of the charity. extra useful or decorative items
6 campaign/protest 2 the way something is, unless you

change it
a The decision was met with a wave of
3 resource services such as electricity or
gas providers
b The event is one of several planned as part of
our awareness-raising
4 confronted, encountered
5 software that you use to access the
Vocabulary extension Internet
Match the sentence halves. 6 the best resource to use to get
A major British department store something done
launched a range of gender-neutral expression which follows a negative
for emphasis
2 The university has introduced positive
3 The company made a few token gestures
Critical thinkers
4 Freedom of speech is something that
5 There are so many different cultures 6 Which of these is not a potential
and ethnicities in this city which disadvantage of the options in the article?
a Your data could be misused.
a to give the appearance of being progressive,
b It's not always clear how much money is
b ensures we can express ourselves openly in
spent on administrative costs.
public.
c It could be an additional source of income
c clothes that all children could wear.
for charities.
d makes me feel part of a more plural society,
d It might stop people donating in other
discrimination to increase the intake of ways.
students from disadvantaged backgrounds.
e It's a way for companies to look good and
distract from other unethical practices.
DOING GOOD - the easy way
A lot of us would like to do more to support charitable with a conscience. Whichever the reason, the important thing is
organisations but perhaps lack either the time or the economic the benefit for the organisations that receive the money. Using
resources to do so. But what if there were ways to make a this model, Charity Miles has raised over $2.75 million, Give as you
difference that didn't use up our precious time or empty our Live has raised over £14 million and another shopping company,
pockets? Here's an overview of various options you might want Easyfundraising, over £35 million.
to consider. Another way to do good for free is to change your search engine.
If you're a person who shops We all use this type of program, most of us daily, and when
online, you can donate to doing research for an assignment or comparing services it's
charities without it costing likely you'll search many different sites in just a short space of
you anything at all! By using time. You probably have your go-to search engine which opens
the shopping platform Give automatically on your computer or phone - it's maybe even the
as you Live, you can ensure homepage in your browser. But did you know that a simple action
your chosen charity in the UK like looking up the name of a restaurant or opening an online
benefits in just three easy steps. dictionary could have a significant environmental impact? Ecosia
First, you sign up for free on is a search engine with a difference. On the surface, it looks like
the website and select the charity you wish to support from over any other search tool as you search the web. And like all search
200,000 options. There are all kinds to choose from, from major engines, Ecosia earns money from clicks on advertisements that
international charities, such as Greenpeace or Save the Children, appear on the search results page. But Ecosia does something
to local charities or even schools in your neighbourhood. Then different with this money: the company uses it to plant trees in
comes the easy part: start shopping (although it's extremely areas where deforestation is a major problem. It currently has
important that you access your chosen store via the fundraising over 20 tree-planting projects in 15 different countries, including
website). And sites like this are not only about buying clothes Spain, Brazil, Kenya and Indonesia, and many of these are also
or accessories. On Give as you Live, for example, there are over significant in protecting habitats for wildlife.
4,500 companies to choose from, selling everything from utilities The company was founded in Berlin in 2009 by Christian Kroll,
and broadband packages to tech goods and electronics, or flights following a trip round the world where he came face to face with
and accommodation for your next trip. the problems caused by destruction of some of the world's forests.
The final step takes place without you even realising it: once It couldn't be simpler to make Ecosia your default search engine,
you have made your purchase, the store or company makes and once you start using it, an on-screen counter shows how
a payment, normally a percentage of what you spend, to the many searches you have done. It takes an average of 45 searches
website. They in turn pass on a donation to your chosen charity; to plant a tree. For about 15 million people, Ecosia is now their
and you later receive an email letting you know how much you've search engine of choice, and so far the company has planted
contributed. One user explained that it was an easy way to raise more than 130 million trees.
money while you shop. And the best thing? Your shopping won't So don't let a lack of time or money hold you back from making
have cost you a cent more than it would have done normally. a difference: there's plenty you can do to make the world a better
Another app that works in a similar way is Charity Miles. Having place without spending either.
downloaded the free app, you register and then choose a charity
to support, but in this case, you don't need to spend any money
whatsoever. All you need to do is get moving! The activity is up
to you: you can walk, run, bike or dance. The app tracks your
movement using your phone, or you can link to any other fitness
tracking app you may use. For every mile you log, a donation is
made to your chosen organisation.
But what's in it for the companies that participate in initiatives
like this? For some of them, it's a way to conduct their business
ethically, making sure they give back to the community; others
prefer to spend money on this type of action rather than on
expensive marketing campaigns - they feel that actions speak
louder than words. And some see this type of activity as
beneficial for their image, identifying them as a company 1
www.frenglish.ru
Reported speech Complete the text with the correct impersonal
l o t Complete the rules (1-5) with a verb from reporting structure of the verbs given.
sentences (a-e).
a Glen agreed that their local charity was the
The Women’s Race
best one for them to support. La Carrera de la Mujer or Women’s Race (1)
b The organisers reminded people to bring the (say) be one of the most important female running events in Europe.
It (2) (believe) 135,000 runners participated in
collecting boxes to the event.
the 2019 race in cities all over Spain, and many public figures and celebrities
c Anna suggested contacting the local (3) (know) have taken part. Though nowadays
newspaper to promote the fun run. it (4) (think) of primarily as a fundraising
event for cancer research, it was actually started because of a lack
d Everyone agreed to review the group's work
after the next fundraising campaign.
e People criticised the charity for spending too
much on administration.
1 + gerund
2 clause
+ th a t
3 + (not) to + infinitive
4 + (object) + preposition +
gerund
5 + object + (not) to + infinitive
Report the sentences in the conversation with the

1b Match the verbs (a-e) to the verb
verbs given.
patterns (1-5) in 1a.
Ben: Have you heard about 'rounding up for charity'?
a announce, explain, point out, think
(ask)
b promise
(D
c discourage, congratulate, confess
Phoebe: I've never heard of it. (say)
d regret, recommend, admit, deny
(2)
e tell, ask
Ben: If your shopping comes to $9,95, you can 'round up'
and the remaining 5C will go to charity, (explain)
/ Great students' ti
(3)
Grammar: Using mind maps
In 2016 over $400 million was raised in the US in
It can be useful to group verbs with the same this way. (point out)
pattern together in your notebook. Put the
verb pattern in the centre circle of your mind (4)
map and add each verb with the same pattern Phoebe: We should set up a similar scheme, (suggest)
at the end of a line radiating from the circle. (5)
Ben: I'll try to find out some more about it. (promise)
Rewrite the sentences using a verb (6)
from the box as reported speech.
agree • congratulate • regret • suggest • tell Find and correct eight mistakes in the text.
A few months ago, my friend Misha suggested to go
1 'Well done, Red Team. Your project has won to help at the local soup kitchen and I agreed go with
first prize,' said the headteacher. him. On the day, about 30 people came for lunch and
The teacher they were all give a hot meal and some of them cut
2 'Why don't we apply for funding from the their hair by a local hairdresser who volunteers there.
council?' said Matt. We spent the morning preparing and serving food
Matt and chatting with everyone. Not only it was great to do
something useful, but it also made me appreciate what
3 'Please switch everything off after you finish,'
I've got. If Misha hasn't told me about it, I wouldn't be
said the caretaker to Julie.
a regular volunteer there now. You should have some
The caretaker free time to spare, I would recommend to see if there is
4 'Sure, I can take photos of the event,' said something similar in your area.
Teresa.
1 5
Teresa
2 6
5 'I'm sorry I said I'd help,' said Piotr.
3 7
Piotr
4 8
Expressions with give and take 5 D ft Listen again. Complete the text.
Decide if the expressions below include
give or take. Complete the table.
Young volunteers
in the news • it upon yourself •
someone a chance • someone a hand • Presenter Sam Marshall started by quoting some statistics
someone the benefit of the doubt • indicating that the number of young volunteers (1)
someone your word • something on board • in recent years. Psychologist Judy Robeson mentioned the
the easy way out • the initiative • time (2) that young people are under but said that this
should not deter them from volunteering.
In contrast to the theoretical focus in the classroom,
doing voluntary work gives people an opportunity to do
(3) as well as learning a range of new skills
including administrative skills and money (4)
In addition, volunteers have to interact successfully with other
people including some from different (5)
Being a volunteer can be to your advantage when applying to
university and it's also a good alternative to (6)
on a young person's CV. However, one of the most important
reasons to volunteer is the benefits it can bring to a young
person's self-esteem and (7)
Complete the sentences with the

correct form of give or take. Critical thinkers
1 Working as a volunteer at the hospital is my 6 Match the possible negative points about
way of something back after volunteering (1-3) to the counter-arguments (a-c).
all the treatment I received. 1 It takes up a lot of time.
2 I'm sorry. I'm really tired. I'm going to have to
2 You might feel shy at first.
the meeting a miss.
3 You might not like what you're doing.
3 You can leave work early today, but I might
ask you to stay late another day - it's all a a That'll soon pass as you get to know people.
question of and b You can always switch to another organisation.
4 Andy often says things without thinking. c It's a good break from your studies.
I wouldn't it to heart.
5 It'll be about 15 minutes before the painkiller
effect.
6 My cousin has recently Match the words in bold to the definitions.
to posting videos on TikTok. 1 So what's your takeaway from today's class?
2 I did a double take when I saw Mel's sister -
Match the sentences (1-6) in 2 to the they look so alike.
meanings (a-f).
3 I knew he'd passed. His face was a total
a think about something seriously, so that giveaway.
it upsets you 4 We offered five free places on the course but
b support or make an effort for someone were surprised by how little take-up there was.
or something that previously helped you 5 I hope no one loses their job after the takeover.
c starts to work 6 I enjoy watching the out-takes at the end of
d started to do something as a habit a film.
e not attend an event
a The number of people who accept an offer.
f a situation in which you help someone in
exchange for a favour from them b The most important message or argument
remembered after a meeting or event.
@ E5 Listen to a podcast about young c Scenes deleted from a film or series before
people and volunteering. Answer the broadcasting, often because of actor mistakes.
question. d Looked twice at something or took a moment to
Is the main message of the podcast about... react to something surprising.
a how charities can benefit from young e Something which spoils a surprise by indicating
volunteers? what is going to happen.
b how young people can benefit from doing f Situation when one company takes control of
voluntary work? another
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 8 69
Order of adjectives Put the words in the correct order to make
£ Complete the table with the adjectives and sentences.
nouns from the sentences.
1 Kristen was wearing a straight, black denim skirt.
2 We had some delicious, home-made ice cream
for dessert.
3 My grandmother gave me a beautiful, early
20th -century jewellery box for my 18th birthday.
4 The museum has a huge German printing
press.
5 Janek brought his very sweet, young niece.
1 industrial / city / large
6 Have you got any compact plastic camping a(n)
chairs? 2 German / lightweight / rucksack
opinion delicious a
3 musician / 1920s/jazz / French
size
a
shape
4 sauce / pasta / delicious / Italian
age a(n)
colour 5 19th-century / romantic / highly recommended / novel
origin a
material 6 swimming / 5-kilometre / tough / open-water/
competition
function
a(n)
noun
/ Great students1 tip
Choose the correct alternative. Grammar: Adjective order
1 We stayed in a charming little/little charming One way to remember the order of adjectives is to write a
hotel in a fishing small/small fishing village. memorable example that contains an adjective from each
2 The bride was wearing a silk white/white silk category. You can use it to refer to. Be imaginative, but be
dress and carrying a bouquet of pink tiny/ sure to make it memorable!
tiny pink roses.
3 The Spanish young/young Spanish chef cooked
us a fantast/c-tast/'ng/tast/ng-fantast/c meal. Grammar challenge ☆☆☆
4 Luke? He's the guy over there with large round/
round large glasses and a biker's leather/leather
biker/s jacket. 1 Have you seen a bag anywhere?
5 The American large new/new large American a green, large leather b large, leather, green
professor gave the university audience a very c large, green leather
long interesting/interesting long talk. 2 We Jessica's party for ages.
a 've been looking forward to
3 <7 Complete the sentences with the words
b are looking forward to
given in the correct order.
c have looked forward to
1 Jude found this
jacket in the charity store for just 2€. (grey/cool/ 3 It was simply exam I've ever done.
denim) a the worse b worst
2 I gave my mother a c the worst
sweater for her birthday, (woollen/pink/ 4 I playing Fortnite with my friends.
gorgeous)
a wouldn't like b didn't used to like
3 To make the sauce you'll need a
c didn't use to like
pan. (metal/small/
frying) 5 The painting be worth well over $1m.
4 Melissa's got some a believes b is believed to
goggles, (skiing/blue/new) c is believed
5 Last year we stayed in a(n) 6 We would be eating dinner now if I to do the
cottage in the shopping.
middle of nowhere, (stone/tiny/one-room) a hadn't forgotten b wouldn't forget
6 We've got to do a(n) c didn't forget
assignment, (end-of-year/huge/literature)
Developing speaking
Discussing photos 3 5 ©EJ && Complete the expressions used to refer
Read the task and look at the photos a-c. to what someone else has said. Then listen again
Which vocabulary in the box could you use to and check.
describe each photo? 1 I agree with what Nacho said about
(...) and I think I would that (...), I don't
Here are your photos. They show young people th a t...
doing community service. Compare two of the
photos and say what type of help they are giving and 2 Going to what Nacho said ...
what they might be learning from the experience. 3 As Nacho earlier...
D Pronunciation
©E) Listen and match the phrases in the
box to the sentence stress patterns. Then
listen again and repeat the phrases.
By contrast • I don't think • In this photo •
It could be • It looks like • It looks as if •
That being said • The first difference
The main thing • Whilst I agree
1 OooO
2 oOo
3 oOoo
Read the task in 1 again and look at the

photos below. Make notes of words you could use
to describe two of the photos in your notebook.
after-school club • disability • frontdoor • give

a high five* old person's home outdoorspace •
resident • shopping • toys • wheelchair
a
b
c
©E) Listen to a student doing the task in 1.

Which two photos does he talk about?
©E) Listen again and complete the table.

Similarities
Differences
What they may be learning
©E) Listen to the second part of the task.

What is the student's reply to the question? ©19 Listen to the instructions and practise
giving your response. If possible, record yourself.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 8 71
7
2
Writina reference
U t
a V D
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e t
o e U c a t
o v a h s
e t U o
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Task Useful language and expressions in reports
Your headteacher wants to establish links
Introducing the report
between your school and a local old people's
home. She has asked you to write a report. • This report will/is intended to evaluate/
Your report should refer to the type of describe/analyse...
activities students could engage in and • The aim of this report i s ...
the benefits of these to both the residents • It will also assess/include/recommend/look a t ...
and students, and suggest how activities • We will examine ...
could be organised. Write between 220 and • This report is based on interviews/research
260 words. conducted a t ...
Adding or developing a point
• Additionally/ln addition, it will consider...
• Furthermore, the report w ill...
• Not only ... but also ...
• What is m ore,...
• in fa c t,...
• indeed,...
• Moreover,...
Making suggestions
• I (strongly) recommend th a t...
• It would be a good step forward ...
• It would be worth considering ...
• One (possible) course of action would be to ...
• We propose...
Prepare
Read the writing task and plan your report. Make notes.
Select two or three activities students could engage in with residents from the local old people's home.
Evaluate the benefits of these activities to the residents and students.
Consider how the activities could be organised.

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6 Use this paragraph plan for your report.
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Paragraph 1: Introduction
Paragraph 2: Activity 1 and its benefits
Paragraph 3: Activity 2 and its benefits
Paragraph 4: Recommendations g
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re
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1 I have used an appropriate paragraph structure. □ n
2 I have used a clear title and headings.
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3
4
5
I have included vocabulary related to charities.
I avoided repetition, using different expressions where possible.
I used a formal style.
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6 I have used appropriate expressions to introduce my report and to make points and suggestions. □
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 8
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Com plete the reported speech sentences. Choose the correct alternative.
1 'OK, Juan. I won't tell anyone about the present 1 I ran for an hour and a half this morning.
you've bought.' I that since before the exams.
Karen agreed a didn't do
2 'Remember you've got the exam next Tuesday.' b haven't done
Dad reminded c haven't been doing
3 'You should try out for the team next year, Carla.' 2 the steaks.
The coach encouraged a It was the dog what at
4 'I'll help you carry the luggage!' b It was the dog that ate
Luisa insisted What the dog ate
c
5 'I'm sorry I took your laptop without asking.' 3 I can't meet on Thursday. I my sister's
Marc's sister apologised new play.
a 'll see b 'm seeing c see
Put the words in the correct order. 4 If only Grant about his sister's accident.
1 Do you have a a you didn't tell
(leather/small/white) bag to go with my outfit? b you wouldn't have told
2 Daria bought a you hadn't told
c
(green/lovely/suede) jacket last week. 5 Passports on arrival in the country.
3 We went to this wonderful a must show
(Italian/new/
pizza) restaurant last night. b must be shown
4 Finn's got a c must be showing

fanzine. (Portuguese/new/very interesting) 6 Maya the party by the time her sister arrived,
5 The app was developed by a a had already left
(Manchester- b already left
based/small/tech) start-up. c has already left
Vocabulary
Com plete the sentences with the words in the 4 I don't think Carl has assimilated the news
box. about his dad's accident yet. (in)
beneficial • campaign • empower • initiative •

measures • steps 5 I don't think we're going to go to the party
tonight, (miss)
1 This week sees the launch of our new
fundraising
2 The idea for the'Help Others' Choose the correct alternative.
came from three students in Year 9. 1 Having a long bath and reading a book is my
3 Supporting a charity can be very ideaofself-
for a celebrity's image. a expression b indulgence
4 You can sign up for the event in just three easy c preservation
2 You should out the new independent
5 We need to take all possible to cinema near the station.
stamp out discrimination. a check b turn c make
6 Opening the nursery is part of a series of
3 I have to say I'm a bit about Jim continuing
actions to single mothers. to run at 6 am every day.
asceptical b gullible c cynical
Rewrite the sentences using expressions
with the word given and take or give. Do not 4 I'd like to my appreciation for everyone's
change the m eaning. kind words.
1 Could you help me hang this painting? (hand) imply
a b mumble c convey
5 Fortunately, it turned out that the snake was
completely
2 I've tried to think about and accept what
you said, (board) a fearless b breathless c harmless
6 Whatever he does, your brother always seem to
get away it.
3 Can you promise me you won't tell
anyone else?(word) a with b from c to
www.frenglish.ru
1 SEEN ON SCREEN
Viewing habits © X9 Read the text again. Choose the best answers.
Choose the correct alternative. 1 YouTube...
1 Please be quiet in the studio: we're going a is the most popular website worldwide.
live-streaming/on air in five seconds. b isn't as popular as Netflix and Facebook.
2 They did a reboot/rerun of the series with an c has 2.3 billion people uploading videos.
American cast, but I think the original British
version was much better. d has changed the way people do a lot of things.
3 My grandma likes binge-watching/tuning in to her 2 The founders of YouTube ...
favourite programme every Wednesday evening. a knew their idea would be a global phenomenon.
4 I can't wait for them to release the latest b started the platform by posting a lengthy video.
instalment/reboot of that new sci-fi series - the c made a lot of money when they sold it.
last one finished on such a cliff-hanger! d were overpaid when they sold it.
5 When I watched the series in the original version, 3 What can be said about YouTube users?
I didn't like the main actor's voice at all - I was so
a Nearly three-quarters of them are American.
used to him being dropped/dubbed.
b They come from round the globe.
Match the words to the definitions. c The majority are female.
d They are typically under 25 years old.
binge-watch • drop • dubbed • medium • reboot
4 Nowadays, m usicians...
1 a film with the original language a are the most important people on YouTube.
changed b don't need to worry about promotion.
2 release for public viewing c have more avenues to become well-known.
3 new version of a film or series d have to thank YouTube for their popularity.
4 means of communication 5 Which thing is not true about Ryan Kaji?
5 watch episodes of a series one a He's been featuring in videos for six years.
after the other b His first video was a product review.
c He makes the most money on YouTube.
Vocabulary extension d He's famous for giving his opinions about toys.
Match the sentence halves.
1 There's a double bill on the horror article to the definitions.
channel
1 someone who aspires to be famous
2 Anyway, at the end of the film, she gets
2 something which is so extreme it is
together with -
almost painful
3 You can tell a lot about a programme
3 wise, showing good judgement
before it starts just
4 something which is going to happen
4 I wish they wouldn't add canned laughter
soon
to comedy shows:
5 happening more quickly than
5 You missed a flashback to her past which
expected
a oops! I won't tell you any more: spoiler alert! 6 something everybody knows and is
b with two of my favourite zombie movies. familiar with
c by listening to the music they choose for the 1
theme tune. Critical thinkers
d helps explain why she turned to crime. Which of the following are advantages of
e it sounds so artificial and I like to decide for YouTube as an educational resource?
myself what's funny. a Integrating video makes it more attractive,
b It's free so millions can access it.
Read the article about YouTube quickly. Which c Unmoderated content may be inaccurate,
topic is not mentioned? d It provides students with home tutoring.
a User statistics c A focus for gaming fans e It's a time-saving resource for teachers.
b International users d What its founders are f Content might not be age-appropriate.
doing now
The BIGGEST online vid eo
p la tfo rm in THE WORLD
It’s the second most-visited website in the world, a fte r Google. 500 hours of video
are uploaded to i t every single minute and its 2.3 billion users collectively watch over
1 billion hours of videos on it every day - that’s more than all the hours watched on
Netflix and Facebook combined. Welcome to YouTube!
After those eye-watering statistics, let’s go back in time Gaming is another hugely popular area on YouTube. 2020
to see the origins of something which has become a was a record year, with users watching 100 billion hours, of
household name worldwide. For those of you born more which 10 billion were live streaming. Incredibly, there are
recently, it may be difficult to imagine life before YouTube, over 40 million active gaming channels: by far the most
when you watched the latest pop videos on TV, when the popular game is Minecraft, with just over 200 billion views
only people you could watch playing computer games in 2020, while Roblox, Garena Free Fire, and Fortnite each
were your friends and when, if you needed instructions had in the region o f 70 billion views.
for something, you had to read a manual. Another increasingly popular genre of videos on YouTube are
Little did Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim know the so-called ‘How To’ videos: films which explain everything
what a runaway success their idea would be when they from playing an instrument to fashion tips and life hacks.
activated the domain name YouTube on 14th February With searches for these increasing by 70% each year,
2005. The first video to be uploaded onto the site on instruction manuals are most definitely a thing of the past.
23rd April of the same year was just 18 seconds long and What’s more, YouTube has also made a massive change to
featured Karim talking about the elephants at San Diego the democratisation of knowledge, with EduTubers providing
zoo, but a year later, Google purchased YouTube for $1.65 worldwide access to education.
billion; at the time, some people said it was overpriced, There’s also no doubt that YouTube is an incredibly powerful
but it turned out to be a very shrewd investment indeed. commercial tool and one few companies can afford to
It’s evolved into the biggest online video platform in the ignore. One study showed that 62% of businesses post
world. According to Statista, in 2020, YouTube was the content on YouTube and there’s no denying the influence of
most popular social media site in the US, with 74% of product reviews on how people make purchases today. One
Americans identifying as users. But YouTube’s success is of the most popular reviewers is also the world’s highest
not limited to the US. It is available in over 100 countries earning YouTuber. He makes around $30 million a year -
and videos can be viewed in numerous languages. You and he’s only nine years old. When he was three, Ryan Kaji
might think that English dominates the platform ’s asked his family why other children were on YouTube and he
content, but you’d be wrong: 67% of videos uploaded wasn’t; as a result, they posted the first video of him playing
are in other languages. And the average YouTube user? with a Lego train. The video quickly went viral and toy review
According to Kinsta, it’s more likely to be a man: 62% of site Ryan’s World was born.
users are male. And perhaps unsurprisingly almost half of So whether you’re a wannabe rock star,
all users are between 25 and 44.
a gaming fan or simply want to bake the
In terms of what people watch, the short answer would
perfect brownies, click on YouTube and
probably be ‘everything’: there’s very little th a t isn’t
get started!
available. But 93% of the most-watched videos are
music videos. YouTube is now an essential part of any
artist’s promotional strategy and in fact the network with
the most YouTube subscribers in the world is currently
Indian music channel T-series, with close to 200 million
followers. But one of the most important things YouTube
has done is to launch the careers of many musicians.
Before YouTube, until a musician signed a recording
deal, the only way they could gain recognition was by
performing live in small venues where they could only
reach a few dozen people. Nowadays, things are very
different. Many artists, including Alessia Cara, Shawn
Mendes and Ed Sheeran, have achieved recognition, fame
and success thanks to YouTube, often starting out with
recordings made in their bedroom.
While many people may think that social media has had
a negative effect on the cinema, it’s worth pointing out
th a t some of the videos which generate most views are
trailers for forthcoming movies. The first official trailer for
Avengers: Endgame was watched 289 million times in just
24 hours.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 9
can, could, may and might Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of can,
Match the examples (1-5) to the could, mayor might. There may be more than one answer.
functions (a-e). Would you mind opening the window?
C ould you. open ike w ind o w ?
1 They told us we couldn't use the library
until after 12 o'clock. 2 I'm sorry but you're not allowed to park here.
2 It can't have been Liz that you saw -
she's away on holiday this week. 3 I'd like to introduce the woman who has a strong possibility
3 Excuse me - could you tell me how to of becoming our next mayor.
get to Beaumont Street?
4 Faisal can speak Arabic so he may be
4 There is a possibility that Carl has gone home early.
able to help you.
5 We can go to Portugal in August, when
we're not at school. 5 We're not able to use the hall tonight - it's already been
booked.
a request d deduction
b ability e possibility 6 The other restaurants are full so we have little alternative
c prohibition but to go to this one.
Match the examples (1-6) to the

functions (a-f). Complete the text with the phrases in the box.
1 I've not seen our neighbours all week -
can't have • could • may • may mean • may well be •
they may well have gone away.
might have
2 What time do you think you might be
home tonight? In terms of comfort and convenience,
3 Were it not for her illness last May, she the remote control (1)
might have passed her exams. one of the most important gadgets you
4 Lulu may have been playing better own and in the average living room
recently, but she's still not consistent you (2) as many as six
enough. remote controls for your devices. The
5 Felix might have finished training - you expansion in the number of electrical
could try him on his mobile. gadgets we own (3) be
relatively recent, but remote controls have been around a
6 I don't think anyone else is coming, so
long time. In fact, people (4) control things at a
we may as well start.
distance back in 1898, when Nikola Tesla first demonstrated a
a past possibility remote-controlled boat. The first TV remote control came with
a long cable; the next to be invented used light, but its inventor,
b a suggestion without a better alternative
Eugene Polley, (5) foreseen that the remote
c strong possibility would respond to the sun and domestic lighting, causing
d concession sudden TV channel changes. The infra-red remotes we know
e a possibility in the past which didn't happen today first appeared in the 1980s but the development of the
voice-recognition technology being used in many new remotes
f future possibility
(6) that infra-red will also soon be obsolete.
1 They may have get/got the later bus. Grammar challenge ☆ ☆ ☆
2 The rules say that guests can/might use the 6 Cross out nine words that should not be in the text.
pool between 10 am and 8 pm.
Last week my grandmother asked me to go round. What
3 I don't think anyone is coming, so we the reason why she wanted me was to set up her new
could/might as well go home. television. First, she had me to install all the channels.
4 Buying a flat can/may well be the most After I had been done that, I helped her get familiar
important purchase of your life. with the remote control. She said there was no way she
5 Gloria can/may have taken singing lessons, could have to imagined the changes in technology she
but that doesn't mean she has a good voice. would see during her lifetime. She explained me that
her first TV was black and white and there was no way
6 That can't/mightn't have been Misha you
of recording programmes until years later. I suggested
saw - he's in New York.
her that we could go to the Museum of Broadcasting
7 Holly can/cou/d have forgotten to buy the the following Saturday. It's a great museum and if you
milk. should have gone time to go I'd thoroughly recommend
8 You can't/might not start driving lessons it. It gave Gran a chance to tell me all about TV in the old
until you've passed the theory test - it's the days. If we hadn't have gone, I would never have heard
law all the fascinating stories of which she has to tell.
Phrasal verbs - the film industry Extract 2
Complete the phrasal verbs for each definition You hear two colleagues talking about a new cinema.
with the verbs in the box. 3 Why doesn't the woman like the multiplex
cinema?
blend • break • brush • call • put • run • sign • a its location is inconvenient
stand • turn
b it's too commercial
1 start to have success in your work: into c she doesn't like the people it attracts
2 join an organisation formally, with a contract: 4 The new cinema is different because ...
up with a of the price.
3 develop into something different: into b it focusses on films from one country.
4 be noticeable because of being different: c of the type of films it shows.
out Extract 3
5 go unnoticed because of being similar to other You hear two older siblings talking about children's
things or people around you: in screen time.
6 officially propose someone for a job: 5 What does the sister think?
someone forward a she relies on screens too much
7 improve by practising: up on b she spends too much time doing activities with
8 require or need: for her children
9 practise or rehearse: through c her son is a computer genius
6 What memories do they have of childhood
Choose the correct alternative. journeys?
1 She's been trying to break into/sign up with the a their parents couldn't manage without
movie business for some time now. technology
2 The role caters for/calls for an older woman with b their grandparents didn't have any devices
great stage presence. c they used to disagree a lot in the car
3 Can you help me brush up/run through my lines
before the audition? 1
Critical thinkers
4 Lance wanted to get noticed and blend in with/
stand outfrom the other people at the party. 5 Which are positive (P) and which are
negative (N) aspects of young children using
5 I'm not sure he's right for the part. He comes across/
technology?
comes under as a little too aggressive.
6 The makeup department did an amazing job 1 Children are plugged in all of the time.
blending her into/turning her into an alien princess. 2 Technology use becomes normalised
7 Can you put on/run through an American accent? earlier.
3 They have less interaction with other
8 After the launch, the leading actors calledf.or/
came underdose media scrutiny. children.
4 They learn to rely on tech to do things for
3 © EJ Listen to three different conversations them.
and complete the sentence. 5 It encourages independence from their
The common theme which connects all three parents.
conversations is
@ E) Listen again. Choose the best answers.

Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆
There are two questions for each extract. Complete each expression with either
screen, camera or film.
Extract 1
You hear two friends talking about a problem with a 1 My cousin's a bit of a buff and
phone. knows everything about directors, actors, and
1 The boy's phone didn't have a screen protector so on.
because h e ... 2 They filmed the stunts in the studio using
a thought it was too expensive, green technology.
b didn't think it was worth it. 3 Visual effects are an important part of
-making.
c meant to do it, but didn't.
4 Lynn doesn't like having her photo taken at
2 What do we know about the girl's phone? all - she's quite shy.
a it's in perfect condition 5 After the initial auditions, the actors were
b it has an effective cover invited for a test before the
c she's never dropped it casting director made the final selection.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 9 79
Ellipsis and substitution Rewrite the sentences using substitution to
Look at the sentences. Complete the rules avoid repetition.
with the words and phrases in the box. 1 My father supports Barcelona and I support Barcelona.
My father sapports Barcelona and so do /
be • proper noun • relative pronoun •
subject pronoun • verb phrase 2 I don't know how that restaurant keeps open, but it
seems people are still going to that restaurant.
1 They have promised to help us and I sincerely
believe they will help us. 3 You didn't need to come but I'm glad you came.
Avoid repeating a used
previously.
4 Have you got any jeans? I'm looking for some black jeans.
2 We saw a lot of people who-were waiting in a
queue outside the cinema.
5 A: Have you got a pen? B: Yes, I think I've got a pen
Avoid using a and the verb be.
somewhere.
3 The house was small but rt-was well-situated.
Leave out a and
6 I haven't seen my cousins in ages, so I'm looking forward
4 Natalie met us at the station and Natalie took to seeing my cousins.
us home afterwards.
Avoid repeating a
7 In the end we arrived on time and arriving on time was
a relief.
2 Cross out the words that can be omitted
in each sentence.
8 I haven't got any money but I think Carla has got money.
1 I thought Pavel would have the fish, but he said
he didn't want to have it.
2 My boss is the woman who is standing over
there in the corner.
3 We tried to book two hotel rooms, but they
Complete the second sentence so that it has a
only had one hotel room.
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
4 While I was speaking to him, I suddenly word given.
realised we'd met before.
1 Neither Beth or Rick like rock music, (nor)
5 I should go to bed and you should go to
bed too. Beth doesn't like Rick.
6 You shouldn't use your mobile phone while 2 I started studying French five years ago. (studying)
you are driving. I five years.
7 Tom won't like this film very much, but I think 3 Young people in the UK think the Guardian is one
Lucy will like it. of the most reliable newspapers, (thought)
Among young people in the UK, the Guardian
Complete the sentences with an
appropriate auxiliary verb. one of the most reliable newspapers.
1 She said Ben doesn't like sushi, but I'm sure he 4 Spain is far bigger than Portugal, (near)
■ Portugal is Spain.
2 Gabby loves skateboarding and so 5 'OK, everyone, remember to be on time
I. tomorrow.' (not)
3 A: This room needs redecorating. The teacher reminded
B: It certainly the following day.
4 She wanted me to tell her the truth, so I 6 It's true Kim has the skills for the job, but she
■ doesn't sell herself, (may)
5 Noriko wouldn't like to live in a city and neither Kim
I. the skills for the job, but she doesn't sell herself.
6 I'd like to come with you tomorrow evening, 7 When I was a child, we wouldn't go to the doctor's
but I'm afraid I unless we were really ill. (to)
7 Caroline should be coming with us. She said When I was a child, we
she to the doctor's unless we were really ill.
8 A: Do your homework, Angus! 8 There's no way he has gone home already, his
B: I ! coat's still here, (have)
He
home already, his coat's still here.
Developing speaking
Extended discussion 2 (§ E ) f Listen to two students talking. Which
Complete the table with the phrases. Write the questions in 2 do they answer? What are their
letter of the phrase in the correct column. opinions? Complete the table.
a I agree partially, b u t... Question Carmen's opinion Pierre's opinion
b There's evidence to show th a t...
c I would go along with the idea th a t...
d This is just what I've heard other people talking
about.
e I'm not sure I agree with you on that.
f This is only anecdotal, b u t...
g It seems like a reasonable assumption to make.
h Perhaps to some extent, b u t...
i There's already proof of this happening.
Justifying your
Agreeing Disagreeing
opinion
4 Put the words in order to make expressions.
Giving yourself thinking time
1 good / that's / question / a
/ Great students' tip 2 I've / not / before / question / that's / a / heard/ ever
Speaking: Using a variety of expressions

When you are agreeing or disagreeing, it is important Defining what something means
to use a variety of ways of responding, rather than 3 of / understanding / my / X / is ...
simply saying 'I agree' or 'I disagree'. We can make
disagreeing sound more polite by using phrases like 'I
4 everyone / you have / some / to / to / accept that /
see what you mean, b u t...', 'I agree partially, but...', etc.
extent / is / X
Match the questions (1-6) to the groups of Expressing what other people may think
words which are connnected to them (a-f). 5 terms I / in general / majority / people / think / the /
1 How important are awards like the Oscars and of / would ...
do they influence the films you see?
2 Do you think film is a good profession to get 6 opinion / people / some / quite a / about that /
into? Why/Why not? would probably / strong / have
3 Do you think the cinema will disappear in time?
4 Is it important that films carry age ratings?
Why/Why not? D Pronunciation
5 To what extent is the cinema an exclusively
urban leisure option? Listen to the phrases and notice how
the sounds in bold change in fast speech.
6 In your opinion, does the experience of going
to the cinema justify the cost? 1 That's a good question (the final /d/ sounds
like a soft /g/)
a violence, bad language, censorship 2 What do you mean by ...? (the final /n/ sounds
b snack bar, popcorn, expensive like/m/)
c an evening out, a remote area 3 First you have to say whatyou mean ... (the
d fame, dreams, risky final /t/ sounds like /tf/)
e award ceremony, red carpet, nominate, mainstream
Listen and decide how the sounds
f evolve, its days are numbered, compete, streaming in bold change. Then listen again and
repeat.
1 She lives in Paris.
2 Greet guests when they arrive.
3 I want to go, but not yet.
4 That man is wonderful.
Practise giving your opinion on the other

three questions in 2. If possible, record yourself.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 9 81
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Writing bank
Task Useful phrases for opinion essays
You attended a debate about the solitary
nature of viewing today. You have made the Expressing your opinion
notes below: • There can be no doubt that...
• Few people could dispute that...
To what extent is viewing today a solitary
activity? • You only have to look a t... to see ...
• I would argue that...
• individual screens
• I am convinced that...
• greater flexibility • I believe...
• viewing alone doesn't mean not discussing • ... in my opinion ...
Some opinions from the discussion Giving reasons
'I prefer to choose what I watch rather than • Owing to ...
have to put up with what other people want.' • A further reason to ...
'It's great to be able to watch something • ... because of th is...
during my commute to university.' • One explanation for this is ...
'I still love discussing films and series with • ... for this reason ...
friends but that doesn't mean you have to Introducing or adding ideas
watch together.' • Moreover,...
Write an essay discussing two of the points • Another reason/persuasive argument is ...
made in your notes. You should explain to • In addition,...
what extent viewing has become a solitary • Another thing to consider is ...
activity, and give reasons to support your • It is clear that...
answer. You may, if you wish, make use of
the opinions expressed in the discussion, • One controversial question is ...
but you should use your own words as far Concluding
as possible. • To sum u p ,...
Write 220-260 words. • To conclude,...
• All things considered,...
• In conclusion,...
Prepare
Read the writing task and plan your opinion essay. Make notes.
1 Choose your two points from the task and expand on each one.
2 Consider possible contrasting perspectives.
W
3 Evaluate to what extent the statement is true.
ri
ti
Use this paragraph plan for your essay: n
Paragraph 1: Introduce the topic and outline your
opinion
Paragraph 3: Your opinion on the second point
Paragraph 4: Conclude by restating and
g
Paragraph 2: Your opinion on the first point summarising your opinion
re
Write
Write your essay in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model on the fe
v
Check
re
Read your essay and complete this checklist. n
1 I have used an appropriate paragraph _ 4 I used substitution, ellipsis and synonyms to c
structure.
2 I have used two of the points given and
, I
5
avoid repetition.
I used appropriate expressions to express my
e
re-worded any opinions given. opinion, give reasons, introduce ideas and
3 I have used formal language and connectors. . j conclude.
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Unit 9
*10 LEAD THE WAY
People who m ake a difference Read the article quickly. What do the four young
people have in common?
Match the words in the box to the definitions.
forerunner • humanitarian • iconoclast • mentor •

philanthropist
Read the text again. In which section (A-D)
1 : a person who helps people living in are the following mentioned?
bad conditions or with injustice
1 showing empathy at a young age
2 : a person who acts as a guide to an
2 communicating with a range of people
inexperienced person, e.g. at work
3 : a person who is one of the first to 3 a response to a world health crisis
create or develop something 4 a need to change people's beliefs and customs
4 : a person who opposes the accepted 5 the desire to make a difference after
customs and opinions of a society experiencing health difficulties
5 : a person who helps others, 6 a situation in which people's opinions about
especially by giving money someone have changed
7 the goals of helping young people in the local
Choose the correct word for each sentence. community
1 mentor/role model 8 the chance to be an example to others
a Steve Jobs gave advice and acted as a 9 a wish to help others improve their prospects
to Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg. in life
b As a campaigner against child poverty, footballer 10 realising the importance of endorsement
Marcus Rashford is a great
2 forerunner/pioneer Match the underlined words and phrases in the
text to the definitions.
a Florence Nightingale was a in the
field and the founder of modern nursing. 1 when a child is looked after by a
b In many ways, the Blackberry was the state-certified caregiver rather than
to today's touchscreen phones. their parents
3 iconoclast/trailblazer 2 financial or other difficulties
a The artist Banksy loves to challenge the rules 3 memorising, without necessarily
and is the epitome of the modern understanding
b Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly solo 4 sport in which you shoot arrows at a
across the Atlantic; a real target
5 make contact with
Vocabulary extension 6 sport in which you throw a very heavy
Match the words to the phrases in bold. ball
7 very difficult and hard, possibly painful
accomplished • awe-inspiring •
ground-breaking • praiseworthy • 8 organ(s) that cleans your blood and
thought-provoking removes waste
1 Her work was innovative and used new 1 Critical thinkers

approaches - unlike anything
before. Match the categories from the Bristol Young
Heroes awards to the descriptions.
2 I'd like to highlight the fundraising efforts of
students in Year 9 as deserving a Caring Hero d Super Hero
recognition. b Team Award e Action Hero
3 The film really causes people to reflect. c Enterprise Hero
It made me think about my
own behaviour. 1 awarded to an organisation or group
4 Alex Honnold's free solo climb of the El 2 shown great courage or overcome adversity
Capitan rock face was extremely impressive; 3 looks after a relative, prioritising their needs
causing great admiration.
4 made a contribution by actively volunteering
5 Kirk is a skilled pianist, excelling at playing
5 identified a need and solved it creatively
music of many different styles.
Young people are often under pressure to fit in socially, to do well at school and to plan for the future, so it's
especially impressive when we hear about teenagers who have found time to make a real effort to do good
for others, maybe even overcoming difficulties of their own along the way. Though most of them act entirely
altruistically and without looking for praise, it's gratifying when their contributions are recognised. Today we
meet four young heroes, all of whom have been given public recognition for their work.
17-year-old Nandani Even as a young child,

Agarwal seem s like an
ordinary teenager from New
C Grace Callwood, of
Harford County, Maryland,
Delhi, India. She's a good was very aware that other
student who also enjoys people faced a lot more
painting and com peting in hardship. At the age of three,
the shot-put in her free time. she asked her birthday party
But when she was 14, her guests to donate gifts to
grandfather needed a kidney paediatric patients, rather
transplant and her mother becam e a live donor. While than give presents to her. In 2011, when Grace was just
som e countries have no shortage of organ donors, in seven years old, she was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's
India, religious and cultural taboos mean this practice is lymphoma, a type of blood cancer. This led to sessions
not so common. Inspired by her mother's selflessness, of gruelling chemotherapy, but thankfully within a few
Nandani and her family came up with an initiative years she had made a full recovery. Within months of
called Recycle Life MNK, which uses social and digital diagnosis, Grace started the We Cancerve Movement,
media to raise awareness of the im portance of joining which supports children in need in both the US and
a donor register. She has given talks at her school and Africa. The organisation started by providing toys and
organised events at businesses and other organisations. treats for children in hospital and filling breakfast bags for
Additionally, she has written articles and has successfully the homeless, but has since raised thousands of dollars
reached out to celebrities, public figures and influencers and also received financial awards for its work which have
who have agreed to support the campaign as a result. been put to good use. Her foundation supports hospitals,
Nandani's trailblazing work to increase public acceptance em ergency and hom eless shelters, and children in
of organ donation led to her being selected as one of foster care and has helped over 25,000 children. Now
the 2020 recipients of The Diana Award, which are given aged 17, Grace has received numerous awards for her
annually in memory of Diana, Princess of Wales, to humanitarian work, including the CNN Young W onders
inspirational young people from the UK and abroad. Award and World of Children global honors.
Young Bristol is a charity based in Bristol, England that

Faisalabad in Pakistan was another winner of works to offer a range of opportunities and experiences
The Diana award. His work has focussed on trying for local young people. Its mission is to help young people
to end inequalities by empowering people through become successful, responsible, resilient, healthy and
education, helping them towards success by confident. It runs community youth clubs and works to support
increasing levels of literacy. Now a teacher himself, young people in the Bristol area. It also presents annual Young
he also wanted to encourage students to reflect and Hero awards to recognise and celebrate young people who
question - not just depend on rote learning. Umar's make a special contribution. Rob Tarren first came into contact
earliest initiative was the Kitaab Foundation: the Urdu with Young Bristol at the age of nine when he attended a
word kitaab means book. Umar set about helping summer holiday club. A s a result of learning difficulties, he was
under-funded and poorly resourced schools all over having some problems at school. Three years later, he started
Pakistan by providing tens of thousands of books. attending Young Bristol Kayak Club and soon became very
Following this, he went on to establish the Sadaqat proficient at the sport. Within a year, he was helping instructors
Foundation, which has raised $30,000 to build deliver training sessions and started volunteering to help after
schools in areas where young people couldn't access school and during the holidays. Subsequently, he became a
quality education. The foundation now manages two mentor to other young people starting out in kayaking, as well
schools, organises the planting of trees and also as learning other outdoor sports like climbing and archery.
supported hospitals during Now 18, Rob has qualified as a
the global pandemic kayak rescuer and is completing
through the provision his training as an instructor. His
H E
of medical equipment. k
own learning experiences make
Despite encountering A N1 him an especially effective role
some scepticism when he model for children with some type
started out, Umar is now A of difference and his hard work
considered an inspirational meant that he won the Young
pioneer in his community. Bristol Action Hero Award in 2020.
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Unit 10 85
Gerunds and infinitives 4 There's no point to ask Henry - he won't have a clue.
Match examples 1-4 to the descriptions a-d.

1 We had difficulty c o n v in c in g everyone to take 5 The decision reflects the school's failure to listen to
part in the event. student opinions.
2 They organised a dem onstration to p ro te s t

about the council's decision. 6 Surely to change schools in an exam year is not a
good idea?
3 The cam paign involved s p e a k in g in public,
which they had not done previously.
4 We m anaged to convince the local council 7 I think it's far better studying with other people than
to c r e a t e the awards. on your own.
a gerund after certain expressions (e.g. there's no

p o in t, have difficulty, it's no g o o d ...)
Complete the text using the gerund or
b gerund after certain verbs (e.g. adm it, practise, infinitive of the verb given.
involve ...)
c infinitive after certain verbs (e.g. m anag e, p ro m ise ,
p re te n d ...) VDU DEED R ROLE RIDDEL?
d infinitive to express purpose, intention or reason
If you're not the best at (1) (motivate)
yourself, it's no good (2) (blame) other
Complete the rules with the words in the box. people: now's the time to decide (3)
(do) something about it! Maybe you need an example
adjective • after • be • gerund • subject
to follow and something to aspire to. (4)
(have) a role model can be a helpful way to keep
1 Use the as the of a focussed on what you want to achieve. And of course it's
sentence or clause and a preposition. important (5) (choose) your role model
2 Use the infinitive after to express an carefully: it needs to be someone whose work ethic you
order or arrang em ent and after a(n) admire and who is exemplary at overcoming difficulties.
You may feel it's more realistic (6) (select)
someone who can make things feel achievable. My
brother turned to our uncle (7) (get)
1 We're thinking about iQ jakeZtakm g a m onth off to advice on becoming a lawyer, for
travel round Europe. instance. But of course if you're
2 After considerable discussion, they agreed to delay/ aiming for the stars, you need to
choose a role model to match.
delaying the planned pay rise.
Footballer Messi, for example,
3 Franz denied to take/taking the key to the gym. admits (8) (idolise)
4 The bus leaves at 6 pm, so you are all to b e/b ein g Zidane years before he made it
here by quarter to. internationally, which judging by
Messi's career since was a very
5 She decided to do an Erasm us program m e to have/
good choice!
having the experience of living abroad.
6 There's no point to worry/worrying about your exam
now: what's done is done.
G ram m ar ch allen ge ☆ ☆ ☆
7 It's im possible to p lea se/p lea sin g everyone, so ju st
try and keep the m ajority happy.
6 Complete the sentences with the correct
form of the verbs in the box.
8 To not eat/N ot eating m eat m akes you aware of
how few vegetarian options there are in this part not be • leave • play • see • start • talk
of town.
1 My brother about buying a
Are these sentences correct? If not, correct puppy, but he hasn't decided yet.
them. 2 If my parents hadn't met in Florence 20 years
1 According to the schedule, the Q ueen is to arrive ago, I here today.
here at 3 o'clock. 3 Clare the drum s all the tim e
when she was young, but not any m ore.
2 O nly a handful of students can afford studying 4 We ju st the picnic
w ithout working at the sam e tim e. when the dow npour began.
5 Under no circum stances should this door
3 Adrian is perfectly capable of do his hom ework open.
w ithout help. 6 Should you happen Pedro,
please ask him to call me.
Words with prepositions
Critical thinkers
1 Lucas is really gifted for/in all kinds of sports and picks up
Decide if these points about peer
mentoring are positive (P) or
new ones very easily.
negative (N).
2 Don't say anything about Olivia's new glasses. She's still
quite sensitive about/with them. a It can build a sense of community
within a school.
3 I'd like to speak to you today in my capacity as/of
president of the club. b It can do something more
effectively than if teachers do it.
4 Beth decided to abstain from/of going out in the run-up
to her final exams. c It could lead to younger pupils
being exploited.
5 I was quite unimpressed with Fran's hostile attitude
towards/with the new students. d It could take up too much time.
e It can be a channel for problems to
Complete each sentence with a word from Box A be brought to the attention of staff.
and a preposition from Box B. f It could lead to inappropriate
support, e.g. older pupils doing
A comparison • intention • praise • B between • for •
homework for younger ones.
satisfied • suspicious of • with
1 Are you the video we've made or do you Vocabulary extension

want to film it one more time?
6 Match the expressions in bold in
2 It was obvious John had no staying at the
sentences 1-6 to the meanings a-f.
end of the party to help clear up.
3 I'd like to Naomi in particular 1 Jefferson bears very little
resem blance to his twin brother.
her excellent presentation on glaciers.
4 It's impossible to make a the students' 2 I'm sorry but I take exception to
results this year and last year's performance. your criticism of the way we
organised the event.
5 I don't think you should be so Jake's
motives. Maybe he genuinely wants to help. 3 I know it was inappropriate for
Leanne to speak like that, but I
think we should m ake allowances
Listen to a presentation to a group of students
for her behaviour given the stress
who are about to start their final year at school. Answer
the questions. she's under right now.
4 Giving staff unlimited photocopying
1 What is peer mentoring?
has become a real drain on our
2 At Grange Street, who is involved stationery budget.
in the peer mentoring scheme?
5 The police are working in
conjunction with residents' groups
Listen again and complete the notes. Write to try to identify the culprits.
no more than three words and/or a number.
6 If you don't like the way we're
organising the trip, you're quite at
Ms Newman first explains that there are different types of mentors - those liberty to get involved and help.
who work with a complete class and others who help students with
(1) , but at Grange Street the focus is on integration of a have the right to
new students. Meetings take place in breaks during the school day or
b significant and negative use of
(2) . Older students are suited to being mentors as they
something
know how things operate at the school and may well have experienced
(3) as new starters. c looks like
The mentor's role and responsibilities are clearly explained in a set of d excuse something you would not
(4) to both parties. Not everyone has the qualities needed to normally accept
become a mentor, so there is a strict (5) e together or combined with
Moving to Secondary school can feel quite (6) for Year f object angrily to something
7 students, but mentoring can help them integrate. Indeed, connections
between students of (7) are now stronger.
Apart from the opportunity to take responsibility and develop communication
skills, the scheme also gives Year 13 students something useful to improve
their (8) or application for higher education.
The success of the scheme is backed up by research published in
(9) by the National Mentoring Resource Center. Mrs
Newman notes that at Grange Street not only have attitudes towards the
school improved, with an increase in motivation, but there has also been a
significant decrease in (10)
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Participle clauses Rewrite the sentences using a participle
Choose the correct alternative. clause.
1 If you ask her nicely, Angela will be only too happy
1 Several of those con su lted/con su ltin g said they
to help.
wanted to be given m ore freedom to choose.
2 Have discussing/H aving d iscu sse d the m atter, the
school decided to start a peer m entoring schem e. 2 None of those who were invited brought food or
drinks with them .
3 B e en /B ein g the d aug hter of two local councillors, it
was no surprise that Lily was interested in politics.
4 Several people lived/living in the area expressed an 3 After we had stopped for a picnic, we all felt ready
interest in joining the neighbours' association. for the final clim b to the top.
5 G iven/G iving the chance to take responsibility, most
young people will rise to the challenge. 4 Som e of the students who study with Mr G raves
volunteered to help out.
of the verbs given.
5 Because w e're not fam iliar with the area, it took us
FUTURE LEADERS PROGRAMME ages to find som ew here to park.
Though (1) (interest) in the idea of a career Grammar challenge

in management, many young people don't knowhow to get
relevant experience. This is why students (2) Find and correct the mistake in each
(head) into their final year at school may be interested in sentence.
taking our future leaders course. 1 Unless I don't hear from you, I'll assum e we're
(3) (take place) in summer each year, and m eeting at the station as usual.
(4) (hold) in Southmuir Grove School, the
course gives participants the chance to develop skills under
2 Leon's got a black leather new jacket.
the instruction of course tutors and local business leaders.
(5) (complete) the programme, students
will be equipped with many useful skills for the workplace. 3 You could as well go hom e now - I'll finish
Former participants (6) (ask) about the clearing up.
experience were quick to point out how it helped them.
One student commented '(7) (take) the
summer before you leave school, the course will make the 4 Rarely I have seen such an am azing
perfect addition to your CV.' perform ance.
For details, contact futureleaders@southmuirgrove.edu

5 Not learning a m usical instrum ent before, I
initially found it very difficult.
6 Elisa said she would com e but in the end she

wouldn't.
7 Known I that you were w aiting, I would have

com e sooner.

8 The operation is too difficult to perform by an
participle form of the verbs in the box.
inexperienced surgeon.
com e • m ake • m ix • subm it • use • work
1 the dry ingredients, add the eggs

and milk. Zj Great students'tip
2 M any of the artists in the studio give Grammar: Using the cumulative review
classes as well as selling their work. When you reach the end of the unit, test yorself by
3 using only the finest ingredients, our doing the unit review exercises. Check your answers
all-b utter cookies are bound to be a hit. and identify any specific aspects of the g ram m ar you
4 Most of the q uestionnaires were very may need to practise more.
positive in their evaluations.
5 from a big fam ily I found the house
very quiet at first.
6 carefully, there's no reason why this
face cream shouldn't last you at least six m onths.
Developing speaking
A debate
Look at the some of the ideas expressed in a
debate. Complete the topic of the debate.
1 Natural leaders have the strength to do things
which are challenging or difficult.
2 These qualities are not mere skills you can learn
with an expensive education
3 While these great leaders may have refined their
skills, they certainly didn't learn them from scratch
they had innate qualities that led to their success.
4 Leadership is at least partly hereditary.
Topic: Leaders are not
Listen to the debate. Are the ideas

in 1 expressed by Ana (speaker 1) or James
(speaker 2)?
1 3 -0 Pronunciation 4
K
2 4 © 0 Listen and read. Notice the way the
words in bold are stressed to show contrast
3 © E) Listen again. Are the points mentioned and meaning, and guide the listener.
by Ana (A), James (J) or both (B)?
On the affirmative team, we believe that...
a A definition of what it means to be a leader A /J/
A pertinent example would be ...
b Key qualities of leaders A /J/B
© 0 Listen to the sentences. Choose
c Examples of two famous leaders A /J/B
the words that are stressed. Then listen
d An example from the world of music A /J/B again and repeat.
e The dangers of a lack of leadership training A /J/B
1 On the opposition team, we take issue with ...
f Results of research A /J/B
2 Before we proceed, I will define what we
g An example from the world of medicine A /J/B mean by...
3 The speaker on the affirmative team claims
Decide if these expressions are used at that... However, we believe ...
the beginning of a team's turn (A), to provide
examples to support an argument (B) or to negate 4 Therefore, the speaker's point is unfounded.
the other side's arguments (C). 5 There is no evidence for the opposition team's
assertion.
1 Ladies and Gentlemen, good afternoon
2 A case in point is ...
3 On the affirmative team, we believe that + © 0 Read the debate topic. Listen to
proposition Speaker 1 and make notes about their arguments
in favour of the following statement.
4 The speaker on the affirmative team argues/
claims that.... However,... 'We would be better off not having heroes.'
5 On the opposition team, we take issue with
the proposition that + proposition
6 A pertinent example would be ...
7 Therefore the speaker's point is invalid/
unfounded/unconvincing.
8 Before we proceed, I will define what we
mean b y... Prepare to speak against the statement
9 ... is proof positive that... from the debate. Make notes about your counter
10 There is no evidence for the affirmative/ arguments to the points in 7.
opposition team's assertion.
11 We accept that... but...
12 Moreover, an academic report by ...
13 While we accept that... we feel that...
14 Research has shown that...
9 < Practise expressing your counter

arguments and ideas in the debate. If possible,
record yourself.
www.frenglish.ru
Unit 10 89
9
0
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Task
Your school is launching a Local Heroes
Award. The idea is to celebrate the
contribution of people in the school
community (staff member or pupil) or in
the local area. Your headteacher has asked
students to propose candidates for the
award, saying who they propose and why.
Write your proposal. Write between 220 and
260 words.
Prepare
Read the writing task and plan your proposal.
Make notes.
Who?
Why?
Writing bank
Language of persuasion
• We believe th a t...
• To my mind/To our minds, this should be ...
• This would be beneficial to ... because ...
• A strong case can be made fo r...
Use this paragraph plan in your report. • We strongly recommend ...
Paragraph 1: Discuss the aim of the proposal • One advantage o f ...
Paragraph 2: Introduce the proposed candidate • The greatest/most significant advantage would
be th a t...
Paragraph 3: Key achievements of the candidate
• There is little doubt th a t...
Paragraph 4: Supporting reasons for the
suggestion • There could be no better person/solution/
initiative than ...
Write
Write your proposal in your notebook. Use your notes, the paragraph plan, the writing model
W
ri
Great students' tip
ti
Writing: Proofread your work
Always check your writing by proofreading it when you finish. If the situation allows, proofread your work n
by reading it out loud rather than reading in silence. This will help you to experience your text as a reader
would, which makes it easier to identify areas for improvement and ultimately save you time. Remember to g
consider the organisation of ideas as well as language.
re
v Check
Read your proposal and complete this checklist.
fe
1 I have given my proposal appropriate sub-headings.
2 I have used a clear paragraph structure.
re
3 I have used formal language, including linking expressions and passives. n
4 I have used vocabulary to describe qualities and skills.
c
5 I have used a range of language of persuasion.
e
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Unit 10 91
Grammar
Choose the correct alternative. Sometimes 4 My dad usually listens to the radio while he is
more than one answer is possible. driving the car.
1 We might/may/could as well take the bus. We'll
get there just as quickly. 5 My boyfriend's been to the States twice, but I've
2 I could/might/can never tell the difference never been to the States.
between Ivan and his twin brother. They look just
the same to me. 6 You can bring someone to the party if you want
3 Lorna mightn't/couldn't/can't have been in the to bring someone.
office because I rang three times and no one
answered.
4 You may/can/might have a good sense of 3 Complete the sentences with one word in each
direction, but I'd like to ask someone all the same. gap.
5 Cleo's grammar might/may/could not be very 1 I wish I known that we didn't have
good, but she communicates very well. first class today.
6 Zack's train left six hours ago, so he can/could/ 2 they get replacement parts today,
might well be in Edinburgh by now. they should have repaired the car by tomorrow
morning.
Rewrite the sentences using ellipsis or
3 I love allowed to leave school early
substitution where possible.
once in a while.
1 Craig didn't enjoy the concert, but I enjoyed it. 4 you need is a nice hot bath and an
early night.
2 Yesterday I bought some new jeans and I bought 5 You're to be feeling upset after the
a jacket. shock you had.
6 did I suspect that this would be
3 I don't know if Carmen will come, but I hope she the last time I'd see my classmates.
will come.
Vocabulary
Complete the words in the sentences. You are 4 I think Helen's too young for the role. She came
given the first letter. as 17 more than 27.
1 I can't bear watching d films — a about b across c in
I prefer the original versions with subtitles. 5 The cinema tries to cater all types of audience
2 Apparently they're going to d the and offers a varied programme of films.
whole of Season 3 at the start of next week. a for b over c with
3 Talk about a dramatic ending! I can't wait till the 6 You need to brush your Canadian accent-
next i comes out. it's not the same as American, you know.
4 I stayed up till 1.00 am, b a up with b upon c up in
five episodes of my favourite series.
5 Instagram Live Stories, TikTok and Twitch TV are 3 Complete the words in the sentences. You are
three popular apps for I which you given the first letter.
can use to create and share videos in real time. 1 The company plans to take a series of
6 My sister and I have been watching a m to reduce its carbon footprint.
r of a series we used to love as 2 I think we should give Pablo the benefit of the
children. d . He's never let us down before.
3 You seem very w up in yourself
2 Choose the correct alternative to complete
today. Is everything OK?
each sentence.
4 Felix is a hard-working and c
1 She's been trying to break the movie student who always gets his work in on time.
business for years.
5 You didn't seriously believe what Elena told us?
a off b in c into I didn't think you were that g
2 Nico stood as by far the best actor at the 6 Considering all he's been through this year,
auditions. Marcos is a very r person.
a out b up c away 7 What do you think is the I of us
3 If your son is prepared to work hard, I'm arriving before the film starts?
confident we can turn him a star. 8 That film is seriously o -h o w can
a over b into c onto people give it five stars?
92 www.frenglish.ru
Grammar
Complete the sentences with the gerund or 4 If you eat it with a light salad, it makes a very
infinitive form of the verbs given. balanced meal.
1 Heidi was quick to take the credit for
(organise) the group project. 5 Because we had the day free, we decided to go
2 There's no point (ask) Mike how to into town.
get there. He has a terrible sense of direction.
3 You are (complete) this form and 6 Several of the applicants who were accepted
then go and wait at the desk over there. later turned down their places.
4 No one is more determined than Mohamed
(make) the event a success.
5 We were the last people (arrive) at Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
the party.
1 I'll get Rohan call you back as soon as he
6 It was her failure (ask) how I was finishes speaking to the customer.
feeling which really upset me.
2 It was the hotel on the sea front what we

2 Rewrite the phrases in bold using a participle
stayed in.
clause.
1 The bus that is departing from Bay 6 is the 10.15
to Bristol. 3 Carly suggested to have a picnic to celebrate
the end of the exams.
2 Anyone who wants information about the

course should ask Mrs Patel. 4 Nowhere there is a better place to spend the
holidays than in my family village.
3 After we had bought Lisa's present, we then

went looking for a card and some wrapping 5 That exam went terribly. I wish I would have
been better prepared.
paper.
w
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i
Vocabulary v
Complete the words in the sentences. You are
given the first letter.
6 The team were understandably satisfied
their win in the final league
e
r
match.
1 The businesswoman is also a noted
p , who regularly donates to charity.
7 I'm sorry, but I must object the
e
2 Sofia really developed her abilities thanks to the
support and guidance of her m
way you are ignoring the female members of
the class.
8 I have no intention letting you
v
it
3 Hector received an award for his h
work, having rebuilt houses after the hurricane.
leave until everyone has finished the test.
a
l
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rejecting norms and questioning the status quo.
of the words given. u
5 She was a p for women's rights,
working to ensure everyone had voting rights.
1 We're all eagerly awaiting the next
of the trilogy. install m
6 As school captain, Kelly is an example and a
r for all students at the school.
2 I'm sure the new labs will be most u
college.
3 She's a very
to students at this
person
benefit C
prepositions.
who seldom puts her own interests
1 I'm going to abstain the vote in first. self
order to leave an odd number of voters. 4 The workshops are designed to
2 Jules is very sensitive her height so young migrant
take the photo of us sitting down. women. power
3 Has your attitude vegans changed 5 It is an amazing display of
as a result of watching the documentary? art, including
4 I'm writing to you in your capacity photographs of cave paintings. history
Head of Biology. 6 The steep climb to the top of the
5 I'm finding it hard to concentrate hill left Bertie quite . breathe
my work with all this noise.
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93
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This part tests your grammatical knowledge. You will read a short text from which some words
have been removed and write the word that correctly fills the gap. For this task you should:
• carefully read the sentences co ntain in g gaps, and notice how they connect with previous or
follow ing sentences (e.g. a sentence m ig h t be an exam ple, a contrast or a reason for previous
inform ation)
• try words in suitable gaps that reference forwards or backwards as they are often tested
• check that your spelling is correct, or you m ay lose marks
• co m p lete all the gaps even if you have to guess one or two.
For each question, write the correct answer. Write one word for each gap.
MEAT-EATING ’LANTS
Carnivorous plants are plants which eat small creatures, usually insects, as their food. They are especially
adapted to both attract and catch insects and there are now more than 600 varieties of these plants.
The plants generally have two ways (1) trapping their prey. Either they have hollow tubes
or sticky material on their leaves so the insects (2) get away once they have landed, or
they actually move their leaves to catch the insect. The m ost fam ous of (3) is probably the
Venus flytrap, which snaps (4) leaves shut around the insect so it cannot escape. We are
fascinated by these plants and that’s (5) , in popular culture, they often have a starring role
as killers in films or in books. At the same time, many people are (6) put off by their feeding
habits. On the contrary, they are fascinated by the plants and consider them beautiful, so they collect and
display them.
_J Part 3
This part tests knowledge of word forms. You will read a short text from which some words
have been removed. You are given the base word on the right and have to decide how to
change the word to fit the gap. For this part of the test you should:
• look carefully at the base word and think about the different form s you know - you m ight need to
change a noun to an adjective, a verb to a noun or include suffixes, prefixes or negative versions
• rem em b er that som e words m ight require two or m ore changes (e.g. convenient = inconvenience)
• read the w hole text to check it makes sense when you have co m p leted the task.
3 For each question, use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that
fits in the gap in the same line.
Bamboo buildings E
x
a
Bamboo is increasingly being used as a building material as well as its usual
m
tr
(D in furniture and household items. One reason is because of its APPLY
strength, and also that it weighs very little compared to other building materials.
This makes it convenient to transport and move around (2)
reason it has becom e so much more popular is that, in an era when we are very
sites. But the CONSTRUCT
a
concerned about using natural resources, bamboo is an extremely fast-growing plant,
making it one of the most (3) materials that builders can use. This is NEW
in
especially important in a time of global (4) in housing,
meaning more residential buildings can be developed very quickly.
SHORT
e
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95
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6
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This part tests your ability to understand elements across different texts on a similar theme,
comparing and contrasting the attitudes and opinions described. You will read four short
texts and four questions. You have to choose which question is answered in which text.
For this task you should:
• quickly read the texts to get a general understanding of the different points of view
• identify the opinions in each text and then see which other texts agree or disagree
remember the prompts only give information on the subject of the opinion, not the opinion itself.
6 You're going to read extracts from a web article in which three musicians discuss the future
of the music industry. For questions 1-3, choose from the musicians A-C. The reviews may be
chosen more than once.
W H A T F U T U R E FDR M U SIC ?
Three musicians comment on the future of the music industry.
A There's no doubt that technology B As well as all the multiple C Rather than us viewing all the arts
is making, and is going to technological developments separately, music, for example,
make, a huge difference to the that are directly related to the faces much more competition
entertainment industry. What it's music industry, there are some nowadays from other forms of
done is allow a democratisation significant knock-on effects entertainment on media content
of the industry, because now from the popularity of other platforms like TV and film
the software is so good anyone technologies such as the rise streaming services and video
can make music - you don't of video streaming services. and gaming sites. So artists will
need specialist skills. I know For example, people often like only make money out of music if
some people focus on the way to attach music to their videos they can compete effectively for
we are going to consume music and in the past they ran into the consumer's attention. I think
rather than create it, and that will trouble with copyright laws. it means you will see far more
surely follow on, but I don't see So this started a demand for collaboration between music artists
such significant developments people making their own music and film, fashion, gaming and so
in that area. Contrary to reports and now there's the technology on. The barriers that used to exist
that more music will mean less to allow this. But perhaps, between all these different formats
money for all, I also predict that, more importantly, it's created are breaking down and it should
in fact, music creators will make a crossover of entertainment mean more work for everybody,
more money in the coming years, formats, so music is becoming so I see it as a very positive
as more will go directly to the much more embedded in all development.
artists. digital products.
Which musician
expresses a similar view to reviewer A about the future income for musicians? (D
has a different opinion from the others about the personalisation of music? (2)
shares reviewer B's opinion about the position of music in the entertainment industry? (3)
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:
Writing
Exam summary
Paper 2: Writing
The Advanced Writing exam has two questions worth a total of 40 points (20 marks each). For each
question, you need to write 220-260 words. You have 1 hour 30 m inutes to com plete both questions.
In Part 1, there is an essay question and two separate notes containing three prom pt points. You need to
write an essay giving inform ation and your opinion on the essay question including two of the prom pt
points. You also need to explain which point is m ore im portant and give reasons.
In Part 2, there is a choice between writing a report, a letter/em ail, a proposal and a review. You can choose
to answ er the question you feel you are able to answ er best.
For Parts 1and 2, you are assessed on the following:
• Content. Have you done w hat the instructions ask you to do?
• Communicative achievement. Have you used the correct style and register for the task?
• Organisation. Have you written your ideas in a logical order?
• Language. Have you used a range of vocabulary, tenses and gram m atical structures?
Part 1 Part 2
This part assesses your ability to express your This part assesses your ability in a range of
opinions and build coherent and reasoned functions, such as describing, explaining,
arguments. You will have to write an essay in reporting, suggesting, persuading. You
220-260 words. The task includes notes on need to write a letter/email, report, proposal
the topic in the form of three bullet points or review in 220-260 words. Before you start
plus three short opinions connected to the the task, you should:
bullet points. For this task, you should:
• read all the questions carefully then
• read the task carefully to understand the decide which task to do. Ask yourself these
essay question questions: Am I fam iliar with this topic? Do
• select two of the three points and m ake notes I have the range of vocabulary necessary?
on them W hat kind of g ram m ar do I need?
• explain, with reasons, which of your two • read your selected task carefully and identify
selected points is m ore im portant the purpose of writing and the target reader
• carefully organise your essay with an plan your writing - think carefully about how
introduction, m ain paragraphs and a to organise the inform ation and any features
conclusion. of genre you need to include.
Your class has had a discussion about the 2 Choose one of these questions. Write your
benefits of tourism. You have made the notes answer in 220-260 words.
below:
A Your school is planning to produce a film about
the school to attract more students. You have
been asked to write a proposal for the filmmakers
Benefits that tourism can create:
explaining which aspects of the school should be
• create employment for local residents included, who should be represented, and where it
• income to improve the community should be shown and why.
Write your proposal.
• cultural exchange between tourists and locals
Some opinions expressed in the discussion: B You have just finished a course in how to develop
better communication skills. In your report you
"There are many different types of jobs for tourism."
should evaluate how effective the course was,
"We can upgrade the facilities with the tourists'
explaining which part of it was most interesting and
money." why, and suggesting why other students would find
"People from all over the world will bring us new ideas." the course useful.
Write your report
Write an essay discussing two of the benefits
of tourism. You should explain which benefit C You have received an email from an English friend.
is more important for a community, giving Hey, have you heard they are going to shut
reasons in support of your answer. TalkGroup? We won't be able to connect anymore!
It's the best platform so I'm really disappointed.
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions
I've written to the organisers but can you write too?
expressed in the discussion, but you should Contact TalkGroup admin and explain what we use
use your own words as far as possible. the app for and why they should keep it open.
Write 220-260 words. Write your email.
www.frenglish.ru
99
Listening
[ Exam summary^
Paper3: Listening
The Advanced Listening exam has four parts with a total of 30 questions. Each question is worth
one mark. You have 40 minutes to complete all parts of the exam, then five minutes to transfer your
answers to the answer sheet. For all parts of the listening exam, you will listen to the recordings twice.
You should use the second listening to check your answers.
In Part 1, you will listen to three short conversations. Each listening has two questions with three
options to choose from.
In Part 2, you will listen to a longer monologue and complete eight gaps in sentences that summarise
it. The missing information can be a word or short phrase.
In Part 3, you will listen to a longer interview and answer six multiple-choice questions.
In Part 4, you will listen to five short themed monologues. There are two lists of statements and you
have to identify which speaker matches which statement from each list of eight.
G Part 1 n Part 2
This part tests your understanding of This part tests your ability to listen for and
feelings, attitudes, functions, etc. in write specific information. You will listen to
exchanges between two speakers. You will a person talking and complete the missing
listen to three short dialogues and for each information in a text. For this part of the
one you will need to answer two questions exam you should:
with three options to choose your answer • read the instructions and the sentences to try
from. For this part of the exam, you should:
to predict the kind of information you might
• read the statement about each context, the need to write in the gap
question and the options carefully • listen for key words and write them in
• underline the key information in each the gaps exactly as you hear them in the
question or sentence to be completed. recording - don't change them in any way
make sure the words you write make sense in
the notes.
1 For each question, choose the correct
answer.
EX TR A CTO N E You will hear a surfer, Stefan, talking
You hear two friends talking about their home about a special beach in California. For
town. questions 1-5, complete the sentences with
1 What do the friends agree about?
a word or short phrase.
A The opportunities the town offers.

B
C
The advantages of the town's location.
The friendliness of the local community.
2 Why does the girl give the example of the new
GLASS BEACH,
buildings?
A
B
To reinforce her concerns about change.
To highlight what the future will look like.
CALIFORNIA
C To persuade the boy to reconsider a point. Before (1) people
EXTRACT TWO living in the nearby town used the beach as a
You hear part of a discussion programme in which rubbish tip.
two travel writers are talking about air travel. Glass on the beach was turned into pebbles by
3 What does the woman think about air travel? (2) of the waves.
A Travellers should avoid flying. Stefan likens the bottom of the ocean to a
B Airlines need to alter their routes. (3)
C Governments must impose restrictions. New laws mean it is now
4 What is the man doing? (4) for anyone to
take stones from the beach.
A Explaining why air travel is essential.
Stefan suggests that visitors should use the
B Suggesting how air travel can be reduced.
(5) to acquire the
C Expressing his concern for the industry.
glass stones.
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Ci Part 3
This part tests your ability to listen for detailed meaning, attitudes and opinions in a longer
recording. You will listen to an interview and answer six multiple-choice questions about it.
For this part of the exam you should:
• read the questions carefully to find what sort of information you should listen for, e.g. specific
information, detail, attitudes and opinions, etc.
focus on the interviewer's questions to know exactly where to listen for the information you need.
You will hear part of an interview with an economist called Ellen Pax and a social studies
lecturer called Alex Downing. For each question, choose the correct answer.
1 Ellen expresses the view that the introduction of paid holidays
A made a big difference to the lives of workers.
B was a generous act that gave workers more money.
C happened later in history than we would expect.
D meant workers became similar to rich people.
2 Alex explains that holidays for workers were
A dependent on the owners of businesses.
B possible because the country was rich enough.
C managed by the trade unions.
D less common than anticipated.
3 Ellen and Alex agree that paid holidays
A were responsible for creating a new industry.
B were always taken at the seaside.
C had to be cheap to be successful.
D were limited in numbers.
Ci Part 4
This part tests your ability to identify feelings, attitudes and opinions. You will listen to five
short monologues on the same topic. You will have two lists representing the two different
tasks you have to listen for in each extract. Each list has eight options to choose from.
• read all the statements before you listen
• listen carefully for the overall point each speaker is making
remember the options will include paraphrases of what each speaker says
• check all options for each speaker - in each list, there are three extra you do not need.
4 © h ill You will hear three short extracts in which people are talking about their first job.
TASK ONE
For questions 1-3, choose from the list (A-E) what each speaker was worried about.
A disappointing their family
B failing the training programme Speaker! (1)
C understanding the software Speaker 2 (2)
D remembering other employees Speakers (3)
E getting lost in the building
TASK TWO
For questions 4-6, choose from the list (A-E) what surprised each speaker.
A the friendliness of their colleagues
B the amount of work they had to do Speaker! (4)
C the response to a success Speaker 2 (5)
D the support from their manager Speaker3 (6)
E the opportunities to travel
www.frenglish.ru
r Speaking
e
n
i
s Exam summary
Paper 4: Speaking
0 Part 2
This part tests your ability to speak
a
rt
The Advanced Speaking exam has four parts with
each assessment criteria being marked out of five.
fluently on your own and to organise
a longer stretch of discourse. You and
your partner will receive a set of three
In general, you take the exam with a partner, but on photos each in turn. You will have about
some occasions, there may be three students in the one minute to talk about the photos
exam. The examiner will ask you the questions and
m an assessor will mark your performance during the
based on questions the examiner asks
you. You will also be asked to respond
a 15-minute exam. to your partner's photos. For this part of
x In Part 1, you will answer questions giving personal

information about yourself, your interests and
the exam you should:
E your life.
In Part 2, you will be given three photographs
• compare and contrast the two photos
you select, staying focussed on the two
questions you are asked
and have one minute to talk about two of the listen carefully when it is your partner's
photographs. You will be asked to comment on a turn, so you can comment on their
specific aspect of the photographs. You will also be photos.
asked to respond to your partner's photographs.
In Part 3, you will work with your partner making and
responding to suggestions, expressing and justifying 2 Talk about two of these pictures and say
opinions and negotiating an agreement. how young people might be influenced by
others and how important that influence
In Part 4, you will discuss opinions related to the task
might be.
in Part 3.
In the speaking test you are assessed on the
following:
Global achievement. This represents your overall
performance.
Pronunciation. Is your speech intelligible? Do you
use stress and intonation appropriately?
Interactive communication. Have you responded
appropriately and maintained the conversation?
Discourse management. Have you organised
your ideas in a logical order?
Grammatical resource. Have you used a variety of
grammatical structures without making mistakes?
Lexical resource. Have you used a variety of
vocabulary without making mistakes?
0 Parti
This part tests your ability to use interactional
and social language. You will have a general
conversation with the examiner for two minutes,
and answer personal questions. For this part of
the exam you should:
listen carefully to the examiner's questions and
answer them by giving as much information as
possible.
1 Look at the following questions. Practise answering

them giving as much information as possible.
1 What is your best time of day for studying? Why?
2 Do you like to spend any of your free time alone?
Why/Why not?
3 What are the important things on a good holiday for
you? Why?
4 How important do you think your career will be for 3 If you are the other candidate, answer this
you? Why? question about the pictures in Task 2.
Who have you been most influenced by?
102 www.frenglish.ru
0 Part 3
This part tests your ability to have a discussion with a partner and to reach a negotiated
decision or agreement. The examiner will show you and your partner a discussion question
with a series of written prompts. You need to discuss the issue with your partner using some
or all of the prompts. The examiner will then ask you to negotiate and make a decision.
discuss the main question with your partner by asking them questions, giving your opinion about
the situation or about their ideas, discussing alternatives, making recommendations and discussing
a decision
• talk about some of the written prompts - you don't need to discuss all of them
listen carefully to what the examiner asks you to decide; you have to discuss with your partner, but you
don't need to reach an agreement.
4 Talk to a partner about what people might need to consider when taking up different hobbies.
a musical
photography
instrument
learning a
how to cook
language
yoga
5 Now you have a minute to decide which Answer these questions in about five minutes.
consideration is most important when
E
1 Do you think it's important to try new hobbies?
choosing a hobby to take up.
Why/Why not?
0 Part 4 2 How important do you think it is to do a hobby

x
This part tests your ability to express
with other people?
a
and justify opinions, agree, disagree and
speculate. You and your partner will have
3
4
How could you persuade people to choose a
hobby you enjoy?
How easy do you think it is to turn your hobby
m
five minutes to answer questions on topics
linked to Part 3. The examiner may ask you
to answer these questions individually or 5
into your career?
Do you think schools should offer more tr
with your partner. For this part of the test
you should:
extracurricular activities to their students?
a
in
Why/Why not?
listen carefully to the questions and always
e
give full answers
give reasons and examples where you can
• remember that it's your use of English that is
evaluated, not your opinions.
r
www.frenglish.ru
103
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Maskot p10, Macmillan Education Limited/Thanapol Kuptanisakorn/Alamy Stock Photo p27 data on pp76-77: Paul Fogarty, 'Ryan Kaji's Net Worth Explained' (21st Dec, 2020), HITC,
(bl), Macmillan Education Limited/PhotoDisc/Getty Images Images p67 (tl); Shutterstock/ https://www.hitc.com/
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to the world Workbook

Trending now Trends p12 1 Present and past habits p14

Cumulative review Units 1-2 and O n -th e-G o Practice

Future visions Support and opposition p30 1 Future forms p32

Cumulative review Units 3 -4 p38 and p39 -th e-G o Practice

New horizons Collocations: travel p48 1 Mixed conditionals, Inverted

Cumulative review Units 5-6 p56 and p57

Giving back Positive action p66 1 Reported speech p68

Cumulative review Units 7-8 p74 and p75 O n-the-G o Practice

Cumulative review Units 9-10 p92 and p93 O n-the-G o Practice

At many sporting Alisha Morgan's dream is to becom e a paediatric

Akshay Ruparelia was Like many teens,

b I've always wanted to learn to play I that fund-raising event.

Choose the correct alternative.

Mark (A) the correct position of the modifier in each line.

a lower incidence of dementia. According to Brain World magazine, of all far

G ram m ar challenge trtrto

Actually,... • Apparently, it seems th a t... •

Structuring your response

To: Clara From: Leah

2 Complete the table with the information Leah gives.

Choose the correct word or phrase, a or b, to complete the text.

1 a It seems that b First of all 5 a By and large b Another thing you

3 a at any rate b apparently 6 a I've heard that b All the same

What tips/advice do you have?

4 People reject the of ever-changing trends:

Each period in history has

So, whether you're into street dance, a fan of the

a a single present event that we expect or feel is

c a present habit in a way that shows annoyance or

(1) W/'ll you stand/Are you forever standing in front of

1 You can't expect me to produce a meal for

Underline the relative pronouns which can be

6 That's the road which leads to the station.

3 already / this / There's / proof / happening / of / .

4 reasonable / It / like / seems / assumption / a /

Read the questions (1-4) which an examiner

1 There's no point in fashion shows because no

Use a clear (Increasingly) big name brands are considered

2 Your opinions on the first suggested reason:

3 Your opinions on the second suggested reason:

2 Choose the correct alternative.

1 When I was a teenager, I thought that I wouldn't have to

w when to switch off and now I'm (6) more relaxed.

u 3 The journey was a bit of an obstac/e/ordea/ and we

C 4 Megan spent the afternoon telling us about her

3 My grandma has just learnt to ski. She is

classic/classicaI • economic/economical • Match the underlined words and phrases in the

a An action that happened before another action in

1 Lily and Ross (watch) TV downstairs,

3 to pass / You're / exams / it / sure / the / if / stick / Vocabulary extension ☆☆☆

1 We usually use negative inversion in

Complete the negative adverbials using

1 Under no should visitors touch Standing out from the crowd

Linking word Comparative form Other phrases

a nowhere near as e although

5 ☆☆ @ 0 Listen and underline the word with

Do the speaking task. If possible, record

2 @ ra . Listen to the speaking exam. Tick (>/)