Toeic Grammar

HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION
2009
Pham Ngoc Son - TOEIC GRAMMAR REVIEW
Contents
Unit Topic Page
1 conditionals 2
2 nouns, adjectives, adverbs, articles and comparatives 5
3 determiners and pronouns 15
4 passive and active voices 19
5 tenses 23
6 -ing and the infinitive 30
7 subject-verb agreement and subjunctive mood 34
8 prepositions and sentence structure 39
9 relative clauses 46
10 modals 48
confusing words and differences between English 49

and American
2
Unit 1 Conditionals
(câu điều kiện)
Point 1 form and overview
If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result) Use

Type 0 If + present simple Present simple
General If the temperature falls below 0 C, water turns into ice.
truth
Loại không
future/ imperative
If + present simple, can/may/might/must/should/ real – likely to
present perfect or can could/have to + bare happen in the
Type 1 infinitive present or future
Real If he doesn’t pay the fine, he will go to prison.
present If you need help, come and see me.
Loại 1 If you have finished your work, we can have a break.
If you’re ever in the area, you should come and visit us.
imaginary
If + past simple would/could/should + situation
Type 2 (were) bare infinitive contrary to facts
Unreal in the present;
present also used to give
Loại 2 advice
If I had time, I would take up a sport.
(but I don’t have time – untrue in the present)
If I were you, I would talk to my parents about it. (giving advice)
imaginary
Type 3 If + past perfect (had would/should/could + have situation
Unreal past +PII) + PII contrary to facts
Loại 3 in the past; also
used to express
regrets or
criticism
If she had studied harder, she would have passed the test.
Note:
+) Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the if-clause (hypothesis) and the main clause
(result). When the if-clause comesbefore the main clause, the two clauses are seperated
with a comma. When the main clause comes before the if-clause, then no comma is
necessary.
câu điều kiện gồm 2 phần: mệnh đề IF và mệnh đề chính chỉ kết quả
Example: If I see Tim, I’ll give him his book.

I’ll give Tim his book if I see him.
+) We do not normally use will, would or should in an if-clause. However, we can use will or
would after if to make a polite request or express insistence or uncertainty (usually with
expressions such as I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder, etc.). We can use should after if to talk
about something which is possible, but not very likely to happen.
Example: If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go camping.

(NOT if the weather will be fine ...)
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If you will fill in this form, I’ll process your application.

(Will you please fill in ... – polite request)
If you will not stop shouting, you’ll have to leave.
(If you insist on shouting ... – insistence)
I don’t know if he will pass his exams. (uncertainty)
If Tom should call, tell him I’ll be late.
(We don not think that Tom is very likely to call.)
+) We can use were instead of was for all persons in the if –clause of Type 2 conditionals.
If he were here, we could have a party.
+) We can omit if in the if-clause. When if is omitted, should (type 1), were (type 2), had (type 3) and
the subject are inverted. (có thể bỏ IF trong một số câu mệnh lệnh…)
Example: Should Peter come, tell him to wait. (= should Peter should come, ...)
Were I you, I wouldn’t trust him. (= If I were you, ...)
Had he known, he would have called. (= if he had known, ...)
+) Mixed conditionals
If - clause Main clause

Type 2 Type 1
If nobody paid the bill, the electricity will be cut off.
Type 2 Type 3
If he had money, he would have bought her a gift.
Type 3 Type 2
If he had won the lottery, He wouldn’t be asking for money.
Point 2 Other ways of making conditionals
+) or/ or else/ otherwise is another way of say if not

You have to complete the project on schedule, or/ or else/ otherwise you will be fired.
+) Even if can also be used in conditional sentences to emphasize if.

Even if you begged him to take the money, he wouldn’t accept.
+) If only can be used as a way of emphasizing if. In addition, the if only clause can also
express a wish.
If only you had told me, I could have helped you.
If only we had enough money to go on vacation. (but we don’t have enough money)
+) provided/ providing (that), as long as, on condition (that) these are more emphatic ways
of saying if
You can go to the party if you are home before 12.00.
You can go to the party provided you are home before 12.00.
You can go home as long as you are home before 12.00.
+) supposing/ suppose/ imagine these ways of expressing conditions without if.

Supposing/ suppose/ imagine you were president, how would you change the country?
+) Unless this is an emphatic way of saying if ... not in the if – clause of type1 conditionals.
Unless you leave now, you will miss the bus.
(= if you don’t leave now, ...)
(NOT: unless you don’t leave now, ...)
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+) If (it) were / was not for / hadn’t been for ...
This describes how one event depends on another

If it were not for Helen, our team would be the worst in the area!
(If Helen weren’t a really good player ...)
If it hadn’t been for Jim, the child would have drowned.
(If Jim hadn’t jumped in to recue the child ...)
Note: in some situations, we cannot use one of these mentioned above to replace “if” because
it may affect the meaning of the sentence, so be careful!
Example: Lateness inevitably causes errors, which in turn means that we are all held up going
home at the end of the day. -------the problem continues, we will consider
introducing penalties to deal with offenders. Please make sure all staff are aware
of this. (p. 247, practice test 6, TARGET TOEIC second edition)
A. When B. Provided C. If D. Considering
In the sentence above, in terms of grammar we can use A, B, C or D. However, in terms of

semantics choice C is the best answer
Trong câu trên về mặt ngữ pháp chúng ta có thể sử dụng các sự lựa chọn A, B, C hoặc D. Tuy nhiên về mặt tính
Ngữ thì sự lựa chọn C là chính xác nhất.
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Unit 2
Nouns, adjectives, adverbs, articles and comparatives
(danh từ, tính từ, trạng từ, mạo từ và so sánh tính từ)
Point 1 Countable and uncountable nouns
A. Countable nouns
When a countable noun is singular, it is used with an indefinite article a/an; when a countable noun
is plural, it ends in –(e)s. danh từ đếm được là danh từ số ít thường dùng với mạo từ không xác định an/an,
khi dùng với số nhiều thường có es/s sau danh từ
Example: To request extra credit card for other members of your household, call our
automated service line. (not correct)
 A countable noun must be used with an indefinite article a/an in the singular form;
otherwise it should end in –(e)s in the plural form. (card  cards)
The electronics company has recruited staff from several of its competitor. (not correct)
 A plural noun must be used after such determiners as several, some, many, etc.
(competitor  competitors)
B. Uncountable nouns (danh từ không đếm được)
Uncountable nouns refer to substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate
elements. An indefinite article a/an cannot be used with an uncountable noun. Besides, an
uncountable noun in the subject position must be used with a singular verb.
Danh từ không đếm được thường là những danh chỉ thể chất, các khái niệm mà chúng ta không thể tách rời
các phần riêng biệt.
+) Uncountable nouns are singular in form.
Example: The equipment you ordered are scheduled to be delivered on August 26. (not correct)
 Because equipment is uncountable, it is singular and is used with a singular verb.
(are  is)
+) Uncountable nouns cannot be used with an indefinite article a/an.

Example: They helped needy people by the provision of a clothing, food, and shelter. (not correct)
 Uncountable nouns cannot be used with an indefinite article a/an.

(a clothing  clothing)
+) Uncountable nouns that frequently occur in the TOEIC test

Danh từ không đếm được thường xuyên xuất hiện trong bài thi TOEIC
advertising advice clothing knowledge

equipment furniture homework merchandise
information machinery money stationery
pollution recreation scenery fun
traffic luggage/baggage employment leisure
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Point 2 Noun + noun = compound noun (cụm danh từ)
A compound noun is made up of two or more nouns. In this combination, the first noun is
used as an adjective, and therefore is almost always singular in form. However, there are a
few exceptions in which a compound noun is formed with “noun-s + noun” (savings account).
The plural form of a compound noun is created simply by adding –(e)s to the second noun
(savings accounts). Memorize the following compound nouns as they frequently occur in the
TOEIC test.
Cụm danh từ thường được hình thành từ 2 danh từ trở lên.
A. Noun + noun
advertising company apartment complex

application form application fee
assembly line attendance record
baggage allowance communication skill
company policy construction site
consumer loan customer satisfaction
dress-code regulation employee participation
evaluation form expiration date
face value consumer spending
gender discrimination hotel reservation
information desk job performance
membership fee office furniture
performance appraisal product schedule
product recognition promissory note
profit margin service desk
safety precautions stationery store
staff production work schedule
delivery company recognition day
board meeting checking account (=current account)
interest rate company employee
staff meeting travel agency
health care customer service
flight attendant product availability
B. Noun-s + noun
awards ceremony communications satellite

customs official customs regulations
earnings growth economics professor/ student
benefits package public relations office / department
overseas trip savings account
sales department sports complex
sales manager customs officer
sales slip sales target
Point 3 Both countable and uncountable
Many nouns can be used as countable and uncountable nouns, usually with a difference in
meaning:
Uncountable (không đếm được) Countable (đếm được)

paper (material) a (news) paper
business all business transactions) a business (a company)
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space (the universe) a space (a blank)

work(employment) a work ( of art)
time (hours, days, etc) a time (an occasion)
Example: They have some work to do on business.

If the global economy continues to flourish, people will continue buying works of art.
Point 4 Note the singular and plural forms of the following nouns.
Singular (số ít) Plural (số nhiều)
-f(e): half, life, self … -ves: halves, lives, selves …

child children
foot, tooth feet, Teeth
mouse mice
alumnus, syllabus … alumni, syllabi …
analysis, crisis … analyses, crises …
criterion, phenomenon criteria, phenomena
man, woman men, women
always singular always plural

news belongings, clothes, contents,
the United States of America, earnings, goods, people,
nouns in –ics: athletics, customs, outskirts …
mathematics … one thing, two parts: pants, shorts, jeans,
glasses …
Same as singular (dùng cho cả số ít và nhiều)
means, series, species, crossroads, headquarters, fish, sheep, data, aircraft …
Example: The news is disturbing.

This is a means to an end.
Point 5 hundred, thousand, etc

When dozen, hundred, thousand, million and billion are used to convey the idea of:
+) a definite number, the pattern is:

number/several + hundred, thousand, million … + plural noun
twenty thousand dollars
Economists were alarmed by the deficit, which was several billion worse than they
had expected.
+) an indefinite number, the pattern is: (con số không xác định)

hundreds, thousands, millions … + of + plural noun
I’ve told you hundreds of times.
Point 6 Indefinite article a / an vs. Definite article the
Indefinite article +) use before an unspecific object to mean one of a number of the
a/an same objects
+) used before a singular countable noun
+) a is used before a noun that begins with a consonant sound; an
before a noun that begins with a vowel sound
But: a unaminous decision a European country
a uniform a UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object
half an hour an honest man
An MBA is a Master in Business Administration
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Definite article +) used before a specific object; something that both the person
the speaking and the listener know, or something that is modified
+) used as part of the superlative form (the + superlative)
+) used before a cardinal number (the + cardinal number (first,
Second, third ...))
+) some of / most of / all of / many of / half of / several of + the + noun
Example: I opened an account with the bank today.

Several of the world’s finest runners have entered the race.
+) Zero article (mạo từ không)
No article is used before academic subjects, means of transportation, or means of communication.
Academic subjects in an economics (not correct)  in economics

in an accounting (not correct)  in accounting
Means of by a car (not correct)  by car (but in a car)
transportation by a plane (not correct)  by plane (but on the plane)
Means of by a fax (not correct)  by fax
communication by the phne (not correct)  by phone (but over the phone,
on the phone)
Example: I want to major in economics at the university.

Such heavy items are expensive to transport by plane.
This is the woman I talked about over the phone.
Point 7 forms of address and Abbreviations (dạnh viết tắt)
Mr Smith a man
Mrs Smith a married
Miss Smith an unmarried woman
Ms Smith a married or unmarried woman
These forms of address have to be followed by a family name.
Abbreviation Expression/ word in full Abbreviation Expression/ word in full

ASAP as soon as possible VAT Value Addded Tax
RSVP repondez SVP Bros Brothers
Attn to the attention of Co Company
p.p. per proxy; per pro. (on behalf of) Corp Corporation
i.e. id est (that is) Inc Incorporated
p.a. per annum Ltd Limited
e.g. exempli gratia (for example) PLC Public Limited Company
PTO please turn over ATM Automatic Teller Machine
AM ante meridiem CEO Chief Executive Officer
PM post meridiem IT Information Technology
# or No number MBA Master of Business Administration
POB post office box R&D Research and Development
@ at PR Public Relations
misc miscellaneous HR Human Resources
lb or lbs pound(s) PC Personal Computer
oz ounce(s) CFO Chief Financial Officer
GMT Green Mean Time
Id the same
mph miles per hour
NB nota bene (take note)
9
Point 8
Pay attention to the use of articles in the following expressions.
A. Expressions with the (các thành ngữ có THE)
in a way of (not correct)  in the way

in a distance (not correct)  in the distance
on a contrary (not correct)  on the contray
on a whole (not correct)  on the whole (= in general)
Example: My opinion is on the whole the same as yours.
B. Expressions with zero article (các thành ngữ dùng với zero article)
for the safekeeping (not correct)  for safekeeping

in a haste (not correct)  in haste
in an error (not correct)  in error
in a detail (not correct)  in detail
in the order to (not correct)  in order to
until the further notice (not correct)  until further notice
take the advantage of (not correct)  take advantage of
take a care of (not correct)  take care of
Example: I got out of the train in haste.
C. Expressions always used with articles
as result of (not correct)  as a result of

as symbol of (not correct)  as a symbol of
as whole (not correct)  as a whole
at distance (not correct)  at a distance
come to end (not correct)  come to an end
all of sudden (not correct)  all of a sudden
in effort to (not correct)  in an effort to
in attempt to (not correct)  in an attempt to
in hurry (not correct)  in a hurry
in middle of (not correct)  in the middle of
in potential (not correct)  in the potential
reach agreement (not correct)  reach an agreement
Example: As a result of traffic accidents, many people were injured.
Point 9 Adjectives and adverbs
Tip: Check that the adjective is placed before the noun

Remember that adjectives are always singular
Tip: Check that the adverb is often placed:

- before or after a verb
- before an adjective
- before another adverb
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Remember that most adverbs are formed as follows: adjective + ly

slow slowly final finally
+) Adjectives or adverbs
Adjectives only
costly, friendly, likely, lively ...
Both adjectives and adverbs

daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early, quarterly, hourly,
nightly, fast, straight, well
Adjectives Adverbs
free +) free (without payment) you can come in free.
+) freely (without limit) He could speak freely about it.
hard +) hard He work hard
+) hardly (= almost not) He hardly knows her.
high +) high Planes flies high
+) highly (= very much) a highly paid job
late +) late He left work late
+) lately (= recently) What have you been doing lately?
pretty +) prettily She danced prettily.
+) pretty (= rather) Teperatures are pretty high.
wide +) wide Open the door wide.
+) widely (in many different places) He has traveled widely.
+) Verbs + adjective (động từ + tính từ)

The following (state) verbs can only be followed by adjectives not adverbs:
be, seem, become, appear, prove, stay, grow, get
look, sound, taste, feel, smell (verbs of senses)
It sounds good to me.
Chances of survival seem hopeless.
Note:
The adjectives alike, alive, alone, afraid, asleep can only appear after the above verbs and
never directly in front of the nouns they describe.
Example: Ads all look alike.
+) Adjectives: -ed or –ing
-ing adjectives describe things or people that are having effects on others. They also convey
the meaning of active.
mô tả một cái gì đó, ai đó tác động lên người khác, truyển tài một ý nghĩa tịch cực
Example: This news article is rather worrying. (It worries me)

John is very interesting. (He interests me)
-ed adjectives describe feelings, reactions or emotion of a person regarding his/her

surroundings and the way he/she feels because of the effect. They aslso convey
the meaning of passive.
Mô tả cảm xúc, phản ứng hoặc tình cảm của một người liên quan đến những thứ xung quanh
hoặc cái cách cô ta/anh ta cảm nhận. mang ý nghĩa bị động
Example: Hoang is worried. (something has worried him)
The enclosed document is about the possible merger of the two companies.
11
(The document is an animate thing. it cannot perform the action “enclose” so we

enclose the document)
+) Hyphenated adjectives (dấu ghạch ngang)
When expressions of measurement, amount and quantity are used as hyphenated adjectives,
they are:
- singular
- formed as follows:
article + cardinal number – singular noun + noun
Example:
It is a three-hour drive to Chicago.
He had no change for a fifty-dollar bill.
They will invest in a new ten-ton truck.
+) The + adjectives
The is used with adjectives to represent a class of persons; the meaning is plural
Example: The french eat frog legs.
The young are worried about the future.
Point 10 Comparative and superlative
Adjective Comparative Superlative

one-syllable -er -est
hard harder hardest
two-syllable ending in –y -er -est
early earlier earliest
other two-syllable and long more most
tiring more tiring most tiring
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
some two-syllable more or –er most or –est

quiet more quiet quietest
clever cleverer most clever
simple simpler most simple
Some adjectives have irregular comparatives and superlatives as shown in the following table:
Adjective Comparative Superlative

Tính từ gốc Dạng so sánh hơn So sánh tuyệt đối
good better best
bad worse worst
far farther/further farthest/furthest
little less least
much more most
Example: The situation should get better soon.

How much further is it?
The new model uses less gas.
+) A lot, much ... with comparatives
Before the comparatives of adjectives you can use:
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much, a lot, a little, a bit, far, any, no, rather, slightly, and significantly
If we leave any later than 5.00, we’ll get caught in rush hour.
This task is much more complicated than that one.
+) As ... as
We use as ... as ... to say that people or things are equal in some way.
Note:
 as much ... as ..., as many ... as ...
I didn’t get as much money as I had hoped.
 twice/ three times ... as ... as ...
A US worker is 10 times as expensive as a worker in Mexico.
 the same ... as ...
My hair is the same colour as yours.
+) Double comparatives (so sánh tiến: ….càng….càng….)
We can use double comparatives
 ... er and ... er :

Our nation gets fatter and fatter every year.
 more and more + adjective :
The problem gets more and more difficult to solve.
To say that something is increasing all the time.
+) The ... the ...

We can use comparatives with the definite article the
The more you say, the worse the situation will be.
The more, the merrier.
To say that two changes happen together.
Point 11 Order of Adverbs (trật tự của trạng từ)
+) Adverbs in mid-position
Adverbs that go in mid-position express:
 frequency: never, rarely, always ...
 certainty: probably, certainly, obviously ...
 degree: nearly, almost, quite ...
The word order for adverbs in mid-position is as follows:
Tense Subject Auxiliary Adverb Verb Complement

(thì) (chủ ngữ verb (động từ) Động từ Bổ ngữ
To be in simple tenses I am usually right
Perfect tenses He has already seen this film
Modal auxiliary verbs We can sometimes play tennis
Simple tenses She hardly cooks dinner
Passive with two He has never been for his novels
auxiliary verbs remembered
+) Only / even
Only and even go just before the words they emphasize.
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It will only take (only) five minutes.

They have even forgotten (even) his name.
+) Sometimes / sometime / some time
Sometimes: means occationally

answers the question How often?
Sometime: means at one moment in the future (it can aslo mean “one day”)
Answer the question When?
Let’s have dinner together sometime next week.
Some time: means a period of time

She’s lived in Italy for some time, so she speaks Italian quite well.
+) Every day/week/month ... (daily, weekly, monthly ...) ; quarterly; once, twice a day/
month/ week, biannually ...
These words above normally come at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
The staff meeting is held quarterly.

Every day I love you.
Unit 3 Determiners and pronouns

(xác định từ và danh từ)
Point 1 Determiners
Definition : (định nghĩa)
A determiner is a word that is normally used at the beginning of a noun phrase. Determiners
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include: là một từ thường được dùng ở vị trí đầu cụm danh từ, có thể là
 articles. There are two types of articles:
- the definite article: the
- the indefinite article: a/an
 possessive adjectives
 demonstrative adjectives
Note: Never leave a singular countable noun standing alone. You must use a determiner.
+) Some, any
Some and any are usually followed by plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns and
are used as follows:
some cars any cars
some money any money
Some is used:
 in affirmative sentences: He’s got some books from the library.
 in offers and requests:
Could I have some books, please?
Why don’t you take some books home with you?
Any is used:
 in negatives (not any = no; hardly any; never any): There isn’t any reason to complain.
 in questions: Have they got any children?
 in affirmative sentences, any = “no matter which”, “no matter who”,
“no matter what”
You can borrow any of my books.
Their compounds
Their compounds, which are always singular, are:
 someone/somebody, something, somewhere.

I have something to say.
 anyone/anybody, anything, anywhere.
Does anybody have the time?
You may invite anybody to dinner, I don’t mind.
 no one/nobody, nothing, nowhere.
Homeless people have nowhere to go at night.
 (everyone/everybody, everything, everywhere).
They can be followed by else. There’s nothing else to do.
+) Expressions of quantity (thành ngữ số lượng)
The chart below shows which expressions of quantity are used with:
Uncountable nouns (singular) Plural countable nouns

much many
an/the amount of a/the number of
little few
a little a few
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less fewer
several
both
a couple of
How much money do you have?

Both students have passed their exams.
+) Little/ a little – Few/ a few
Little/ few (ít)

- mean “not a lot, hardly any”: Few tourists visited the area because of the oil spill.
- have a negative meaning: The project failed because too little money was spent on it.
A little/ a few (một chút/ít)

- mean “some”: I need only a little help to finish this work.
- are more positive: For a few dollars more, you can walk up to the top.
- can be used with only: Only a little progress has been made.
+) Most
Most can be followed by:

 a noun: Most trainees haven’t done much work.
 of + determiner + noun: Most of my friends will come to the party.
+ object pronoun: Most of them have work to do.
+) Each/ every (mỗi một)
Each and every are similar in meaning and are both followed by a singular noun.
Each Every
 seperates (one by one)  generalizes (all)
Each child received a present. Every child in the world deserves affection.
 can be a pronoun  also means how often something happens
Each of the children received a present. and is therefore followed by a plural noun
The Olympic is held every four years.
+) All and whole (toàn, tất cả)
All and whole are similar in meaning (whole means “complete, “every part of”)
All Whole
All + (determiner) + noun Determiner + whole + singular noun
Julie spent all the summer at home. Julie spent the whole summer at home.
All my life My whole life
We usually use all, not whole, with uncountable nouns
She’s drunk all the milk. (NOT ... the whole milk.)
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There are some exceptions: for example the whole time; the whole truth.
+ All and every
All and every are similar in meaning (every means “all without exception”.)
All Every
All + (determiner) + noun Every + singular noun
All children need love. Every child needs love.
Please switch off all the lights. Please switch off every light.
We can use all, not every, with uncountable nouns.
I like all music. (NOT ... every music.)
All day/evening ...= the whole day/evening ...= the complete day/evening ...
Every day/evening/three weeks ... says how often something happens
All the time = always
Every time = each time, on every occation
The whole time = from beginning to end
Point 2 Pronouns (đại từ)
Definition : (định nghĩa)
A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a more precise noun or noun-phrase.

Đại từ là một từ dùng để thay thể cho một danh từ hoặc cùm danh từ có nghĩa chính xác hơn
+) Personal pronouns
Personal pronoun can be classified as follows: (đại từ chỉ ngôi thứ)
Subject Object Reflexive Possessive AdjectivesPossessive Pronouns

Tân ngữ Đại từ phản thân Tính từ sở hữu Đại từ sở hữu
I me myself my mine
you you yourself/yourselves your yours
he him himself his his
she her herself her hers
it it itself its its
we us ourselves our ours
they them themselves their theirs
+) Relative pronouns (đại từ quan hệ)
Relative pronouns are both:

- subjects or objects of verbs
- like conjunctions, joining clauses together
Function People Things

subject who/ that which/ that
I’m sure I know the person who/ that served the book which/ that you gave me is really
us. interesting.
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object whom/ that/ who which/ that

The woman (whom/ that/ who) you met at Have you seen his film, which was excellent by
the party is an engineer. the way?
Have you seen the film (that/ which) he was telling
us about?
possessive whose whose
My friend, whose flat is being redecorated, is This is the book whose cover is really nice.
staying at home.
Note: What/ which
When a relative clause:
 refers to the whole sentence before it, we use which
John won the gold medal, which amazed everyone.
 has no antecedent and means ‘the thing(s) that’, we use what
What I want to do is going to see her.
+) That-clause (mệnh đề That)
A that-clause can be the subject of a sentence:

(The fact) That + subject + verb + verb ...
subject
That she wanted to resign didn’t come as shock to Hoang.
Unit 4 Passive and Active Voices

(câu bị động và chủ động)
Point 1 Form (dạng thứ)
Passive voice in various tenses
Tense Subject Verb Past

thì Singular Plural participle
QK phân từ
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Simple present The car/cars is are designed

Present perfect The car/cars has been have been designed
Simple past The car/cars was were designed
Past perfect The car/cars had been designed
Simple future The car/cars will be designed
Future perfect The car/cars will have been designed
Present The car/cars is being are being designed
continuous
Past continuous The car/cars was being were being designed
Modals The car/cars can, may, must,ect be designed
Point 2 Intransitive verbs mistakenly used as transitive verbs
A sentence that contains a transitive verb can be used in passive voice, but a sentence that contains an
intransitive verb cannot, for it does not have an object, which is needed to fill the subject position in a
passive sentence. Pay attention to the following intransitive verbs, which might mistakenly be used
as transitive verbs.
Một câu có dùng ngoại động từ có thể dùng trong câu bị động nhưng với câu có sử dụng nội động từ thì không
thể vì câu đó khong có tân ngữ. Các nội động từ sau đây thường nhầm với ngọaị động từ, hãy chú ý:
appear arrive consist of deteriorate

exist happen lie look
occur remain rise prove
function resemble disappear take place
Example: The prices have been risen by 10 percent during the past year. (not correct)
The prices have risen by 10 percent during the past year. (correct)
The verb “rise” is intransitive, so it cannot be used in passive voice.
Point 3 Causative verbs (nhân quả)
Causative verbs show that someone or something made a certain action happen. The most common
causative verbs are get, make and have. Verbs like order, cause, force, and want can also be causative
verbs. They are all followed by noun clauses.
PATTERNS TO REMEMBER
+) If the direct object of the causative verbs make, have, and let performed,
performs, or will perform the action, the simple (base) form of a verb is used.
INCORRECT [He had the secretary signed for the package.]
CORRECT He had the secretary sign for the package.
+) If the direct object of other caustive verbs (such as get, want, order, cause,ect.)
performed, performs, or will perform the action, to plus the simple (base) form of
a verb is used.
INCORRECT [He ordered everybody leave the room.]
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CORRECT He ordered everybody to leave the room.
+) If the direct object of the causative verb received, receives, or will receive the
action, the past participle form of verb is used.
INCORRECT [We will want the computer will be delivered at once.]
CORRECT We will want the computer delivered at once.
Point 4 Other forms of expressing passive
a. Causative form: HAVE, GET
Active: Subject + HAVE + object (person) + bare-infinitive + object (thing)

Passive: Subject + HAVE + object (thing) + past pariciple (+ by + object (person))
Active: Subject + GET + object (person) + to infinitive + object (thing)

Passive: Subject + GET + object (thing) + past participle (+ by + object (person))
Example: They had the mechanic service their car yesterday.

 They had their car serviced yesterday.
We get her to make some coffee.

 We get some coffee made.
b. Verbs of perception: see, watch, hear, notice, overhear, feel, etc.

Các động từ chỉ tri giác
Active: Subject + verb + object + bare infinitive/ V-ing + ...

Passive: S(o) + be + past participle + to infinitive/ V-ing + ...
Example: They saw him leave.

 He was seen to leave.
They saw the lorry running down the hill.

 The lorry was seen running down the hill.
c. Verbs of opinion: say, think, believe, report, discover, etc.

Các động từ thể hiện ý kiến
Active: Subject + verb + (that) + clause (S2 + V2 + O2 ...)

Passive: -) It + be + verb (past participle) + (that) + clause
-) S2 + be + verb (past participle) + to infinitive ...
+ to have + past participle
Example: People say that he is a famous chef.

 It is said that he is a famous chef.
 He is said to be a famous chef.
They thought that Marry had gone away.

 It was thought that Marry had gone.
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 Marry was thought to have gone away.
Point 5 Intransitive verb + preposition = transitive verb

(ngoại động từ + giới từ= nội động từ)
Basically, intransitive verbs cannot be used in passive voice; however, the following combinations of
“intransitive verb + preposition” are regarded as transitive verbs and can be used in passive voice.
account for  be accounted for by

deal with  be dealt with by
attend to  be attended to by
focus on  be focused on by
laugh at  be laughed at by
look after  be looked after by
rely on  be relied on by
Example: The sales figures for the last quarter were accounted for by the sales manager.
Point 6 Passive expressions with prepositions other than by
A. Common expressions with at
be alarmed
be amazed
be amused
be annoyed
be disappointed + at
be grieved
be relieved
be shocked
be surprised
Example: The manager was surprised at a worker’s behavior.
B. Common expressions with in

Thành ngữ có IN
be absorbed
be involved
be indulged
be interested + in
be engaged
be located
Example: Peter is involved in too many activities
C. Common expressions with with

Thành ngữ với with
be bored
be contented
be covered
be crowded
be exhausted
be fatigued + with
be gratified
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be pleased
be satisfied
be tired
be worn out
Example: The department store was crowded with last-minute shoppers on the eve of the
holiday.
We hope you will be satisfied with the arrangements we have made, and apologized
for the inconvenience caused.
Unit 5
Tenses
(Thì của động từ)
Tip: Always make sure that:

- there is a verb in the sentence.
- the verb is conjugated.
Point 1 Overview (tổng quan)
1. Auxiliary verbs are used:

 to make different tense
- be + -ing: continuous tenses He is working.
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- be + -ed (PII): passive He was contacted.

- have + -ed (PII): perfect tenses We have phoned them.
- do (questions and negatives in simple tenses) He didn’t say anything.
 To express meanings such as possibility, advisability, and necessity
(modal auxiliary verbs)
can, could
will, would
shall, should + verb (base form) They will come.
may, might
must, ought to
2. English tenses There are 12 tenses in English. Có 12 thì tất cả
Simple tenses Continuous tenses

Present simple I listen Present continuous I am listening
I don’t listen You aren’t listening
Does he lsiten? Is she listening?
Past simple I listened Past continuous I was listening
She didn’t listen She wasn’t listening
Did they listen? Were you listening to me?
Future simple I will listen Future continuous I will be listening
They won’t listen
Will you listen?
Perfect tenses Perfect continuous tenses
Present perfect I have listened Present perfect continuous I have been listening
He hasn’t listened
Have you listened?
Past perfect I had listened Past perfect continuous I had been listening
Future perfect I will have listened Future perfect continuous I will have been listeing
3. State and action verbs

Trạng thái và hành động của động từ
Action verbs can be continuous. State verbs cannot usually be continuous:
believe, belong, consist of, depend on, deserve, exist, know, like, mean, own, need, prefer,
remember, seem, understand, want ...
State verbs (simple tenses) Action verbs (simple or continuous)

I think he’ll come (believe) I’m thinking about it (ponder, consider)
I have a dog (own) I’m having a hot dog
I see what you mean (understand) I’m seeing the doctor (meet)
You look pretty I’m looking at a picture
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Point 2 Explanation
1. Present simple: (hiện tại đơn)
+) Facts that are always true: (sự thật hiển nhiên)
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

The sun rises in the East.
+) Habitual actions (A frequency adverb is often used)

(thể hiện thói quen)
I usually take the bus to work.

They often get up at 7.30.
+) Summary of events (The present simple is used to make a summary of the events
in a narrative, for example in a film or book. It can also be used for a table of
historical events.) một chuỗi hành động
In Chapter 1, Susan meets David, and agrees to go to the school dance with him.
In 1789 the French Revolution begins.
+) Describe future events which are based on a timetable, programme, calendar or

fixed events which the speaker can not change. Mô tả các sự kiện tương lai, lịch trình, thời khóa
biểu, sự kiện cố định mà người nói không thay đổi được.
The bus to the science museum leaves at 8 a.m tomorrow.

My train leaves at 11.30 tomorrow morning.
Note:
Pronunciation - vebs which end in /z/, /dz/, /s/, /sh/, /tsh/ and /ks/ make an
extra syllable in the third person, pronounced /iz/.
buzzes watches misses relaxes
After /f/, /p/, /t/ and /k/ third person sound is /s/. hit /hits/
Other third person /s/ are pronounced as /z/. sees /si:z/
2. Present progressive (hiện tại tiếp diễn)
+) Actions are in progress now (these can be temporary and not yet finished.)
I’m reading one of the Harry Potter books at the moment.

I’m staying in a hotel until I find a flat.
+) Actions can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment:
I’m learning to drive.

They’re trying to adapt to the new environment.
+) We can use the present continuous with adverbs such as always, constantly,
continually or forever to emphasize that something is done so often that it is
characteristic of a person or group of things. In addition, we use this pattern to
indicate disapproval or complaint.
You’re always borrowing money from me.
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Kate’s forever asking me for money.
A: I think I’ll stay here after all.

B: You’re constantly changing your mind.
+) Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous form, because they describe
activities which already extend in time. These are called state verbs.
 belong, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve, own, possess, have
 like, love, hate, want, need, prefer, enjoy
 believe, imagine, know, realize, understand, mean, think, regret
 smell, taste, feel, see, seem, appear
+) We use am/ is/ are being to say how somebody is behaving.

I can’t understand why he is being so selfish. He isn’t usually like that.
(being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment)
He never thinks about other people. He is very selfish. (not He is being)
(= He is selfish in general, not only at the moment)
It is not usually possible in other sentences:
It’s hot today. (not It is being hot)
Sarah is very tired. (not is being tired)
Note: Spelling problems (chú ý đánh vần)
Verbs ending –e drop the –e when they add –ing.
like liking decide deciding write writing
Verbs with one syllable, ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant when they
add –ing.
sit sitting swim swimming dig digging
Verbs ending –ie change –ie to –y.

lie lying tie tying die dying
3. Present perfect and Present perfect progressive:
Have/ Has + PII
+) Describe a state which lasts up to the present.
I’ve lived in this house for five years.
+) Refer to events connected to the present, without a definite past time (or indefinite
events that happened at an unknown time in the past)
Archeologists have discovered an Anglo-Saxon Palace in London.
+) Present perfect can be used with: just, already, yet, recently, lately, since, for for ages, never, so
far, up to now, etc
I’ve worked in this department for six months.
After It’s/ This is the first/ second time we used the present perfect.
This is the first time I have eaten Japanese food.
25
Note: I’ve lived here for 10 years. (I’m still here)

I lived here for 10 years. (I’m not there now)
I’ve not seen him since he was 10.

A lot of profits have been made since he took the office.
+) Present perfect progressive: Have/ has been doing
 Emphasize the length of a continuing activity.
I’ve been working on my project all morning.
 For recent continuing activities, continuing up to the present.
I’ve been waiting here for half an hour.

I haven’t been taking a lot of exercise lately.
 With how long questions.
How long have you been learning English? (this is a continuing process, and isn’t
finished)
 The verbs wait, sit, lie, stay prefer the present perfect continuous.
I’ve been waiting for ages.
Note:
The following time expressions are also used with the present perfect or present perfect progressive
tense:
(các thành ngữ chỉ thời gian được dùng với thì hiện tại hoàn thành và hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
Over the past / last ten days

= during the past / last ten days
= for the past / last ten days
= in the past / last ten days
= since ten days ago
I have been staying at the hotel over the past five days.
Where have you been during the last two hours?
gone (to) and been (to)
Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there)
Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back)
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4. Past simple: (quá khứ đơn)
+) we use past simple for completed actions in the past and past states.
Dickens wrote Oliver Twist.

Edison invented the light bulb.
+) We use past simple for two or more past actions in sequence.
He knocked her down, grabbed her purse and ran off.

They got out of the car, went into the shop and disappeared a few minutes later.
+) Time markers are normally used:
duaration + ago, yesterday (morning ...), last night/ weekend ..., at that time, formerly, previously,
in those days ...
5. Past Perfect:
Had + PII
+) refer to events in the past which happened before other events in the past.
When I came to visit Jane, he had already gone on business.

The train had left before I got to the station.
By the time I got to the cinema, the film had already started.
6. Past progressive: (quá khứ tiếp diễn)
+) refer to a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action.
While I was having a bath, the phone rang.

We were preparing the meal when the light went out.
+) refer to two continuing events happening at the same time.
While Jim was painting the outside of the house, Sarah was decorating the bedroom.
7. Future time:
+) Will is used to make predictions. It is often preceded by I think or by opinion

words like perhaps. A time expression is also necessary.
I think it’ll rain tomorrow.

Perhaps she’ll be late.
Will is also used to express an immediate decision.
I will take this one!
+) Going to is also used for predictions. It is especially common when we can see the
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cause of the event.
Look out! There’s a bus coming! It’s going to hit us!

I can see you’re going to have a baby. When is it due?
+) Future perfect (will have PII) refers to a completed action in the future. It is used:
 to express an action that will have happened before a specific time in the future
 with a time expression using by + a point in the future time
I’ll have been there for six months on June 23rd

By the time we get there, the film will have started.
In two years’ time I’ll have finished the book.
+) Will / be going to / present progressive
Going to is used to describe a present intention or plan. This is something we have already decided to
do.
I’m going to fix the television tomorrow.
Will is used for instant decisions made at the time of speaking.
I know, I’ll get him a wallet for his birthday.
Present continuous is used to describe definite, fixed arrangements.

(The arrangements are often social arrangements or appointments and may be written
in a diary.)
Sorry, I can’t help you, I’m leaving in the morning.
+) am / is / are to do is used to describe formal arrangements.
All students are to turn up in the hall at 9.00.
+) be about to / be on the point of / be due to
Be about to and be on the point of both refer to the next moment.
I think the play is about to start now.

Mary is on the point of resigning.
Be due to refers to scheduled time.
The play is due to start in five minutes.

Ann’s flight is due at 6.20.
In some cases, we can use will instead of going to or vice versa in impersonal statements.
Liverpool is going to / will win the cup.
Sometimes it is approximate to use will rather than be going to
+) Other future references:
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Hope: This can be followed by either present or future verb forms.
I hope it doesn’t rain. I hope it won’t rain.
Other verbs followed by will: Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future
reference. These include: think, believe, expect, doubt, etc.
I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win.
Tip: Always check the sequence of tenses when you have two verbs in the same sentence.
+) Sequence of tenses with time conjunctions
Conjunctions of time are not usually followed by will, would or be going to; we use a present
(simple or perfect) or past tense instead.
As so long as as soon as before the moment

By the time now that once since while
As long as until/ till when whenever
Example: They haven’t decided what they will do when their contracts expire.
By the time we got to the headquarters, the meeting had already started.
Unit 6
-ing and the infinitive
(danh động từ và động từ nguyên thể)
Point 1 The –ing form is used:
 as a noun (or subject) dùng như một danh từ keeping these young people in prison is inhuman.
 after prepositions sau các giới từ (verbs + preposition + the -ing form)
accuse sb of adjust to agree with confess to

apologize (to sb) for approve of disapprove of adapt to
argue about believe in blame sb for focus on
comment on complain about concentrate on
congratulate on depend on deal with
decide against forget about devote oneself on
feel like consist in forgive sb for
insist on look forward to object to
pay sb for plan on think about/ of
stop sb from see about prevent sb from
talk about thank sb for suspect sb of
He confessed to stealing the car.

The bad weather prevented us from playing football.
29
 after special expressions dùng sau các thành ngữ
It’s no use It’s (not) worth There’s no point (in)

To have fun To have a good time/ hard time
To spend time/ money To waste time/ money
To have difficulty (in)/ trouble/ a problem
To go hiking/ jogging ... (sports)
To go shopping/ sightseeing ... (recreational activities)
To be/ get used to
To be/ get accustomed to
Prior to
In addition to
To be committed to
To be busy
They had a hard time negotiating a settlement.

In addition to speaking English, he can speak Chinese.
 after certain verbs sau các động từ nhất định
admit (to) deny consider recommend

contemplate imagine finish allow
mind resent dislike encourage
appreciate enjoy mention
postpone discuss fancy
avoid risk suggest
keep (on) miss involve
can’t stand can’t help practice
Point 2 The infinitive (động từ nguyên thể)
The infinitives are:
- the to – infinitive I want to meet the department head.

- the bare infinitive (infinitive without to) John should submit the financial report by 5.
(động từ nguyên thể không có “to”)
The to – infinitive is used:
 To express purpose the same idea can be expressed by using in order to or so as to

(diễn đạt mục đích)
She went to university (in order) to obtain a degree.
They have lowered prices (so as) to boost consumption.
 After certain verbs (sau một số động từ)
afford arrange volunteer learn

deserve prepare choose manage
agree plan hesistate struggle
consent ask expect mean
care beg hope need
refuse claim wait wish
appear demand fail offer
happen decide neglect tend
swear promise threaten want
30
The European Union threatened to file a lawsuit against this software company.
 In the structure : verbs + object + to-infinitive (sau cấu trúc)
advise recommend hire urge

encourage warn request press
motivate caution challenge cause
instruct allow compel forbid
persuade entitle direct remind
convince permit force show...how
teach...(how) enable oblige tempt
tell...(how) appoint order request
The human resources manager encouraged them to take courses in computer.
 Too/ enough + to – infinitive Expressions with too or enough are followed by the
to – infinitive.
People are working too hard to care about their egos.

Junior managers should hire secretaries competent enough to cover their blinders.
They all have enough money to foot the bill.
 In the structure: verb + (object) + question word + to – infinitive
The tourist asked us where to stay.

She doesn’t know how to make that cake.
Point 3 Verbs taking the to-infinitive or the –ing form with a change in meaning
remember
forget
stop the –ing refers to something that happened earlier, the to-infinitive to some
go on thing that will happen
regret
I don’t remember saying that.

Please remember to tell her before you leave.
Point 4 Verbs + object + infinitive (without to)
 help (US), let and make

 see, watch, feel, notice, hear and overhear to say that all of an action was witnessed
( + object + - ing to say that part of an action was witnessed)
Let us help you change the way you work

Let us help you to change the way you work. (GB)
We watched the team play several times.
I heard him complaining about the working conditions.
Point 5 Verbs followed by to-infinitive or that-clause
agree pretend
arrange promise
decide swear
demand threaten
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expect wish
hope hurry
learn
plan
I agreed to meet again the next day.

I agreed that we would meet again the next day.
Point 6 Participles – They are: Phân từ hai

 present participles (playing, running, etc.)
 past participles (played, written, etc.)
 perfect participles (having written, etc.)
Participles can also be used:

 to express time (diễn đạt thời gian)
when one action happens before another action, we use having (done) or after -ing for the
first action:
Having done her homework, she watched TV.

After doing/having done her homework, she watched TV.
(= After she had done her homework, she watched TV.)
We also use –ing when one action happens during another action. We use –ing for the longer
action:
He hurt his knee playing football. (while he was playing)

Did you cut yourself shaving? (while you were shaving)
We can also use –ing after while or when:
Jim hurt his knee while playing football.

Be careful when crossing the road. (=when you are crossing)
 to express reason (to explain something, or to say why somebody does something. The –
ing clause usually comes at the beginning of the sentence.)
(diễn đạt lý do)
Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired, I went ...)
Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money. (=because he is unemployed, he hasn’t ...)
Having already seen the film twice, I didn’t want to go to the cinema.
(= because I had already seen it twice, I didn’t ...)
 instead of a relative pronoun and full verb (thay thể một đại từ quan hệ và động từ đầy đủ)
The man standing at the door is my boss.

(= The man who is standing at the door is my boss.)
The information presented in the article was invaluable.
(=The information which was presented in the article was invaluable.)
 to avoid repeating the past progressive in the same sentence

(tránh lặp lại thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
She was climbing up a ladder carrying a bucket.

(= She was climbing up a ladder and she was carrying a bucket.)
 instead of the past simple in narratives when we describe actions happening immediately
one after the other. (thay thế quá khứ đơn trong các câu khẳng định)
32
Seeing the shadow, he screamed. (= He saw the shadow and he screamed.)

Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
(= He took a key out of his pocket and he opened the door.)
Unit 7
Subject-verb agreement and subjunctive mood
Thể chủ ngữ- động từ và thức giả định
A. Subject-verb agreement
Poin 1. Subjects (overview) tổng quan
The subject of a sentence must be either a noun or a pronoun, as in:
John is a good friend of mine.

He enjoys singing.
Various structures may be used for subjects:
+) wh – structures: A wh-question cannot be used as a subject unless it is changed into a

noun clause. This kind of question is always introduced by such
interrogatives as where, what, who, why, and how, as in:
When will he come?

How will he do it?
Such questions cannot be used as subjects.
We cannot say:
When will he come is not known yet. (not correct)
33
How will he do it remains to be seen. (not correct)
To make the above sentences correct, we should first change the wh-questions into noun clauses by
keeping the interrogatives and changing the word order, as in:
When he will come is not known yet.

How he will do it remains to be seen.
+) Yes/no structures: A yes or no question cannot be used as a subject unless it is

changed into a noun clause. The following are called yes/no questions
because they can be answered with yes or no.
Is he coming today?
Can he do it?
These questions cannot be used as subjects, so we cannot say:
Is he coming is not known yet. (not correct)

Can he do it remains to be seen. (not correct)
To make the above sentences correct, we should first change the yes/no-questions into noun clauses
by adding whether and changing the the word order, as in:
Whether he is coming today (or not)

Whether he can do it (or not)
The above are noun clause and can be used as subjects of the following sentences:
Whether he is coming today is not known yet.

Whether he can do it remains to be seen.
+) “The fact that” structures (the fact is often omitted):
A sentence cannot be used as a subject unless it is changed into a noun clause.
We cannot say:
John never studied made his father angry. (not correct)
This is because John never studied is a sentence. However, if we put the conjunction that before
John, we form a noun clause, which functions as a noun that can be used as a subject, as in:
(The fact) that John never studied made his father angry.
 By now we can understand that there are three kinds of noun clauses – one introduced by that,
another by whether, and the other by any of such interrogatives as where, why, when, who, what and
how.
+) Gerund (or gerund phrase) and to-infinitive (or to-infinitive phrase)
Having overall responsibility for the course means that I have a lot of meetings.
To be able to speak Arabic is very important.
Note: All kinds of subjects mentioned above normally take singular verb form
Point 2 Subject + singular verb
34
Subject Example
every Every student has to register.
each Each of the participants is responsible.
what What is needed is some good advice.
one of determiner (superlative) plural noun One of our cars has broken down.
a/ the (large) amount of The large amount of money is reserved for the
homeless and the elderly.
whoever Whoever is responsible should be present.
whatever
amount of money Three million dollars is a huge sum of money.
distance 30 miles is not very far.
weight 2.2 pounds is one kilo.
length of time Two weeks is enough time to finish the contract.
sums and products of mathematical Two and two is four.
processes
more than one More than one trainee has tried this.
along with A phone book along with other books was piled
as well as on his desk.
together with The manager as well as his associates is going to
prison.
either; neither Neither of the two traffic lights is working.
Which color do you prefer? Either is fine with
me.
Point 3 The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, something, nothing, nobody ... are
always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.
Everyone has done his or her homework.

Nothing was left.
Note: After words with one or body, we use he, she, him, her and his.
Somebody has left her purse.

Anyone is welcome, as long as he or she behaves approximately.
Point 4 Subject + plural verb
Subject Example
and The manager and his associates are going to jail.
both ... and If both the father and the mother work, who will care for the kids?
several, many, both, Several in the building have complained about the fumes.
few Many were unhappy with having to stand.
Used as pronouns Are both of us invited, or just you?
adjectives In Nepal the disabled are deprived of their basic human rights.
representing a class
of people
Point 5 Verb agrees with the noun
Verb must agree with the nearest noun when it comes to these expressions below:
35
Subject Example
a lot of There is a lot of work.
There are a lot of people.
half of, a part of, a The majority of British citizens in Lebanon have dual nationality.
percentage of, the The majority of the population is Hispanic.
majority of, the rest, 50 per cent of the houses need major repairs.
most of, fraction of Two thirds of the money is mine.
all, any, some, more Some of the work has been done.
Some of us are bored.
Note:
 A large number of = seveal / many, the verb is plural
A large number of tourists get lost because of that sign.
 The number of refers to the group, the verb is singular
The number of lost tourists has increased recently.
Point 6 Verb agrees with positive subject
If your sentence has a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb
should agree with positive subject.
The directors but not the president have decided not to work on Valentine’s Day.
It is not the directors but the president who decides this issue.
Point 7 Verb agrees with the closer noun
When nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the form of the verb.
Subject Example
either ... or ..., Either the manager or the artists have the right
neither ... nor ..., to terminate the agreement.
not only ... but also ... Not only our own depatments but also the whole
organization has been affected.
Point 8 Some nouns are usually plural and take plural verb. These include:
belongings particulars
clothes premises
congratulations savings
earnings stairs
goods surroundings
outskirts thanks
The company’s earnings have increased considerably for the last five years.
Point 9 When names and titles ending in –s refer to a single unit we use a singular verb.
Examples include countries, newspapers, titles of books, films ...
The Machine Gunners was one of Robert Westall’s most successful books.
‘Daps’ is the word used in the south west of the country for sports shoes.
Point 10 The subject and the verb must always agree, even if seperated.
+) Seperated by preposition
36
Most of the ideas put forward by your department are good.

The diagram on page sixteen in this training handbook is very good.
+) Seperated by clause
A lot of things that I really love were in that suitcase.
B. Subjunctive mood
Point 1 a wish
This involves the use of the word wish as a transitive verb followed by a that-clause as
its object. We use the past tense form of a verb or modal verb in the that-clause if we want to
express a wish contrary to fact in the present, as in:
fact: I am busy now.

subjunctive mood: I wish (that) I were free now.
fact: He can’t help me now.
subjunctive mood: I wish (that) he could help me now.
Likewise, we use the past perfect tense form of a verb in the that-clause if we want to express a wish
contrary to the fact in the past, as in:
fact: I was busy then

Subjunctive mood: I wish (that) I had been free then.
fact: he left early.
Subjunctive mood: I wish ( that) he had left early.
Point 2 a mandative statement (verbs + that + verb base)
The verbs and phrases below are followed by that + verb base
 Ask, demand, request, command, order, require, suggest, propose, insist, recommend,
maintain, rule, desire, urge ...
 It + be + important/ vital/ essential/ necessary/ imperative/ advisable/ crucial/
desirable ...
 The nouns derived from the above verbs are also followed by the verb base: demand, request,
requirement, proposal, suggestion, recommendation ...
The manager suggested that the meeting be put off until next week.
It was important that the report be reviewed once again.
I asked that Peter handle the work alone.
Note: We can also use modal verb should, which is often omitted, in this sentence.
It is necessary that he (should) finish the work before leaving.

The manager suggested that the meeting (should) be put off until next week.
37
Unit 8
Prepositions and sentence structure
Giới từ và cấu trúc câu
A. preposition - Definition
A proposition is a word like in, out, off ... normally followed by a noun or a pronoun.
Point 1 Multiple word prepositions (gới từ đa thành phần)
Here is a list of the most common multiple word prepositions:
 according to, in accordance with

 as regards, as to, in connection with = regarding, about
 ahead of
 as a consequence of, as a rsult of, because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to
 apart from, except for, with the exception of
 by means of, by way of = using
 contrary to
 in addition to, on the top of
 in comparison with, compared with
 in contrast to/ with
 in favor of, to the benefit of, all for, on the side of
 in front of
 instead of, rather than
 in the event of, in case of, for fear of
 on behalf of
 prior to, previous to
 regardless of
 together with, along with, as well as
38
Point 2 Beside/besides The difference is the following:
beside = by the side of, next to, by

besides = in addition to
The woman standing beside the lecturer is Mrs. Jones

He holds numerous non-executive directorships besides his $400,000 job at Man PLC.
Point 3 During / for / while
 during is a preposition used to say when something happened

 for is a preposition used to say how long it took
 while is a conjunction (subject + verb) used to introduce a background situation
It rained for five days during our holiday.

We didn’t get much sunshine while we were on holiday.
Point 4 By / until / till
 by (+ a time) = not later than - something happens by a time in the future

We’d better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o’clock. (= at or before 5 o’clock, not later than 5 o’clock)
The River Road Bridge over Interstate 495 is on schedule for completion by October.
 Until / till shows an action or situation that continues up to a certain time
The shop will open until 9 p.m
The sale of the franchise doesn’t close until October.
Point 5 In/ on / at
Preposition Time Space

+ time: at home
at 12.00 at work
at lunchtime at an address
at night at the office
AT at Christmas at school
at Easter
at the moment + a certain point:
at present at the crossroads/ bus-stop
at the same time
at breakfast at the top
at the bottom
at the end
+ days and dates: on a street

on Saturday on a street corner
ON on 13 may 1984
on Friday afternoon on a coast
on time = punctual, not late on a river
+ a means of public
transportation:
on the train/ bus/ ship/ plane
+ longer periods: month, year, in a room

season ... in a building
in march
in 1997 in a corner of a room
39
in winter
in the 1990s in a car
+ parts of the day: in a taxi
In the morning(s) in a boat
+ time in the future:
IN
in a week in a country
in a moment in a state
in time = soon enough in a province
in a county
in a city
Point 6 despite = in spite of
Despite and in spite of have the same meaning.
Breakfast cereals still contain high level of fat, salt and sugar in spite of / despite manufaturers’ claims to have
improved the healthiness of their products.
Point 7 Like or as
 Like is a preposition
- used to compare things
- synonymous with: similar to, the same as, for example
He is a broker like most of his friends.
We need more details like when, why, how, etc.
 As is either
a preposition
- used to talk about the jobs, roles and functions of people and things
- synonymous with: in the position of, in the form of
We work as an apprentice in ANZ Co.
They see the soaring oil prices as a threat to the world economy.
or a conjunction ( + subject + verb)
- used to compare things
You should have replied as I told you.
Note:
 The preposition unlike (= not like) to show contrast
Unlike tranditional newspaper, free new papers offer advertisers unlimited space.
 The adjective alike to show similarity but used only after state verbs
We are not related despite the fact that we look alike.
Point 8 Preposition + noun
on purpose; by mistake/chance/accident
in my opinion; from my point of view
on holiday; on business; on a journey/trip/tour
for sale; on the market ( # in the market)
in advance; up to date; out of date
40
on the whole; in general

on television; on the radio/the phone/the Internet
in writing; in pen/biro/felt-tip/ink/pencil
in cash; by check/credit card
on the way (during the journey); in the way (blocking the way)
in the end (finally, after a long time); at the end (when something stops – at the end of)
by car, train, air ...; on foot
Point 9 Prepositions of space (giới từ chỉ vị trí)
B. Sentence structure:
Point 1. Word order
The word order in a sentence is uasually as follows:
(time) subject verb object manner place time

(Last night) The chairman delivered His speech vehemently At the conference hall last night
Tip:
41
Parallel structures express ideas of equal importance and are used in a series. Check that in those
parallel structures the same grammatical structures are used.
A secretary’s duties include writing, typing, organizing and filed. (not correct)
 A secretary’s duties include writing, typing, organizing and filing.
Point 2 Parallel structures with correlative conjunctions
Parallel structures should be used after correlative conjunctions:
both ... and ... both ... and ... as well as ...
not only ... but also ... not ... but ...
either ... or ... neither ... nor ...
but and
The training course consists of both theory and practical instruction.
Point 3 Parallel structures with comparisons
Parallel structures should be used with comparisons:

 comparative ... than
 as ... as
 the same ... as
 similar .. to
Renting those apartments costs the same as leasing them.
Note:
After comparative structures, that (of) and those (of) are used instead of repeating a noun.
The team’s overall performance is better than that of any individual could be.
Point 4 Cardinal and Ordinal numbers
+) Cardinal numbers (one, two, three ...) are used as follows:
+ noun + cardinal number

Proceed to gate four. Wait for me on platform 2.
Note:
Ordinal numbers come before cardinal numbers as follows:
the + ordinal number + cardinal number + noun
He had trouble adapting for the first two weeks.
+) Ordinal numbers are formed as follows:
first sixth eleventh twentieth thirtieth

second seventh twelfth twenty-first fortieth
third eighth thirteenth twenty-second fiftieth
fourth ninth fourteenth twenty-third hundredth
fifth tenth fifteenth ... twenty-fourth ... thousandth
They are used as follows: the + ordinal number + noun

Take the third street on the left.
Note:
The order for dates is as follows:
the + ordinal number + of + month (GB)
42
My birthday is the twenty-second of August.
month + (the) + ordinal number

Independence Day in the US is July (the) fourth.
Point 5 Inversion
Inversion is used in the following cases:
Case Inversion
Omission of if auxiliary verb (were/had/should) + subject + verb
were she my daughter (if she were ...), I would tell her.
had I known (if I had known...), I wouldn’t have come.
should you change your mind (if you change ...), let me know.
Neither, nor, so neither/nor/so + auxiliary verb + subject
I don’t like aggressive ads – Nor/neither do . (= I don’t either)
I really like jazz music. – So do I. (= I do also/too)
After negative negative adverbial expression + auxiliary verb + subject
adverbial expressions, not ... / only ...
not ... or only... Under no circumstances can we leave the room.
Never had I felt like this
Only after finishing my work can I get a bonus.
So / such ... that So / such ... + auxiliary verb ... that
So nice is he that I like him.
Such a good job did she do that she won our praise.
Point 6 Conjunctions
Conjunctions are:
 used to join clauses together
 used to show the relationship between the ideas in the clauses
 followed by a subject and a verb

Cause and effect Place Condition Contrast Manner
as where even if although as
because wherever if even though as if
in order that in case though as though
43
now that once whereas

that provided (that) while
since providing
so that unless
whether (or not)
He talks to me as if he were my boss.

Unless the sales improves in the future, we will be forced to shut down.
We have to work overtime in order that we can meet the deadline.
Point 7 No longer / no more
 No longer/not any longer are used with time

 No more/not any more are used with time, quantity or degree
 The no structures are used before the verb or after the verb “to be”
 The not any structures are used at the end of the sentence
Mr. Jones doesn’t work here any more/longer.

He no longer fitted the job.
There’s no more paper in the photocopier.
Point 8 Discourse markers
 Contrasting on the other hand, however, nevertheless, yet,

nonetheless, in comparison with, compared with
 Contradicting on the contrary, contrary to
 Adding moreover, in addition, furthermore, what’s more
 Talking about purpose in order to, so as to, with a view to (doing)
 Providing reasons owing to, due to, on account of, because of, thanks to
 Explaining results consequently, as a result, therefore, so, then, thus,
hence
 Generalizing on the whole, in general, broadly speaking, by and
large, to some extent
 Summing up to sum up, in a word, in short, briefly, in conclusion,
finally, lastly, all in all, to conclude
Our sales have soared in the past 3 months; however, the boss hasn’t increased our salary.
Thanks to his invaluable dedication, our sales have soared.
44
Point 9
How
The word order is:
 in questions:
How (+ adjective/adverb) + auxiliary verb + subject + verb?
How could I meet him?
How far can people go in the name of reasearch?
 in exclamations:
How + adjective/adverb + subject + verb!
I know how nice he really is.
He will receive a percentage based on how well they sell.
Unit 9 Relative clauses

(mệnh đề quan hệ)
Point 1 Form and overview (see p. 16)
Point 2 Which is used to modify the whole sentence
Joe got the job. This surprised everybody.

 Joe got the job, which surprised everybody. (which modifies “Joe got the job” not “the
job”)
They couldn’t meet us. This was a pity.
 They couldn’t meet us, which was a pity.
Point 3
all of
most of
none of
either of + whom (people)
both of + which (things)
one of
each of
etc
Mary has three brothers, all of ------- are married.
A. them B. him C. whom D. they
In the sentence above, most learners mistakenly choose choice A in place of choice C, because they do
not realize that this is a compound sentence from 2 single sentences below:
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. ( 2 sentences)
45
When they are compounded, they need a relative pronoun to modify “three brothers” and link the
two sentences. “them” must be replaced by “whom” and we must replace the stop with a comma, as
in:
Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them. (2 sentences)
 They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer. (1 sentence)
Point 4 reduced relative clauses
In defining and non-defining clauses we can leave out the relative pronoun and part of the verb
phrase to leave a participle acting as an adjective defining the noun.
Tell the people who are waiting outside to come in.

 Tell the people waiting outside to come in.
The person who answered the phone was polite to the caller.
 The person answering the phone was polite to her caller.
Peter was the only one of the group who was arrested after the match.
 Peter was the only one of the group arrested after the match.
Their friends, who were soaked to the skin, eventually arrived home.
 Their friends, soaked to the skin, eventually arrived home.
Note:
We never use “that” in non-defining clauses and “that” cannot follow a preposition.
Jade is proud of her new job, ------- she is enjoying.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
As we mention above, choice B is the best answer.
The position for ------- they applied was very demanding.
A. that B. it C. which D. What
Choice C is the best answer.
46
Unit 10 Modals
(khuyết thiếu)
Can/could/may/might/should/would/need/must … are called modal verbs.

In the TOEIC test, some modals we should pay special attention to are could, may, might, must and
should (ought to).
+) could
 Past ability
 Possibility (= may/might)
could do/have done smt
+) may/might
 possibility
may/might do (in the present or future)
may/might have done (in the past)
+) must
 obligation
 certainty (logical assumptions)
must do/have done
+) should
 advice, recommendation or expectation
 criticism of an action
should do/have done
47
Confusing words and differences between English and American

(những từ dễ nhầm lẫn giữa tiếng Anh-Anh và Anh-Mỹ)
A. Confusing words
+) Tell/say/talk/speak
Both say and tell are used with direct and indirect speech. (Say is more common than tell with direct
speech.)
 tell
-somebody that
- somebody to do
- a lie, the truth, a story, the time
 say
- that
- to somebody that
- : “.....................”
- to somebody: “.......................”
There is little difference between speak and talk. In certain situations one or the other is prefered, but
they are usually both possible.
 talk
- informal communication
- an informal lecture (a talk)
Could I talk to you about the football match for a few minutes?
This is Patrict Allen, who’s going to talk to us about gardening.
 speak
- is often used for communication in more serious or formal situations.
- is prefered for more formal lectures, sermons etc.
- refers to use of languages and to the physical ability to speak.
- to somebody on the phone (US also speak with)
I’ll have to speak to that boy – he’s getting very lazy.
After she had finished reading the letter, nobody spoke.
The Pope spoke to the crowd for seventy minutes about world peace.
Hello. Could I speak to Karen, please?
She speaks three languages fluently.
48
+) Do and make
These words are very similar, but there are some differences.
 do
- when we do not say exactly what activity we are talking about – for example with
something, nothing, anything, everything, what.
Do something! I like do nothing.
- when we talk about work, and in the structure do-ing
I’m not going to do any work today.
I dislike doing housework.
I hate doing the cooking and shopping.
 make
- We often use make to talk about constructing, building, creating, etc.
We’ve just make a cake.
Let’s make a plan.
Learn these expressions:

 You do:
the dishes/the washing up/your homework/an assignment/some research/your work,
your duty/good /bad/one’s best/(sb) a favor/business/100 mph
 You make:
progress/headway/an agreement/a decision/ an offer/a promise/a discovery/an
attempt/an effort/an excuse/an exception/a suggestion/inquiries/a phone call/a
photocopy/an annoucement/a mistake/a noise/a journey/money/a profit/a bed/a fire
+) farther and further
 Both of them are used to talk about distance. There is no difference of meaning.
Edinburgh is farther/further away than York.
 We can use further (but not farther) to mean “extra”, “more advanced”, “additional”.
For further information, see page 277.
College of Further Education.
+) Lend / borrow
Could you lend me your dictionary for a moment?

Can I borrow your pencil-sharpener, please?
+) Come, bring (for movement towards the speaker):
They came into the room where we waiting, and brought the dog with them.
+) Go, take (for movement away from the speaker):
When you go home, take a present for your mother.
49
B. English or American: differences

Sự khác nhau giữa tiếng Anh-Anh và Anh-Mỹ
+) Grammar differences (về ngữ pháp)
Bristish English American English

He has just seen his former colleague. He just saw his former colleague.
Have you got a problem? Do you have a problem.
It fitted the mood of the moment. It fit the mood of the moment.
It’s important that he should come. It’s important that he come.
Mortgages have got more costly for some Mortagages have gotten more costly for some
homeowners. homeowners.
+) Spelling differences
English words American words

-our -or
colour, honour, humour ... color, honor, humor ...
-tre -ter
centre, theatre, metre ... center, theater, meter ...
-ogue -og
catalogue, analogue, dialogue ... catalog, analog, dialog ...
-ise -ize
organise, nationalise ... organize, nationalize ...
-ence -ense
licence, defence ... license, defense ...
anaesthesia, gynaecology ... anesthesia, gynecology ...
aluminium aluminum
to practise to practice
programme program
grey gray
jewellery jewelry
pyjamas pajamas
speciality specialty
storey story
50
tyre tire
doughnut donut
cheque check
draught draft
aeroplane airplane
+) Vocabulary
British English American English

Anh- Anh Anh- Mỹ
chips french fries
spirits liquor
tin can
ground floor first floor
flat apartment
public toilet rest room
lift elevator
cupboard closet
rubbish garbage, trash
cashpoint ATM
banknote bankbill
engaged tone busy tone
mobile phone cell phone
managing director, MD CEO
rise (in salary) raise
CV resume
surname last name
post mail
postcode zip code
town center downtown
driving licence driver’s license
petrol gas
railway railroad
pavament sidewalk
underground subway
lorry truck
taxi cab
return round trip
single one-way
motorway highway, freeway
autumn fall
holiday vacation
51
rubber eraser
trousers pants
handbag purse
shop store
queue stand in line
pharmacy, chemist drugstore
shopping centre mall
film movie
bill (restaurant) check
estate agent realtor
52

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HUNG YEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

Unit Topic Page

confusing words and differences between English 49

If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result) Use

Example: If I see Tim, I’ll give him his book.

Example: If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will go camping.

If you will fill in this form, I’ll process your application.

If he were here, we could have a party.

If - clause Main clause

Point 2 Other ways of making conditionals

+) or/ or else/ otherwise is another way of say if not

+) Even if can also be used in conditional sentences to emphasize if.

+) supposing/ suppose/ imagine these ways of expressing conditions without if.

+) If (it) were / was not for / hadn’t been for ...

This describes how one event depends on another

A. When B. Provided C. If D. Considering

In the sentence above, in terms of grammar we can use A, B, C or D. However, in terms of

Point 1 Countable and uncountable nouns

B. Uncountable nouns (danh từ không đếm được)

+) Uncountable nouns are singular in form.

+) Uncountable nouns cannot be used with an indefinite article a/an.

 Uncountable nouns cannot be used with an indefinite article a/an.

+) Uncountable nouns that frequently occur in the TOEIC test

advertising advice clothing knowledge

Point 2 Noun + noun = compound noun (cụm danh từ)

advertising company apartment complex

awards ceremony communications satellite

Point 3 Both countable and uncountable

Uncountable (không đếm được) Countable (đếm được)

space (the universe) a space (a blank)

Example: They have some work to do on business.

Singular (số ít) Plural (số nhiều)

-f(e): half, life, self … -ves: halves, lives, selves …

always singular always plural

Example: The news is disturbing.

Point 5 hundred, thousand, etc

+) a definite number, the pattern is:

+) an indefinite number, the pattern is: (con số không xác định)

Point 6 Indefinite article a / an vs. Definite article the

Example: I opened an account with the bank today.

+) Zero article (mạo từ không)

No article is used before academic subjects, means of transportation, or means of communication.

Academic subjects in an economics (not correct)  in economics

Example: I want to major in economics at the university.

Point 7 forms of address and Abbreviations (dạnh viết tắt)

These forms of address have to be followed by a family name.

Abbreviation Expression/ word in full Abbreviation Expression/ word in full

Pay attention to the use of articles in the following expressions.

A. Expressions with the (các thành ngữ có THE)

in a way of (not correct)  in the way

Example: My opinion is on the whole the same as yours.

for the safekeeping (not correct)  for safekeeping

Example: I got out of the train in haste.

C. Expressions always used with articles

as result of (not correct)  as a result of

Example: As a result of traffic accidents, many people were injured.

Point 9 Adjectives and adverbs

Tip: Check that the adjective is placed before the noun

Tip: Check that the adverb is often placed: