(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

KEY CONCEPTS (METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION)

1. DEFINITION:
If x and x + h belong to the domain of a function f defined by y = f(x), then
f(x⁡+⁡h)−⁡f(x)
Limit h→0 ⁡ if it exists, is called the Derivative of f at x⁡& is denoted by
h

dy f(x⁡+⁡h)−f(x)
f ′ (x) or dx. We have therefore, f ′ (x) = Limit h→0 ⁡ h

2. The derivative of a given function f at a point x = a of its domain is defined as :

f(a⁡+⁡h)⁡−⁡f(a)
Limit h→0 ⁡ , provided the limit exists & is denoted by f ′ (a).
h
f(x)−f(a)
Note that alternatively, we can define f ′ (a) = Limit x→a ⁡ , provided the limit exists.
x−a

3. DERIVATIVE OF f(x) FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE /ab INITIO METHOD:

δy f(x⁡+⁡δx)−f(x) dy
If f(x) is a derivable function then, Limit δx = Limit δx→0 ⁡ = f ′ (x) = dx
δx→0 δx

4. THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES:
If u and v are derivable function of x, then,
d du dv
(i) (u ± v) = ± dx
dx dx

d du
(ii) (Ku) = K dx ⁡,where K is any constant
dx
d dv du
(iii) (u ⋅ v) = u dx ± v dx known as "Product Rule"
dx

du dv
d u v( )−u( )
(iv) ( )= dx dx
where v ≠ 0 known as "QUOTIENT RULE"
dx v v2
dy dy du
(v) If y = f(u)⁡&⁡u = g(x) then dx = du ⋅ dx "CHAIN RULE"

5. DERIVATIVE OF STANDARDS FUNCTIONS:

(i) D(x n ) = n ⋅ x n−1 ; x ∈ R, n ∈ R, x > 0

(ii) D(ex ) = ex
(iii) D(ax ) = ax . Ina , a > 0
1
(iv) D(lnx) = x
1
(v) D(log a x) = x log a e

(vi) D(sinx) = cosx⁡ (vii) D(cosx) = −sinx (viii) D(tanx) = sec 2 x

(ix) D(secx) = secx ⋅ tanx⁡ (x) D(cosecx) = −cosecx ⋅ cotx
𝐝
(xii) D(cot⁡ x) = −cosec 2 ⁡ x (xii) D (constant) = 0 where 𝐃 = 𝐝𝐱

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
6. INVERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES:
(a) Theorem: If the inverse functions f⁡&⁡g are defined by y = f(x)⁡&⁡x = g(y)⁡& if f ′ (x)
1
exists & f ′ (x) ≠ 0 then g ′ (y) = f′ (x). This result can also be written as,
dy dy dx dy dy dx dy dx dx
if dx exists & dx ≠ 0, then dy = 1/ (dx) or dx ⋅ dy = 1 or dx = 1/ (dy) [dy ≠ 0]

(b) Results :
1 −1
(i) D(sin−1 x) = √1−x2 , −1 < x < 1 (ii) (cos−1 x) = , −1 < x < 1
√1−x2
1 1
(iii) D(tan−1 x) = 1+x2 , x ∈ R (iv) D(sec −1 x) = , |x| > 1
|x|√x2 −1
−1 −1
(v) D(cosec −1 x) = , |x| > 1 (vi) D(cot −1 x) = 1+x2 , x ∈ R
|x|√x2 −1
dy du
Note: In general if y = f(u) then dx = f ′ (u) ⋅ dx .

7. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION: To find the derivative of:

(i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions 𝐎𝐑

(ii) a function of the form [f(x)][(x) where f& g are both derivable, it will be found convenient
to take the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate. This is called
LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION.

8. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION: ϕ(x, y) = 0

(i) In order to find dy/dx, in the case of implicit functions, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x
regarding y as a functions of x & then collect terms in dy/dx together on one side to finally
find dy/dx.

(ii) In answers of dy/dx in the case of implicit functions, both x⁡&⁡y are present.

9. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION:
dy dy/dθ
If y = f(θ)&x = g(θ) where θ is a parameter, then dx = dx/dθ.

10. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION W.R.T. ANOTHER FUNCTION:

dy dy/dx f′ (x)
Let y = f(x); ⁡z = g(x) then dz = dz/dx = g′ (x).

11. DERIVATIVES OF ORDER TWO & THREE:

Let a function y = f(x) be defined on an open interval (a, b). It's derivative, if it exists on (a, b) is
a certain function f ′ (x) [or (dy/dx) or y] & is called the first derivative of y w.r.t. x. If it happens
that the first derivative has a derivative on (a, b) then this derivative is called the second
derivative of y w. r. t. x⁡& is denoted by f ′′ (x) or (d2 y/dx 2 ) or y ′′ . Similarly, the 3rd order derivative
d3 y d d2 y
of y w. r.t. x, if it exists, is defined by dx3 = dx (dx2 ) It is also denoted by f ′′′ (x) or y ′′′ .

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
f(x) g(x) h(x)
12. If F(x) = |𝑙(x) m(x) n(x) |, where f, g, h, 𝑙, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x then
u(x) v(x) w(x)

f ′ (x) g ′ (x) h′ (x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)

′ ′ ′
F ′ (x) = | 𝑙(x) m(x) n(x) | + |𝑙 (x) m (x) n (x)| + | 𝑙(x) m(x) n(x) |
u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u′ (x) v ′ (x) w ′ (x)

13. L' HOSPITAL'S RULE :

If f(x)⁡&⁡g(x) are functions of x such that :
(i) lim f(x) = 0 = ⁡ lim g(x) OR lim f(x) = ∞ = ⁡ lim g(x) and
x→a x→a x→a x→a

(ii) Both f(x)⁡&⁡g(x) are continuous at x = a⁡ &

(iii) Both f(x)⁡&⁡g(x) are differentiable at x = a⁡ &
(iv) Both f ′ (x)⁡&⁡g ′ (x) are continuous at x = a, Then

f(x) f′ (x) f′′ (x)

Limit g(x) = Limit g′ (x) = Limit g′′ (x) & so on till indeterminant form vanishes.
x→a x→a x→a

14. ANALYSIS AND GRAPHS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS:

2tan−1 x |x| ≤ 1
2x
(i) −1 −1
y = f(x) = sin ⁡ (1+x2) = [π − 2tan x x>1
−1
−(π + 2tan x) x < −1
HIGHLIGHTS:
π π
(a) Domain is x ∈ R & range is [− 2 , 2 ]

(b) f is continuous for all x but not diff. at x = 1, −1

2
for |x| < 1
1+x2
dy
(c) = [ non existent for |x| = 1
dx
2
− 1+x2 for |x| > 1

(d) ⁡ I in (−1,1)⁡&⁡D in (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)

(ii)
1−x2
Consider y = f(x) = cos −1 ⁡ (1+x2) = [2tan −1
x −1
if x ≥ 0
−2tan x if x<0
HIGHLIGHTS :
(a) Domain is x ∈ R & range is [0, π)
(b) Continuous for all x but not diff. at x = 0
2
for x>0
1+x2
dy
(c) = [ non existent for x=0
dx 2
− 1+x2 for x<0

(d) ⁡ I in (0, ∞)⁡&⁡D in (−∞, 0)

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
2tan−1 x |x| < 1
2x
(iii) y = f(x) = tan−1 ⁡ 1−x2 −1
= [π + 2tan x x < −1
−1
−(π − 2tan x) x > 1

HIGHLIGHTS:
π π
(a) Domain is R − {1, −1}⁡& range is (− 2 , 2 )

(b) f is neither continuous nor diff. at x = 1, −1

2
dy |x| ≠ 1
(c) = [1+x2
dx
non existent |x| = 1
(d) I ∀⁡x in its domain (e) It is bound for all x

1
−(π + 3sin−1 x) if − 1 ≤ x ≤ − 2
1 1
(iv) y = f(x) = sin−1 ⁡(3x − 4x 3 ) = 3sin−1 x if − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1
−1
[π − 3sin x if ≤x≤1
2

HIGHLIGHTS:

(a) Domain is x ∈ [−1,1] &

π π
range is [− 2 , 2 ]

1
(b) Not derivable at |x| = 2

3 1 1
dy
if ⁡x ∈ (− 2 , 2)
√1−x2
(c) =[ 3 1 1
dx
− √1−x2 if ⁡x ∈ (−1, − 2) ∪ (2 , 1)

(d) Continuous everywhere in its domain

1
3cos−1 x − 2π if − 1 ≤ x ≤ − 2
1 1
(v) y = f(x) = cos−1 ⁡(4x 3 − 3x) = 2π − 3cos −1 x if −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1
−1
[3cos x if ≤x≤1
2

HIGHLIGHTS:
(a) Domain is x ∈ [−1,1] & range is [0, π]
(b) Continuous everywhere in its domain

1 1
but not derivable at x = 2 , − 2

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1 1 1 1
(c) I in (− 2 , 2) & D in (2 , 1] ∪ [−1, − 2)
3 1 1
dy
if x ∈ (− 2 , 2)
√1−x2
(d) =[ 3 1 1
dx
− √1−x2 if x ∈ (−1, − 2) ∪ (2 , 1)

GENERAL NOTE:
Concavity in each case is decided by the sign of 2nd derivative as:

d2 y d2 y
> 0 ⇒ Concave upwards ; ⁡ dx2 < 0 ⇒ Concave downwards
dx2

𝐃 = DECREASING; ; ⁡𝐈 = INCREASING

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
PROFICIENCY TEST-01

2x⁡−⁡4 p
1. If f(x) = x2 ⁡−⁡1 and f ′ (x) = (x2⁡−⁡1)2, then p equals-

(A) x 2 − 8x − 2 (B) −2x 2 + 8x + 2 (C) 4x + 2 (D) −2x 2 + 8x − 2

1⁡−⁡cos⁡ x dy
2. If y = √1⁡+⁡cos⁡ x , x ∈ (0, π) then dx equals-

1 1
(A) 2 sec 2 x/2 (B) 2 cosec 2 x/2⁡ (C) sec 2 x/2 (D) cosec 2 x/2

d 1−cos⁡ θ
3. {tan−1 ⁡ ( )} equals-
dθ sin⁡ θ

(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) sec⁡ θ (D) cosec⁡ θ

4. d/dx(sec⁡ x ∘ ) equals -

(A) sec x tan⁡ x (B) sec x ∘ tan⁡ x ∘

π π
(C) (180) secx ∘ ⁡tanx ∘ (D) (180) sec x tan⁡ x

5. If y = √x + √x + √x + ⋯ … ., then dy/dx equals-

(A) 1 (B) 1/2y (C) 1/y − 2 (D) 1/2y − 1

6. If a cos2 ⁡(x + y) = b, then dy/dx equals-

(A) 2 (B) -2 (C) 1 (D) -1

1⁡−⁡sin⁡ x
7. If y = log⁡ √1⁡+⁡sin⁡ x , then dy/dx equals-

(A) sec x (B) − sec x (C) cosec 𝑥 (D) sec x⁡tan x

8. If y = log10 ⁡(sin⁡ x), then dy/dx equals-

(A) sin x⁡log10 𝑒 (B) cos x log10 e (C) cot x log10 e (D) cot⁡ x

9. The derivative of x⁡|x| is-

(A) 2x (B) −2x (C) 2|x| (D) Does not exist

10. The differential coefficient of tan−1 mx with respect to m is-

x x m2 x m2 x
(A) (B) 1⁡+⁡m2x2 (C) 1⁡+⁡x2 (D) 1⁡−⁡mx2
m√1⁡+⁡x2

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
PROFICIENCY TEST-02

1. Derivative of cos −1 √x with respect to √1 − x is-

(A) √x (B) −1/√x (C) −√x (D) 1/√x

2. If x = a sin3 t , y = a⁡cos 3 ⁡t then dy/dx equals-

(A) tan t (B) cot t (C) − tan t (D) − cot t

1 1
3. If x = t 2 + t2 , y = t 4 + t4 , then dy/dx equals-

(A) 2x (B) x (C) x 2 (D) None of these

2 2
4. If x 3 + y 3 = 1, then dy/dx equals-
1 1
(A) (y/x)3 ⁡⁡⁡ (B) −(y/x)3 (C) (x/y)⁡1/3 (D) −(x/y)1/3

d2 y
5. If y = a⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚x + b⁡cosmx, then the value of dx2 equals –

(A) m2 y (B) −m2 y

(C) −am2 sin⁡ x + bm2 cos x (D) None of these

6. If x + y = x y , then dy/dx equals-

yxy−1 ⁡−1 yxy⁡−⁡1⁡ −1 yxy−1 ⁡+⁡1

(A) 1⁡−⁡xy ⁡log⁡x⁡ (B) xy log x⁡−⁡1 (C) xy log x⁡+⁡1 (D) None of these

7. If y = log⁡(x x ), then dy/dx equals-

e x
(A) log⁡(ex) (B) log ( ) (C) log ( ) (D) 1
x e

8. If y = eax⁡+⁡b , then (y2 )0 is equal to –

(A) aeb (B) eb (C) a2 ea (D) a2 eb

2𝑥
9. The differential coefficient of the function, tan−1 1−⁡𝑥 2 w.r.t. x 2 is-

1 1 1 x
(A) 1⁡+⁡x2 (B) 1⁡−⁡x2 (C) x(1⁡+⁡x2) (D) 1⁡+⁡x2

10. If y = √log⁡ x + √log⁡ x + √log⁡ x + ⋯ …, then dy/dx equals-

x 1 2y−1
(A) 2y+1 (B) x(2y−1) (C) (D) x(2y − 1)⁡
x

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
PROFICIENCY TEST-03

Evaluate the following limits using L'Hospital's Rule or otherwise:

1 1−x2 x+ln⁡(√x2 ⁡+⁡1−x)

1. Limx→0 ⁡ [xsin−1x − ] 2. Limx→0 ⁡
x2 x3

1 1 𝑋 –1)
3. Limx→0 ⁡ [x2 − sin2x] 4. Limx→0+ ⁡ 𝑋 (𝑋

1+sinx−cosx+ln⁡(1−x)
5. Limx→0 ⁡
x⋅tan2 x

(a⁡+⁡b⁡cos x)x⁡−⁡c sin x

6. Determine the values of a, b and c so that Limx→0 =1
x5

sin x 2
sin x⁡−⁡(sin⁡ x)sin x 3 xln( ) +⁡x3
7. Limx→π 1⁡−⁡sin x⁡+ln(sin x) 8. x
Limx→0 (x⁡−⁡sin x)(1⁡−⁡cos x)
2

1 2
9. Find the value of f(0) so that the function f(x) = x − e2x −1 , x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0

& examine the differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.

sin(3x2 )
10. Limx→0 ln⋅cos(2x2−x)

a⁡sinx⁡−⁡bx⁡+⁡cx2 ⁡+⁡x3
11. If Limx→0 2x2 ⋅⁡ln(1⁡+⁡x)⁡−2x3⁡+⁡x4 exists & is finite, find the values of a, b, c⁡& the limit.

x6000 −(sinx)6000
12. Evaluate: Limx→0 x2 ⋅(sinx)6000

1−cos x⋅cos 2x⋅cos 3x…… cos nx

13. If Limx→0 has the value equal to 253, find the value of n (where n ∈ N).
x2

14. Given a real valued function f(x) as follows:

x2 ⁡+⁡2⁡cos⁡ x−2 1 sinx−ln⁡(ex cosx)
f(x) = for x < 0; f(0) = 12 &⁡f(x) = for x > 0. Test the continuity and
x4 6x2

differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.

1⁡−cos 3x⋅cos 9x⋅⁡cos⁡ 27x………⁡cos⁡ 3n x

15. If Limx→0 ⁡ 1 1 1 1 = 310 , find the value of n.
1⁡−cos x⋅cos x⋅⁡cos⁡ x………cos⁡ n x
3 9 27 3

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE-I
dy
1. (a) If y = (cosx)ln⁡ x + (lnx)x find dx.
ex xe ex dy
(b) If y = ex + ex + x e . Find dx.
x2 1
2. If y = + 2 x√x 2 + 1 + ln⁡ √x + √x 2 + 1 prove that 2y = xy ′ + ln⁡ y ′ . Where ' denotes the
2

derivative.
dy 2
3. If x = cosecθ − sinθ; y = cosec n θ − sinn θ, then show that (x 2 + 4) (dx) − n2 (y 2 + 4) = 0.
dy 16t(1⁡−⁡t4 )
4. If y = sec4x and x = tan−1 (t), prove that dt = (1⁡−⁡6t2⁡+⁡t4)2.

1⁡+⁡lnt 3⁡+⁡2⁡lnt dy dy 2
5. If x = and y = . Show that y dx = 2x (dx) + 1.
t2 t

√1⁡+⁡x2 ⁡+⁡√1⁡−⁡x2
6. Differentiate √1⁡+⁡x2 w.r.t. √1 − x 4 .
⁡−⁡√1⁡−⁡x2

7. Find the derivative with respect to x of the function:

2x π
(log cosx ⁡ sinx)(log sinx ⁡ cosx)−1 + arc⁡sin at x = 4.
1⁡+⁡x2

dy x2 1⁡−⁡y6
8. If √1 − x 6 + √1 − y 6 = a3 ⋅ (x 3 − y 3 ), prove that dx = y2 √1⁡−⁡x6 .
1 dy 1
9. If y = x + 1 , prove that dx = 1
x+ 1 2− 1
x+ x+ 1
x+⋯…………. x+
x+⋯……………..

10. Suppose f(x) = tan⁡(sin−1 (2x))

(a) Find the domain and range of f.
(b) Express f(x) as an algebaric function of x.
(c) Find f ′ (1/4)
11. Prove that the curves y1 = f(x)⁡(f(x) > 0) and y2 = f(x)⁡sinax, where f(x) is a differentiable
function, are tangent to each other at the common points.
√1⁡+⁡sinx⁡+⁡√1⁡−⁡sinx dy π π
12. If y = cot −1 ⁡ , find dx if x ∈ (0, 2 ) ∪ (2 , π).
√1⁡+⁡sinx⁡−⁡√1⁡−⁡sinx

x 1⁡−⁡x dy
13. If y = tan−1 ⁡ + sin (2⁡tan−1 ⁡ √1⁡+⁡x), then find dx for x ∈ (−1,1).
1⁡+⁡√1⁡−⁡x2

1 1 1 1
14. If y = tan−1 ⁡ x2 ⁡+⁡x⁡+⁡1 + tan−1 ⁡ x2⁡+⁡3x⁡+⁡3 + tan−1 ⁡ x2 ⁡+⁡5x⁡+⁡7 + tan−1 ⁡ x2⁡+⁡7x⁡+⁡13 + ⋯ … to n terms.

Find dy/dx, expressing your answer in 2 terms.

x ⋅ay yx dy
15. If y = ln⁡(x e ) find dx.

y 2
y (1⁡+⁡tan⁡ ) dy 1
16. If x = tan⁡ 2 − ln [ y
2
]. Show that dx = 2 siny(1 + siny + cosy).
tan⁡
2

APNI KAKSHA 9
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
2 a⁡−⁡b x d2 y b⁡sinx
17. If y = √a2 2
(tan−1 (√ tan⁡ 2)), then show that dx2 = (a⁡+⁡bcosx)2
⁡−⁡b a⁡+⁡b

18. If f: R → R is a function such that f(x) = x 3 + x 2 f ′ (1) + xf ′′ (2) + f ′′′ (3) for all x ∈ R, then prove
that f(2) = f(1) − f(0).

g(x), x≤0
19. Let g(x) be a polynomial, of degree one &⁡f(x) be defined by f(x) = [ 1⁡+⁡x 1/x
(2⁡+⁡x) , x>0

Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying f ′ (1) = f(−1)

20. Column-1 Column-II

1
ln(1 + x 3 ) ⋅ sin⁡ x , if x > 0
(A) f(x) = [ (P) continuous everywhere but not
0, if x ≤ 0

differentiable at x = 0

1
ln2 (1 + x) ⋅ sin x , if x > 0
(B) g(x) = [ (Q) differentiable at x = 0 but
0, if x ≤ 0

derivative is discontinuous at x = 0

sinx
ln (1 + ), if x > 0
(C) u(x) = [ 2 (R) differentiable and has
0, if x ≤ 0

Continuous derivative
2x 2
(D) ⁡v(x) = Limt→0 ⁡ tan−1 (t2) (S) continuous and differentiable
π

at 𝑥 = 0

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE-II

dy sina
1. If siny = x⁡sin(a + y), show that dx = 1−2x⁡cosa+x2.

2. Find a polynomial function f(x) such that f(2x) = f ′ (x)f ′′ (x).

cos3x dy 6
3. If y = arccos√cos3x then show that dx = √cos2x+cos4x , sinx > 0.

4. Let y = x⁡sinkx. Find the possible value of k for which the differential equation

d2 y
+ y = 2k⁡coskx holds true for all x ∈ R. true for all x ∈ R.
d2

5. Prove that if |a1 sinx + a2 sin2x + ⋯ … . +an sinnx| ≤ |sinx| for x ∈ R, then

|a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 + ⋯ … + nan | ≤ 1

6. The function f: R → R satisfies f(x 2 ) ⋅ f ′′ (x) = f ′ (x) ⋅ f ′ (x 2 ) for all real x. Given that f(1) = 1 and
f ′′′ (1) = 8, compute the value of f ′ (1) + f ′′ (1).

x d2 y dy
7.(a) Show that the substitution z = ln (tan 2) changes the equation dx2 + cotx dx + 4y⁡cosec 2 x = 0

to (d2 y/dz 2 ) + 4y = 0

(b) If the dependent variable y is changed to ' z ' by the substitution y = tan⁡ z then the differential
d2 y 2(1+y) dy 2 d2 z dz 2
equation =1+ (dx) is changed to dx2 = cos2 ⁡ z + k (dx) , then find the value of k.
dx 1+y2

sinx
8. Let f(x) = if x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 1. Define the function f ′ (x) for all x and find f ′′ (0) if it exist.
x

9. Suppose f and g are two functions such that f, g: R → R,

f(x) = ln⁡(1 + √1 + x 2 )⁡ and ⁡g(x) = ln⁡(x + √1 + x 2 )
′
1
then find the value of xe g(x)
(f ( )) + g ′ (x) at x = 1.
x

xex x≤0
10. Let f(x) = [ 2 3 then prove that
x+x −x x>0
(a) f is continuous and differentiable for all x.
(b) f ′ is continuous and differentiable for all x.
1
x 3 (1 − x)sin⁡ (x2) if 0 < x ≤ 1
11. f: [0,1] → R is defined as f(x) = [ , then prove that
0 if x = 0
(a) f is differentiable in [0,1] (b) f is bounded in [0,1] (c) f ′ is bounded in [0,1]

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(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
x+y f(x)+f(y)
12. Let f(x) be a derivable function at x = 0⁡&⁡f ( )= ⁡(k ∈ R, k ≠ 0,2). Show that f(x) is
k k

either a zero or an odd linear function.

f(x+y)−f(x) f(y)−a
13. Let = + xy for all real x and y. If f(x) is differentiable and f ′ (0) exists for all real
2 2

permissible values of ' a ' and is equal to √5a − 1 − a2 . Prove that f(x) is positive for all real x.

cos(x + x 2 ) sin(x + x 2 ) −cos(x + x 2 )

14. If f(x) = | sin(x − x 2 ) cos(x − x 2 ) sin(x − x 2 ) | then find f ′ (x).
sin2x 0 sin2x 2

15. If α be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f(x) = 0⁡&⁡A(x), B(x), C(x) be the polynomials of
A(x) B(x) C(x)
degree 3 , 4⁡&⁡5 respectively, then show that |A(α) B(α) C(α) | is divisible by f(x), where
A′ (α) B′ (α) C′ (α)
dash denotes the derivative.

16. If Y = sX and Z = tX, where all the letters denotes the functions of X and suffixes denotes the
differentiation w.r.t. x then prove that

X Y Z
s t1
X
| 1 Y1 Z1 | = X 3 | 1
s2 t2|
X2 Y2 Z2

x x2 ⋅⁡x x3 ⋅x2
17. If y = 1 + x−x1 + (x−x + (x−x +. . . . . . ..upto (n + 1) terms then prove that
1 1 )(x−x2 ) 1 )(x−x2 )(x−x3 )

dy y x1 x2 x3 xn
= [ + + + ⋯+ ]
dx x x1 − x x2 − x x3 − x xn − x

y
arcsin⁡
√x2+y2 d2 y 2(x2 +y2 )
18. If √x 2 + y 2 = e . Prove that dx2 = ,x > 0
(x−y)3

APNI KAKSHA 12
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE-III

1. If y = x − x 2 , then the derivative of y 2 w.r.t. x 2 is-

(A) 2x 2 + 3x − 1 (B) 2x 2 − 3x + 1 (C) 2x 2 + 3x + 1 (D)None of these

1+cos⁡ x dy
2. If y = log⁡ √(1−cos⁡ x), then the value of dx is-

(A) sec⁡ x (B) cosec⁡ x (C) −sec⁡ x (D) −cosec⁡ x

x dx
3. If y = (x+5), then dy equals-

5 5 1
(A) (1−y)2 (B) (1+y)2 (C) (1−y)2 (D) None of these

4. If y = e3x sin4x, then the value of dy/dx is-

4 4
(A) e3x sin (4x + tan−1 ⁡ 3) (B) e3x cos (4x + tan−1 ⁡ 3)
4 4
(C) 5e3x sin (4x + tan−1 ⁡ 3) (D) 5e3x cos (4x + tan−1 ⁡ 3)

1 1 d2 y
5. If x = t + t , y = t − t , then dx2 equals –

(A) −4t(t 2 − 1)−2 (B) −4t 3 (t 2 − 1)−3

(C) (t 2 + 1)(t 2 − 1)−1 (D) −4t 2 (t 2 − 1)−2

6. If ex + ey = ex+y , then dy/dx equals-

(A) ex−y (B) ey−x (C) −ex−y (D) −ey−x

dy
7. If y = x x + ax + x a , then dx at x = 1 equals-

(A) 1 + aloga (B) 1 + a + loga (C) a + alog(ea) (D) 1 + alog(ea)

8. If (cosx)y = (siny)x , then dy/dx equals-

logsiny⁡−⁡ytanx logsiny⁡+⁡ytanx logsiny⁡+⁡ytanx
(A) logcosx⁡+⁡xcoty (B) logcosx⁡−⁡xcoty (C) logcosx⁡+⁡xcoty (D) None of these

√x............∞
√x
√x
9. If y = √x , then the value of dy/dx is-

xy2 x2 y2 y2
(A) 2−ylog⁡ x (B) y(2−ylog⁡ x) (C) x(2−ylog⁡ x) (D) x(2+ylog⁡ x)

APNI KAKSHA 13
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
tanx..............∞ dy
10. If y = (tanx)tanx , then tanx (dx) equals-

y2 sec2 ⁡ x y2 sec2 ⁡ x ysec2 ⁡ x

(A) 1−ylog⁡ tan⁡ x (B) 1+ylog⁡ tan⁡ x (C) 1−ylog⁡ tan⁡ x (D) None of these

11. Let f, g and h are differentiable functions. If f(0) = 1; g(0) = 2; h(0) = 3 and the derivatives of
their pair wise products at x = 0 are
(fg)′ (0) = 6; (gh)′ (0) = 4 and (hf)′ (0) = 5

then compute the value of (fgh)'(0).

(A) 12 (B) 15 (C) 16 (D) 20
1 1 1
12. Let f(x) = x + 2x+ 2x+ 2x+ … … ∞. Compute the value of f(100) ⋅ f ′ (100).

(A) 1 (B) 10 (C) 50 (D) 100

13. Let f(x) = x 2 − 4x − 3, x > 2 and let g be the inverse of f. Find the value of g ′ where f(x) = 2.

(A) 0 (B) 1/6 (C) 6 (D) does not exist

14. If x = 2cost − cos2t⁡&⁡y = 2sint − sin2t, find the value of (d2 y/dx 2 ) when t = (π/2).

(A) −3/2 (B) 3/2 (C) −1/2 (D) 1/2

(x − a)4 (x − a)3 1 (x − a)4 (x − a)2 1

15. If f(x) = |(x − b)4 (x − b)3 1| then f ′ (x) = λ ⋅ |(x − b)4 (x − b)2 1|. Find the value of λ.
(x − c)4 (x − c)3 1 (x − c)4 (x − c)2 1

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4

APNI KAKSHA 14
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE-IV

dy
1. If y = log y x, then dx = [AIEEE 2002]

1 1 1 1
(A) x+logy (B) logx(1+y) (C) x(1+logy) (D) y+logx

dy
2. If x = 3cosθ − 2cos3 θ and y = 3sinθ − 2sin3 θ, then dx [AIEEE 2002]

(A) sinθ (B) cosθ (C) tanθ (D) cotθ

n
3. If y = (x + √1 + x 2 ) then (1 + x 2 )y2 + xy1 = [AIEEE 2002]

(A) ny 2 (B) n2 y (C) n2 y 2 (D) None of these

f′ (1) f′′ (1) f′′′ (1) (−1)n fn (1)
4. If f(x) = x n , then the value of f(1) − + − + ⋯…+ is: [AIEEE 2003]
1! 2! 3! n!

(A) 1 (B) 2n (C) 2n−1 (D) 0

5. Let f(x) = ax 2 + bx + c be a polynomial function of second degree. If f(1) = f(−1) and a, b, c are
in A.P., then f ′ (a), f ′ (b) and f ′ (c) are in: [AIEEE 2003]
(A) A.P. (B) G.P. (C) H.P. (D) None of these
y+.........to⁡∞ dy
6. If x = ey+e , x > 0, then dx is: [AIEEE 2004]

x 1 1−x 1⁡+⁡x
(A) 1⁡+⁡x (B) x (C) (D)
x x

dy
7. If x m ⋅ y n = (x + y)m⁡+⁡n , then dx is: [AIEEE 2007]

x⁡+⁡y x y
(A) (B) xy (C) (D)
xy y x

8. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by x 2x − 2x x coty − 1 = 0. Then y ′ (1) equals

(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) log 2 (D) − log 2 [AIEEE 2009]

9. Let f: (−1,1) → R be a differentiable function with f(0) = −1 and f ′ (0) = 1. Let

g(x) = [f(2f(x) + 2)]2 . Then g ′ (0) = [AIEEE 2010]

(A) -2 (B) 4 (C) -4 (D) 0

d2 x
10. equals : [AIEEE 2011]
dy2

−1 −1
d2 y d2 y dy −3 d2 y dy −2 d2 y dy −3
(A) (dx2 ) (B) − (dx2 ) (dx) (C) (dx2 ) (dx) (D) − (dx2 ) (dx)

APNI KAKSHA 15
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1
11. If g is the inverse of a function f and f ′ (x) = 1⁡+⁡x5, then g ′ (x) is equal to [IIT Main-2014]

1
(A) 1 + {g(x)}5 (B) 1 + x 5 (C) 5x 4 (D) 1⁡+⁡{g(x)}5

12. The normal to the curve, x 2 + 2xy − 3y 2 = 0, at (1,1) : [IIT Main-2015]

(A) meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant

(B) does not meet the curve again
(C) meets the curve again in the second quadrant
(D) meets the curve again in the third quadrant

13. For x ∈ R, f(x) = |log2 − sinx| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then : [IIT Main-2016]
(A) g is not differentiable at x = 0
(B) g ′ (0) = cos(log2)
(C) g ′ (0) = −cos(log2)
(D) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g ′ (0) = −sin(log2)

1 6x√x
14. If for x ∈ (0, ), the derivative of tan−1 ⁡ ( ) is √x ⋅ g(x), then g(x) equals: [IIT Main-2017]
4 1−9x3

3x 3 9 3x√x
(A) 1−9x3 (B) 1+9x3 (C) 1+9x3 (D) 1−9x3

d2 y
15. If x 2 + y 2 + siny = 4, then the value of dx2 at the point (−2, 0) is : [IIT Main-2018]

(A) –34 (B) –32 (C) 4 (D) –2

APNI KAKSHA 16
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE-V

x2 ⁡−⁡x
1. If f(x) = x2⁡+⁡2x, then find the domain and the range of f. Show that f is one-one. Also find the
df−1 (x)
function and its domain. [REE '99, 6]
dx

2.(a) If x 2 + y 2 = 1, then : [JEE 2000, Screening, 1 out of 35]

(A) yy ′′ − 2(y ′ )2 + 1 = 0 (B) yy ′′ + (y ′ )2 + 1 = 0
(C) yy ′′ − (y ′ )2 − 1 = 0 (D) yy ′′ + 2(y ′ )2 + 1 = 0

(b) Suppose p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 +. . . . . . +an x n . If |p(x)| ≤ |ex−1 − 1| for all x ≥ 0 prove that

∣ a1 +2a2 + ⋯ . . +nan ∣≤ 1 [JEE 2000 (Mains) 5 out of 100]

3.(a) If ln⁡(x + y) = 2xy, then y ′ (0) = [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
x+c 1
bsin−1 ( ), −2 < x < 0
2
1
(b) f(x) = at x = 0 .
2
eax/2 −1 1
{ , 0<x<2
x

If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and |c| < 1/2 then find the value of ' a ' and prove that

64b2 = 4 − c 2 . [JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]

4.(a) If y = y(x) and it follows the relation x cos y + y⁡cosx = π , then y ′′ (0)

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) π (D) −π

(b) If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to 2 and S is the set of all such polynomials
so that P(1) = 1, P(0) = 0 and P ′ (x) > 0⁡∀⁡x ∈ [0,1], then
(A) S = ϕ (B) S = {(1 − a)x 2 + ax, 0 < a < 2}
(C) (1 − a)x 2 + ax, a ∈ (0, ∞) (D) S = {(1 − a)x 2 + ax, 0 < a < 1}

(c) If f(x) is a continuous and differentiable function and f(1/n) = 0, ∀⁡n ≥ 1 and n ∈ I, then
(A) f(x) = 0, x ∈ (0,1] (B) f(0) = 0, f ′ (0) = 0 [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(C) f ′ (x) = 0 = f ′′ (x), x ∈ (0,1] (D) f(0) = 0 and f ′ (0) need not to be zero

(d) If f(x − y) = f(x) ⋅ g(y) − f(y) ⋅ g(x) and g(x − y) = g(x) ⋅ g(y) + f(x) ⋅ f(y) for all x, y ∈ R.
If right hand derivative at x = 0 exists for f(x). Find derivative of g(x) at x = 0.

[JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]

APNI KAKSHA 17
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1
5. For x > 0, Limx→0 ((sinx)x + (1/x)sin x ) is [JEE 2006, 3]

(A) 0 (B) -1 (C) 1 (D) 2

d2 x
6. equals [JEE 2007, 3]
dy2
−1 −1
d2 y d2 y dy −3 d2 y dy −2 d2 y dy −3
(A) (dx2 ) (B) − (dx2 ) (dx) (C) (dx2 ) (dx) (D) − (dx2 ) (dx)

7.(a) Let g(x) = lnf(x) where f(x) is a twice differentiable positive function on (0, ∞) such that

f(x + 1) = xf(x). Then for N = 1, 2, 3

1 1
g ′′ (N + ) − g ′′ ( ) =
2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) −4 {1 + 9 + 25 + ⋯ . + (2 N⁡−⁡1)2} (B) 4 {1 + 9 + 25 + ⋯ … + (2N−1)2}
1 1 1 1 1 1
(C) −4 {1 + 9 + 25 + ⋯ . + (2 N⁡+⁡1)2} (D) 4 {1 + 9 + 25 + ⋯ . + (2N⁡+⁡1)2 }

(b) Let f and g be real valued functions defined on interval (−1, 1) such that g " (x) is continuous,
g(0) ≠ 0, g ′ (0) = 0, g ′′ (0) ≠ 0, and f(x) = g(x)sin⁡ x [JEE 2008, 3+3]

STATEMENT-1: Limx→0 ⁡[g(x)cotx − g(0)cosecx] = f"(0)

and

STATEMENT-2 : f ′ (0) = g(0)

(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for

statement-1

(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
statement-1

(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False

(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True

8. If the function f(x) = x 3 + ex/2 and g(x) = f −1 (x), then the value of g ′ (1) is. [JEE 2009]

APNI KAKSHA 18
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
b−x
9. Let f: (0,1) → R be defined by f(x) = 1−bx, where b is a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then

1
(A) f is not invertible on (0, 1) (B) f ≠ f −1 on (0,1) and f ′ (b) = f′ (0) [JEE 2011]
1
(C) f = f −1 on (0, 1) and f ′ (b) = f′ (0) (D) f −1 is differentiable on (0, 1)

sin θ π π d
10. Let f(θ) = sin (tan−1 ( )), where − 4 < θ < 4 . Then the value of d(tan θ) (f(θ)) is
√cos 2θ

[JEE 2011]

11. The number of points in (−∞, ∞), for which x 2 − x⁡sin⁡ x − cos⁡ x = 0, is : [JEE Advance 2013]

(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 0

12. Let f(x) = xsinπx⁡, x > 0. Then for all natural numbers n, f ′ (x) vanishes at [JEE Advance 2013]
1
(A) a unique point in the interval (n, n + 2)
1
(B) a unique point in the interval (n + 2 , n + 1)

(C) a unique point in the interval (n, n + 1)

(D) two points in the interval (n, n + 1)

13. The slope of the tangent to the curve (y − x 5 )2 = x(1 + x 2 )2 at the point (1,3) is

[JEE Advance-2014]

14. Let f, g: [−1, 2] → R be continuous functions which are twice differentiable on the interval

(−1, 2). Let the values of f and g at the points −1, 0 and 2 be as given in the following table:

x = −1 x=0 x=2 [JEE Advanced-2015]

f(x) 3 6 0

g(x) 0 1 -1

In each of the intervals (−1, 0) and (0, 2) the function (f − 3g) " never vanishes. Then the
correct statement(s) is(are)
(A) f ′ (x) − 3g(x) = 0 has exactly three solutions in (−1, 0) ∪ (0, 2)
(B) f ′ (x) − 3g ′ (x) = 0 has exactly one solution in (−1, 0)
(C) f ′ (x) − 3g ′ (x) = 0 has exactly one solution in (0, 2)
(D) f ′ (x) − 3g ′ (x) = 0 has exactly two solutions in (−1, 0) and exactly two solutions in (0, 2)

APNI KAKSHA 19
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
Answer the following by appropriately matching the lists based on the information given
in the paragraph (Q.15 to Q.16) [IIT Advanced 2019]

Let f(x) = sin⁡(πcosx) and g(x) = cos(2π sin x) be two functions defined for x > 0. Define the
following sets whose elements are written in the increasing order :

X = {x ∶ f(x) = 0}, Y = {x ∶ f ′ (x) = 0},

Z = {x ∶ g(x) = 0}, W = {x ∶ g ′ (x) = 0}.

List-I contains the sets X, Y, Z and W. List-II contains some information regarding these sets.

List-I List-II
π 3π
(I) X (P) ⊇ {2 , , 4π, 7π}
2

(II) Y (Q) An arithmetic progression

(III) Z (R) NOT an arithmetic progression
π 7π 13π
(IV) W (S) ⊇{ , , }
6 6 6

π 2π
(T) ⊇ {3 , , π}
3
π 3π
(U) ⊇ {6 , }
4

15. Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination?

(A) (II), (Q), (T) (B) (I), (P), (R) (C) (I), (Q), (U) (D) (II), (R), (S)

16. Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination?

(A) (III), (P), (Q), (U) (B) (IV), (P), (R), (S) (C) (III), (R), (U) (D) (IV), (Q), (T)

17. For a polynomial g(x) with real coefficients, let mg denote the number of distinct real roots of
g(x). Suppose S is the set of polynomials with real coefficients defined by

S = {(x 2 − 1)2 (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 ): a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 ∈ R}

For a polynomial f, let f ' and f " denote its first and second order derivatives, respectively. Then
the minimum possible value of (m𝑓′ + m𝑓′′ ) where f ∈ S, is [IIT Advanced 2020]

APNI KAKSHA 20
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
ANSWER KEY

PROFICIENCY TEST-01

1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. B

8. C 9. C 10. B

PROFICIENCY TEST-02

1. D 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. A

8. D 9. C 10. B

PROFICIENCY TEST-03

5 1 1 1
1. 2. 3. − 4. 1 5. −
6 6 3 2

6. a = 120; b = 60; c = 180 7. 2 8. −2/5

9. f(0) = 1; differentiable at x = 0, f ′ (0+ ) = −(1/3); f ′ (0− ) = −(1/3)

3
10. -6 11. a = 6, b = 6, c = 0; 40 12. 1000

13. n = 11 14. f is cont. but not derivable at x = 0

15. n=4

EXERCISE-I

ln⁡(cosx) 1
1. (a) ⁡Dy = (cosx)lnx [ − tanx⁡lnx] + (lnx)x [lnx + ln(lnx)];
x
dy ex x ex xe e ex x 1
(b) ⁡ dx = ex ⋅ x e [ x + ex lnx] + ex x e−1 x x [1 + elnx] + x e ee [x + ex lnx]

1+√1−x4 32 8
6. 7. −
x6 16+π2 ln2

1 1 2x 16√3 1 1
10. (a) (− , ) , (−∞, ∞); (b) f(x) = ; (c) 12. or −
2 2 √1−4x2 9 2 2

1−2x 1 1 y xlnx+xlnx⋅lny+1
13. 14. − 15. ⋅
2√1−x2 1+(x+n)2 1+x2 x lnx(1−x−ylna)

2 1 3
− [ + ln ] x if x ≤ 0
3 6 2
19. f(x) = [ 20. (A) R, S; (B) Q, S; (C) P; (D) R, S
1+x 1/x
−( ) if x > 0
2+x

APNI KAKSHA 21
(MATHEMATICS) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE-II

4x3
2. 4. k = 1, −1 or 0 6. 6 7. (b) k = 2
9

xcosx−sinx
′ if x ≠ 0 1
8. f (x) = [ x2 ; f ′′ (0) = − 9. zero
3
0 if x = 0
14. 2(1 + 2x) ⋅ cos2(x + x 2 )

EXERCISE-III

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. D

8. B 9. C 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. B 14. A

15. C

EXERCISE-IV

1. C 2. D 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. D

8. A 9. C 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. B 14. C

15. A

EXERCISE-V

d 3
1. Domain of f(x) = R − {−2,0}; Range of f(x) = R − {−1/2,1}; [f −1 (x)] =
dx (1−x)2

Domain of f −1 (x) = R − {−1/2,1}

2. (a) B 3. (a) A; (b) a = 1 4. (a) C; (b) B; (c) B, (d) g ′ (0) = 0

5. ⁡C⁡ 6. D 7. (a) A, (b) A 8. 2 9. A⁡ 10. 1

11. C 12. BC 13. 8 14. B, C 15. A 16. B

17. 5.00

APNI KAKSHA 22