Differentiation 19

Differentiation
Introduction
The rate of change of one quantity with respect to some another quantity has a great importance.
The rate of change of a quantity ‘y’ with respect to another quantity ‘x’ is called the derivative or differential
coefficient of y with respect to x.

Some standard differentiation

d n
(1) Differentiation of algebraic functions : x = nx n -1
dx
In particular
d
(i) [ f ( x)]n = n [ f ( x)] n -1 f ¢( x)
dx
d 1
(ii) ( x) =
dx 2 x
d æ 1 ö n
(iii) ç n ÷ = - n +1
dx è x ø x
(2) Differentiation of trigonometric functions :
d
(i) sin x = cos x
dx
d
(ii) cos x = - sin x
dx
d
(iii) tan x = sec 2 x
dx
d
(iv) sec x = sec x tan x
dx
d
(v) cosec x = -cosec x cot x
dx
d
(vi) cot x = -cosec 2 x
dx
(3) Differentiation of logarithmic and exponential functions :
d 1
(i) log x = , for x > 0
dx x
d x
(ii) e = ex
dx
d x
(iii) a = a x log a , for a > 0
dx
d 1
(iv) log a x = , for x > 0, a> 0, a ¹ 1
dx x log a
 Differentiation 20
(4) Suitable substitutions
Table :

Function Substitution Function Substitution

x = a sin q x = a tan q
a2 - x2 or a cos q x2 + a2 or a cot q

x = a secq a-x
x2 - a2 x = a cos 2q
or a cos ecq a+x

a 2 - x2
x 2 = a 2 cos 2q ax - x 2 x = a sin 2 q
a2 + x2
x x
x = a tan 2 q x = a sin 2 q
a+x a-x
x = a sec2 q x = a cos 2 q
( x - a)( x - b) f xy = f yx
-b tan 2 q +b sin 2 q

Theorems for differentiation

Let f ( x ), g ( x ) and u ( x) be differentiable functions
(1) If at all points of a certain interval, f ¢( x ) = 0, then the function f ( x ) has a constant value within this
interval.

(2) Chain rule

(i) Case I : If y is a function of u and u is a function of x, then derivative of y with respect to x is
dy dy du dy du
= or y = f (u ) Þ = f '(u ) .
dx du dx dx dx
(ii) Case II : If y and x both are expressed in terms of t, y and x both are differentiable with respect
dy dy / dt
to t, then = .
dx dx / dt
d d d
(3) Sum and difference rule: Using linear property ( f ( x ) ± g ( x )) = ( f ( x )) ± ( g ( x ))
dx dx dx
(4) Product rule
d d d
(i) ( f ( x ).g ( x )) = f ( x) g ( x ) + g ( x ) f ( x)
dx dx dx
(ii) c Î (a, b)
d d
(5) Scalar multiple rule : ( k f ( x )) = k f ( x)
dx dx
d d
g ( x) ( f ( x)) - f ( x) ( g ( x))
d æ f ( x) ö dx dx
(6) Quotient rule : ç ÷= 2
, Provided g ( x ) ¹ 0 .
dx è g ( x) ø ( g ( x))

Methods of differentiation

(1) Differentiation of implicit functions :

If y is expressed entirely in terms of x, then we say that y is an explicit function of x. For example y =
sin x, y = ex, y = x2 + x + 1 etc. If y is related to x but cannot be conveniently expressed in the form of
y = f ( x ) but can be expressed in the form f ( x, y ) = 0 , then we say that y is an implicit function of x.
 Differentiation 21

Working Rule 1:
(a) Differentiate each term of f ( x, y ) = 0 with respect to x.
(b) Collect the terms containing dy / dx on one side and the terms not involving dy/dx on the other side.
(c) Express dy/dx as a function of x or y or both.
· In case of implicit differentiation, dy/dx may contain both x and y.
·
Working Rule 2:
æ ¶f ö
ç ÷ ¶f
dy ¶x
If f(x, y)=constant, then = - è ø , where f ( x ) and are partial differential coefficients of f ( x, y )
dx æ ¶f ö ¶y
ç ¶y ÷
è ø
with respect to x and y respectively.

(2) Logarithmic differentiation :

If differentiation of an expression or an equation is done after taking log on
both sides, then it is called logarithmic differentiation. This method is useful for the function having
following forms
(i) y = [ f ( x)]g ( x )
f ( x). f 2 ( x ).........
(ii) y = 1 where gi ( x) ¹ 0 (where i = 1, 2, 3,.....), fi(x) and gi(x) both are differentiable.
g1 ( x ).g 2 ( x )........
(i) Case I :
y = [ f ( x]g ( x ) where f ( x ) and g ( x ) are functions of x. To find the derivative of this type of functions
we proceed as follows: Let y = [ f ( x)]g ( x ) . Taking logarithm of both the sides, we have ] a, b[, f (x) and
then we differentiate w.r.t. x.
(ii) Case II :
f ( x ). f 2 ( x)
y= 1
g1 ( x ).g 2 ( x )
Taking logarithm of both the sides, we have
log y = log[ f1 ( x)] + log[ f 2 ( x)] - log[ g1 ( x)] - log[ g 2 ( x)] and differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 dy f1¢( x ) f 2¢( x) g1¢( x ) g 2¢ ( x )
= + - -
y dx f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x) g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x )

(3) Differentiation of parametric functions :

Sometimes x and y are given as functions of a single variable, e.g., x = f(t), y = y (t ) are two functions and
t is a variable. In such a case x and y are called parametric functions or parametric equations and t is called the
dy dy dy / dt
parameter. To find in case of parametric functions, = .
dx dx dx / dt
(4) Differentiation of infinite series :
If y is given in the form of infinite series of x and we have to find out ] a, b[, , then we remove one or more
terms, it does not affect the series.
(i) If y = f ( x) + f ( x) + f ( x) + ....¥ ,
dy dy dy f ¢( x)
then y = f ( x) + y Þ y 2 = f ( x ) + y Þ 2 y = f ¢( x ) + ; \ = .
dx dx dx 2 y - 1
f ( x )..... ¥
(ii) If y = f ( x) f ( x ) f ( x ) then y = f ( x ) y
 Differentiation 22
1 dy y. f ¢( x) dy
\ log y = y log f ( x ) ; = + log f ( x).
y dx f ( x) dx
dy y 2 f ¢( x)
\ =
dx f ( x)[1 - y log f ( x)]
dy yf ¢( x)
(iii)If gof ( x ) then = .
dx 2 y - f ( x)
(5) Differentiation of composite function :
Suppose a function is given in form of fog ( x) or f [ g ( x )] .
Working Rule: Differentiate applying chain rule,
d
f [ g ( x )] = f '[ g ( x )].g '( x)
dx

Differentiation of a function with respect to another function

In this section we will discuss derivative of a function with respect to another function. Let u = f ( x )
du
and v = g ( x) be two functions of x. Then, to find the derivative of f ( x ) w.r.t. g ( x ) i.e., to find we
dv
du du / dx
use the following formula = .
dv dv / dx

Successive differentiation or higher order derivatives

(1) Definition and notation :

dy
If y is a function of x and is differentiable with respect to x, then its derivative can be found which
dx
dy
is known as derivative of first order. If the first derivative is also a differentiable function, then it
dx
can be further differentiated with respect to x and this derivative is denoted by d 2 y / dx 2 , which is called
d2y
the second derivative of y with respect to x. Further if is also differentiable then its derivative is
dx 2
d3y th dny
called third derivative of y which is denoted by . Similarly n derivative of y is denoted by .
dx3 dx n
All these derivatives are called as successive derivatives and this process is known as successive
differentiation. We also use the following symbols for the successive derivatives of g ( x ) :
y1 , y2 , y3, ........., yn ,...... y¢, y¢¢, y¢¢¢........., y n ,......
d
Dy, D 2 y, D3 y........., D n y,...... , (where D = )
dx
dy d 2 y d 3 y dny
, , ,....... ,...........
dx dx 2 dx3 dx n
f ¢( x), f ¢¢( x), f ¢¢¢( x),........., f n ( x),......
æ dny ö
If y = f ( x ) , then the value of the n order derivative at x = a is usually denoted by ç n ÷
th
or
è dx ø x = a
( yn ) x = a or ( y n ) x = a or f n (a )
 Differentiation 23
Properties of logarithms

Let m and n be arbitrary positive numbers such that a > 0, a ¹ 1, b > 0, b ¹ 1 then
(1) log a a = 1, log a 1 = 0
1
(2) log a b.log b a = 1 Þ log a b =
log b a
log b a
(3) log c a = log b a. log c b or log c a =
log b c
(4) log a (mn) = log a m + log a n
æmö
(5) log a ç ÷ = log a m - log a n
ènø
(6) log a m n = n log a m (7) a log a m = m
æ1ö 1
(8) log a ç ÷ = - log a n (9) log a b n = log a n
ènø b
a
(10) log a b na = log a n , ( b ¹ 0)
b
(11) a logc = b logc , ( a, b, c > 0 and c ¹ 1)
b a
 Differentiation 24

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

1. ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

1
2. x 2 + sin x +
x2

x3 5
3. -2 x + 2
3 x

4. x4 – 2 sin x + 3 cos x

5. 2 sec x + 3 cot x – 4 tan x

ax 2 + bx + c
6.
x

(x 3 + 1) (x - 2)
7.
x2

a cos x + b sin x + c
8.
sin x
2
æ 1 ö
9. ç x + ÷
è xø

m+n n +r r +m
æ xm ö æ xn ö æ xr ö
10. ç n ÷ .ç r ÷ .ç m ÷
èx ø èx ø èx ø

æ 1 öæ 1 ö
11. ç x + ÷ç x + ÷
è x øè xø

12. x-4(3 – 4x-5)

3
æ 1 ö
13. ç x 2 + 2 ÷
è x ø

x 2 tan x + 1
14.
tan x

1
15. 3 tan x + 5 loga x + x – 3 ex + .
x

1 4
16. + 2x + 3 +
sin x log x 3

æ 1 ö -3
÷ + 5x - 3a + x + 6 x
a x 3 2 4
17. log ç
è x ø
 Differentiation 25
18. log3 x + 3 loge x + 2 tan x

19. ex log a + ea log x + ea log a

20. sin(x + a)

cos (x - 2)
21.
sin x

1 + cos 2x
22.
1 - cos 2x

1 1 1
23. n -m p -m
+ m -n p -n
+ m -p
1+ x +x 1+ x +x 1+ x + xn -p

24. a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 +…+ an – 1x + an.

25. If f(x) = mx + c and f(0) = f'(0) = 1. What is f(2)?

2
æ x xö æpö
26. If f(x) = ç sin + cos ÷ , find f'(x). Also find f ' ç ÷
è 2 2ø è 4ø

2x 9 5 7 dy
27. If y = - x + 6x 3 - x, find at x = 1.
3 7 dx

æ 2 - 3cos x ö dy p
28. If y = ç ÷ , find at x = .
è sin x ø dx 6

f '(1)
29. If f(x) = a, xn, prove that a =
n

30. If for f(x) = lx2 + mx + 12, f'(4) = 15 and f'(2) = 11, then find land m.

2
æ dy ö
31. If y= a sin x + b cos x, show that y 2 + ç ÷ = a2 + b2 .
è dx ø

32. If f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + …. + x50, then find f'(1)

x100 x 99 x2
33. For the function f (x) = + + ... + + x + 1. Prove that f'(1) = 100 f'(0).
100 99 2

dy
34. If y = tan x – cot x, prove that = sec2 x cosec2 x.
dx

dy
35. If y= cosec x + cot x, prove that + y cosec x = 0
dx

x x 2 x3 dy
36. If y = 1 + + + + ..., show that = y.
1! 2! 3! dx

x x2 x3 xn dy xn
37. If y = 1 + + + + ... + , show that -y+ = 0.
1! 2! 3! n! dx n!
 Differentiation 26
1 dy
38. If y = x + , prove that x 2 - xy + 2 = 0
x dx

1 dy
39. If y = x + , show that 2x +y=2 x
x dx

x a dy æ x a ö
40. If y = + , prove that 2xy =ç - ÷
a x dx è a x ø

ANSWERS KEY
2
1. 3ax + 2bx + c 4
2 16. – cosec x cot x + 2x +3 log 2 +
2. 2x + cos x - 2 x log 3
x 1 2 9
3. x – x – 10 x–3
2 –1/2 17. - + 5ax a -1 - 3a x log a + x -1/ 3 - x -7 / 4
2x 3 2
4. 4x3 – 2cos x – 3sin x.
1 3
5. 2 sec x tan x – 3 cosec2 x – 4 sec2 x 18. + + 2sec2 x
3a 1/ 2 b -1/ 2 c -3/ 2 x log3 x
6. x + x - x 19. ax log a + axa–1
2 2 2
1 4 20. cos (x + a)
7. 2x - 2 - 2 + 3 21. sec2x cos a
x x
2 22. – cosec2 x
8. – a cosec x – c cosec x cot x.
23. 0
1
9. 1- 2 24. na0xn–1 + (n – 1)a1xn-2 +…+ an – 1
x 25. 3
10. 0 1
3 1 1 3 26.
11. x1/ 2 + x -1/ 2 - x -3/ 2 - x -5 / 2 2
2 2 2 2 27. 18
12 36
12. - + 28. 6-2 2
x 5 x10 29. P.T
6 6
13. 6x 5 + 6x - 3
- 7 30. l = 1, m = 7
x x 31. P.T
14. 2x – cosec2 x 32. 1275
5 1
15. 3sec x +
2
+ x -1/ 2 - 3ex + (-1)x -2
x log e a 2
 Differentiation 27

TYPE I. Problems based on d.c. of product of two or more functions.

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
1. x sin x

2. x3 ex

3. xnloga x

4. (x + 1)3(2x + 1)5

5. (x3 + x2 + 1) sin x

6. ex sin x + xncos x

7. (x + sec x) (x – tan x)

8. (ax2 + sin x) (p + q cos x)

9. (x sin x + cos x) (ex + x2 log x)

10. (x sin x + cos x)(x cos x - sin x)

11. x + sin x log x

12. xnlogax ex

13. x3 ex sin x

x
14. e log x tan x

15. (x + 1)(3x2 + 2)(5x3 + 3)

16. logx2 x

p
x 2 cos
4
17. sin x

TYPE II. Problems based on d.c. of quotient of two functions

ex
1.
1 + sin x

x
2.
1 + tan x

1
3.
ax + bx + c
2

ex
4.
1+ x2
 Differentiation 28
x + sin x
5.
x + cos x

10x
6.
sin x

sec x - 1
7.
sec x + 1

2x + 3
8.
x2 - 5

x2 +1
9.
x +1

x + ex
10.
1 + log x

e x - tan x
11.
cot x - x n

ax 2 + bx + c
12.
px 2 + qx + r

a+ x
13.
a- x

1 + 3x
14.
1 - 3x

1 + log x
15.
1 - log x

x tan x
16.
sec x + tan x

sin x - x cos x
17.
x sin x + cos x

2x cot x
18.
x

x2
19. x 2 sec x +
1 + sin x

x dy
20. If y = , prove that x = y (1 - y )
x+a dx
 Differentiation 29
ANSWERS KEY
TYPE I.

1. x cos x + sin x 11. sin x log x + x cos x.log x + sin x

2. x2 ex (3 + x) ì 1 ü
æ 1 ö 12. e x x n -1 í n log a x + + x log a x ý
3. x n -1 ç n log a x + ÷ î log e a þ
è log a ø
13. x e (3sin x + x sin x + x cos x)
2 x
4. (x + 1)2 (2x + 1)4 (16x + 13)
1 xì tan x ü
5. (x3 + x2 + 1) cos x + (3x2 + 2x) sin x 14. e ílog x.tan x + + log x.sec2 x ý
6. e x cos x + sin x.e x - x n sin x + nx n -1 cos x 2 î x þ
15. 0
7. (1 + sec x tan x)(x - tan x) + (x + sec x)(1 - sec2 x)
æ 2x x 2 cos x ö p
8. (2ax + cos x)(p + q cos x) - (ax 2 + sin x)q sin x 16. ç - ÷ cos
è sin x sin x ø 4
9. x[x cos 2x - sin 2x]
17. (x + 1)(3x + 2).15x + (3x + 2)(5x + 3) + (x + 1)(5x + 3)6x
2 2 2 3 3
10. x cos x {ex + x2 log x} + (x sin x + cos x) (ex + x + 2
x log x)
TYPE II.

e x (1 + sin x - cos x) 11. (cot x - x )(e - sec x) + (e -n tan

n x 2 x
x)(cos ec 2 x + nx n -1 )
1. (cot x - x )
2
(1 + sin x) 2
1 + tan x - x sec 2 x (aq - bp)x 2 + 2(ar - cp)x + br - cq
2. 12.
(1 + tan x) 2 (px 2 + qx + r) 2
-(2ax + b) a
3. 13.
(ax 2 + bx + c) 2 x ( a - x )2
e x (1 - x)2 2.3x log 3
4. 14.
(1 + x 2 ) 2 (1 - 3x ) 2
cos x - sin x + x(cos x + sin x) + 1 2
5. 15.
(x + cos x) 2 x(1 - log x)2
6. 10x cosec x [log 10 – cot x] x sec x(sec x - tan x) + tan x
16.
2sec x tan x (sec x + tan x)
7.
(sec x + 1) 2 x2
17.
-2(x 2 + 3x + 5) (x sin x + cos x) 2
8.
(x 2 - 5) 2 é æ1ö ù
2x ê - x cos ec 2 x + x cot x.log 2 - ç ÷ cot x ú
x + 2x - 1
2
ë è2ø û
9. 18.
(x + 1) 2 x 3/ 2

x log x.(1 + e x ) - e x (1 - x) x 2 sec x tan x + 2x sec x + 2x(1 + sin x) - x 2 cos x

10. (1 + sin x)2
x(1 + log x)2 19.
 Differentiation 30

Differentiate each of the following by first principle:

1
1.
x
3
2. x – 27
x 2 -1
3.
x
x+2
4.
3x + 5
5. ax + b
x
6.
3- x
2x
7. e
2
x
8. 3
9. x ex
10. sin2 x
11. sin x
12. cos x
13. x cos x
14. tan (2x + 1)
æ pö
15. cos ç x - ÷
è 8ø
sin x
16.
x
ANSWERS KEY
1 8.
2
2x 3x log 3
1. - x -3/ 2
2 9. (x + 1) ex
2. 3x2 10. sin 2x
1 cos x
3. 1 + 2 11.
x 2 sin x
-1
4. sin x
(3x + 5) 2 12. -
2 x
a
5. 13. cos x -x sin x
2 ax + b
14. 2 sec2 (2x + 1)
1
6. æ pö
2(3 - x)3/ 2 15. - sin ç x - ÷
2x
è 8ø
e x cos x - sin x
7.
2x x2
16.
 Differentiation 31

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

1. sin(3x + 5)
2. tan 2 x
3. tan(x o + 45o )
4. sin(log x)
5. esin x
6. e tan x
7. sin 2 (2x + 1)
8. log 7 (2x - 3)
9. tan 5x o
3
10. 2 x
x
11. 3e
12. log x 3
2
+2 x
13. 3x
a2 - x2
14.
a2 + x2
15. 3x log x
1 + sin x
16.
1 - sin x
1- x2
17.
1+ x2
18. (log sin x) 2
1+ x
19.
1- x
æ 1+ x2 ö
20. sin ç 2 ÷
è 1- x ø
21. e2x cos 2x
22. sin(log sin x)
e 2x + e -2x
23.
e 2 x - e -2x
æ x2 + x +1 ö
24. log ç 2 ÷
è x - x +1 ø
2x cos x
25.
(x 2 + 3)2
26. x sin 2x + 5x + k k + (tan 2 x)3

{
27. log x + 2 + x 2 + 4x + 1 }
28. log(cos x 2 )
29. cos(log x) 2
 Differentiation 32
x -1
30. log
x +1
dy 1
31. If y = x + 1 + x - 1, prove that x2 -1 = y
dx 2
x dy
32. If y = , prove that x = (1 - y)y
x+2 dx
1 dy 1
33. If y = x + , prove that 2x = x-
x dx x
-x
e -e
x
dy
34. If y = x -x
, prove that = 1 - y2
e +e dx
1 + tan x dy
35. If y = log , prove that = sec 2x .
1 - tan x dx

ANSWERS KEY
1. 3cos(3x + 5) -2x
17.
2
2. 2 tan x sec x 1 - x (1 + x 2 )3/ 2
2

p 18. 2(log sin x) cot x

3. sec 2 (x o + 45o )
180 1
19.
1 1 + x (1 - x)3/ 2
4. cos(log x)
x
æ 1+ x2 ö 4x
cos xesin x 20. cos ç 2 ÷
.
è 1 - x ø (1 - x )
2 2
5.
2 x
21. e3x (3cos 2x - 2sin 2x)
6. e .sec2 x
tan x

22. cos(log sin x).cot x

7. 2sin(4x + 2)
-8
2 23.
8. (e - e -2x ) 2
2x
(2x - 3) log e 7
5p 2(x 2 - 1)
9. sec 2 (5x o ) 24. -
180 x4 + x2 +1
3 2x ì 4x cos x ü
10. 3x 2 .2 x log 2 25. 2 í
cos x.log e 2 - sin x - 2 ý
x (x + 3) î
2
x +3 þ
11. 3e log 3.e x
26. sin 2x + 2x cos 2x + 5x log 5 + 6 tan 5 x sec 2 x
1
12. - 1
x log e 3(log 3 x) 2 27.
2
+ 2x
x + 4x + 1
2

13. (3x log 3).(2x + 2)

28. -2x tan x
2

-2a x 2
14. -2 log x sin(log x) 2
29.
a 2 - x 2 (a 2 + x 2 )3/2 x
15. 3x log x.log 3.(1 + log x) 1
30. x - 1
2
16. sec x(tan x + sec x)
 Differentiation 33

TYPE I. Problems based on derivative of a function or derivative of composite function.

1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

a) log 7 (log 7 x)

ìï æ x 2 ö üï
log ísin ç - 1÷ ý
b) îï è 3 ø ïþ

c) log( x + a 2 + x 2 ) [CBSE 2003]

tan( xo + 45o )
d)

e) log10x + logx10 + logx x + log10 10

dy ny
2. If 2 y = [ x + x + a ] , then prove that dx = x 2 + a 2 .
2 2 n

dy 1
3. If y = x + 1 + x - 1, prove that x2 - 1 = y
dx 2

dy -1
4. If y = log x - 1 - x + 1 , show that dx = 2 x 2 - 1

-1 -1 dy
5. If y = x sin x + 1 - x ¸prove that dx = sin x
2

x dy
6. If y = x + 2 , prove that x dx = (1 - y ) y

æ dy ö
7. If xy = 4, prove that x çè dx + y ÷ø = 3 y
2

æ 1 ö dy x -1
8. If y = log çè x + x ÷ø , prove that dx = 2 x ( x + 1)

dy
9. If y = x + a ¸prove that y dx - x = 0
2 2

dy
10. If y = a - x , prove that y dx + x = 0
2 2

a2 + x2 + a2 - x2 dy -2a 2 ïì a2 ïü
11. If y = a 2 + x 2 - a 2 - x 2 , show that dx = x 3 íï1 + a 4 - x 4 ýï
î þ

1 dy 1
12. If y = x + x , prove that 2 x dx = x - x

1- x dy
13. If y = 1 + x , prove that (1 - x ) dx + y = 0 . [CBSE 2004]
2