9.1 A steel wire of length 4.7 m and cross-sectional area 3.0 x 10-5 m2 stretches by the same amount as a copper wire of length 3.5 m and cross-sectional area of 4.0 x 10-5 m2 under a given load. What is the ratio of the Young’s modulus of steel to that of copper? 9.2 Figure below shows the strain-stress curve for a given material. What are (a) Young’s modulus and (b) approximate yield strength for this material? Answer:(a) Young’s modulus ,Y =Stress/Strain =150 x 106/0.002 = 150 x 106/2 x 10-3 = 75 x 109 Nm-2 =7.5 x 1010 Nm-2 (b)Yield strength of a material is the maximum stress that the material can sustain and retain its elastic property. From graph, the approximate yield strength of the given material = 300 x 106 Nm-2 = 3 x 108 Nm-2 . 9.3 The stress-strain graphs for materials A and B are shown in the figure below.
The graphs are drawn to the same scale.
(a) Which of the materials has the greater Young’s modulus?
(b) Which of the two is the stronger material? (c) Which is more ductile? (d) Which is more brittle? Answer:
(a) From the two graphs we note that for a given strain, stress for A is more than that of B. Hence Young’s modulus =(Stress /Strain) is greater for A than that of B. (b) Strength of a material is determined by the amount of stress required to cause fracture. This stress corresponds to the point of fracture. The stress corresponding to the point of fracture in A is more than for B. So, material A is stronger than material B. (c) A (d) B Question 9. 4. Read the ‘allowing two statements below carefully and state, with reasons, if it is true or false. (a) The Young’s modulus of rubber is greater than that of steel; (b) The stretching of a coil is determined by its shear modulus.
Answer: (a) False. The-Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of stress to the strain within elastic limit. For a given stretching force elongation is more in rubber and quite less in steel. Hence, rubber is less elastic than steel. (b) True. Stretching of a coil is determined by its shear modulus. When equal and opposite forces are applied at opposite ends of a coil, the distance, as well as shape of helicals of the coil change and it, involves shear modulus. 9.5 Two wires of diameter 0.25 cm, one made of steel and the other made of brass are loaded as shown in Fig. The unloaded length of steel wire is 1.5 m and that of brass wire is 1.0 m. Compute the elongations of the steel and the brass wires. [Young’s modulus of steel is 2.0 x 1011 Pa. Young’s modulus of brass is 0.91 x 1011 Pa (1 Pa = 1 N m2)]
