11/1/2017

University of Anbar

Engineering Thermodynamics
CHE 215

Lecture # 05
Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis

Objective of Lecture Note

• Introduce the first law of thermodynamics, energy balances, and
mechanisms of energy transfer to or from a system.

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The First Law of Thermodynamics

• The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy principle) provides
a sound basis for studying the relationships among the various forms of energy
and energy interactions.
• The first law states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a
process; it can only change forms.
• The First Law: For all adiabatic processes between two specified states of a
closed system, the net work done is the same regardless of the nature of the
closed system and the details of the process.

The increase in the energy of a potato

in an oven is equal to the amount of
Energy cannot be created
heat transferred to it.
or destroyed; it can only
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change forms.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The work (electrical)

done on an
adiabatic system is
equal to the
increase in the
energy of the
system.

In the absence of any

work interactions, the
energy change of a The work (shaft)
system is equal to the done on an
NET HEAT TRANSFER. adiabatic system is
equal to the
increase in the
energy of the
system.
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The First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Balance
The net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference between the total energy entering
and the total energy leaving the system during that process.

This relation is often referred to as the energy balance and is applicable to

any kind of system undergoing any kind of process. The successful use of this
relation to solve engineering problems depends on understanding the
various forms of energy and recognizing the forms of energy transfer.

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Energy Change of a System, ∆

Energy is a property, and the value of a

property does not change unless the state
of the system changes. Therefore, the
energy change of a system is zero if the
state of the system does not change during
the process.

Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, and

Heat transfer
Work transfer
Mass flow (kJ)

A closed mass
involves only
heat transfer
and work.

For a cycle ∆E = 0,
thus Q = W.
The energy
content of a
control volume can
be changed by
mass flow as well
as heat and work
interactions.
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Example 2
A vertical piston–cylinder device contains water and is being heated on top of
a range. During the process, of heat is transferred to the water, and
heat losses from the side walls amount to . The piston rises as a result of
evaporation, and of work is done by the vapor. Determine the change in
the energy of the water for this process.

Analysis: We take the water in the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system
since no mass enters or leaves. Applying the energy balance on this system gives

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Example 5
Consider a room that is initially at the outdoor temperature of ° . The room
contains a lightbulb, a TV set, a refrigerator, and a
iron. Assuming no heat transfer through the walls, determine the rate
of increase of the energy content of the room when all of these electric devices
are on.
Analysis: Taking the room as the system, the rate form of the energy balance can be
written as

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Example 7
A fan is to accelerate quiescent air to a velocity of 10 m/s at a rate of / .
Determine the minimum power that must be supplied to the fan. Take the
density of air to be . / .
Analysis: A fan transmits the mechanical energy of the shaft (shaft power) to
mechanical energy of air (kinetic energy). For a control volume that encloses the fan,
the energy balance can be written as

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Example 8
Consider a fan located in a 3 ft x 3 ft square duct. Velocities at various points at
the outlet are measured, and the average flow velocity is determined to be 22
ft/s. Taking the air density to . / , estimate the minimum electric
power consumption of the fan motor.
Analysis: A fan motor converts electrical energy to mechanical shaft energy, and the
fan transmits the mechanical energy of the shaft (shaft power) to mechanical energy
of air (kinetic energy). For a control volume that encloses the fan-motor unit, the
energy balance can be written as

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Example 9
A water pump that consumes of electric
power when operating is claimed to take in water
from a lake and pump it to a pool whose free surface
is above the free surface of the lake at a rate
of / . Determine if this claim is reasonable.
Analysis: For a control volume that encloses the pump motor unit,
the energy balance can be written as

which is much greater than 2 kW. Therefore, the claim is false 16

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Example 10
The driving force for fluid flow is the pressure difference,
and a pump operates by raising the pressure of a fluid (by
converting the mechanical shaft work to flow energy). A
gasoline pump is measured to consume 5.2 kW of electric
power when operating. If the pressure differential between
the outlet and inlet of the pump is measured to be 5 kPa
and the changes in velocity and elevation are negligible,
determine the maximum possible volume flow rate of
gasoline.
Analysis: For a control volume that encloses the pump-motor unit,
the energy balance can be written as

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Example 11
The 60-W fan of a central heating system is to circulate air through the ducts. The
analysis of the flow shows that the fan needs to raise the pressure of air by 50 Pa to
maintain flow. The fan is located in a horizontal flow section whose diameter is 30 cm at
both the inlet and the outlet. Determine the highest possible average flow velocity in
the duct.
Analysis: For a control volume that encloses the fan unit, the energy balance can be written as

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Example 12
At winter design conditions, a house is projected to lose heat at a rate of 60,000 Btu/h.
The internal heat gain from people, lights, and appliances is estimated to be 6000 Btu/h.
If this house is to be heated by electric resistance heaters, determine the required rated
power of these heaters in kW to maintain the house at constant temperature.
Analysis: Taking the house as the system, the energy balance can be written as

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Example 13
An escalator in a shopping center is designed to move 30 people, 75 kg each, at a constant speed of
0.8 m/s at 45° slope. (a) Determine the minimum power input needed to drive this escalator. (b)
What would your answer be if the escalator velocity were to be doubled?
Analysis: At design conditions, the total mass moved by the escalator at any given time is
Mass = (30 persons)(75 kg/person) = 2250 kg
The vertical component of escalator velocity is
!" # $ ! sin ° $ ( . / )sin °
Under stated assumptions, the power supplied is used to increase the potential energy of people. Taking the
people on elevator as the closed system, the energy balance in the rate form can be written as

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Example 14
Consider a 1400-kg car cruising at constant speed of 70 km/h. Now the car starts to pass another
car, by accelerating to 110 km/h in 5 s. Determine the additional power needed to achieve this
acceleration. What would your answer be if the total mass of the car were only 700 kg?
Analysis: We consider the entire car as the system, except that let’s assume the power is supplied to the
engine externally for simplicity (rather that internally by the combustion of a fuel and the associated
energy conversion processes). The energy balance for the entire mass of the car can be written in the rate
form as

since we are considering the change in the energy content of the car due to a change in its kinetic energy
(acceleration). Substituting, the required additional power input to achieve the indicated acceleration becomes

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