Book For Health Workers Hindi 2011

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LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq

Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
¼la’kksf/kr laLdj.k 2011½

izdk”kd% LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k foHkkx]


LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;]
Hkkjr ljdkj

Ikrk% fuekZ.k Hkou]


ekSykuk vktkn jksM+]
ubZ fnYyh & 110 011] Hkkjr

bZesy% riindia@gmail.com

osc% www.mohfw.nic.in

LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvkas gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk esa lq/kkj ykus rFkk blesa dqN tksM+us ds fy, vki
lq>ko ns ldrs gSa] ge mudk Lokxr djsaxs rFkk mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsaxsA
Hkwfedk
Hkkjr esa] 1985 esa lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ¼;wvkbZih½ ds “kqHkkjaHk ds lkFk gh Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa ds
dkj.k gksus okys fodkjksa ,oa e`R;q nj esa fujarj fxjkoV vk;h gSA gkykafd] leqnk; dks nh tkus okyh Vhdkdj.k
lsokvksa dh xq.kork esa lq/kkj vkSj laiw.kZ Vhdkdj.k Lrj esa o`f) djus ds fy, LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks leqfpr
izf”k{k.k fn;k tkuk vfuok;Z gSA bl laca/k esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, Ik;kZIr izf”k{k.k lqfuf”pr djus dh
fn”kk esa LokLF; ,o ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj us dbZ jkT;ksa ds lkFk feydj dke fd;k vkSj 2006
esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk rFkk izf”k{kd ekxZnf”kZdk izdkf”kr dhA bl Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
,oa izf”k{kd ekxZnf”kZdk dk izf”k{k.k lkexzh ds :Ik esa cM+s iSekus ij mi;ksx gqvk vkSj iwjs ns”k eas izf”k{kdksa ,oa
izfrHkkfx;ksa }kjk budh ljkguk dh x;hA

Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa dh xq.koRrk dk leh{kkRed vkadyu djus dh yxkrkj izfØ;k ds :Ik esa 2009 esas
,d v/;;u fd;k x;k ftlls izf”k{k.k ds ckn Vhdkdj.k lsok,a iznku djus esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh {kerk
dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldsA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds Kku ,oa dkS”ky esa lq/kkj
ns[kk x;kA fQj Hkh izf”k{k.k lkexzh ls lacaf/kr vUrjkyksa ij Hkh /;ku fn;k x;k vkSj blesa lq/kkjkRed mik;ksa
dh Hkh vko”;drk eglwl gqbZA blds vfrfjDr izdk”ku ds foxr dqN o’kksZa esa Mh-Vh- dh txg Mh-ih-Vh-] lHkh
oSDlhuksa ds fy, oh-oh-,e-] ns”k Hkj esa [kljs dh nwljh [kqjkd vkSj gsisVkbfVl&ch ds foLrkj dh “kq:vkr tSls
mYys[kuh; ifjorZu ik;s x;s ftuds fy, bl izf”k{k.k iqfLrdk esa la”kks/ku djus dh vko”;drk iM+hA

LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk rFkk izf”k{kd ekxZnf”kZdk dk la”kksf/kr laLdj.k lkoZHkkSfed
Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe ds fujarj lq/kkj ds izfr Hkkjr ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa ,oa lg;ksfx;ksa] fo”ks’k :Ik ls fo”o
LokLF; laxBu&,u-ih-,l-ih-] jk’Vªh; LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k laLFkku] ;wuhlsQ] ;w,l,M@,elh,pvkbZih]
ikFk rFkk ;w,uvksih,l@fuih ds iz;klksa dh ifj.kfr gSA ge vius lg;ksfx;ksa ds ;ksxnku ds fy, mudk vkHkkj
O;Dr djrs gSa] fo”ks’k :Ik ls orZeku esa pkyw {kerk fuekZ.k iz;klksa dh fn”kk esa lg;ksx nsus ds fy,A

;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd jkT; vius LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks nks&fnolh; izf”k{k.k] izR;sd o’kZ iqu”p;kZ
izf”k{k.k vkSj u;s LVkQ dks vfHkfOkU;kl@izsj.k izf”k{k.k gsrq bl la”kksf/kr iqfLrdk dk mi;ksx djsaxsA eq>s
fo”okl gS fd ;g iqfLrdk bl {ks= esa dk;Z djus okys LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds dkS”ky esa fuf”pr :Ik ls o`f)
djsxh vkSj lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds Lrj ,oa xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj djsxhA

¼dq- vuqjk/kk xqIrk½


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

bl iqLrd dh laiw.kZ lajpuk


bdkbZ 1 & ifjp;

bdkbZ 2 & os jksx ftudk Vhdksa }kjk cpko fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bdkbZ 3 & jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh

bdkbZ 4 & “khr J`a[kyk dk izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j

bdkbZ 5 & lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf”pr djuk


izR;sd bdkbZ esa
bdkbZ 6 & Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu “kkfey gSa%
l f”k{k.k mn~ns”;
l fo’k; oLrq
bdkbZ 7 & Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½

bdkbZ 8 & lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ] rFkk


vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx

bdkbZ 9 & Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)

bdkbZ 10 & Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½

ifjf”k’V

iv
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

fo”k;&lwph
bl iqfLrdk dh laiw.kZ lajpuk iv

laf{kIr ¼vkfnof.kZd “kCn½ vi

bdkbZ 1 ifjp; 1

bdkbZ 2 Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp; 4

bdkbZ 3 jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh 10

bdkbZ 4 “khr J`a[kyk dk izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j 18

bdkbZ 5 lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf”pr djuk 25

bdkbZ 6 Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu 32

bdkbZ 7 Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½ 49

bdkbZ 8 lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ] rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx 54

bdkbZ 9 Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f) 62

bdkbZ 10 Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh 69

ifjf”k’V 1% Vhdkdj.k l=ksa ds nkSjku D;k djsa@D;k ugha djsa 74

ifjf”k’V 2% Vhdkdj.k l= LFky ij Vhdkdj.k dk;ZdrkZvksa ds 75


fy, Ik;Zos{k.k tk¡p lwph

ifjf”k’V 3% Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ RkFkk ekU;rkizkIr 76


lkekftd LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ¼vk’kk½ dh ftEesnkfj;ka

ifjf”k’V 4% Vhdkdj.k ds fy, jkT;@ftyk Lrjh; ih-,e-;w- vf/kdkfj;ksa 77


rFkk izf’k{kdksa dh izf’k{k.k xfrfof/k;ksa gsrq ftEesnkfj;ka

v
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

laf{kIr ¼vkfnof.kZd½ ’kCn


,-Mh-,l- ,Mh flfjat
,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh foijhr ?kVuk,a
,-bZ-,l- ,D;wV ,ulhQSykbfVl flaMªkse
,-,Q-ih- ,D;wV Q~ySflM iSjkfyfll
,M~l ,M~l jksx
,-,u-lh- izlo iwoZ ns[kHkky
vk”kk ekU;rkizkIr lkekftd LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ izfrHkkxh
Ckh-lh-th- Cksflyl dkyesV X;wfju
Lkh-ch-vks- leqnk; vk/kkfjr laxBu
Lkh-,p-lh- lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsUnz
Mh-vkbZ-vks- ftyk izfrj{k.k vf/kdkjh
Mh-ih-Vh- fMIFksfj;k] dkyh [kkalh] VsVul
Mh-Vh-,-ih fMIFksfj;k] VsVul] vdks”kh; dkyh&[kkWalh
bZ-lh-vkj- ;ksX; nEifRr jftLVj
,p-,- ¼,e ,aM ,Q½ LokLF; lgk;d ¼iq:’k o efgyk½
gsi&ch gsisVkbZfVl&ch
,p-MCY;w- LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
vkbZ-,y-vkj- vkbZl ykbZu jsfÝtjsVj
vkbZ-;w- bUVjus”kuy ;wfuV
Tks-bZ- Tkikuh ,UlhQSykbfVl
,y-,p-oh Ekfgyk LokLF; vkxarqd vFkok i;Zos{kd
,e-lh-,p- Ekkr`&f”k”kqa LokLF;
,e-vks- ¼ih-,p-lh-½ fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ¼ih-,p-lh-½
,u-th-vks- xSj ljdkjh laxBu
,u-vkbZ-Mh- jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k fnol
,u-vkj-,p-,e- jk’Vªh; xzkeh.k LokLF; fe”ku
vks-ih-oh- ekSf[kd iksfy;ks [kqjkd
Ikh-,p-lh- izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz
Ikh-,e-;w- dk;ZØe izca/ku bdkbZ
,l-vkbZ-,- vuqiwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k;ka
,l-,e-vks- lfoZysal fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh
,l-,u-vkbZ-Mh- mi jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k fnol
Vh-ch- Rkisfnd
Vh-ch-,- izf”kf{kr tUe lgkf;dk
Vh-Vh- VsVul VkWDlkbM
;w-vkbZ-ih- lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe
Okh-ih-Mh- Vhds }kjk cpko fd, tk ldus okys jksx
Okh-oh-,e- Vhdk ok;y ekWfuVj

vi
bdkbZ 1- ifjp;

bdkbZ & 1 ifjp;


f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa] vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg;s%
 vki Vhdkdj.k ds egRo rFkk Vhdkdj.k ds Lrj esa deha ds dkj.kksa dks crk
ik;saxsA
 vki fu;fer Vhdkdj.k esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh ftEesnkfj;ksa lEca/kh lwph rS;kj
djus esa l{ke gksaxsA

fo"k;oLrq
 Vhdkdj.k D;ksa ,oa Vhdkdj.k ds Lrj esa deha ds dkj.k \
 fu;fer Vhdkj.k esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh ftEesnkfj;kWaA

1.1 Vhdkdj.k D;ksa \


l Vhdkdj.k cpiu esa gksus okyh dbZ tkuysok chekfj;ksa ls cpko dk ,d lcls
vf/kd lqjf{kr ,oa vljnkj rjhdk gSA lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds ek/;e ls
Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa ls cpko djuss esas egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;ka gkfly gqbZ gSaA Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze
dks mPp izkFkfedrk nsrs gq, bls fujarj thoUr cuk, j[kuk vko”;d gS ftlls lHkh
Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh ?kVukvksa dks de fd;k tk lds vkSj fo”ks’k :Ik ls [kljs ij dkcw ik;k tk
lds] VsVul dk fueZwyu fd;k tk lds rFkk iksfy;ks dk mUewyu gks ldsA
l Lakiw.kZ Vhdkdj.k ¼vFkkZr ,d lky dh mez gksus rd f”k”kq dks ch-lh-th- dk ,d Vhdk] Mh-ih-Vh-]
gsisVkbZfVl&ch vkSj vks-ih-oh- ds rhu&rhu Vhds rFkk [kljs dk ,d Vhdk½ gksus ls cPps dks LoLFk
thou dk lcls csgrj volj izkIr gksrk gSA chekfj;ksa dks gksus ls igys mUgsa jksdus ls /ku ,oa mtkZ
dh ctr rFkk thou dh lqj{kk gksrh gSA
l cPps ds thfor jgus ds fy, Vhdkdj.k ,d izeq[k j.kuhfr gSA blds }kjk Vhdkjks/kd jksxksa ls f”k”kqvksa
dh lqj{kk lqfuf”pr djds cPpksa esa jksx vkSj e`R;nj dks dkQh gn rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ifjokjksa dks feyh bl lqj{kk ds dkj.k tUenj esa Hkh deha vkrh gSA

1.2 Vhdkdj.k Lrj esa deha ds dkj.k


l nwjnjkt ds dsanzksa ¼vkmVjhp LFkyksa½] mi&dsanzksa rFkk LokLF; dsanzksa ij Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa dh igqap
lqfuf”pr djus esa vlQyrkA
l chp esa NksM+ nsuk ¼Mªki vkmV½ & dqN cPps ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Vhds ysdj vxys Vhds ds fy,
ugha vkrs gSa] ftlls mudk Vhdkdj.k v/kwjk jg tkrk gSA
l tula[;k ds ,d fgLls rd igqap ugha cuk ikuk%

lqfuf’pr djsa fd gj cPpk ,d o’kZ dh meZ ls igys ch-lh-th-( Mh-ih-Vh- 1]2]3( gSi ch 1]2]3( 1
vks-ih-oh-&1]2]3( [kljk rFkk foVkfeu&, izkIr djsA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

¾¾ dqN cPpksa ds ekrk&firk Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa tkurs gh ugha gSa ;k lkekftd&vkfFkZd ck/kkvksa
ds pyrs bl lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx ugha dj ikrsA
¾¾ HkkSxksfyd igaqp dk vHkko% dqN cPps LokLF; dsanz ;k vkmVjhp LFky ls brus nwj jgrs gSa fd
os iw.kZ Vhdkdj.k ysus ugha vk ldrsA
l fojks/k djus okys ifjokj% dqN cPpksa ds ekrk&firk Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa ds izfr ;dhu ugha j[kr]s
pkgs LokLF; dsanz utnhd gh D;ksa u gksA
l volj pwd tkuk% dqN ykHkkFkhZ vU; fodkjksa ds dkj.k LokLF; dsanz vkrs gSa fdarq LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
mUgsa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa ugha iwNrs] ftlls ,d egRoiw.kZ volj gkFk ls fudy tkrk gSA

1.3 fu;fer Vhdkdj.k esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh


ftEesnkfj;ka
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds :Ik esa] vki ekrkvksa o cPpksa ds Vhdkdj.k Lrj esa lq/kkj ykus esa egRoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA vkils mEehn gS fd lHkh ;ksX; f”k”kqvksa vkSj xHkZorh efgykvksa dk jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k vuqlwph
ds vuqlkj Vhdkdj.k gks tk,A vkidh ftEesnkfj;ka fuEukuqlkj gS%
l Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ;kstuk cukuk
¾¾ vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ rFkk vk”kk dh lgk;rk ls vius {ks= dh lHkh ykHkkFkhZ ekrkvksa ,oa cPpksa
dh fxurh djsaA
¾¾ vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ] vk”kk ds fjdkMZ ,oa uotkr f”k”kqvksa ds Vhdkdj.k ls lcaf/kr vU; lzksrksa
ds lkFk ijke”kZ djds ykHkkfFkZ;kas dh lwph rS;kj djsaA
¾¾ lHkh xkWaoksa@”kgjh ekSgYyksa ,oa cfLRk;ksa lfgr] mi&dsanz {ks= dk uD”kk rS;kj djsaA
¾¾ ,y-,p-oh- ,oa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ dh lgk;rk ls mi&dsanz lca/kh lw{e ;kstuk rS;kj djsaA
¾¾ vk”kk] vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊvksa] iapk;r lnL;ksa rFkk v/;kidksa dks Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa dks Lohdkj
djus] Vhdkdj.k ds le; ,oa LFkku ds ckjs esa crkus rFkk Vhdkdj.k l= esa vkus ds fy,
ifjokjksa dks izsfjr djus dh fn”kk esa “kkfey djsaA
l Vhdkdj.k LFky ij ‘khr J`a[kyk dk izca/k djuk
¾¾ ;g Lkqfuf”pr djuk fd oSDlhu pkj vuqdwfyr vkbl iSd ds lkFk oSDlhu dSfj;j esa yk;h
x;h gksaA
¾¾ ;g lqfuf”pr djuk fd oSDlhu dSfj;j Nk;k esa j[ks gksa rFkk mUgsa ckj & ckj [kksyk u
tk,A
¾¾ mi;ksx ls igys oSDlhu ok;y ds yscy ij Nih ,Dlik;jh dh rkjh[k ,oa oSDlhu ok;y
ekWfuVj dh tkWap djsaA
¾¾ tkWap djsa fd Vh&lhfjt ,oa gsiVkbZfVl&ch ds Vhds tes gq, u gksaA
l Vhdkdj.k l= dk vk;kstu djuk
¾¾ Lk= ds nkSjku Vhdksa ,oa vU; lkefxz;ksa ds lkFk xzke LokLF; rFkk iks’k.k fnol esa Hkkx yssaA

2
bdkbZ 1- ifjp;

¾¾ pksV ds tksf[ke dks de djus ds fy, mi;qDr Vhdkdj.k dk;ZLFky dh O;oLFkk djsaA
¾¾ ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk vfHkoknu djsaA
¾¾ cPps ds Vhdkdj.k fjdkMZ vkSj mldh vk;q dh tkWap djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ls iwoZ foijhr ladsrksa dh tkWap djsaA
¾¾ dkSu ls Vhds yxus gSa ,oa jksx ls cpko ds ckjs esa le>k;saA
¾¾ izR;sd Vhds ds nkSjku ,-Mh- flfjatksa dk mi;ksx djsaA
¾¾ Vhdk feJ.k ds ckn] oSDlhu “kh”kh ds yscy ij feJ.k dk le; fy[ksaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds fy, cPps dks lgh rjg ls fcBk,saA
¾¾ Vhdk yxkus gsrq lgh rduhd dk mi;ksx djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds ckn ekewyh foijhr ?kVukvksa ls cpus vkSj buls fuiVus ds ckjs esa ykHkkFkhZ;ks dh
ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks le>k,aA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds ckn fdlh Hkh izdkj dh foijhr ?kVuk lEca/kh tkWap ds fy, ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks
vk/ks ?kaVs rd bartkj djus ds fy, dgsaA
¾¾ mUgsa crk;sa fd vxyh ckj Vhdkdj.k ds fy, dc vkuk gS vkSj lkFk esa dkMZ ykus ds fy,
dgsaA
¾¾ iz;qDr lqbZ;ksa dks ,d= djsa rFkk fn”kkfunsZ”kksa ds vuqlkj lqbZ;ksa dk lqjf{kr fuLrkj.k fd;k
djsaA
l fjdkWfMZax] fjiksfVZax vkSj Mªki vkmV ekeyksa dk irk yxkuk
¾¾ lHkh Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh ekeyksa dks M~;w fyLV&de&VSyh “khV] Vhdkdj.k dkMZ vkSj Vhdkdj.k
jftLVj esa ntZ djsaA
¾¾ dkMZ esa Vhdkdj.k dh vxyh rkjh[k fy[ksa rFkk vfHkHkkodksa dks blds ckjs esa lwfpr djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k dkMZ ds dkmaVjQkW;y dks VSªfdax cSx esa j[ksaA
¾¾ Ckhp esa Vhds NksM+us okyksa ij utj j[kus ds fy, vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊvksa vkSj vk”kk ds lkFk
Mªki vkmV ekeyksa dh lwph dk vknku&iznku djsaA
¾¾ mi&dsanz esa Vhdkdj.k dojst fuxjkuh pkVZ dks v/kqukar dj mfpr j[kj[kko djsaA
¾¾ risfnd] fMIFkhfj;k] dkyh [kkWalh] uotkr VsVul] [kljk] ,-bZ-,l- ,oa xaHkhj Q~ySflM
vpkud ywat&iwat ydokxzLr ¼,,Qih½ lEca/kh lHkh lansgkLin ekeyksa ds ckjs esa fpfdRlk
vf/kdkjh dks lwfpr djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh LkHkh foijhr ?kVuk,a ntZ djsaA

;g iqfLrdk ,-,u-,e- ¼fu;fer o dkaVªsDpqvy½] oSdfYid Vhdk yxkus okyksa] ,y-,p-oh-] LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZ ¼iq:”k½] LokLF; lgk;d ¼iq:”k½] LVkQ ulZ] QkekZflLV] ‘khr J`a[kyk dk j[kj[kko djus okyksa
rFkk fjdkMZ ,oa fjiksZfVax dk dk;Z djus okyksa lfgr lHkh LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds Kku ,oa dkS’ky esa
lq/kkj ds fy, csgrj Vhdkdj.k lsok,a iznku djus mn~ns’; ls rS;kj dh x;h gSA

,y-,p-oh- ,oa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ dh lgk;rk ls mi dsUnª lca/kh lw{e ;kstuk rS;kj djsaA 3
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

bdkbZ & 2 Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp;


f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg;s%
 vki mu jksxksa dh lwph cuk ldsaxs ftudh jksdFkke lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze
ls dh tk ldrh gSA
 vki ;g crk ik,axs fd ;s jksx dSls QSyrs gSa vkSj dSls budh igpku o jksdFkke
dh tk ldrh gS\

fo"k;oLrq
 lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds tfj, jksdFkke fd, tk ldus okys jksxA
 ;s jksx dSls QSyrs gSa vkSj dSls budh igpku rFkk jksdFkke dh tk ldrh gS\

lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds rgr yf{kr fuEufyf[kr Vhdkjks/kd jksx gSa%


l risfnd
l iksfy;ks
l fMIFkhfj;k
l dkyh [kkWalh
l VsVul
l gsiVkbfVl&ch
l [kljk
l tkikuh ,UlhQSykbfVl

4
bdkbZ 2- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp;

2.1 risfnd ¼Vh-ch-½


risfnd ;kuh Vh-ch- ,d thok.kq ¼ekbdkscSDVhfj;e V~;wcjD;qyh½ ds ladze.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;g vR;Ur
ladzked jksx gS ftlesa eq[;r% QsQM+s izHkkfor gksrs gSa RkFkk bldk vlj vkarksa] gfM~M;ksa] tksM+ksa] ylhdk xzafFk;ksa]
rkfudkvksa vkSj “kjhj ds rarqvksa ij Hkh iM+ ldrk gSA Vh-ch- ls xaHkhj chekjh vkSj ekSr rd gks ldrh gSA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


l ,d ,slk chekj cPpk ftls 2 lIrkg ls
vf/kd le; ls Ckq[kkj vkSj@;k [kkalh gks]
rFkk ftlds otu esa fxjkoV gks@otu esa
o`f) u gksA
l ,d ,slk chekj CkPpk ftldk laidZ ,sls
O;fDr ls gqvk gks ftlesa QsQM+s dh Vh-ch-
gksus dh iqf’V ;k “kd gksA

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \


Tkc dksbZ O;fDr QsQM+s lEca/kh Vh-ch- ls ihfM+r
O;fDr dh [kkWalh ;k Nhad ds d.kksa ds laidZ esa fp= 2d% Vh-ch- eSafuatkbfVl dk ,d ekeyk
vkrk gS rks blls mls Vh-ch- gks ldrh gSA Vh-ch- dk ,d vU; izdkj ftls cksokbZu Vh-ch- dgrs gSa] tkuojksa
dk dPpk nw?k fcuk mckys ihus ls gksrh gSA

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls dh tk ldrh gS \


jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze dh lkj.kh ds vuqlkj cSflyl
dkyesV&X;wfju ¼ch-lh-th-½ dk ,d Vhdk cpiu esa gksus okyh
Vh-ch- ds xaHkhj :Ikksa dh jksdFkke dj ldrk gSA

2.2 Ikksfy;ks
Ikksfy;ks ,d ok;jy ladze.k gS ftlls uoZl flLVe izHkkfor
gksrk gS rFkk xaHkhj chekfj;ka] tSls & ydok vkSj ekSr rd gks
ldrh gSA l?ku iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;kuksa ds vk;ksftr gksus
ds dkj.k o’kZ 1999 ds ckn ns”k esa iksfy;ks ls ihfM+r cPpksa dh
la[;k esa vPNh [kklh fxjkoV vkrh pyh xbZ gSA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


15 o’kZ dh vk;q rd ds cPps esa “kjhj ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa
vpkud detksjh vkSj ydos ds y{k.k ;k fdlh Hkh vk;q oxZ
ds ,d O;fDr esa ftlesa iksfy;ks dk “kd gSA

fp= 2[k% iksfy;ks ls ydos dk ,d ekeyk

cPps dks tUe ds vk/kk ?kaVs ds Hkhrj gh Lruiku “kq: djus dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A 5
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \


Ikksfy;ks laØe.k ey ds laidZ esa vkus ls QSyrk gS tks vke rkSj ij lQkbZ esa deha] ;k vizR;{k :Ik ls nwf’kr
ikuh] nw/k ;k Hkkstu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA 80 izfr”kr ls Hkh vf/kd iksfy;ks ds ekeys 3 lky ls de mez ds
cPpksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls dh tk ldrh gS \


Ekqag ls fiykbZ tkus okyh iksfy;ks oSDlhu ;kuh vks-ih-oh- gh bl [krjukd chekjh dh jksdFkke
dk ,dek= vljdkjd rjhdk gSA ekSf[kd iksfy;ks oSDlhu lHkh ykHkkfFkZ;ksa@cPpksa dks Vhdkdj.k
lkj.kh ds vuqlkj fu;fer :Ik ls rFkk vuqiwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k;ksa ¼jk’Vªh; iksfy;ks Vhdkdj.k fnol ,oa
mi&jk’Vªh; iksfy;ks Vhdkdj.k fnol½ ds nkSjku 5 o’kZ dh vk;q rd ds cPpksa dks vo”; nh tkuh pkfg,A

2-3 fMIFkhfj;k@xy ?kksaVw


fMIFkhfj;k ,d thok.kq ¼dksjkbZu cSfDVfj;e fMIFkhfj;k½ ds
ladze.k ls gksus okyk jksx gSA fMIFkhfj;k ,d ,slk laØked
jksx gS tks VkWfUly o ”okluyh dks laØfer djrk gS ftlls
,d ,slh f>Yyh cu tkrh gS tks lkal ysus esa :dkoV iSnk
djrh gS vkSj ftlls ekSr Hkh gks ldrh gSA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


Xkys esa [kjk”k] gYdk cq[kkj vkSj xys esa LysVh jax dk /kCck
;k /kCcs gksaA

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \ fp= 2x% xys esa f>Yyh ds lkFk fMIFkhfj;k dk ,d ekeyk

fMIFkhfj;k ds thok.kq ihfM+r O;fDr ds eqag] ukd vkSj xys esa jgrs gSaA ;g jksx ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr esa
[kkalus vkSj Nhadus ls QSyrk gSA

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls laHko gS \


izkjafHkd cpiu esa Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhsds yxok ysuk gh bl jksx dh jksdFkke dk
lcls dkjxj mik; gSA ;fn Vhdk ugha yxk;k x;k rks cPps dks 14 lky rd dh mez rd fMIFkhfj;k dk
ladze.k ckj&ckj gks ldrk gSA

6
bdkbZ 2- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp;

2-4 dkyh [kkWalh


dkyh [kkWalh ,d thok.kq cksMsZVsyk ijV~;wfll ds ladze.k ls
gksus okyk vfr laosnu”khy ladzked jksx gS tks rsth ls QSyrk
gSA blesa “okl iz.kkyh izHkkfor gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k ckj&ckj
[kkalh gksus yxrh gSA dqN xaHkhj ekeyksa esa rks bl jksx ls
ihfM+r O;fDr dh ?kqVu ls ekSr Hkh gks ldrh gSA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


Ckkj&ckj vkSj mxz [kkalh ftlesa fuEu esa ls dksbZ Hkh y{k.k jgs
gksa & nks gQ~rs ;k blls Hkh vf/kd le; ls py jgh [kkalh]
[kkalh ds nkSjs mBuk] [kkalh ds ckn mYVh gksuk] cM+s cPpksa esa
fo”ks’k gwgw dh [kkalh gksukA

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \


dkyh [kkalh ds thok.kq jksxh ds eqag vkSj ukd esa ekStwn jgrs
gSa rFkk vke rkSj ij [kkalh vkSj Nhad ds tfj, os gok esa QSy
tkrs gSaA fp= 2?k% mxz [kkalh ds lkFk dkyh [kkalh dk ,d ekeyk

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls laHko gS \


Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj fn;k x;k Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk dkyh [kkalh dh jksdFkke dj ldrk gSA

2-5 VsVul
VsVul DyksLVªhfM;e VsVkuh uked thok.kq ds ladze.k ls
gksus okyk ,d tkuysok jksx gSA lHkh mez ds yksx VsVul ds
f”kdkj gks ldrs gSaA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


fu;kusVy VsVul vFkok uotkr f”k”kqvksa esa gksus okys VsVul
ls izHkkfor cPps thou ds igys nks fnuksa esa lkekU; :Ik ls
Lruiku djrs gSa rFkk jksrs gSaA ijUrq 3&28 fnuksa ds chp bUgsa fp= 2M% uotkr f”k”kqvksa esa gksus okys VsVul dk ,d ekeyk
Lruiku esa fnDdr gksrh gS vkSj blds ckn f”k”kq dh xnZu o “kjhj vdM+us yxrk gS vkSj ekalisf”k;ka ,saBus
yxrh gSaA

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \


VsVul dk thok.kq xanxh esa] vkarksa o Ik”kqvksa ds ey esa jgrk gSA ;g “kjhj esa dVh&QVh gqbZ Ropk] ?kko ;k
fdlh vU; ?kko@ladze.k ¼tSls fd dku dk ladze.k½ ds ek/;e ls “kjhj esa izos”k djrk gSA uotkr f”k”kq esa
;g thok.kq] dVh Ropk] ?kko ;k ukfHkuky ls izos”k djrk gSA vxj bldk mipkj u gks rks fu;ksusVy VsVul
ls uotkr f”k”kq dh ekSr Hkh gks ldrh gSA vkerkSj ij ;g jksx cPps ds izkjafHkd fnuksa esa gksrk gS] tc dksbZ
efgyk cPps dks vLoPN ekgkSy esa tUe nsrh gSA

cPps dks thou ds igys 6 eghus rd ,dek= Lruiku gh djkuk pkfg,A 7


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls laHko gS \


fu;ksusVy rFkk vU;q vk;q oxksZa esa gksus okys VsVul jksx dh jksdFkke dk vljnkj rjhdk gS fd Vhdkdj.k
lkj.kh ds vuqlkj xHkZorh efgyk dks Vh-Vh- o cPpksa dks Mh-ih-Vh] Vh-Vh oSDlhu ds fu;fer Vhds fn, tk,aA

2-6 gsisVkbfVl&ch
gsisVkbfVl&ch vR;ar ladzked ¼,p-vkbZ-oh- ls 40&100 xquk
T;knk laØked½ ok;jy jksx gS ftlls ihfy;k o vpkud
rsth ls c<+us okyk fyoj jksx] fljksfll ¼lw=.k jksx½ rFkk
fyoj dSalj Hkh gks ldrk gSA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


jksx ds izeq[k y{k.kksa esa cq[kkj] fljnnZ] fepyh] mYVh] ihfy;k
¼vka[ks ihyh½] vkSj ey dk jax jk[k tSlk gksuk “kkfey
gSA vafre :Ik ls bl jksx dh iqf’V iz;ksx”kkyk lEca/kh
ijh{k.kksa ls gksrh gSA

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \


;g jksx laØfer jDr ;k “kjhj ls fudyus okys rjy
inkFkksZa ds tfj, QSyrk gSA ;g jksx cPps ds tUe ds le;]
vlqjf{kr ;kSu laca/k] fcuk thok.kqghu ¼LVjykbt½ fd, gh fp= 2p% gsisVkbfVl dk ,d ekeyk

lqbZ;ksa ds bLrseky vkSj ,d nwljs O;fDr ds VwFkcz”k ;k jst+j


ds bLrseky ls gks ldrk gSA

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls laHko gS \


cPpksa esa Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj] gsisVkbfVl&ch ds Vhds ds }kjk] jksx ds laØe.k vkSj bldh tfVyrk
dh jksdFkke laHko gSA

2-7 [kljk
[kljk jksx ,d fo’kk.kq ls gksus okyk vR;ar laØked jksx gSA ;g fo’kk.kq jksxh O;fDr ds ukd] eqag ;k xys esa
ik;k tkrk gSA laØfer O;fDr dks cq[kkj] [kkalh gks tkrh gS vkSj iwjs “kjhj ij nkus fudy vkrs gSa ftlls nLr
,oa fueksfu;k tSls ek/;fed laØe.kksas ds dkj.k O;fDr dh ekSr Hkh gks ldrh gSA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


Ckq[kkj cus jguk rFkk blds lkFk&lkFk “kjhj ij nkus fudy vkuk] [kkalh ;k ukd ls ikuh cguk ;k vka[ks
yky gks tkukA

8
bdkbZ 2- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp;

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \


;g fo’kk.kq ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk [kaklh o Nhad ls gok esa
QSyrk gS vkSj bu d.kksa ds ek/;e ls ladze.k QSyrk gSA

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls laHko gS \


[kljs dh jksdFkke ds fy, lcls vljdkjd rjhdk [kljs
dk Vhdk gS ftls Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj le; ls
yxok fy;k tkuk pkfg,A

2-8 tkikuh ,UlhQSykbfVl


¼tsbZ½
Tkkikuh ,UlhQSykbfVl Hkh vU; izk.k?kkrd jksxksa dh rjg
gh ,d izdkj ds fo’kk.kq ls gksus okyk tkuysok jksx gSA ;g fp= 2N% [kljs dk ,d ekeyk
Hkkjr ds dqN jkT;ksa ds fdUgha fuf”pr {ks=ksa esa ik;k tkrk
gSA

d½ bl jksx dh igpku D;k gS \


bl jksx ds nkSjku O;fDr dks rst cq[kkj ds lkFk&lkFk
mldh ekufld fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ¼tSls & Hkze] HkVdko ;k
dksek ds :Ik esa½ rFkk@;k daiu iSnk gksrh gSA

[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \


;g ePNjksa ls QSyus okyk jksx gSA bl jksx dk
fo’kk.kq vkerkSj ij if{k;ksa ,oa ?kjsyw tkuojksa] fo”ks’k :Ik ls
lqvjksa ds tfj;s laØfer gksrk gSA tc laØfer tkuojksa dks
dkVdj ePNj cPpksa dks dkVrs gSa] rc mu cPpksa esa ;g jksx
gks tkrk gSA

x½ bl jksx dh jksdFkke dSls laHko gS \


bl jksx ij dkcw ikus ds fy, vf/kd tksf[ke okys ftyksa esa
1&15 o’kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks yf{kr vfHk;kuksa ds vUrxZr
Vhdkdj.k fd;k tkrk gS mlds ckn bl Vhds dks ftys ds
lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa “kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
1&2 o’kZ rd ds cPpksa ds fy, tkikuh ,UlhQSykbfVl dh
jksdFkke lEca/kh ,d [kqjkd miyC/k djkbZ x;h gSA

fp= 2t% tsbZ dk ,d ekeyk

ekrkvksa dks lykg ns fd 6 ekg dh vk;q rd cPpksa dks ikuh@i”kq dk nw/k] e/kq] pk; bR;kfn u nsaA 9
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

bdkbZ & 3 jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh


f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg;s %
 jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds varxZr fn, tkusokys Vhdksa dh igpku djuk] muds
fn, tkus dh mez] [kqjkdkssa dh la[;k] txg o :V ftlds ek/;e ls Vhdk fn;k
tkrk gSA

fo"k;oLrq
 jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh
 Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ij izk;% iwNs tkus okys iz”u

Ikw.kZ Vhdkdj.k&izkIr f’k’kq og gksrk gS] ftls ,d o”kZ dh vk;q gksus rd ch-lh-th- dh [kqjkd]
Mh-ih-Vh- dh rhu [kqjkd] vks-ih-oh- rFkk gsisVkbZfVl&ch izR;sd dh rhu [kqjkd vkSj [kljs dh
,d [kqjkd nh tk pqdh gksA

10
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh

uotkr f’k’kqvksa] cPpksa o xHkZorh efgykvksa ds fy, jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k le; lkj.kh
Vhdk dc nsuk gS [kqjkd dSls txg
xHkZorh efgykvksa ds fy,
Vh-Vh-&1 xHkkZoLFkk ds izkjafHkd eghuksa es 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckag ij
Vh-Vh-&2 Vh-Vh-&1* ds 4 lIrkg ckn 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckag ij
Vh-Vh- cwLVj ;fn xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku fiNys rhu 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckag ij
o’kksZa ds Hkhrj Vh-Vh- dh 2 [kqjkd nh
x;ha gksa*
uotkr f’k’kqvksa ds fy,
ch-lh-th- tUe ds le; ;k ,d o’kZ dh mez rd 0-1 fe-yh- Ropk ds vanj ckabZ mijh ckWag
ftruh tYnh gks lds ¼1 ekg rd ds f”k”kq ¼baVªkMjey½
ds fy, 0-05 fe-yh-½
gsiVkbfVl&ch tUe ds le; ;k 24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
ftruh tYnh laHko gks lds ckgjh fgLlk
vks-ih-oh-&0 tUe ds le; ;k 15 fnuksa ds Hkhrj 2 cwan Ekaqg ls Ekaqg ls
ftruh tYnh laHko gks lds
vks-ih-oh-& 1] 2 o 3 6 lIrkg] 10 lIrkg vkSj 14 lIrkg ij 2 cwan Ekaqg ls Ekaqg ls
Mh-ih-Vh-&1] 2 o 3 6 lIrkg] 10 lIrkg vkSj 14 lIrkg ij 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
ckgjh fgLlk
gsisVkbfVl ch&1] 2 6 lIrkg] 10 lIrkg vkSj 14 lIrkg ij 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
o3 ckgjh fgLlk
[kljk 9 ekg iwjs gksus ls ysdj 12 ekg rd 0-5 fe-yh- Ropk vkSj ekalis”kh dh chp nkbZa mijh ckWag ij
esa ¼lc& dqVsfu;l½
foVkfeu&, ¼igyh 9 ekg ij] [kljs ds lkFk 1 fe-yh ¼1 yk[k Ekqag ls Ekqag ls
[kqjkd½ vkbZ;w½
cPpksa ds fy,
Mh-ih-Vh-&cwLVj 16&24 ekg 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
ckgjh fgLlk
[kljk ¼nwljh [kqjkd½ 16&24 ekg 0-5 fe-yh- Ropk vkSj ekalis”kh dh chp nkbZa mijh ckWag ij
esa ¼lc& dqVsfu;l½
vks-ih-oh-& cwLVj 16&24 ekg 2 cwan eqag ls eqag ls
Tkikuh ,UlhQSykbfVl** 16&24 ekg 0-5 fe-yh- Ropk vkSj ekalis”kh dh chp ckWa;h mijh ckWag ij
esa ¼lc&dqVsfu;l½
foVkfeu&,*** ¼nwljh 16 ekgA mlds ckn] izR;sd 6 ekg 2 fe-yh ¼2 yk[k Ekqag ls Ekqag ls
ls ukSaoh [kqjkd rd½ ds vUrjky ij 5 o’kZ dh mez rd ,d vkbZ;w½
[kqjkd
Mh-ih-Vh-&cwLVj 5&6 o’kZ 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckWag ij
Vh-Vh- 10 o 16 o’kZ 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckWag ij

* Vh-Vh- 2 ;k cwLVj [kqjkd xHkZ/kkj.k ds 36 lIrkg ds igys ys yh tkuh pkfg,A fQj Hkh] ;s [kqjkd 36 lIrkg ds ckn
Hkh nh tk ldrh gSA ;fn efgyk dks igys VsVul dk Vhdk ugha fn;k x;k gS] rks mls izlo ds nkSjku VsVul dk Vhdk
yxk;k tk,A
** tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl Vhdk] bl jksx ls xzLr pqfuank ftyksa esa Vhdkdj.k vfHk;ku ds cknA
*** vkbZlhMh,l foHkkx ds lg;ksx ls] 1&5 o’kZ rd ds cPpksa dks lky esa nks ckj foVkfeu&, dh nwljh ls ukSaoh [kqjkd nh tk
ldrh gSA

xHkZorh efgykvksa dks Lo;a o vius cPps dh VsVul ls lqj{kk djuh vko”;d gSA 11
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds ckjs esa izk;%


iwNs tkus okys iz’u
ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk
ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk cka;h mijh ck¡g esa gh D;ksa fn;k tkrk gS\
ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk cka;h mijh ckWag ij blfy, fn;k tkrk gS rkfd ,d lekurk cuh jgs vkSj tk¡pdrkZ dks
Vhdk ysus dk izek.k feysA
uotkr f’k’kq ¼,d ekg dh mez rd½ dks ch-lh-th- dh 0-05 fe-yh- [kqjkd D;ksa nh tkrh
gS\
;g blfy, D;ksafd uotkr f”k”kq dh Ropk cgqr iryh gksrh gS vkSj Ropk ds Hkhrj 0-1 fe-yh- Vhdk T;knk
xgjk tk ldrk gS ftlls ogka QksM+k vk ldrk gS vFkok xzafFk;ka c<+ ldrh gSaA 0-05 fe-yh- [kqjkd cPps ds
izfrj{k.k ds fy, iz;kIr gSA
ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk dsoy ,d o”kZ rd ds cPpksa dks gh D;ksa fn;k tkrk gS\
vf/kdka”k cPpksa esa ,d o’kZ dh mez rd izkd`frd uSnkfud@mi&uSnkfud risfnd lEca/kh laØe.k gksrk gSA
;g Vhdk blls cpiu esa gksus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds risfnd tSls& Vh-ch- eSafuatkbfVl vkSj fefy;jh jksx ls
cpko djrk gSA
;fn ch-lh-th- fn, tkus ds ckn dksbZ fu’kku u iM+s rks D;k cPps dks iqu% Vhdk yxk;k tkuk
pkfg,\
;fn fu”kku u Hkh iM+s rks cPps dks nqckjk Vhdk yxkus dh t:jr ugha gSA

vks-ih-oh-
,d cPps dks fdl mez rd vks-ih-oh- fn;k tk ldrk gS\
vks-ih-oh- 5 o’kZ dh mez rd ds cPPkksa dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA
D;k Mh-ih-Vh- cwLVj [kqjkd ds lkFk vks-ih-oh vkSj foVkfeu&, fn, tk ldrs gSa\
gkWaA
D;k vks-ih-oh- ds rqjar ckn f’k’kq dks Lruiku djk;k tk ldrk gS\
gkWaA

Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk
2 o”kZ ls vf/kd mez ds cPpksa ds fy, Mh-Vh- Vhds ds LFkku ij vc Mh-ih-Vh- D;ksa fn;k tkrk
gS\
D;ksafd dkyh [kkWalh ds ekeys cM+h mez ds cPpksa esa Hkh Ikk;s x;s gS vkSj Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh foijhr
?kVukvksa dk [krjk Mh-Vh- ds eqdkcys Mh-ih-Vh- Vhds ls T;knk ugha jgrk gSA

12
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh

;fn cPps dks Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Mh-ih-Vh-&1] 2] 3 o vks-ih-oh-&1] 2] 3 ugha fn;s
x;s gksa] rks fdl mez rd ;s Vhds fn;s tk ldrs gSa\
Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk 7 o’kZ dh mez rd ,oa vks-ih-oh- 5 o’kZ dh mez rd ds cPpkas dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn
cPps dks fiNyh [kqjkd nh x;h gSs ijUrq lkj.kh ds vuqlkj mldk Vhdkdj.k iwjk ugha gqvk gS rks nqckjk ls
bu Vhdksa dks “kq: djus ds ctk; ckdh cph [kqjkdsa ns nsuh pkfg,A
Mh-ih-Vh- ds nks Vhdksa ds chp esa de ls de 4 lIrkg dk vUrj D;ksa gksuk pkfg,\
;g blfy, D;ksafd nks Vhdksa ds chp de varjky ds dkj.k cPps dh izfrj{kh izfrfdz;k vkSj lqj{kk ij vlj
iM+ ldrk gSA
Mh-ih-Vh- tka?k ds chp ds ckgjh fgLls ij gh D;ksa fn;k tkrk gS] dwYgksa ij D;ksa ugh\
Mh-ih-Vh- tka?k ds chp ds ckgjh fgLls ij blfy, yxk;k tkrk gS ftlls dwYgksa dh fl;kfVd ul dks {kfr
u igaqpsA blds vykok oSDlhu dwYgs dh olk esa bdV~Bh gks tkus ls “kjhj esa jksx&izfrjks/kh {kerk fodflr
ugha gks ikrh gSA
;fn fdlh cPps esa Mh-ih-Vh- ls ,ythZ ikbZ tk, ;k fdlh dks Mh-ih-Vh- Vhdk nsus ij fnekx
ij vlj gks tk, rks D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
,slh fLFkfr esa cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh- dh nwljh [kqjkd ds LFkku ij MhVh,ih vFkok MhVh nsa] D;ksafd *ih*
¼ijV~;wfll&dkyh [kkWalh½ Hkkx gh izk;% ,ythZ ;k efLr’d izHkkfor djus dk dkj.k curk gSA bls LFkkuh; Lrj
ij miyC/k lalk/kuksa ls [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA

VsVul&Vhdk
;fn ,d yM+dh dks 16 o”kZ dh mez esa jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Mh-ih-Vh- vkSj
Vh-Vh-ds lHkh Vhds yx pqds gS vkSj og 20 o”kZ dh mez esa xHkZorh gks tkrh gS] rks D;k mls
xHkkZoLFkk esa VsVul dk Vhdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,\
dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj] xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku mls VsVul ds nks Vhds yxk;s tkus pkfg,A
D;k 10 o”kZ vkSj 16 o”kZ dh mez es VsVul dsoy yM+fd;ksa ds fy, gh gS\
Ukgha] ;g Vhdk yM+dksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa nksuksa dks yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A
D;k VsVul dk Vhdk xHkkZoLFkk ds igys rhu efguksa esa fn;k tk ldrk gS\
gka] xHkkZoLFkk dk irk pyrs gh ;g Vhdk yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A

gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk
D;k gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhds ds lkFk ,d gh flfjat esa feykdj fn;k tk
ldrk gS\
Ukgha] Mh-ih-Vh- vkSj gsisVkbfVl&ch ds Vhsds feykdj ¼;fn vyx&vyx gSa½ ,d gh flfjat ls ugha fn;s tk
ldrsA

foVkfeu&, “kjhj dks [kljk rFkk nLr tSls ladze.k ls yM+us esa enn nsrk gSA 13
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk fdl mez rd fn;k tkuk pkfg,\


jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj] gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk ,d o’kZ dh mez rd Mh-ih-Vh- dh igyh] nwljh
vkSj rhljh [kqjkd ds lkFk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
tUe ds le; gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk f’k’kq tUe ds 24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj D;ksa fn;k tkrk gS\
tUe ds 24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk yxkus ls f”k”kq esa izlodkyhu gsisVkbfVl&ch ds QSyus ls
cpko gksrk gSA

[kljs dk Vhdk
[kljs dk Vhdk nka;h Hkqtk ij gh D;ksa yxk;k tkuk pkfg,\
[kljs dk Vhdk nka;h Hkqtk ij gh yxk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd ,dlekurk cuh jgs vkSj tkWapdrkZ dks Vhdk ysus
dk izek.k feysA
;fn fdlh cPps dks 9 ekg ls igys [kljs dk Vhdk fn;k tkrk gS] rks D;k bl Vhds dks ckn
esa Hkh fn;k tkuk t:jh gS\
gkWa] cPps dks lkj.kh ds vuqlkj] 9 ekg iwjs gksus ls 12 ekg vkSj 16 ls 24 ekg dh mez esa [kljs dk Vhdk
yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn [kljs dk Vhdk bl vkn”kZ mez esa ugha yxk;k x;k gks rks] ;g 5 o’kZ dh mez rd
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
[kljk dSp&vi vfHk;ku D;k gS\
[kljk dSp&vi vfHk;ku fdlh jkT; ;k ftys esa foLr`r vk;q oxZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks [kljs dh ,d [kqjkd nsdj
mudk Vhdkdj.k djus dk ,d fo”ks’k vfHk;ku gSA dSp&vi vfHk;ku ds vUrxZr yf{kr vk;q oxZ ds lHkh cPpksa
dks [kljs dk Vhdk fn;k tkrk gS] pkgs mUgsa blls igys [kljs ds Vhds yxs gkas ;k ughaA bl dSp&vi vfHk;ku
dk y{; [kljs ls ns”k ds lHkh CkPpksa dk izfrj{k.k djuk vkSj [kljs ls gksus okyh ekSrksa dks de djuk gSA ,d
dSp&vi vfHk;ku ds vUrxZr y{; vk;q oxZ ds yxHkx “kr&izfr”kr cPpksa dk Vhdkdj.k djuk t:jh gSA
[kljs dks nwljs Vhds dks jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa D;ksa ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gS\
[kljk ,d vR;f/kd laØked chekjh gS ftlesa nLr] fueksfu;k ;k efLr’d laØe.k lEca/kh tfVyrkvksa ds dkj.k
ihfM+r O;fDr dh vLoLFkrk vkSj ekSr rd gks tkrh gSA 9 ekg iwjs gksus dh mez esa [kljs dk igyk Vhdk 85%
f”k”kqvksa dh lqj{kk djrk gSA nwljh [kqjkd nsus dk mn~ns”; igyh [kqjkd ds ckn vlqjf{kr vU; lHkh cPpksa dh
lqj{kk djuk gSA
;fn ,d cPps dks igyk Vhdk nsus esa nsjh gks tkrh gS] rks D;k mls [kljs dk nwljk Vhdk
fn;k tk ldrk gS\
cPps dks lgh mez esa Vhdkdj.k djus ds iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg,] vFkkZr 9 ls 12 ekg dh mez esa [kljs dk
igyk Vhdk vkSj 16&24 ekg ij nwljk Vhdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ysfdu ;fn fdlh cPps dks Vhdk nsus esa nsjh
gks tkrh gS rks 5 o’kZ dh vk;q rd [kljs ds nks Vhds ,d efgus ds vUrjky ij fn, tk ldrs gSaA
;fn fdlh cPps dks ,l-vkbZ-,- vfHk;ku ds nkSjku [kljs dk ,d Vhdk fn;k tkrk gS] rks D;k
mls [kljs ds fu;fer Vhds fn, tka,xs\
gkWa] Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj izR;sd cPps dks [kljs ds fu;fer Vhds fn, tkus pkfg,] Hkys gh cPps dks
,l-vkbZ-,- ds nkSjku [kljs dk Vhdk yxk;k tk pqdk gksA

14
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh

fuekZrkvksa }kjk fn, x, oSDlhu ds ?kksy ¼Mk;Y;q,aV½ dh ek=k] oSDlhu dh ek=k ls vf/kd
D;ksa gksrh gS\
fuekZrk visf{kr ek=k ls vf/kd ?kksy “kh”kh esa Hkjrs gSa] vFkkZr “kh”kh esa [kljs dh 5 [kqjkd ds fy, 2-5 fe-yh-
ls vf/kd ?kksy vkSj ch-lh-th- dh “kh”kh esa 10 [kqjkd ds fy, 1 fe-yh- ls vf/kd ek=k j[krs gSaA ,slk fuEu
vifjgk;Z dkj.kksa ls ?kksy cokZn gksus dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fd;k tkrk gS%
l gc vkSj lqbZ esa dqN [kkyh txgA
l oSDlhu dk “kh”kh ds Hkhrjh nhokj ij fpid tkuk] vkSj
l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk “kh”kh esa ls iwjh ek=k esa Vhdk fudkyus dh vdq”kyrkA
blfy,] ?kksy dh “kh”kh ls iwjk ?kksy fudkyuk rFkk bldk mi;ksx oSDlhu ds feJ.k ds fy, djuk vko”;d
gS A

tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl
;fn 16&24 ekg dh mez ds cPps dks tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl Vhds ls ,l-vkbZ-,- ds nkSjku
izfrjf{kr fd;k x;k gS] rks D;k bl cPps dks fu;fer Vhdkdj.k ds :Ik esa iqu% tkikuh
,sUlhQSykbfVl dk Vhdk fn;k tk ldrk gS\
Ukgha] orZeku esa ;g dsoy ,d gh ckj fn;k tkus okyk Vhdk gS vkSj bls nksgjk;k ugha tkuk pkfg,A
;fn fdlh 2 o”kZ ls vf/kd mez ds cPps dks fu;fer Vhdkdj.k ;k ,l-vkbZ-,- ds vUrZxr
tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl dk Vhdk ugha fn;k x;k gS] rks D;k mls ;g Vhdk fn;k tkuk
pkfg,\
gkWa] cPpk fu;fer Vhdkdj.k ds ek/;e ls 15 o’kZ dh vk;q rd tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl Vhdk xzg.k djus dk
ik= gSA

foVkfeu&,
foVkfeu&, dh fdruh jksxfujks/kh [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg, vkSj fdl mez rd\
5 o’kZ dh mez rd foVkfeu&, dh 9 jksxfujks/kh [kqjkdsa nh tkuh pkfg,A
foVkfeu&, dh nks [kqjkdksa ds chp fdruk vUrj gksuk pkfg,\
foVkfeu&, dh nks [kqjkdksa ds chp de ls de 6 efguss dk vUrj gksuk pkfg,SA
foVkfeu&, flji dSls fn;k tkuk pkfg,\
foVkfeu&, flji izR;sd “kh”kh esa j[ks pEep@fMLisalj ls gh fn;k tkuk pkfg,A pEep esa n”kkZ;k x;s vk/ks
fu”kku rd 100]000 vkbZ;w vkSj iwjs pEep esa foVkfeu&, dh 200]000 vkbZ-;w- [kqjkd “kkfey gksrh gSA
foVkfeu&, dh deha ds y{k.kksa okys cPpksa ds fy, D;k bykt gS\
foVkfeu&, dh deha dk irk pyrs gh cPps dks 200]000 vkbZ;w foVkfeu&, dh [kqjkd rFkk blds 1&4 lIrkg
ckn 200]000 vkbZ-;w- dh nwljh [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A

foVkfeu&, dh deh ds dkj.k jrkSU/kh jksx gks ldrk gS] vkSj jksx ls yM+us dh {kerk de gks ldrh gSA 15
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

foVkfeu&, dh cUn ‘khf’k;ksa ds HkaMkj.k ds fy, D;k fn’kkfunsZ’k gS\


foVkkfeu&, ?kksy dks lh/kh /kwi ls nwj j[kuk pkfg, vkSj lekfIr dh rkjh[k ls igys budk mi;ksx dj ysuk
pkfg,A
,d ckj ‘kh’kh [kqyus ds ckn] bls fdrus le; rd mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gS\
foVkfeu&, dh “kh”kh ,d ckj [kqyus ds ckn 8 lIrkg rd mi;ksx esa yk;h tk ldrh gSA bl fy, “kh”kh
ij [kqyus dh rkjh[k fy[k nsaA
foVkfeu&, vuqiwj.k ds vykok] foVkfeu&, dh deha dks jksdus ds fy, vU; dkSu ls
fn’kkfunsZ’k gSa\
bu fn”kkfunsZ”kksa esa%
l cPps dks “kh?kz vkSj ,dek= Lruiku djkuk] ftlesa
foVkfeu&, ls Hkjiwj ekWa dk “kq:vkrh ihyk xk<+k nw/k
¼dksyksLVªe½ fiYkkuk “kkfey gSA
l cPps dks gjh iRrsnkj lfCt;ka ;k ihys vkSj ukjaxh jax
ds Qy rFkk lfCt;ka] tSls & dn~nw] xktj] iihrk] vke]
larjk vkfn ds lkFk gh cPps dks nw/k NqM+krs le; vukt
vkSj nky dk fu;fer vkgkj nsukA
l nw/k] iuhj] ngh] ?kh] vaMs] fyoj bR;kfn dk lsouA

ftad
ftad ckj&ckj gksus okys nLr dks de djus esa dSls
enn djrk gS\
ftad ,d lw{eiks’kd gSA ;g nLr jksx dh jksdFkke esa lgk;d gksrk gS vkSj cPps dks ekSr rFkk chekjh ls
cpkrk gSA
nLr jksx ds bykt esa vks-vkj-,l- ds lkFk ftad dh fdruh [kqjkd nh tkrh gS\
2&6 ekg ds f”k”kqvksa ds fy, ftad dh 10 fe-xzk- dh ?kqyus okyh xksyh eka ds nw/k esa 14 fnuksa rd nh tkrh
gSA 6 ekg ls 5 o’kZ ds cPpksa dks 20 fe-xzk- dh ?kqyus okyh xksyh 14 fnuksa rd nh tkrh gSA

lHkh Vhds
;fn ,d cPps dks dHkh dksbZ Vhds ugha fn;s x;s gaS rks D;k mls 9 ekg iwjs gksus ij lHkh ik=
Vhds ,d gh fnu fn, tk ldrs gS\
gkWa] lHkh Vhdksa dks ,d le; fn;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq bUgsa “kjhj ds fofHkUUk Hkkxksa ij vyx&vyx ,-Mh-
flfjatks ls yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d ,sls cPps dks ftls dHkh Vhds ugha yxk;s x;s gSa mls 9 ekg dh mez esa
ch-lh-th-] Mh-ih-Vh-] gsisVkbfVl&ch] vksihoh ,oa [kljs ds Vhds rFkk foVkfeu&, dh [kqjkd ,d gh le; nsuk
lqjf{kr vkSj vljnk;d gSA

16
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh

;fn ekWa@ns[kjs[kdrkZ ,d f’k’kq dks 9 ekg dh mez esa dsoy ,d batsD’ku yxkus ds fy,
vuqefr nsrh gS] rks mls dkSu&lk Vhdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,\
9 efgus dh vk;q ij] izkFkfedrk ds rkSj ij vks-ih-oh- vkSj foVkfeu&, ds lkFk [kljs dk Vhdk fn;k tkrk
gSA
1&5 o”kZ dh mez ds cPps dks ftls igys dHkh dksbZ Vhds u yxs gksa] dkSu&ls Vhds fn;s tk
ldrs gS\
,sls cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh-&1] vks-ih-oh-&1] [kljs dk Vhdk vkSj foVkfeu&, dh 2 fe-yh- [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A
blds ckn] ,d efgus ds vUrj ij cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh- vkSj vks-ih-oh- dh nwljh rFkk rhljh [kqjkd nh tkuh
pkfg,A [kljs dh nwljh [kqjkd vkSj tsbZ dk Vhdk Hkh Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj fn;s tkrs gSA vks-ih-oh-&3@
Mh-ih-Vh-&3 nsus ds de ls de 6 efgus ds ckn vks-ih-oh-@Mh-ih-Vh- dh cwLVj [kqjkd nh tk ldrh gSA
5&7 o”kZ dh mez ds cPps dks ftls igys dHkh dksbZ Vhds u yxs gksa] dkSu&ls Vhds fn;s tk
ldrs gS\
,sls cPps dks ,d efgus ds vUrj ij Mh-ih-Vh- dh igyh] nwljh vkSj rhljh [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A 7 o’kZ dh
mez rd Mh-ih-Vh-&3 nsus ds de ls de 6 efgus ckn Mh-ih-Vh-&cwLVj dh [kqjkd nh tk ldrh gSA
;fn ,d cPps dks vxys Vhds nsus esa nsjh gks tkrh gS rks D;k Vhds dh igyh [kqjkd ls fQj
‘kq:vkr djuh gksxh\
;fn cPps dks vxys Vhds@[kqjkd ds fy, ykus esa nsjh gks x;h gS rks Vhdkdj.k fQj ls “kq: djus dh
vko”;drk ugha gSA ogha ls “kq: djsa tgka ls [kqjkd NwV x;h gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% ;fn fdlh cPps dks 5
ekg dh mez esa ch-lh-th-] Mh-ih-Vh-&1] gsisVkbfVl&ch&1 o vksihoh&1 dh [kqjkd nh xbZ gS] og 11 ekg ij
fQj vkrk gS rks mls Mh-ih-Vh-&2] gsisVkbfVl&ch&2] vksihoh&2 vkSj [kljs dh [kqjkd nsaA Mh-ih-Vh-&1 ls iqu%
“kq: u djsaA
Vhdkdj.k ls igys batsD’ku okyh txg dks fLizV ls iksaNuk lgh D;ksa ugha gksrk\
,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd batsD”ku okyh txg ij fLizV ds ekStwn va”k Vhds ds thfor ?kVdksa ds laidZ esa vkus
ls mUgsa u’V dj ldrs gSaA

Vhdk yxus dh rkjh[k ds ikyu ls vf/kd laiw.kZ Vhdkdj.k ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;fn cPps dks Vhdk yxkus dh fu/kkZfjr rkjh[k ds ckn yk;k tk,] rks Hkh
mls lHkh ik= Vhds ns fn, tk;saA

nw/k] gjh lfCt;ka rFkk ihys vkSj ukjaxh jax ds Qy ysus ls foVkfeu&, dh deha dks jksd ldrs gSaA 17
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

bdkbZ & 4 ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ izca/ku


rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j
f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg,%
 “khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ dk egRo crk ikus dh {kerk izkIr dj ldsaxsA
 vki crk ldsaxs fd dkSu&ls Vhds xehZ@izdk”k o teus ls izHkkfor gks ldrs gSaA
 vki oSDlhu dh xehZ ;k teus ls [kjkc gksus dh tk¡p dj ldrs gSaA
 vki vkbl&iSd vkSj oSDlhu dSfj;j dks lgh izdkj ls rS;kj djus
lEca/kh izn”kZu dj ldsaxsA

fo"k;oLrq
 “khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ ,oa oSDlhu laosnu”khyrkA
 Vhdksa dk mfpr rkieku ij j[kj[kkoA

4-1 ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ fdls dgrs gSa \


“khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ dk rkRi;Z mu yksxksa] midj.kksa rFkk fof/k;ksa ls gS tks fuekZrk ls rS;kj gksdj Vhdksa
dk ifjogu vkSj Hk.Mkj.k ds tfj;s okLrfod mi;ksxdrkZ ds ikl igaqpus rd Vhdksa dks lgh rkieku ij
cuk, j[kus ds fy, fu/kkZfjr gSA l= LFky ij j[ks Vhdksa dh rkieku lEca/kh O;oLFkk dh ftEesnkjh LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZvksa ij gSA ;fn dksbZ Vhdk vf/kd xehZ] izdk”k ;k BaM ds laidZ esa vkrk gS rks laHko gS fd bldh
{kfr gks tk, ;k bldh {kerk o vlj esa deha vk tk,] ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks cPps dks Vhdk nsuk O;FkZ gks
tkrk gSA

4-2 Vhdksa dh laosnu’khyrk


tSlk fd uhps pkVZ esa fn;k x;k gS] Mh-ih-Vh-] Vh-Vh- vkSj gsikVkbfVl&ch ds Vhds ;fn BaM ls te
tk,a rks viuh vlj {kerk [kks nsrs gSaA fefJr ¼fjdfUlVV~;wV½ fd, x, ch-lh-th-] [kljs o tsbZ
ds Vhds xehZa o izdk’k ds izfr laosnu’khy gksrs gSaA D;ksafd bu Vhdksa dks ifjj{kdksa esa ugha j[kk tkrk
gS blfy, LVSfQyksdksdl vkSfj;l ds dkj.k buds fo’kkDr gksus dk [krjk jgrk gS rFkk ,slk Vhdk yxkus ls
ykHkkFkhZ dh ekSr Hkh gks ldrh gS ¼VkWfDld “kkWd flaMªksae½A budk bLrseky fefJr fd, tkus ds 4 ?kaVksa ¼tkikuh
,sUlhQSykbfVl Vhds ds fy, 2 ?kaVs½ ckn dnkfi ugha gksuk pkfg,A

18
bdkbZ 4- ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j

Rkkfydk 4-1% Vhdksa dh laosnu’khyrk


Vhdk xehZ@izdk’k dk izHkko BaM dk izHkko izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz esa
rkieku
xehZ rFkk izdk’k ls laosnu’khy Vhds
vksihoh xehZ ds izfr laosnu”khy BaM ls teus ij uqdlku ugha +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l
[kljk xehZ vkSj izdk”k ds izfr laosnu”khy BaM ls teus ij uqdlku ugha +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l
ch-lh-th- xehZ esa vis{kkd`r Bhd jgrs gSa ij BaM ls teus ij uqdlku ugha +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l
¼feJ.k ls igys½ izdk”k ds izfr vfr laosnu”khy
BaM ls teko ¼Ýzhftax½ ds izfr laosnu’khy
gsisVkbfVl&ch dqN xehZ esa vis{kkd`r Bhd jgrs gSa -0.5° lsfYl;l ij te tkrs gSa +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l
¼bUgsa teus u nsa½
Mh-ih-Vh- dqN xehZ esa vis{kkd`r Bhd jgrs gSa -3° lsfYl;l ij te tkrs gSa +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l
¼bUgsa teus u nsa½
Vh-Vh- dqN xehZ esa vis{kkd`r Bhd jgrs gSa -3° lsfYl;l ij te tkrs gSa +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l
¼bUgsa teus u nsa½
izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz Lrj ij] lHkh Vhds vkbZ,yvkj esa j[ks tkrs gSa ftudk rkieku +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l
rd j[kk tkrk gSA
Vhds dh rkieku laosnu’khyrk
xehZ dh laosnu’kyhrk ‘khr laonsu’khyrk
 ch-lh-th- ¼feJ.k ds ckn½ lokZf/kd  gsisVkbZfVl&ch lokZf/kd
 vksihoh  Mh-ih-Vh-
 [kljk  Vh-Vh-
 Mh-ih-Vh-
 ch-lh-th- ¼feJ.k ls igys½
 Vh-Vh-] gsi&ch] tsbZ U;wure U;wure

4-3 Vhds dks lgh rkieku ij dSls j[kk tk ldrk gS\


lHkh Vhds xehZ ds izfr laosnu”khy gksrs gSaA ch-lh-th- o [kljs ds Vhds izdk”k ds izfr Hkh laonsu”khy gksrs gSaA
gsisVkbfVl&ch] Mh-ih-Vh- o Vh-Vh- ds Vhds BaM ls teus ij viuh {kerk [kks nsrs gSaA blfy, Vhdksa dh iSfdax]
izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz ls Vhdkdj.k l= rd ykus rFkk l= ds nkSjku mudk HkaMkj.k lgh rkieku ij fd;k
tkuk tkfg,A vR;f/kd xehZ ds lkFk&lkFk BaM ls {kfrxzLr Vhdksa dh tkWp djuh Hkh vko”;d gSA

d½ xehZ ls gqbZ {kfr dh tkWap dSls dh tk,\


Vhds dh “kh”kh ds yscy ij uhys pØ ds Hkhrj ,d NksVk lk lQsn oXkZ gksrk gSA bls oSDlhu okW;y ekWfuVj
¼oh-oh-,e-½ dgrs gSa ftlls irk pyrk gS okW;y T;knk xehZ ds laidZ eas rks ugha vk;k gSA ohoh,e dks i<sa
¼fp= 4d½ vkSj irk yxk,a fd dgha xehZ ds izHkko ls Vhdk vuqi;ksxh rks ugha gks x;k gSA ;fn ik;k tk,
fd bu Vhdksa ds ohoh,e dk jax bl dnj cny x;k gS fd Vhdk vuqi;ksxh gks x;k gS rks ,slh okW;y dk
bLreky u djsa rFkk mls gVk nsaA

;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd lHkh oSDlhu +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l ij j[kh xbZ gSaA 19
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

oSDlhu ok;y ekWfuVj i<+uk


1- Hkhrj okyk oxZ ckgjh pdz ls gYdk gSA ;fn
mi;ksx dh vafre rkjh[k ugha xbZ gS rks bl Vhds
dk mi;ksx dj ysaA
2- van:uh oxZ vHkh Hkh ckgj ds pØ ls gYdk gSA
;fn mi;ksx dh vafre rkjh[k ugha xbZ gS rks bl
mi;ksxh fLFkfr;ka Vhds dk mi;ksx dj ysaA

QSad nsus ds fy, dkj.k


3- Hkhrj okyk oxZ ckgjh pØ ds jax ls feyrk gSA
bl Vhds dk bLrseky u djsaA

Qsad nsus dh fLFkfr ls Hkh vkxs%


4- Hkhrj okyk oxZ ckgjh pØ ds eqdkcys vkSj
vf/kd xgjk gks pqdk gSA bl Vhds dks bLrseky
vuqi;ksxh fLFkfr;ka
u djsaA
fp= 4d% ohoh,e dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ka

[k½ ‘khr ¼fÝftax½ ds dkj.k gksus okyh {kfr dh ij[k dSls dh tk,\
Vhdksa ds BaM ls te tkus ds dkj.k gksus okys uqdlku ¼vkbl&iSdksa ds lh/ks laidZ esa vkus ds dkj.k Hkh bu
Vhdksa dks uqdlku gks ldrk gS½ dh tkWap dh tk,A ;fn ok;y esa oSDlhu te xbZ gS ;k blesa iiM+h gSa rks
,slh ok;y dk bLreky u djs rFkk mUgs QSad nsaA

,sls Vh&lhfjt vkSj gsisVkbfVl&ch ds Vhdksa dks gVk nsa] ;fn og


l BaM ls te x;s gSa
l fgykus ds ckn iiM+h fn[k tk,

4-4 oSDlhu dSfj;j D;k gSa\


budk bLreky Vhdksa ¼16&20 ok;y½ dks mi&dsanz vFkok xk¡oksa
esa Vhdkdj.k l=ks rd ys tkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA buesa
l= LFky ij ,d fnu ds bLrseky ds fy, i;kZIr Vhds ys
tkus ds fy, mfpr dksYM psu O;oLFkk jgrh gSA bu dSfj;jksa
esa eksVh ijrsa o <Ddu gksrs gSa tks ,sls [kkl inkFkZ ls cuk,
tkrs gSa tks xehZ dks Hkhrj vkus ls jksdrk gS rFkk Vhds dh fp= 4[k% oSDlhu dSfj;j
{kerk de ugha gksus nsrk gSA
oSDlhu dSfj;j esa pkj vuqdwfyr vkbl&iSd j[ks tkrs gSa tks fd ,d fnu rd vanj dk rkieku +2° ls +8°
lsfYl;l rd cuk, j[krk gSA ¼;fn bls ckj&ckj u [kksyk tk, vkSj Qkse iSM vanj j[kk tk,½A

20
bdkbZ 4- ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j

l dsoy 4 vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd okys oSDlhu dSfj;j dk gh bLrseky fd;k tk,A 2 vkbZl
iSd okys Ms dSfj;j dks iz;ksx esa dHkh u yk,aA
l oSDlhu dSfj;j dks lwjt dh jsk’kuh esa u j[ksaA blls izdk’k o xehZ dSfj;j esa izos’k dj
ldrh gS vkSj blls izdk’k ds izfr laonsu’khy Vhds [kjkc gks ldrsa gSaA
l vuko’;d :Ik ls <Ddu [kqyk uk j[ksa uºÈ r¨ muesa izdk’k o xehZ izos’k dj ldrh gS
vkSj blls Vhds [kjkc gks ldrs gSaA
l oSDlhu dk <+Ddu [kksyus ds fy, dHkh Hkh fdlh uqdhyh oLrq tSls LØw Mªkboj ;k fdlh
irys MaMs dk iz;ksx u djsaA

4-5 vkbZl iSd D;k gksrs gSa vkSj budk mi;ksx


dSls fd;k tkrk gS\
l vkbZl iSd IykfLVd ds fMCcs gksrs gSa tks ikuh ls Hkjs gksrs gSaA bUgsa Mhi Ýhtj
esa dM+s :Ik esa tek;k x;k gksrk gSA teus esa “kh?kzrk ds fy, vkbl&iSd ds
ikuh esa ued u feyk,aA
l vkbZl iSd oSDlhu dSfj;j vkSj dksYM ckWDl dh nhokjksa ds lkFk j[ks tkrs gSa
rkfd mUgsa vkSj muesa j[ks rRoksa dks BaMk j[kk tk lds A fp= 4x% vkbl iSd
l vkbZl iSd dks fp= 4 x esa fn[kk, vuqlkj fu”kku rd ikuh Hkj nsa vkSj <Ddu dl ds cUn djsaA
l vkbZl iSdksa dks tekus ds fy, Mhi Ýhtj esa j[kus ls igys mudh ckgjh lrg dks lw[ks diM+s ls iksaN
ysaA

4-6 oSDlhu dSfj;j dks dSls rS;kj fd;k tk,\


Vhds mlh fnu izkIr djsa ftl fnu Vhdkdj.k djuk gksA
1- oSDlhu dSfj;j dh tkWap dj ysa fd <Ddu iwjh rjg ls can gks o dSfj;j dh nhokjksa esa njkj u gksA
2- vkbZl iSdksa dk vuqdwyu% -20° lsfYl;l ds rkieku ij Ýhtj ls vkbZl iSd fudky ysaA bUgsa
0° lsfYl;l rd c<+us ds fy, ,d le; rd dejs ds rkieku ij j[kus dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
vkbZl iSdks ds vuqdwyu dh vof/k ckgj ds rkieku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA bl izfØ;k dks *vuqdwyu*
dgrs gSaA bu pj.kksa dk ikyu djsa%
¾¾ izR;sd vkbZl iSd ds pkjksa rjQ 5 lseh- dh txg NksaM+sA
¾¾ vkbZl iSd dks yxk;sa] tgka rd laHko gks bUgsa ,d iafDr esa j[ksa] ysfdu nks iafDr;ksa ls
vf/kd ughaA
¾¾ rc rd bartkj djsa tc rd vkbZl iSd ds vanj FkksM+k ikuh fn[ksA
;fn okrkoj.k dk rkieku $20 fMxzh lsfYl;l gS rks vuqdwyu esa yxHkx ,d ?kaVs dk le; yxsxk
vkSj ;fn rkieku vf/kd gS rks blls Hkh de le; yxsxkA buesa ls ,d vkbZl iSd dks dqN feuVksa ds
ckn fgykrs jgsaA tSls gh vkbZl&iSd ds vUnj cQZ /khjs&/khjs fgyus yxsxh ;gh vkbZl iSd ds vuqdwyu

Vhdk nsus ls igys oSDlhu ok;y ij ,Dlik;jh dh rkjh[k vkSj ohoh,e dh tk¡p dj ysaA 21
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

dh fLFkfr gksxhA ,slk djus ls vkbZl iSd ds laidZ esa vkus


okys Vhdksa dks teus ls jksdk tk ldrk gSA
3- pkj vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSdksa dks dSfj;j dh Hkhrjh nhokjksa ds
lkFk lVkdj j[ksaA
4- vko”;d ek=k esa [kljs] vksihoh] ch-lh-th-] Vh-Vh-] Mh-ih-Vh-
vkSj gSisVkbfVl&ch ds Vhdksa rFkk lkFk gh izR;sd ch-lh-th- o
[kljk ok;y ds fy, MkbZY;w,aV dk ,d okW;y ¼tsbZ Hkh vxj
pkfg,½ fudky ysa vkSj ft+i ykWd ;qDr IykfLVd dh FkSyh
ds vanj j[k ysaA bl FkSyh dks dSfj;j ds chp j[k nsa] tSls fp= 4?k% iSd oSDlhu dSfj;j
fd fp= 4?k es fn[kk;k x;k gSA blls Vhds vkbZl iSd ds lh/ks laidZ esa ugha vk ik,axs vkSj Vhdksa
ds yscy xydj vyx ugha gksaxsA vksihoh dk Mªkij Hkh oSDlhu dSfj;j ds Hkhrj IykfLVd cSx esa j[k
fy;k tkuk pkfg,A
5- <+Ddu etcwrh ds lkFk can djsaA

4-7 Vhdksa dks oSDlhu dSfj;j esa fdruh nsj rd j[k ldrs gSa\
Vhdksa dks oSDlhu dSfj;j esas ek= ,d dk;Z&fnol ds fy, j[kk tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh] ;g vof/k vkbZl iSdksa
dh n”kk vkSj okrkoj.k ds rkieku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA Vhds oSDlhu dSfj;j esa rc rd gh lqjf{kr jgrs gSa tc
rd vkbZl iSd de ls de vkaf”kd :Ik ls tes gq, gksaA

l dsoy oSDlhu ds lkFk fuekZrk }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s MkbY;q,aV dk gh bLrseky djsaA
l forj.k ls igys MkbY;q,aV dks vkbZ,yvkj esa +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l rkieku ij de
ls de 24 ?kaVs rd j[kk tk,A lqfuf’pr djsa fd oSDlhu vkSj MkbY;q,aV feJ.k ds le;
,d gh rkieku ij gksaA
l ykrs&ys tkrs le; MkbY;q,aV o MªkWij dks oSDlhu dSfj;j esa gh Vhds ds lkFk j[kk tkuk
pkfg,A
l oSDlhu dSfj;j dks u rks fxjk,a vkSj u gh ml ij cSBsa] blls dSfj;j dks uqdlku
igqapsxkA
l Vhds gSaMcSx@ilZ esa ysdj u pysa] D;ksafd blls xehZ o izdk’k ds izfr laosnu’khy Vhds
[kjkc gks ldrs gSaA

4-8 Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku Vhdksa dks


dSls BaMk j[kk tk ldrk gS\
vkbZl iSd dks oSDlhu dSfj;j ls ckgj fudkyus ls blds BaMs cus jgus ds
le; esa deha vkrh gSaA Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku] fefJr ch-lh-th- rFkk
[kljs dh ok;yksa dks vkbZl&iSd ds Nsnksa esas j[kus ds fy, dsoy ,d fp= 4M-% vkbl iSd esa j[ks fefJr Vhds

22
bdkbZ 4- ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j

vkbZl iSd fudkyk tkuk pkfg,A vkbZl iSd dks ,d ckj fudkyus ds
ckn l= dh lekfIr rd dSfj;j esa okil u j[ksaA ijUrq] Mh-ih-Vh-] Vh-Vh-
;k gSisVkbfVl&ch ds okW;y dHkh Hkh vkbZl iSd ds mij u j[ksaA
vf/kdka”k {ks=ksa esa] oSDlhu dSfj;j dk rkieku ,d fnu ds fy, +8° lsfYl;l
ls de jgsxkA bl fLFkfr dks ikus ds fy,%
l oSDlhu dSfj;j dks Nkao esa vkSj BaMh txg ij j[ksaA
l Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku <+Ddu can j[ksaA
l fefJr ch-lh-th- o [kljk Vhdk vf/kd ls vf/kd 4 ?kaVksa rd ds fy,
+2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l ds rkieku ij j[kk tk ldrk gSA
¼tsbZ nks ?kaVks ds fy,½
l oSDlhu okW;y ds yscy ij mlds feJ.k dk le; fy[k nsa vkSj pkj fp= 4 p% feJ.k dk le; fy[kuk
?kaVksa ¼tsbZ nks ?kaVks½ ds ckn mls bLreky u djs vkSj yky iksyhFkhu cSx esa Mkydj ih,plh esa okil
Hkst nsaA

l Vhdkdj.k l= okys fnu lHkh oSDlhu dks ih,plh ls l= LFky rd 4 vuqdwfyr vkbZl&iSd
ds lkFk oSDlhu dSfj;j esa HkstsaA
l viz;qDr oSDlhu okW;y dks oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k ds ek/;e ls mlh fnu dksYM&psu esa
l= LFky ls ih,plh ij okil ykSVk;saA
l lHkh viz;qDr oSDlhu dks ,d vyx ckWDl esa vkbZ,yvkj esa j[ksa] bl ij “viz;qDr okilh”
dk yscy yxk,a rFkk bUgs ckn ds l=ksa esa iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA
l tks oSDlhu rhu ls vf/kd ckj iz;ksx fd;s fcuk okil vk;sa] mUgsa lgh rjg ls fuLrkj.k
djsaA
l vkbZ,yvkj esa dksbZ Hkh [kqyh gqbZ ;k mi;ksx dh x;h oSDlhu dh ‘kh’kh u j[ksaA

4-9 dksYM ckWDl D;k gksrs gSa\


dksYM ckWDl dk bLrseky Vhdksa dh ekfld lIykbZ ds fy, ftyk HkaMkjksa ls ysdj LokLF; dsanzksa ij ys tkus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr budk mi;ksx vkbZ,yvkj ds dke u djus dh fLFkfr esa Vhdksa dks j[kus
ds fy, rFkk Ýhtj dks fM&ÝkWLV djrs le; vkbZl&iSdkas dks j[kus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
Vhdksa dks dksYM ckWDl esa j[kus ls igys vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd dksYM ckWDl ds vanj uhps vkSj lkbZM esa j[ks
tk,aA mlds ckn] Vhdksa dh ok;yksa dks xRrs ds fMCcksa esa ;k ft+i ykWd ;qDr ikWfyfFku dh FkSfy;ksa esa j[kdj
dksYM ckWDl esa j[kk tk,A dksYM ckWDl dks can djus ls igys Vhdksa dks vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd dh ,d ijr
ls <+d fn;k tk,A
/;ku jgs fd Vhdksa dks dksYM ckWDl esa j[krs gq, ;k mUgsa dksYM CkkWDl esa dgha ys tkrs le; mlesas Ik;kZIr la[;k
esa vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd lkFk esa jgsaA ,slh fLFkfr esa] Vhdksa dks dksYM ckWDl esa yxHkx Ng fnuksa rd j[kk tk
ldrk gSA dksYM ckWDl esa ,d Mk;y FkekZehVj j[kdj mlds rkieku ij utj j[kh tkuh pkfg,A

lqfuf”pr djsa fd feJ.k ls igys MkbY;q,aV Hkh +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l ds rkieku ij gksaA 23
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

4-10 Mhi&Ýhtj D;k gksrs gSa\


izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz NksVs rFkk ftyk Lrj ij cM+s Mhi Ýhtj j[ks tkrs gSaA bu ds dsfcusV dk rkieku -15°
ls -25° lsfYl;l ds chp j[kk tkrk gSA fctyh pys tkus ij Mhi Ýhtj dsfcusV ds rkieku dks 18 ls 22
?kaVs rd cuk, j[k ldrs gSaA izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz Lrj ij Mhi Ýhtj dsoy vkbZl iSd cukus ds
fy, bLrseky gksrs gSa vkSj budk bLrseky lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe ¼;wvkbZih½ lEca/kh Vhdksa
dks j[kus esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA 140 yhVj okys ,d Mhi Ýhtj esa 24 ?kaVksa ds nkSjku de ls de 8 ?kaVs
yxkrkj fctyh miyC/k gksus ij 20&25 vkbZl iSd rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gSA

4-11 vkbl&ykbZUM jsfÝt+jsVj ¼vkbZ,yvkj½ D;k gksrs gSa\


izkFkfed LokLF; dsUnz ij NksVs rFkk ftyk Lrj ij cM+s vkbZ,yvkj j[ks tkrs gSaA budh dsfcusV dk rkieku
+2° ls +8° lsfYl;l ds chp j[kk tkrk gSA izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz Lrj ij] vkbZ,yvkj dk bLrseky
lHkh lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ¼;wvkbZih½ lEca/kh Vhdksa dks j[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA vkbZ,yvkj
dh ykbfuax cQZ ds ikbiksa dh ;k vkbZl iSdksa dh jgrh gSA bu ikbZiksa es ;fn ,d ckj cQZ Bhd ls te tkrh
gS] rks fctyh pys tkus dh n”kk esa Hkh vanj dk rkieku cuk, j[krs gSaA vkbZ,yvkj esa 24 ?kaVksa ds nkSjku
dsoy 8 ?kaVs dh yxkrkj fctyh vkiwfrZ gksus ij Hkh Vhds lqjf{kr j[ks tk ldrs gaSA D;ksafd vkbZ,yvkj mij
ls [kqyrs gSa] blfy, ;s vkxs ls [kqyus okys jsÝhtjsVjksa ds eqdkcys vUnj dk rkieku csgrj j[krs gSaA lHkh
Vhdksa dks MkbY;q,aV ds lkFk fp= 4N esa n”kkZ;s vuqlkj Vksdjh esa j[kk tk,A

;fn dksbZ Vksdjh miyC/k u gks rks] oSDlhu ¼vksihoh o [kljs ds vykok½ dks j[kus ds fy, vkbZ,yvkj ds
IysVQkWeZ ij [kkyh vkbZl iSd dh nks iafDr;ka yxk ysaA [kljs o vksihoh dks vkbZ,yvkj ds ry ij [kkyh
vkbZl iSd dh nks iafDr;ksa ds mij j[kk tk ldrk gSA

vkbZl&ykbZUM jsÝhtjsVj esa Vhdksa dk HkaMkj.k

fp= 4N% vkbZl ykbUM jsÝhtjsVj esa lgh rjg ls oSDlhu j[kuk

24
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk

bdkbZ & 5 lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk


f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg,%
 vki batsD”ku nsus ds fy, viuk, tk jgs lqjf{kr rjhdksa dk egRo vkSj Qk;ns crk
ldsaxsA
 ,-Mh- flfjatksa ds bLrseky dk izn”kZu dj ldsaxsA
 Vhdkdj.k ls mRiUu dPkjs ds lqjf{kr :Ik ls fuLrkj.k dk izn”kZu dj ldsaxsA

fo"k;oLrq
 batsD”ku nsus ds fy, viuk, tk jgs lqjf{kr rjhdksa dk egRoA
 batsD”ku lEca/kh lqj{kk esa lq/kkj ykus ds ljy mik;A
 ,-Mh- flfjatksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, lqjf{kr batsD”ku yxk;k tkukA
 Lkqjf{kr fuLrkj.k fn”kkfunsZ”kA

5-1 lqjf{kr batsD’ku D;k gksrk gS\


lqjf{kr batsD”ku og batsD”ku gksrk gS ftlesa batsD”ku nsus o ysus okys dks ;k leqnk; dks dksbZ uqdlku ugha
gksrk gSA LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ;g ekudj pysa fd ,d ckj bLrseky gks pqds midj.k nwf’kr gks pqds gSa vkSj
mudk iqu% bLrseky ugha djuk gSA fdlh O;fDr dks batsD”ku ds bLreky ;k Vhdkdj.k ls mRiUu dpjs ls
dksbZ ladze.k u gks rFkk nq?kZVuko”k lqbZ pqHk tkus ;k ,slh fdlh vU; ?kVuk ls pksV vkfn u igqaps blds fy,
vko”;d O;oLFkk igys ls gh lqfuf”pr dj ysA

5-2 vlqjf{kr batsD’ku ds dkSu&dkSu ls [krjs gSa\


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :Ik esa] ge tkurs gSa fd flfjat o lqbZ;ksa dk iqu% iz;ksx laØe.k dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS rFkk yksxksa dks
tksf[ke esa Mky ldrk gSA vlqjf{kr batsD”ku ls mRiUu xaHkhj laØe.k gsisVkbfVl&ch] gsisVkbfVl&lh vkSj ,pvkbZoh
¼,M~l jksx dh otg½ gSA xyr rjhds ls yxk;s x;s batsD”ku ls pksV yx ldrh gS ;k foijhr izHkko Hkh gks ldrk gSA ,slk
rc gksrk gS tc batsD”ku xyr txg ij yxk;k tk,] ;k xyr Vhdk] MkbY;q,aV ;k [kqjkd dk bLrseky gqvk
gksA nq?kZVuko”k lqbZ pqHk tkus ls pksV vkfn gksus ds tksf[ke vkSj batsD”ku midj.k ds lqjf{kr fuLrkj.k dk
egRo le>uk t:jh gS rkfd lekt dks igqapus okys tksf[keksa ls cpko fd;k tk ldsA

izR;sd batsD”ku ds nkSjku dsoy ,-Mh- flfjat dk iz;ksx djsaA 25


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

5-3 batsD’ku lqj{kk esa lq/kkj ykus lEca/kh ljy mik;%


l batsD’ku nsus ls igys lkcqu ls /kksdj gkFk lkQ dj ysa
¾¾ batsD”ku dk lkeku rS;kj djus ls igys vius gkFkksa dks lkcqu
ls /kksdj lkQ dj ysa] ;k mUgsa thok.kqfoghu dj ysaA
¾¾ ;fn batsD”ku yxkus okyh RoPkk ij laØe.k gS ¼tSls fd Ropk
ij ?kko gks tkuk] ;k dV tkuk vkfn½] rks ogk¡ batsD”ku u
yxk,A
¾¾ ;fn lsok iznkrk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dks dgha NksVh&eksVh pksV
yxh gS ;k dV x;k gS rks mls <+d ysuk pkfg,A
l gj ckj thok.kqfoghu fd, x, batsD’ku midj.k dk gh bLrseky
djsa
¾¾ gj batsD”ku ds fy, ges”kk ,-Mh- flfjat dk rFkk ch-lh-th- vkSj
[kljs dh izR;sd okW;y ds feJ.k gsrq ,d u;h fMLikstscy
flfjat dk iz;ksx djsaA
l Vhdk o batsD’ku midj.k dks nwf”kr gksus ls cpk,a
¾¾ izR;sd batsD”ku r; dh xbZ lkQ&lqFkjh txg ij gh rS;kj djsa
tgka [kwu ;k “kkjhfjd nzO;ksa ls nwf’kr gksus dh laHkkouk u gksA
¾¾ ;fn batsD”ku okyh txg xanh gS rks mls LoPN ikuh ls lkQ
dj ysaA
¾¾ ges”kk okW;y ds jcM+ ds <Ddu ij thok.kqfoghu dh xbZ lqbZ
ls Nsn djsaA
¾¾ Vhdks ds bLrseky vkSj HkaMkj.k vkfn ds fy, mRikn laca/kh
fo”ks’k funsZ”kksa dk ikyu djsaA
¾¾ dHkh Hkh lqbZ ;k okW;y dh jcM+ dSi dks maxqyh ls u Nq,aA
¾¾ ,slh lqbZ tks thok.kq foghu u dh xbZ gks ;k fdlh lrg ds
laidZ esa vk xbZ gks dk bLreky u djsa rFkk mls fuLrkfjr
dj nsaA
l ;g ekudj pysa fd bLrseky gks pqds midj.k nwf”kr gks pqds
gSa
¾¾ bLrseky ds rqajr ckn flfjat ds IyfLVd gc dks gcdVj ls
dkV nsaA
l lHkh fpfdRlk lEca/kh /kkjnkj oLrqvksa ds dPkjs dks lqjf{kr
fuLrkj.k dk rjhdk viuk,a
¾¾ mi;ksx esa ykbZ tk pqdh /kkjnkj oLrqvksa ¼lqbZ;ksa½ dks ,d
gc&dVj esa tek dj ysa rFkk lqjf{kr fuLrkj.k ds fy, mls izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz esa Hkst
nsaA

26
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk

l lqbZ pqHkus dh nq?kZVukvksa dh jksdFkke


¾¾ lqbZ;ksa dks fjdSi ¼nqckjk <+Ddu yxkdj j[kuk½ ;k eksM+usa dh dksf”k”k u djsaA
¾¾ /kkjnkj oLRkqvksa dks Nsn u gks ldus okys MCcs ¼gc dVj½ esa bdV~Bk dj ysaA
¾¾ /;ku j[ksa fd batsD”ku yxkrs le; cPpk dHkh Hkh vpkud fgyMqy ldrk gSA

5-4 ,-Mh- flfjat ¼,Mh,l½


d½ ,-Mh- flfjat dh fo’ks”krk,a
l igys ls gh thok.kqghu vkSj lhycan gksrh gSA
l LFkk;h lqbZ yxh gqbZ gksrh gSA
l nks vkdkjksa esa] 0-1 fe-yh- vkSj 0-5 fe-yh- dh ukiksa es miyC/k gksrh gSA

[k½ ,-Mh- flfjat ds ykHk


l ,-Mh- flfjat bl izdkj ls cuk;h x;h gSa fd budk iqu% mi;ksx ugha gks ldrkA
l igys ls lqbZ yxh jgus ls flfjaat esa [kkyh txg ugha NwVrh ftlls fd Vhds ds viO;; dh laHkkouk
ugha jgrhA blls lqbZ dh <hyh fQfVax gksus ls flfjat eas mBus okys gok ds cqycqys cuus dh laHkkouk
vc [kRe gks xbZ gSA
l ,Mh flfjat eas [kqjkd dh ek=k ¼0-5 fe-yh- vkSj 0-1 fe-yh-½ fuf”pr jgrh gS vkSj fu”kku rd iwjh nokbZ
[khapus ls lgh ek=k esa Vhds dh [kqjkd vk tkrh gSA
l ,Mh flfjat igys ls gh thok.kqfofgu dh x;h gksrh gSa blfy, l= LFky rd izs”kj dqdj] LVkso] feV~Vh
dk rsy tSls Hkkjh Hkjde lkeku ys tkus dk d’V ugha djuk iM+rk vkSj le; dh cpr gksrh gSA

;fn lqbZ ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk Li’kZ gks tk, rks flfjat vkSj lqbZ dks Qsad nsa vkSj u;h
thok.kqfoghu lhfjat ys ysaA

x½ ,-Mh- flfjat dh batsD’ku rduhd


,Mh flfjat ds Iyatj dks dsoy ,d ckj gh ihNs [khpk vkSj vkxs nck;k tk ldrk gSA flfjat esa Vhds dh iwjh
[kqjkd nsus ds ckn Iyatj ykWd gks tkrk gSA LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ flfjat esa Vhdk [khapus ls igys gok fudkydj
u tkapsA fp= 5 d ns[ksa & blesa ,Mh flfjat dk lgh bLrseky fn[kk;k x;k gSA

?k½ flfjat vkSj lqbZ;ksa dks lqjf{kr rjhds ls laHkkyuk


Vhds dh nokbZ [khaprs le; vkSj Vhdk yxkrs le; lqbZ ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dks Li”kZ u djsaA

,-Mh- flfjatksa dk bLrseky dsoy ,d ckj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;s lqjf{kr gSaA 27
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

M½ pksV yxus ds tksf[ke dks de&ls&de j[kus ds fy, Vhdkdj.k dk;Z LFky dh
LFkkiuk
vki vius dk;Z LFky dh ;kstuk bl izdkj rS;kj djsa fd%
l oSDlhu dSfj;j Nk;k esa jgsaA
l VSyh “khV vklkuh ls bLrseky dh tk ldsA
l ykHkkfFkZ;ksa vkSj lHkh lqbZ;ksa o /kkjnkj oLrqvksa ds chp vki jgsaA
fp= 5d% batsD”ku rduhd

1- tks Vhdk fn;k tkuk gS mlds fy, lgh flfjat ysa] ch-lh-th- 0-1 fe-yh-] vkSj vU;
lHkh oSDlhu ds fy, 0-5 fe-yh- dh flfjatA
2- iSfdax ns[k ysa ;fn og [kqyh gqbZ gS ;k VwVh gqbZ gS ;k mi;ksx dh rkjh[k igys gh
fudy pqdh gS rks bldk bLrseky u djsaA
3- Iyatj dh rjQ ls iSdst dks /khjs&/khjs [khap dj [kksy ysa rFkk cSjy dks idM+s gq,
flfjat dks fudky ysaA iSdst dks ,d dkys IykfLVd FkSys esa Qsad nsaA
4- lqbZ ds <Ddu dks gVk ysa vkSj bls dkys IykfLVd FkSys esa Qsad nsaA
5- tc rd flfjaat esa Vhdk Hkjus ds fy, rS;kj u gks tk,a rc rd Iyatj dks ugha
[khaps vkSj u gh ok;y esa flfjat ls gok Hkjsa] D;ksafd blls flfjat ykWd gks
tk,xhA
6- mfpr Vhds dh okW;y ysa vkSj okW;y dks mYVk djsa rFkk jcM+ ds <Ddu esas ls lqbZ
dks vanj Mkysa] lqbZ bruh vanj rd tk, fd bldh uksad Vhds ds ysoy esa Mwch jgs]
;fn blls T;knk vanj djsaxs rks gok ds cqycqys f[kap ldrs gSa ftUgsa fudkyuk cgqr
eqf”dy dke gSA
7- lqbZ ;k okW;y ds jcM+ ds <Ddu ¼lsIVe½ dks u Nq,aA
8- Iyatj dks /khjs ls okfil [khaps rkfd flfjat Hkj tk,A flfjaat esa Vhds dh vko”;d
ek=k ¼0-1 ;k 0-5 fe-yh-½ Hkj tkus ij Iyatj vius vki gh :d tk,xkA
9- flfjat esa gok u [khapsa ;fn flfjat esa fdlh otg ls gok ?kql tkrh
gS rks] okW;y ls lqbZ gVk ysaA flfjat dks [kM+k j[ks gq, vki gok ds cqycqyksa
dks flfjat dh uksad dh rjQ ys vkus ds fy, cSjy dks maxyh ls /khjs&
/khjs ekjsaA rc Iyatj dks [kqjkd ds fu”kku ¼0-1 ;k 0-5 fe-yh-½ rd
lko/kkuh ls /kdsysaA bl izdkj gok ds cqycqyksa dks ckgj fudky ldrs gSaA
10- batsD”ku okyh txg ;fn xanh gks rks mls LoPN ikuh ls lkQ dj ysaA
11- Vhds bl izdkj yxk,a & ch-lh-th-: cka;h mijh Hkqtk ij; Mh-ih-Vh- o gsisVkbfVl&ch:
e/; tka?k ds ckgjh fgLls esa; [kljs dk Vhdk: mijh nk;ha Hkqtk ij; tsbZ: cka;h mijh
Hkqtk ij; Vh-Vh-: mijh Hkqtk ijA
12- [qkjkd iwjh rjg vanj tk, blds fy, Iyatj dks iwjh rjg /kdsysaA batsD’ku ftl
txg ij yxkk;k x;k gS ml txg dks jxM+sa ughaA
13- lqbZ ij nqckjk <Ddu u yxk,aA bLrseky ds rqjar ckn flfjat ds gc dks gc dVj
ds tfj, dkV nsa tks ikjHkklh IykfLVd ds MCcs esa lqbZ dks ,df=r djds j[krk gSA
14- mlds ckn dVh gqbZ flfjat ds IykfLVd ds fgLls dks ,d yky IykfLVd ds FkSys esa
Mky nsaA
Uk”V fd;s x;s flfjat vkSj lqbZ;ksa dk Hkkx 5-5 ds fn’kkfunsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj mfpr
fuLrkj.k djsaA

28
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk

5-5 dpjk fuLrkj.k ds fy, fn’kkfunsZ’k


pj.k&1% Vhds dh txg ij batsD”ku yxkus ds rqjar ckn gc dVj dh enn ls ,Mh flfjat dks dkV nsaA
;g gc dVj flfjat ds IykfLVd gc dks gh dkVrk gS] lqbZ dh /kkrq dks ughaA fp= 5[k & gc
dVj ds lgh bLrseky dks ns[ksaA
fp= 5[k% gc dVj dk lgh bLrseky

lqbZ ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dks u Nq,aA 29


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

Pkj.k&2% dVh gqbZ lqbZ;ka gc dVj ds Nsn u gks ldus okys rFkk ikjHkklh MCcs esa ,df=r gks tk,axhA
Pkj.k&3% VwVs gqbZ oSDlhu dh “khf”k;ksa@MkbY;w,aV ds ,EI;wyksa dks vyx ls lQsn ikjn”khZ] etcwr rFkk
ikjHkklh MCcs esa ;k ;fn gc dVj esa gh VwVs gq, okW;y j[ks tkus yk;d txg gks rks mlh esa gh
,df=r dj ysaA
Pkj.k&4% dVs gq, flfjatksa ds IykfLVd Hkkx dks rFkk lkcqr ,oa iz;qDr okW;yksa dks yky FkSyh esa tek dj
ysaA
Pkj.k&5% yky cSx vkSj gc dVj dks dhVk.kq”kks/ku ,oa fuLrkj.k ds fy, izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz esa ukfer
O;fDr ds ikl Hkst nsaA
Pkj.k&6% fdlh vkWVksDyso esa ml ,df=r lkeku dk dhVk.kquk”ku dj nsaA ;fn vkWVksDysfoax
djus esa vleFkZ jgs rks vki dpjs dks 10 feuV rd ikuh esa mcky ysa ;k mudk dSfedy
VªhVesaV ¼de ls de 30 feuV rd 1% lksfM;e gkbiksDyksjkbZM ds rktk ?kksy esa Mkydj j[ksa½ djsaA
lqfuf”pr djsa fd ,sls VªhVesaV ls mudks dhVk.kqghu gks tkuk pkfg,A fQj Hkh] ftyk vLirky@
lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsanz@izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz vkfn dsanz fu;fer vk/kkj ij Lo;a gh vkWVksDyso
dh O;oLFkk djsaxsA
Pkj.k&7% vkWVksDyso fd, x,@dhVk.kqfoghu dpjs dk fuEu rjhds ls fuLrkj.k djsa%
l lqbZ;ksa vkSj VwVh gqbZ okW;y dh “khf”k;ksa dks ,d lqj{kk fiV@x<~<s esa nQuk nsaA
l flfjatksa vkSj lkcwr ok;yksa dks jhlkbfDyax vkSj ySaMfQy ds fy, Hkst nsaA
Pkj.k&8% gc dVj dks lgh rjhds ls /kks ysa] rkfd budk nksckjk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
Pkj.k&9% izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz esas dpjs dh mRifRr@VªhVesaV@fuLrkj.k dk ,d leqfpr fjdkMZ j[ksaA

30
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk

izfrj{k.k dpjs dk lqjf{kr fuLrkj.k


Ø ,Mh o fMLikstscy flfjatksa Ø flfjtksa dk IykfLVd Hkkx Ø fufMy dSi
dk gc dkV nsa Ø [kkyh lkcwr okW;y Ø jSij
Ø VwVh gqbZ okW;y o “khf”k;ka

gc dVj yky dkyk


cSx cSx

1% Cyhfpax IkkmMj ds lkFk dhVk.kqjfgr ?kksy


¼30 feuV rd½

lsIVh fiV esa jhlkbZdy E;wfufliy dpjs ds


fuLrkj.k :Ik esas fuLrkj.k
lkjk lkeku okil ih,plh ij Hkst nsaA
fp= 5x% izfrj{k.k dpjs dk lqjf{kr fuLrkj.k

1% gkbZiksDyksjkbZV ?kksy rS;kj djus ds fy,] [kqyh goknkj txg ij 1 yhVj ikuh esa 10&15 xzk- ;k
1 cM+k pEep Cyhfpax ikmMj MkysaA Dyksjhu ?kksy /khjs&/khjs “kfDr [kks nsxk( vr% bl rjg ls jkstkuk
rktk ?kksy cuk,aA lkQ ikuh dk iz;ksx djsa] D;ksafd dkcZfud inkFkZ Dyksjhu dks u’V dj nsrs gSaA D;ksafd
;g Cyhp ?kksy Toyu”khy gksrk gS] blfy, bls Ropk o vkWa[kksa ls nwj j[ksaA IykfLVd ds daVsuj dk
bLrseky djsa D;ksafd /kkrq ds daVsuj rsth ls th.kZ&”kh.kZ gks tkrs gS rFkk ?kksy ij Hkh vlj Mkyrs gSaA
Uk;s] ukWu&DyksfjusVsM ikWfyej lkexzh ls cus de ls de 55 ekbZØku dh eksVkbZ okys 30 yh- ¼24”x28”½
ds yky@dkys IykfLVd cSx ,pMhihbZ@,y,yMhihbZ@ihih ls cus cSx mij ls vklkuh ls idMus
dk izko/kku gksrk gS rFkk ;s cSx ckW;ksesfMdy dpjk izca/ku fu;eksa ds vuqlkj rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA

batsD”ku nsus ds ckn lqbZ ij nqckjk <Ddu u yxk,a vkSj eksM+s ughaaA 31
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

bdkbZ & 6 Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu


f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg,%
 vki lHkh bykdksa esa Vhdkdj.k l= LFkyksa dh igpku djkus okyk uD”kk rS;kj dj
ldsaxsA
 Vhdksa] flfjatksa o vU; midj.kksa dh t:jr dk fglkc yxk ldsaxsA
 Vhdkdj.k l= LFkyksa vkSj fnuksa lEca/kh ;kstuk lfgr] Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ,d dk;Z
;kstuk rS;kj dj ldsaxsA
 Vhdkdj.k l= lapkyu ds fy, rS;kjh dj ik,axsA
 izR;sd Vhdk yxkus ds fy, lgh fof/k dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d Vhdkdj.k l= dk
lapkyu dj ik;saxsA

fo"k;oLrq
 mi&dsanz vkSj “kgjh {ks=ksa ds ekbØksIyku dh rS;kjh ds pj.kA
 oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k iz.kkyh vkSj oSdfYid oSDlhusVjA
 Vhdkdj.k l= dh rS;kjh djukA
 Vhdkdj.k l= dk lapkyu djukA
 Lkgh rjhds ls Vhds yxkukA

6-1 Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ekbØksIyku D;k gksrk gS\


blesa “kkfey gS%
l mi&dsanz Lrj ij ,d {ks= dk uD”kk ¼xkWaoksa@ekSagYys] cfLr;ksa] nqxZe LFkkuksa] vkfn ds lkFk½
l ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk vkadyuA
l Vhdkssa vkSj midj.kksa dk vkadyuA
l ,d dk;Z ;kstuk esa fuEufyf[kr “kkfey gSa%
¾¾ ;s lsok,a dkSu nsxk\
¾¾ Lksokvksa ds izko/kku ds fy, dkSu lgk;rk djsxk ¼vkaxuokM+h dk;Zd=h] vk”kk] lkekftd
dk;ZdrkZ] xzke iapk;r lnL;] xSj&ljdkjh laxBu vkfn½\
¾¾ lsok,a dgka nh tk,axh ¼LFkkuksa dk p;u½\
¾¾ lsok,a dc nh tk,axh ¼l=ksa dh ;kstuk½\

d½ Vhdkdj.k ds fy, LFkkuksa ds p;u ds ckjs esa fn’kkfunsZ’k


l Vhdkdj.k l=ksa gsrq LFkku vkaxuokM+h] vk”kk] nkbZ;ksa] vU; lsok&iznkrkvksa rFkk iapk;r lnL;ksa ls ppkZ
djds r; fd, tkus pkfg,A
l leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ls Hkh lykg yh tkuh pkfg, rFkk lcdh lgefr ls Vhdkdj.k l= ds fy, txg
o le; r; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

32
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

l Vhdkdj.k l= LFky ds fy, ljdkjh bekjr ¼mi&dsanz ;k vkaxuokM+h dsanz½ dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuh
pkfg,A ;fn ;g nksuksa ogka fLFkr u gksa rks iapk;r Hkou] fo|ky; tSls vU; nwljs LFkku Vhdkdj.k
ds fy, pqus tkus pkfg,] tks leqnk; ds lHkh yksxksa ds fy, lqfo/kktud gksaA
l nqxZe bykdksa esa tgka dqN gh ykHkkFkhZ jgrs gksa] ogka leqnk; ds vklikl ds LFkkuksa esa Vhdkdj.k l=
vk;ksftr fd;s tk,aA
l vuko”;d :Ik ls LFkku o le; esa cnyko u fd;k tk,A

,,u,e fuEu ekeyksa esa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ rFkk vk’kk dks lwfpr djsa%
l vxyk l= dgka vkSj dc gksxk \
l ykHkkFkhZ cPps dkSu gSa rkfd mUgsa l= esa ykuk lqfuf’pr fd;k tk lds \

[k½ izR;sd mi&dsaæ ds fy, l=ksa dh la[;k ds ckjs esa vuqeku lEca/kh fn’kkfunsZ’k
Vhdkdj.k l= laHkkfor batsD”kuksa dh la[;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d] nks ;k rhu efguksa ds varjky ij vk;ksftr
fd, tkus pkfg,A
l vkmVjhp LFky ¼mi&dsanz@vkaxokM+h dasnz vkfn tgka Vhdk HkaMkj.k lqfo/kk u gks½
¾¾ 25 ls 50 batsD”ku ds fy, gj eghus ,d l= dh ;kstuk cukbZ tk,A
¾¾ ;fn 50 ls vf/kd batsD”ku dk vuqeku gS rks gj eghus nks l= j[ks tk ldrs gSaA
¾¾ ;fn 25 ls de batsD”ku dk vuqeku gS rks gj nwljs eghus ,d l= vk;ksftr fd;k tk,A
l fu/kkZfjr LFkku ¼ih,plh@lh,plh@ftyk vLirky ;k vU; LFkku tgka Vhdk HkaMkj lqfo/kk gks½
¾¾ 40&70 batsD”kuksa dh vko”;drk ds fy,] gj eghus ,d l= vk;ksftr fd;k tk,A
¾¾ ;fn batsD”ku dh vko”;drk 70 ls vf/kd gS rks gj eghus nks l= j[ks tk ldrs gSaA
¾¾ ,d O;Lr lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsanz@xzkeh.k vLirky ds fy,] gj jkst l= vk;ksftr fd,
tk,aA
l 1000 yksxksa ls de dh vkcknh okys nqxZe bykds
¾¾ ,d o’kZ esa de ls de 4 l= vk;ksftr fd, tk,a ¼izR;sd rhu ekag esa ,d l=½

nqxZe bykdksa esa] ,d o”kZ esa de ls de 4 l= vk;ksftr fd, tk,a ¼izR;sd rhu ekg esa ,d
l=½

;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd ;kstukuqlkj Vhdkdj.k l= vk;ksftr fd, tk,a pkgs oks vodk”k 33
;k NqV~Vh dk fnu gh D;ksa u gksA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

x½ mi&dsaæ ekbØksIyku dh rS;kjh lEca/kh pj.k ¼rkfydk 6-1 ns[ksa½


pj.k&1- mi&dsanz bykds esa lHkh xk¡oksa@ekSgYysa rFkk cfLr;ksa dh lwph cuk ysaA
pj.k&2- okLrfod gSMdkmaV ds vk/kkj ij izR;sd xk¡o@ekSgYysa dh dqy tula[;k fy[k ysaA
pj.k&3- ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ¼cPpksa rFkk xHkZorh efgykvksa½ dh okf’kZd la[;k fy[k ysaA
f”k”kqvksa ds fy, bl okLrfod la[;k dks ysaA xHkZorh efgykvksa ds fy,] gSMdkmaV esa dsoy 6 eghus
¼D;ksafd igyh frekgh esa xHkZ/kkj.kksa dk irk ugha py ikrk½ ds vuqeku dk izko/kku gSA bl izdkj] 12
eghus dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, bl la[;k dks 2 ls xq.kk dj nsaA
pj.k&4- ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ¼cPpksa rFkk xHkZorh efgykvksa½ dh ekfld la[;k fy[k ysaA xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj
f”k”kqvksa dh ekfld la[;k tkuus ds fy, okf’kZd y{; dks 12 ls Hkkx dj nsaA
pj.k&5- izR;sd Vhds rFkk foVkfeu&, ds fy, ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh izR;sd ekg ds vk/kkj ij x.kuk
djukA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn gj ekg ,d xkWao esa 1 f”k”kq vkSj 1 xHkZorh efgyk dks Vhdk nsus dk y{; gS]
rks ,sls xkao esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks fn;s tkus okys izR;sd Vhds1 rFkk foVkfeu&, dh la[;k dk fglkc fUkEu
izdkj ls yxk;k tk,xk%
l Vh-Vh- ¾ xHkZorh efgykvksa dk ekfld y{; x 2 [kqjkd ¼2 batsD”ku½
l ch-lh-th- ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 1 [kqjkd ¼1 batsD”ku½
l Mh-ih-Vh- ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 5 [kqjkd2 ¼5 batsD”ku½
l vksihoh ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 4 [kqjkd3
l gsisVkbfVl&ch ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 3 [kqjkd ¼3 batsD”ku½
l [kljk ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 2 [kqjkd ¼2 batsD”ku½
l tsbZ ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 1 [kqjkd ¼1 batsD”ku½
l foVkfeu&, ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 9 [kqjkd
bl izdkj] gj f”k”kq ds fy, izR;sd eghus yxHkx 14 batsD”kuksa dh vko”;drk dk vuqeku gSA ;fn 2 cPpksa
dks Vhdk fn;k tkuk gS rks batsD”kuksa dh ekfld vuqekfur la[;k 28 gksxhA bldk eryc izfr ekg ,d l=
dk vk;kstu gksxkA

1
fo”ks’k vko”;drk ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr [kqjkdksa ds fy, YkkHkkfFkZ;ksa dk fglkc yxkuk
vksihoh&0 ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 1 [kqjkd
gsisVkbZfVl ch&tUe ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 1 [kqjkd
Vh-Vh-&10 ¾ 10 o’kZ iqjkuh visf{kr tula[;k x 1 [kqjkd
Vh-Vh-&16 ¾ 16 o’kZ iqjkuh visf{kr tula[;k x 1 [kqjkd
2
2 cwLVj [kqjkd lfgr
3
1 cwLVj [kqjkd lfgr

34
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

Pkj.k 6% gj ekg oSDlhu okW;y vkSj foVkfeu&, lEca/kh vko”;drkvkas dk fglkc yxkuk
l Vh-Vh-@ch-lh-th-@Mh-ih-Vh-@gsi&ch ¾ ykHkkFkhZ izfr ekg X 1.33*

10

l vksihoh ¾ ykHkkFkhZ izfr ekg X 1.33*

20

l [kljk@tsbZ ¾ ykHkkFkhZ izfr ekg X 1.33*

l foVkfeu&, ¾ {¼f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x1 fe-yh-½ + ¼f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld


y{; x 2 fe-yh- x 8½} x 1.11**
* oSDlhu = 25% viO;; nj ;k 1.33 MCY;w,e,Q ¼viO;; xq.kk dkjd½
** foVkfeu&, = 10% viO;; nj ;k 1.11 MCY;w,e,Q
l 0.1 fe-yh- ,Mh,l ¾ ch-lh-th- gsrq ykHkkFkhZ x 1.11*

l 0.5 fe-yh- ,Mh,l ¾ ykHkkFkhZ ¼Vh-Vh-+ Mh-ih-Vh-+gsi&ch+ [kljk+ tsbZ½ x 1.11*

l feJ.k flfjat ¾ ¼ch-lh-th- + [kljk+tsbZ okW;y½ X 1.11**

* flfjat = 10% viO;; nj ;k 1.11 MCY;w,e,Q ¼viO;; xq.kk dkjd½

lqfuf’pr djsa fd izR;sd l= esa gj oSDlhu dh de ls de ,d okW;y miyC/k gksA ;g Hkh


lqfuf’pr djsa fd MkbY;qasV dh ‘kh’kh;ksa dh la[;k ch-lh-th-] [kljk vkSj tsbZ okW;ykas dh la[;k
ds cjkcj gksA

Pkj.k 7- dk;Z ;kstuk@jksLVj rS;kj djuk


l pj.k&1 ds vuqlkj] mi&dsanz {ks= esa lHkh xk¡oksa@ekSgYysa rFkk cfLr;ksa dh lwph cuk ysaA
l vkbZ,yvkj LFky ¼oSDlhu HkaMkj.k okyh txg] tgka ls l= LFkyksa gsrq oSDlhu
ckWaVh tkrh gSa½ ls izR;sd xkWao dh nwjh fy[ksaA
l vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ vkSj vk”kk dk uke fy[kasA
l izR;sd xkWao esa batsD”kuksa dh ekfld vko”;drk vkSj visf{kr l=ksa dh la[;kA
l izR;sd xkWao esa Vhdkdj.k l= ds fnuA
Pkj.k 8- mi&dsUnz dk uD”kk rS;kj djuk] fuEufyf[kr dks n”kkZrs gq,%
l lHkh xkWo rFkk cfLr;ksa dhs dqy tula[;k vkSj f”k”kqvksa dk okf’kZd y{;A
l lHkh vkaxuokM+h dsanz] l= LFky vkSj l= fnolA
l vkbZ,yvkj ds LFkku ls l= LFky dh nwjh vkSj ys tkus dk lk/kuA
l iapk;r Hkou] fo|ky;] jksM+ vkfn ds :Ik esa egRoiw.kZ LFkkuA

mi&dsanz dk ,d uD”kk cuk,a rFkk mls mi&dsanz esa iznf”kZr djsaA 35


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

fp= 6d% midsUæ dk uD”kk

36
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

37
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

6-2 ‘kgjh {ks=ksa ds fy, ekbØks&;kstuk RkS;kj djuk


bu fcanqvksa ij /;ku nsa%
l ;kstuk rS;kj djus ds fy, “kgjh leUo; lfefr dk xBu t:jh gSA
l lHkh iz”kklfud {ks=ksa vkSj okMksZa dk uD”kk rS;kj djsa] ftlesa fofHkUu lkoZtfud LokLF; lsok iznkrkvksas
¼uxj fuxe ;k LokLF; foHkkx½ ds {ks=ksa dk Li’V lhekadu lEca/kh mYys[k djsaA
l lHkh xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa] futh vkSj pSfjVscy vLirkyksa] vkaxuokM+h dsanzksa vkfn dks “kkfey djsaA
l lHkh Lye cfLr;ksa ¼vf/kd`r o vuf/kd`r½ vkSj vU; nqxZe {ks=ksa dks “kkfey djsaA
l ;fn fdlh {ks= esa LokLF; dfeZ;ksa dh deha gS] rks futh fpfdRldksa] xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa lfgr]
oSdfYid Vhdk yxkus okyksa dh fu;qfDr dh tk,A
l blds vykok lkekftd tqVko ds fy, LFkkuh; lhchvks dks “kkfey djsaA
l ;fn ogka vi;kZIr vkaxuokM+h dsanz gSa rks fo|ky;ksa] lhchvks] ;qok&Dycksa vkfn esa Vhdkdj.k l=
vk;ksftr djsaA
l ;fn Lye cfLr;ksa esa HkhM+HkkM+ gS rks Lk=ksa dh l[;k c<+k nsaA

6-3 oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k iz.kkyh vkSj oSdfYid Vhdk


yxkus okys ¼oSDlhusVj½
l oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k iz.kkyh ls vfHkizk; gS fd izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz ls Vhdkdj.k l= LFky rd
oSDlhu dSfj;j ,oa vU; lkexzh ,d xSj foHkkfx; O;fDr }kjk igqapk, tk,a vkSj ,,u,e lh/ks gh l=
LFky ij igqapsA blls l= le; ls “kq: gksxk vkSj LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks oSDlhu rFkk vU; lkefxz;ksa
dks izkIr djus ,oa l= dh lekfIr ij mUgsa ykSVkus ds fy, izkFkfed dsanz vkus dh vko”;drk ugha
gksxhA
l oSdfYid Vhdk yxkus okyksa dks fuEu {ks=ksa esa fu;qDr fd;k tk,xk%
¾¾ “kgjh cfLr;kasA
¾¾ ,sls {ks=ksa esa] Tkgka ,,u,e rSukr u gksaA
¾¾ ,sls {ks=ksa esa] Tkgka ij rSukr ,,u,e 2 ekg ls vuqifLFkr gks ¼tSls ,,u,e dh chekjh] izlwfr
lEca/kh NqfV~;ka ds dkj.k½
“kgjh cfLr;ksa esa] 10]000 dh vkcknh ij izfr ekg 1 Vhdkdj.k l= vk;ksftr fd;k tk,A vU; mfYyf[kr {ks=ksa
esa] batsD”kuksa ds ekfLkd Hkkj@la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ekStwnk fn”kkfunsZ”kksa ds vqulkj l= vk;ksftr fd;s tk,aA
dk;Zdq”ky ekuo lalk/kuksa tSls lsokfuo`r ,,u,e ;k izf”kf{kr rFkk dq”ky ulZ] QkekZflLV vkfn dks Hkh
oSdfYid oSDlhusVj ds :Ik esa fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn vko”;d gks] rks budh lsok,a ysus ls iwoZ bUgsa
izf”kf{kr ¼LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq izf”k{k.k iqfLRkdk ds vuqlkj½ djsaA
izR;sd fu;qDr oSdfYid oSDlhusVj dks izR;sd ekg vf/kdre 4 l=ksa esa “kkfey fd;k tk,xkA
bl izdkj] ,d oSdfYid oSDlhusVj dks :- 300 dk ikfjJfed rFkk :-50 izfr l= dh vkdfLed jkf”k dk
Hkqxrku fd;k tk,xk ¼dqy :- 350½A

38
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

6-4 Vhdkdj.k l= vk;kstu ls igys dh rS;kfj;ka


d½ ,d ,slh txg dk p;u djsa tks leqnk; ds fy, lqfo/kktud gks
Vhdkdj.k l=ksa dh txgksa ij fuEu lqfo/kk,a miyC/k gksuh pkfg,%
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ls igys vkSj ckn esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks :dus yk;d txg] iathdj.k] Vhdk nsus rFkk
fjdkMZ djus ds fy, txgA
¾¾ Vhdksa ,oa batsD”ku midj.kksa dks j[kus ds fy, ,d estA
¾¾ cSBus dk LFkku ftl ij Vhdkdj.k ds fy, yk, x, cPps dks idM+dj mlds ekrk ;k firk
cSB ldsaA
¾¾ LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds fy, cSBus dk LFkkuA

[k½ midj.k vkSj vkiwfrZ dh vko’;drk lEca/kh O;oLFkk


d- lkQ ikuh dk lk/ku V- gkFk /kksus ds fy, lkcqu
[k- 4 vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd ds lkFk oSDlhu dSfj;j B- batsD”ku dh “khf”k;ksa dks [kksyus ds fy,
CysM@/kkrqq dh QkbZy
x- oSDlhu] MkbY;q,aV vkSj foVkfeu , M- ,elh,p dkMZ@Vhdkdj.k dkMZ
?k- ,Mh flfjatsa <+- Vhdkdj.k jftLVj
M- fMLikstscy flfjatsa .k- l= ls lacaf/kr dkmaVjQkW;y
p- gc dVj r- Vhdkdj.k VSyh “khV
N- dpjk fuLrkj.k ds fy, midj.k & dkyh vkSj Fk- est] LVwy o dqflZ;ka
yky FkSfy;ka
Tk- :bZ ds QOos n- ch-ih- midj.k*] otu rkSyus okyh e”khu*
>- iSjkflVkeksy rjy o xksfy;ka /k- vksvkj,l] ftad rFkk vk;ju dh xksfy;ka*
* bu oLrqvksa dh vko”;drk xzke LokLF; ,oa iks’k.k fnol ij vk;ksftr Vhdkdj.k l= ¼oh,p,uMh½ ds nkSjku gksrh gSA

x½ Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa rFkk vkaxuokM+h dk;Zd=hZ vkSj
vk’kk dks ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks l= esa ykus ds fy, dgas
fuEufyf[kr nLrkostksa ds vuqlkj ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa%
l Vhdkdj.k dkMksaZ dh dkmaVj QkW;yA
l ,e-lh-,p-@Vhdkdj.k jftLVjA
l vkaxuokM+h dk;Zd=hZ rFkk vk”kk dk jftLVjA
l iksfy;ks vfHk;ku ds nkSjku bLreky gksus okyh uotkr f”k”kqvksa dh VªSfdax iqfLrdk,¡A

;fn vko”;d gks rks batsD”ku dh txg dks lkQ djus ds fy, lkQ ikuh ls Hkhxs :bZ ds QOos 39
dk gh bLrseky dhft,A
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

6-5 Vhdkdj.k l= lEca/kh O;oLFkk djuk


lHkh oLrq,a ftudh vkidks vko”;drk gS vius ikl j[ksa%
Vhdkdj.k ds le; midj.k vkSj ys[ku lkexzh dks j[kus ds fy, ,d est dh vko”;drk gksxhA est ij
vki j[ksaxs%
l oSDlhu dSfj;j
l gc dVj
l Vhdkdj.k dkMZ vkSj fjdkMZ
l :bZ ds QOos
l batsD”ku dh txg dks lkQ djus ds fy, lkQ ikuhA
Vhdkdj.k dpjs ds fuLrkj.k ds fy, est ds ikl yky vkSj dkys FkSys j[ksaA blds vykok Vhdkdj.k ls igys
gkFk /kksus rFkk izR;sd ckj tc Hkh vkids gkFk dhVk.kqxzLr txg ij iM+s] vius ikl gkFk /kksus ds fy, ,d
dVksjk] ikuh rFkk lkcqu j[ksaA

fp= 6[k% l= LFky dh O;oLFkk

6-6 Vhdkdj.k l= vk;ksftr djuk


d½ lqjf{kr vkSj vljdkjd Vhdksa dk p;u
Vhdkdj.k l= “kq: djus ds igys vkSj izR;sd Vhdk nsus ls igys fuEu pj.kksa dk ikyu djsa rkfd vkids }
kjk fn;k x;k gj Vhdk lqjf{kr ,oa vljnkj gksA
l yscy dh tk¡p dj ysa% ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd oSDlhu okW;y ij yscy yxk gqvk gks vkSj ml ij
lc dqN lkQ&lkQ i<+k tk ldrk gksA ;fn vkidks yxrk gS fd yscy i<+us esa fnDdr gS ;k yscy
m[kM+k gqvk gS rks ,slh okW;y dks gVk nsaA
l oSDlhu o MkbY;q,aV dks tk¡p ysa% tkWap djsa fd vki lgh Vhds ns jgs gSaA
l Vhdk mi;ksx lekfIr ¼,Dlik;jh½ dh rkjh[k ns[ksa% okW;y ij Vhdk mi;ksx lekfIr dh rkjh[k
ns[k ysaA ;fn lekfIr dh rkjh[k pyh x;h gS] rks ml okW;y dk bLrseky u djsa( mldks gVk nsaA
l oSDlhu okW;y ekWuhVj ¼ohoh,e½ dh tk¡p djsa rkfd ;g lqfuf”pr gks tk, fd ;g Vhdk bLrseky
djus yk;d gSaA

40
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

l Vh&lhfjt o gsIkVkbZfVl&ch dh okW;y dks vPNh rjg fgykdj ns[ksa fd dgha ;s BaM ls teha rks
ugha gSa ;k buesa iiM+h rks ugha gSA
l cSp la[;k uksV djsa% izR;sd oSDlhu ok;y o MkbY;q,aV dh cSp la[;k uksV djsaA

[k½ Vhdkdj.k ds fy, fo”ke ifjfLFkfr;ka


dsoy fuEu dHkh&dHkkj dh fLFkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh f”k”kqvksa dk Vhdkdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS%
1- fdlh Hkh Vhds ds ckn ,ukQkbysfDll ;k xaHkhj ,ythZuqek fj,D”ku dh fLFkfr esa ml Vhds dh vxyh
[kqjkdsa dnkfi u nsaA ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks Vhds ds fdlh ?kVd ls ,ythZ gksuk ekywe gks tk, rks ,sls
O;fDr dks Vhdk u nsaA
2- fdlh Vhds ls gqbZ xaHkhj ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ dk irk pyuk Hkh fo’ke ifjfLFkfr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Mh-ih-Vh-
dh fdlh fiNyh [kqjkd ls iM+us okyk nkSjk rFkk ,UlhQSykbfVlA ,slh fLFkfr esa ogh Vhdk iqu% dHkh u
yxk,aA
3- rst cq[kkjA

Vhdkdj.k ds ekeys esa gYdk cq[kkj] nLr] vkSj [kkalh fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ka ugha gksrh gSaA

x½ Vhdkdj.k l= ds lapkyu ds fy, pj.k ¼ifjf’k”V 1 o 2 dks Hkh ns[ksa½


Vhdkdj.k l= ds lapkyu ds fy, uhsps fn, x, pj.kksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg,%
1- YkkHkkfFkZ;ksa dk Lokxr djsaA
2- ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds fjdkMZ o mez dh tkap djsa rFkk irk yxk;sa fd ykHkkFkhZ vkt fdlh Vhds ds fy, ;ksX; gS
;k ughaA
3- fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh tkap djsaA
4- crk,a fd dkSu&lk Vhdk fn;k tk jgk gS vkSj ;g fdl chekjh ls cpko djrk gSA
5- ohoh,e ds fy, okW;y ds yscy dh tk¡p djsaA
6- Vhds ds yscy ij ,Dlik;jh rkjh[k dh tk¡p djsaA
7- Vhds ds feJ.k rFkk l= lapkyu ds igys gkFk /kks ysaA
8- Vh&lhfjt Vhdksa dh “kh”kh esa ls [kqjkd fudkyus ls igys mUgsa gYdk lk fgyk ysaA
9- dsoy Vhds ds lkFk izkIr MkbY;w,aV dk gh bLrseky djsa] D;kasfd bls fuekZrk }kjk Vhds dh vko”;drkuqlkj]
ek=k vkSj jklk;fud xq.kksa ds fglkc ls fo”ks’k :Ik ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA
10- Vhdksa ¼ch-lh-th-] [kljk½ ij buds feJ.k dk le; fy[ksaA
11- gj le; dhVk.kqghu rduhd dk gh bLreky djsaA
12- Vhdkdj.k ds nkSjku cPps dks lgh fLFkfr esa j[ksaA
13- batsD”ku dh txg dks ¼;fn xanh gks½ :bZ ds QOos dks lkQ ikuh esa fHkxksdj lkQ djsaA
14- Lkgh txg ij gh Vhds dk batsD”ku yxk,a rFkk Vhdk yxkus dk lgh :V viuk,a] tSls& bUVªkMeZy(
lc&dqVsfu;l] baVªkeLdqyjA

[kqjkd fudkyus ls igys okW;y ds yscy ij ohoh,e ,oa Vhdk ,Dlik;jh dh rkjh[k vo”; ns[k ysaA 41
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

15- Vhds dk batsD”ku yxkrs oDr ,d leku ncko cuk, j[ksaA


16- flfjat dh lqbZ vanj Mkyus ds dks.k ls gh mls ckgj fudkysaA
17- batsD’ku yxkus ds ckn batsD’ku dh txg dh ekfy’k u djsaA
18- gc dVj dh enn ls flfjat dks gc dh txg ls dkVsaA dVh gqbZ lqbZ;ka gc dVj esa tek dj ysa rFkk
dVs gq, flfjat yky FkSys esa Mky nsaA
19- Vhds ds dkj.k gksus okys laHkkfor NksVs&eksVs foijhr izHkkoksa@leL;kvksa vkSj muls fuiVus ds mik; le>k
nsaA
20- vxys Vhds ds ckjs esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa@vfHkHkkodksa dks ;kn fnyk nsa rFkk crk nsa fd vxyh ckj vkrs oDr os
viuk Vhdkdj.k dkMZ Hkh lkFk ysdj vk,aA
21- Vhdk yxkus ds ckn ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls vk/kk ?kaVk bartkj djus ds fy, dgsa] rkfd Vhdkdj.k ds ckn fdlh
foijhr ?kVuk dk irk py ldsA
22- Vhdkdj.k dkMZ] dkmaVjQkW;y] Vsyh “khV rFkk Vhdkdj.k jftLVj esa izR;sd Vhdkdj.k dk C;kSjk iwjh rjg
ls Hkj nsaA
23- bdkbZ&8 esa fn[kk;s x;s fp= ds vuqlkj dkmaVjQkW;y dks laHkkydj j[ksaA
24- lqbZ;kas o flfjtksa dks dhVk.kqeqDr dj fn”kkfunsZ”kksa ds vuqlkj mudk fuLrkj.k lqfuf”pr djsaA
25- l= ds nkSjku Vhdkd`r cPpksa dh lwph vkaxuokMh dk;ZdrÊ@vk”kk dks ns nsa rFkk muls Vhdkdj.k ds ckn
fdlh Hkh foijhr ?kVuk ds ckjs esa lko/kkuh cjrus vkSj fjiksVZ djus dks dgsaA Lo;a rFkk izkFkfed LokLF;
dsanz ds vU; dk;ZdrkZvksa ls laidZ cukus ds fy, irk@laidZ fooj.k dk vknku&iznku djsaA

l ;fn Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ,d gh ykHkkFkhZ gks rks Hkh ch-lh-th- rFkk [kljs ds ok;y [kksy ysaA
l Vhdkdj.k] fjdkWMZ ys[ku] le>kus vkfn ds fy, izR;sd cPps ds lkFk yxHkx 5&10 feuV
dk le; yxk,aA

?k½ Vhdksa dk feJ.k ¼fjdafLVV~;w’ku½ rS;kj djuk


ch-lh-th- vkSj [kljs ds Vhds lw[ks ikmMj ds :Ik esa gksrs gSa blfy, bLrseky ls iwoZ blesa Mk;Y;q,aV ds lkFk
feJ.k dj ysaA Mk;Y;q,aV dks bLrseky djus ls 24 ?kaVs igys vkbZ,yvkj esa j[ksaA lqfuf”pr djsa fd feJ.k ds
le; oSDlhu vkSj Mk;Y;q,aV ,d gh rkieku ¼+2° ls +8° lsfYl;l½ ij gksaA vU;Fkk xehZ ls Vhds dks uqdlku
gks ldrk gS vFkkZr oSDlhu esa ekStwn dqN ;k lHkh vko”;d rRo u’V gks ldrs gSaA ifjogu ds nkSjku rFkk
l= LFky ij Mk;Y;q,aV dks Vhdksa ds lkFk IykfLVd cSx esa oSDlhu dSfj;j esa gh j[ksaA
¾¾ ch-lh-th- ds fy, Mk;Y;q,aV ukeZy lykbu gksrk gSA
¾¾ [kljs ds fy, Mk;Y;q,aV ik;jkst+u&eqDr] Mcy fMfLVy fd;k gqvk ty gksrk gSA
¾¾ tsbZ ds fy, Mk;Y;q,aV QklQsV cQj lksyq”ku gSA

42
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

Vhdksa dk feJ.k djrs le; fuEu pj.kksa dk lko/kkuh ls ikyu


djsa%
l nksckjk tkap ysa fd vkius lgh Mk;Y;q,aV pquk gS ftldh
mlh Vhds ds fuekZrk }kjk vkiwfrZ dh x;h gS ftldks vki
nsus tk jgs gSaA
l oSDlhu ok;y ds yscy ij bLrseky dh vafre rkjh[k vkSj
<+Ddu ij ohoh,e dh tkWap djsaA ;g ohoh,e n”kkZrk gS fd
;g lw[kh oSDlhu mi;ksx esa ykus ;ksX; gS ;k ughaA ,d
ckj Vhds dk feJ.k cukus ds ckn] ohoh,e dk dksbZ
vfLrRo ugha gS D;kasfd bl feJ.k dks 4 ?kaVs ds vUnj
gh mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ¼tsbZ 2 ?kaVs½ fp=6x% ok;y ds <Ddu ij ohoh,e

l ;fn dsoy ,d gh ik= cPpk Vhsds ds fy, vk;k gks rks Hkh Vhds dk feJ.k djuk pkfg,A
l izR;sd feJ.k ds fy, ,d u;h 5 fe-yh- dh fMLikstscy flfjat dk bLrseky djsaA bls batsD”ku yxkus
esa bLrseky u djsaA
l Vhdk ok;y [kksysa vkSj rc Mk;Y;q,aV dh ,d “kh”kh [kksysaA
l Mk;Y;q,aV dh iwjh ek=k feJ.k flfjat esa Hkj ysaA
l feJ.k flfjat dh lqbZ dks oSDlhu ok;y esa MkysaA Mk;Y;q,aV dks flfjat ls ok;y esa bUtsDV dj nsa
vkSj lqbZ ckgj fudky ysaA
l feJ.k flfjat ds gc dks gcdVj ls dkV nsaA
l Vhds o Mk;Y;q,aV dks feykus ds fy,] ok;y dks xnZu ls idM+dj /khjs ls fgyk,aA
l Okk;y ij bl feJ.k dk le; fy[k ysaA
l bl fefJr Vhds dk feJ.k cuku¢ ds 4 ?kaVs ¼tsbZ 2 ?kaVs½ ds Hkhrj bLrseky dj ysaA ;fn 4 ?kaVs ls
vf/kd le; chr x;k gks rks bls gVk nsa vkSj ,d u;k Vhdk fefJr dj ysaA

M½ Vhdkdj.k ds le; cPps dh lgh fLFkfr


Vhdkdj.k ds nkSjku cPps dks lgh fLFkfr esa j[kus ds fy, mldh ek¡
dks dgsa fd og cPps dks xksn esa ysdj bl rjg ls cSBs fd mldh
,d Hkqtk cPps dh ihB ds uhps gks] vkSj og cPps ds gkFk vkSj iSj
dks etcwrh ls idM+s j[ksA cPps dh nwljh Hkqtk ekrk dks ,d rjQ
ls idM+s jgsA

fp= 6?k% Vhdkdj.k ds fy, cPps dh lgh fLFkfr

lnSo Vhds lgh rjhd¢ ls vkSj lgh LFkku ij gh yxk;saA 43


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

p½ batsD’ku dk fn;k tkuk


fdlh Hkh Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe dh lQyrk ds fy,
xq.koRrkiw.kZ Vhdk fn;k tkuk gh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA
;fn lgh vkSj vljnkj rjhds ls Vhdk yxk;k tkrk
gS rks leqnk; esa Vhds ds izfr fo”okl dk;e gks tkrk
gS vkSj Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe ds izlkj es enn feyrh
gSA lqjf{kr o vljnkj Vhdkdj.k lsok,a nsrs le;
fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk /;ku j[ksaA fp= 6p% lqbZ dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ka

Ropk ds vanj ;kuh baVªkMeZy batsD’ku ¼ch-lh-th-½


Ropk dh ijr ds vanj lh/ks fn;s tkus okyk batsD”ku
baVªkMeZy batsD”ku dgykrk gSA Ropk ds vanj batsD”ku
nsrs le; fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa dk ikyu fd;k tk,A
1- cPps dks lgh fLFkfr esa idM+s rFkk ,d ekg ls de
mez ds f”k”kq ds fy, 0-05 fe-yh- rFkk ,d ekg
ls cM+s f”k”kq dks 0-1 fe-yh- fefJr ch-lh-th- Vhdk
flfjat esas HkjssaA
2- viuk ck;ka gkFk cPps dh ckabZ Hkqtk ds uhsps j[k
ysa rFkk Hkqtk ds uhps dh Ropk dks /khjs ls [khaps
rkfd batsD”ku dh txg ij Ropk f[kaph gqbZ gksA
fp= 6N% Ropk ds vanj batsD”ku
3- flfjat dks vius nk,a gkFk esa bl izdkj idMa+s fd
lqbZ dh vka[k mij dh rjQ jgsA
4- lqbZ dh uksd rFkk FkksM+k lk Hkkx RoPkk ds vanj
15 fMxzh dk dks.k j[krs gq, MkysaA
5- bls cgqr vanj rd u ?kqlk,a] vkSj uhps dh
rjQ u ys tk,a ¼blls lqbZ Ropk ds uhps pyh
tk,xh vkSj batsD”ku Ropk ds Hkhrj ds ctk,]
lcD;qVsfu;l gks tk,xk½A
6- viuk cka;k vaxwBk flfjat dh lqbZ ds fdukjs dh
txg ij j[ksa rkfd og bls lgh fLFkfr esa laHkkys
jgsA
7- flfjat ds Iyatj fljs dks vius nk,a gkFk dh
rtZuh maxyh o chp okyh maxyh ds chp esa j[ksa fp= 6N% Ropk ds vanj lqbZ dh fLFkfr
vkSj Iyatj dks vius nk,a vaxwBs ls nck,aA
8- Vhds yxkus ds i”pkr flfjat dh lqbZ dks mlh dks.k ij j[krs gq, mls ckgj fudky ysaA
9- flfjat dks gc dVj esa dkV nsa vkSj flfjat ds IykfLVd Hkkx dks yky FkSys esa Mky nsA
10- ;fn vkius chlhth dk Vhdk lgh rjhds ls yxk;k gS] rks Ropk ds mij gYdh lh lwtu fn[kkbZ nsxhA ;g
lwtu Qhdh fn[kkbZ ns ldrh gS rFkk bl ij larjs ds fNyds tSlh iiM+h gks ldrh gSA

44
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

Lkgh batsD”ku yxkus ds 2&3 lIrkg ds ckn ogka Qqalh gks tkrh gS tks fd 5 lIrkg rd vkdkj esa
/khjs&/khjs c<+rh ¼4&8 fe-eh-½ tkrh gSA mlds ckn ;g ?kVus yxrh gS vkSj ,d QksM+k cu tkrk gSA ;g 6&12
lIrkg ds Hkhrj vius vki Bhd Hkh gks tkrh gS vkSj ogka ij ,d NksVk lk xksy LFkk;h nkx iM+ tkrk gS
ftldk vkdkj 4&8 fe-eh- ds Mk;ehVj dk gksrk gSA ;g ,d vkerkSj ij gksus okyh izfØ;k gSA ;fn rduhd
xyr gksxh rks Vhdk vklkuh ls vanj pyk tk,xk vkSj ogka ij dksbZ Hkh lwtu ugha fn[kkbZ nsxhA
1- ;fn iwjh [kqjkd Ropk ds vanj tk pqdh gS rks lef>, fd cPps dk Vhdkdj.k gks x;k gS vkSj cPps dks
ogh Vhdk nqckjk u yxk,aA
2- ;fn iwjh [kqjkd vanj ugh xbZ gS rks lqbZ dks iqu% lgh iksft”ku esa j[krs gq, ckdh [kqjkd vanj bUtsDV
djk nsaA
3- lkbZM&bQsDV~l tSls QksM+s ;k XySaM dh o`f) ds fy, QkWyks&vi djsaA

baVªkeLD;qyj ¼ekalis’kh ds vanj batsD’ku½ ¼Mh-ih-Vh-] Vh-Vh-] gsi&ch½


baVªkeLD;wyj batsD”ku os Vhds gksrs gSa tks ekalis”kh ds
vanj yxk, tkrs gSaA ekalis”kh ds vanj yxk;s tkus
okys lHkh Vhds tka?k ds chp ds ckgjh fgLls esa fn,
tkus pkfg,A xHkZorh efgykvksa dks ;s Vhds ckag ds
mij ckgj okys fgLls esa yxk, tkus pkfg,A ekalis”kh
ds vanj batsD”ku nsrs le; fuEufyf[kr dk ikyu
djsaA
1- Vhds dh ok;y ij ohoh,e rFkk ,Dlik;jh dh
rkjh[k dh tk¡p dj ysaA
2- cPps dks ek¡ dh xksnh esas lgh fLFkfr esa cSBk ysaA
3- 0-5 fe-yh- ,Mh flfjat esa Vhdk Hkj ysA ¼,Mh
flfjat ds iSdst dks vkSj IykfLVd <Dduksa dks vkd`fr 6t% ekalis”kh ds vanj batsD”ku fLFkfr
dkys FkSys esa Qsad nsa½A
4- ;fn vko”;d gks rks flfjat ds cSjy dks mij ls
FkiFkikrs gq, mlesa ekStwn T;knk gok dks ckgj
fudky nsaA
5- vPNh rjg ns[k ys fd flfjat esa 0-5 fe-yh- gh
Vhdk Hkjk gqvk gS ¼u de] u T;knk½A
6- vius ck,a gkFk dh maxyh vkSj vaxwBs dks batsD”ku
dh txg dh nksuks vksj tek ysaA
7- maxyh vkSj vaxwBs dh enn ls batsD”ku okyh Ropk
dks likV [khapsaA
8- flfjat dks vius nk,a gkFk esa isu dh rjg Fkke
ysa vkSj lqbZ dks maxyh o vaxwBs ds chp esa j[kdj
RoPkk ds vanj 90 fMxzh ls lh/ks vanj nck,a ¼D;ksafd
fp= 6>% ekalis”kh ds vanj lqbZ dh fLFkfr

Vhdk yxus ds ckn bataD”ku dh txg dh ekfy”k u djsaA 45


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

;g ekalis”kh ds de ls de Qkbcjksa dks {kfr igqapk lds½A ekalis”kh ds vUnj rd lqbZ dks ?kqlk,a ijarq
gM~Mh rd u igqapsA
9- Vhds dk batsD”ku yxkus ds fy, vaxwBs ls Iyatj dks nck,aA
10- lqbZ dks ckgj fudkysa rFkk batsD”ku dh txg lw[kh :bZ ds QOos ls nck,aA
11- flfjat dks gc dVj esa dkV nsa vkSj flfjat ds IykfLVd okys Hkkx dks yky FkSys esa Mky nsaA

Lkko/kkuh% cPpksa dks dwYgksa ij batsD’ku dHkh u nsa D;ksafd blls ml {ks= esa dqN ulksa dks
uqdlku igqapus dk [krjk gksrk gS vkSj blds mnkgj.k Hkh lkeus vk;s gSaA

lcdqVsfuvl ¼Ropk ds uhps½ batsD’ku ¼[kljk rFkk tsbZ½


lcdqVsfuvl batsD”ku og baatsD”ku gksrk gS tks Ropk o
ekalis”kh ds chp dh iryh ijr ds vanj yxk;k tkrk
gSaA ;g batsD”ku nk,a gkFk esa Ropk ds MsYVks,M lkbV esa
yxk;k tkrk gSA lcdqVsfuvl batsD”ku yxkrs le;
fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa dk ikyu djsaA
1- vPNh rjg ij[ksa fd fefJr Vhdk mi;ksx dh lekfIr
le; ds ckn dk ugha gS ¼bl feJ.k ds pkj ?kaVs ds
Hkhrj gh mldk bLrseky gksuk pkfg,½ ¼tsbZ 2 ?kaVs ds
Hkhrj½A fp= 6r% lcdqVsfuvl batsD”ku

2- cPps dks ekWa dh xksnh esa lgh fLFkfr esa j[k ysaA
3- 0-5 fe-yh- ,Mh flfjat ds vanj Vhdk Hkj ysaA ¼,Mh
flfjat ds iSdst vkSj IykfLVd ds <+Dduksa dks dkys
FkSys esa Qsad nsa½A
4- ;fn vko”;d gks rks flfjat ds cSjy dks FkiFkikdj
mlesa ls gok ds cqycqys fudky nsaA
5- vPNh rjg ns[k ysa fd flfjat esa 0-5 fe-Ykh- gh Vhdk
Hkjk gqvk gS ¼u de u T;knk½A
6- ckabZ rtZuh maxyh vkSj vaxwBs ls mij dh Hkqtk dh
fp= 6Fk% lcdqVsfuvl lqbZ dh fLFkfr
Ropk dks pqVdh ds vankt esa FkksM+k nck ysaA
7- 45 fMxzh ds dks.k eas frjNk j[krs gq, lqbZ dks mDr FkksM+h nckbZ gqbZ Ropk eas vanj MkysaA lqbZ dks T;knk
vanj u ?kqlk,aA
8- Vhdk vanj Mkyus ds fy, vius vaxwBs ls Iyatj dks nck,aA
9- lqbZ dks ckgj fudky ysa vkSj batsD”ku dh txg dks ,d lw[kh :bZ ds QOos ls FkksM+k nck,aA
10- flfjat dks gc dVj esa dkV nsa vkSj flfjat ds IykfLVd Hkkx dks yky Fksys esa Mky nsaA

46
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu

eqag ds jkLrs Vhdk fn;k tkuk ¼vksihoh½


vksihoh dk Vhdk “kh”ks@IykfLVd ds ok;y esa vkrk gS vkSj
blds lkFk thok.kqghu Mªkij Hkh vkrk gSA ;g Vhdk eqag esa
fn;k tkrk gS ;kuh cPps ds eqag esa nks cwans Mkyh tkrh gSaA
1- bLrseky djus ls igys ok;y ij ohoh,e t:j ns[k
ysaA
2- Vhds ds ok;y ij /kkrq ;k jcM+ ds <+Ddu dks gVk nsaA
3- Okk;y ij Mªkij yxk nsaA
4- cPps ds eqag esa nks cwans MkysaA Mªkij dks eqag ls Nwus u
nsaA
5- /;ku j[kas fd cPpk Vhds dks fuxy ysA ;fn cPpk cwans
mxy nsrk gs rks nksckjk [kqjkd nsaA
fp= 6n% vksihoh dh [kqjkd nsuk

iYl iksfy;ks Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh Hkwfedk


iksfy;ksek;fyfVl ds mUewyu gsrq iYl iksfy;ks Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe ,-,Q-ih- losZysal] fu;fer Vhdkdj.k
,oa ekWi&vi dsEisu ds vykok ,d egRoiw.kZ mik; gSA
lHkh LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ%
l cwFk ij vkSj ?kj&?kj tkdj Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze dh dk;Z ;kstuk cukus esa “kkfey jgsaA
l vksihoh ds Vhdkdj.k ds fy, VhdkdehZ ds :Ik esa dke djuk pkfg,] Vsyh&”khV Hkjuh pkfg, vkSj
mUgsa nh xbZ u feVus okyh L;kgh@badisu ls cka, gkFk dh NksVh maxyh esa fu”kku yxk,aA
l cwFk ij o ?kj&?kj tkus lEca/kh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Vhe dk usr`Ro djsaA
l viuh Vheksa dks lkSais x, lHkh ?kjksa dk nkSjk djsa vkSj lHkh cPpksa dk Vhdkdj.k djsaA
l ftu ?kjksa esa mUgksaus cPpksa dk Vhdkdj.k dj fn;k gS mlds ml ?kj ij rkjh[k ds lkFk ih yxk nsa
vkSj ;fn dksbZ cPpk Vhdkdj.k ls cp x;k gS rks mlds mij rkjh[k ds lkFk Økl dk fu”kku yxk
nsaA
l nkSjk fd, x, lHkh ?kjksa vkSj Vhdkdj.k fd, x, cPpksa dk fjdkMZ j[kus ds fy, Vsyh “khV dk
bLrseky djsaA
l Vhds dh {kerk cjdjkj jgs blds fy, lHkh lko/kkfu;ka cjrsaA
l Lkeqnk; dks iYl iksfy;ks cwFk fnol dh rkjh[k ds ckjs esa lwfpr djsa] iYl iksfy;ks nkSj “kq: gksus ls
igys izeq[k txgksa ij cSuj o iksLVj o nwljh vkbZ-bZ-lh ¼lwpuk] f”k{kk o lapkj½ lkefxz;ka iznf”kZr
djsaA

vxj iYl iksfy;ks dh otg ls Vhdkdj.k l= ugha vk;ksftr gqvk rks mls ckn esa t:j j[ksaA 47
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

48
bdkbZ 7- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½

bdkbZ & 7 Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a


¼,bZ,QvkbZ½
f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa] vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg,%
 vki foijhr ?kVukvksa dh igpku dj ldasA
 vkids lsok {ks= esa gksus okyh ,slh ?kVukvksa dh jksdFkke dj ldasA
 foijhr ?kVuk ls fuiVus dh O;oLFkk dj ldasA

fo"k;oLrq
 Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk ¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½ D;k gksrh gS\
 ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- ds izdkjA
 ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- ds fiNyh fgLVªh ls fu’d’kZ fudkyukA
 vki vius {ks= esa ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- dh ?kVukvksa dks de dSls djsaxs\
 ;fn ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- gks tk,a rks D;k djsa\

7-1 Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk ¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½ D;k


gksrh gS\
Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk ¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½ ,d fpfdRlh; ?kVuk gksrh gS tks fd fdlh Hkh Vhdkdj.k ds
ckn ?kVrh gS vkSj leqnk; esa fpark iSnk gks tkrh gS rFkk ;g fo”okl fd;k tkrk gS fd Vhdkdj.k dh otg
ls ,slk gqvkA ,-bZ,Q-vkbZ- dh ?kVuk,a dk;ZØe lEca/kh Hkwyksa] Vhdksa ls laosnu”khyrk ds dkj.k ;k la;ksxo”k
gks ldrh gaSA ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- pkgs fdlh Hkh otg ls gks] mls xaHkhjrk ls ysuk pkfg, vkSj mldk izca/ku rRdky
vkSj fu;ksftr rjhds ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;kn j[ksa% Vhdkdj.k ds ckn vDlj gks tkus okys vke NksVs&eksVs izHkko tSls fd gYdk cq[kkj] nnZ] batsD”ku
dh txg ij lwtu ;k ykyh vkSj fpM+fpM+kgV vklkuh ls Bhd gks tkrs gSa vkSj blds dksbZ xaHkhj ifj.kke
ugha gksrsA blfy, bl izdkj ds izHkkoksa dks ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ ugha ekuk tkrk vkSj u gh mudh fjiksVZ dh tkrh
gSA ;s lkekU; izHkko gksrs gSa tks T;knk rjy inkFkZ ysus] vkjke djus ls Bhd gks tkrs gS vkSj t:jh gks rks
iSjkflVkeksy ysA

feJZ.k ds le; lgh MkbY;qaV dk bLreky djsa vkSj feJZ.k dk le; ok;y ij vo”; fy[ksaA 49
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

7-2 ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ ds izdkj


Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr izHkkoksa dh ?kVukvksas dks muds ?kfVr gksus ds dkj.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ika¡p oxksZa esa ck¡Vk
tk ldrk gSA

Rkkfydk 7-1% ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ ds izdkj


oxhZdj.k ?kVuk ds dkj.k mnkgj.k
oSDlhu fj,D’ku ,d vR;ar nqyZHk ?kVuk gS tks fd Vhds ds nzO; ¼tSls Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhds ds
lgk;d] laj{kd ;k LVSfcykbZtj ?kVdksa½ ds dkj.k ckn rst cq[kkj
?kVrh gSA ;g Vhds ds varfuZfgr xq.kksa ds dkj.k
gksrh gSA
dk;ZØe lEca/kh Hkwy Vhds ds rS;kj djus] mUgsa fcuk LVSfjykbZt fd;s
laHkkyus ;k Vhdk nsus esa dh x;h xyrh dh otg ls batSD”ku ds dkj.k
gksus okyh ?kVukA dhVk.kq;qDr QksM+k
la;ksxo’k Vhdkdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh ?kVuk] ijUrq Vhds ls ekSf[kd iksfy;ks dh
ughaA ;g ?kVuk la;ksxo”k gh ?kV tkrh gSA [kqjkd nsus ds ckn
fueksfu;k gksuk
batsD’ku fj,D’ku batsD”ku ls gksus okyk nnZ ;k mlds Mj ls gksus okyh fdlh fd”kksj esa
?kVukA Vhdkdj.k ds ckn
csgks”kh ds y{k.k
vKkr ,slh ?kVuk ftldk dkj.k ekywe ugha iM+rkA

oSDlhu fj,D’ku
lHkh oSDlhu vR;ar lqjf{kr gksrh gSa] ysfdu nokvksa dh rjg gh buds Hkh dqN nq’izHkko ;k izfrdwy izHkko gksrs
gSaA Vhdksa ds NksVs&eksVs nq’izHkkoksa dks le>kus vkSj jksxlwpd mipkj ds ek/;e ls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,sukfQySDlhl ¼10 yk[k Vhds esa 1½ ,d cgqr gh nqyZHk vkSj xaHkhj izfrdwy izHkko gS ftlds fy, rRdky
fpfdRlh; lsok dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA vki bldh igpku bl izdkj dj ldrs gSa%

uSnkfud y{k.k ,sukfQySfDll ds y{k.k


gYdk] ‘kh?kz psrkouh dk ladsr Ropk ij [kqtyh] pdrs vkSj batsD”ku okyh txg ds vkl&ikl
lwtuA pDdj vkuk] xehZ eglwl gksukA
“kjhj ds vaxksa esas nnZjfgr lwtu tSls &psgjs ;k eqag ij
ykfyek] [kqtyh] ukd can gksuk] Nhaduk] vkalw vkuk] feryh] mYVh]
xys esa lwtu ,oa lkal ysus esa ijs”kkuh] isV nnZ bR;kfnA

nsjh] thou ds fy, [krjs dk ?kj?kjkgV] “kksj] lakl ysus esa eqf”dy] nkSjk iM+uk] fuEu jDrpki]
ladsr vfu;fer detksj uCt+

50
bdkbZ 7- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½

dk;ZØe lEca/kh Hkwysa


Vhdkdj.k ds ckn vf/kdrj foijhr ?kVuk,a dk;ZØe lEca/kh Hkwyksa dh otg ls gksrh gSa ftuls cpk tk ldrk
gSA uhps ,slh gh vke dk;ZØe lEca/kh Hkwys vkSj muds ifj.kke n”kkZ;s tk jgs gSa%
Rkkfydk 7-2% ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ ?kVuk,a gksus ds ihNs dk;ZØe lEca/kh vke Hkwysa
dk;ZØe lEca/kh Hkwysa laHkkfor foijhr izHkko
xSj&thok.kqfoghu bUtsD’ku
l Tkhok.kq;qDr lrg tSls maxqfy;ksa] :bZ ds QOos] batsD”ku okyh txg ij Qaqfl;ka gks tkuk]
est vkfn ls lqbZ dk laidZ gksukA lsfIllA
l nwf’kr Vhdk ;k MkbY;q,aVA
l diM+s ds mij ls batsD”ku nsukA
l Vhdksa ds fefJr ?kksy dks 4 ?kaVs ls vf/kd le; fo’kkDr vk?kkr ¼VkWfDld “kkWd½ flaMªkse ;k ekSrA
rd iz;ksx esa ykuk ¼tsbZ 2 ?kVsa½
l Ckkn ds l=ksa esa fefJr ?kksy dk iqu% bLrseky
l fMLikstscy flfjat vkSj lqbZ;ksa dk nksckjk jDr ls gksus okys jksxksa dk laØe.k] tSlsfd
bLrseky gsisVkbfVl &ch] ,pvkbZoh] gsisVkbfVl&lh
feJ.k esa xyfr;ka@xyr Vhdk rS;kj djuk
l xyr ?kksy ds lkFk feJ.kA Vhds vljnkj ugha jgrsA
l MkbY;q,aV dh txg nok dk bLrsekyA nok dk nq’izHkko( e`R;qA
l Vh&flfjt Vhdksa dks vi;kZIr :Ik ls fgykukA Ropk ij QksM+s&Qqafl;kaA
xyr txg ij batsD’ku
l XywfV;y {ks= ¼dwYgs½ esa batsD”ku dwYgs dh ul dks {kfr] ydokA
l ch-lh-th-@Vh&flfjt Vhds lcD;qVsfu;l Hkkx Vhds dh txg ij fj,D”ku ;k QksM+kA
ij yxkukA
Vhdk ykus ys tkus@HkaMkj.k esa xyrh
l teas gq, vkSj BaM ds izfr laosnu”khy Vhds Vhds dh txg ij fj,D”ku tSls thok.kqfoghu
yxkukA QksM+kA
fo’ke fLFkfr;kas ds izfr ykijokgh cjruk
l Mh-ih-Vh-1 ds ckn ,saBu esa Mh-ih-Vh-2 nsuk ,saBu

7-3 ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- ?kVukvksa dh fiNyh fgLVªh ls fu”d”kZ


fudkyuk
cPpksa ds ekrk&firk ls iwNsa fd fiNys Vhdksa ls dqN foijhr fj,D”ku rks ugha gq, Fks] tSls fd Mh-ih-Vh- Vhds
ds ckn ,saBu rks ugha gqvkA

Vhdkdj.k ds ckn ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls fdlh ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ dh tk¡p gsrq vk/kk ?kaVk bartkj djus ds fy, dgsaA 51
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

7-4 vius {ks= esa ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- dh ?kVukvksa dks dSls de


djsa\
lcls vf/kd foijhr izHkko dh ?kVuk,a dk;Zdze lEca/kh fuEufyf[kr Hkwyksa ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
ds :Ik eas vki vius bykds esa foijhr izHkko dh ?kVukvksa dk izca/ku lgh :Ik ls bl rjg ls dj ldrs gaS
rkfd Vhdkdj.k ds ckn ,slh foijhr ?kVuk,a de ls de gksaA
l gj Vhdk vyx&vyx txg ij yxk;k tk,%
l lHkh Vhdkdj.k batsD”kuksa ds fy, ,-Mh- flfjatksa dk bLrseky djsaA
l izR;sd feJ.k ds fy, ,d u;h fMLikstscy flfjat dk mi;ksx djsaA bldk dHkh nksckjk
bLrseky u djsaA
l bLrseky ls igys ges”kk oSDlhu@MkbY;q,aV ds yscy ij uke] ,Dlik;jh rkjh[k vkSj ohoh,e dh tkap
djsaA
l Vh&fljht vkSj gsiVkbfVl&ch ds Vhds dks [kqjkd fudkyus ls igys fgyk,aA
l Vhdks d¨ cukus ds fy, dsoy fuekZrk –kjk fn, MkbY;q,aV dk gh iz;ksx djsaA
l Okk;y ds yscy ij Vhds ds feJ.k dk le; fy[ksaA
l [kljs vkSj ch-lh-th- ds Vhds dk feJ.k ds 4 ?kaVs ¼tsbZ 2 ?kaVs½ ds Hkhrj mi;ksx dj ysaA
;fn mudk 4 ?kaVs ¼tsbZ 2 ?kaVs½ ds Hkhrj mi;ksx u gks ik, rks vki mUgsa vyx dj nsaA pkgs mu ok;yksa
esa fdrus Hkh Vhds D;ksa u cps gq, gksaA vU;Fkk] blds lanw’k.k ds dkj.k] thou dks [krjk vkSj izfrdwYk
?kVuk,a gks ldrh gaSA
l fefJr Vhds dks ,d l= LFky ls nwljs l= LFky rd dHkh Hkh u ys tk,a vkSj u gh mldk mi;ksx
djsaA
l vkbZ,yvkj esa vU; nok,a ;k inkFkZ LVksj djds u j[ksaA ;s jsfÝtjsVj dsoy Vhdksa ds fy, gh gSaA
l batsD”ku ds ckn] lqbZ ij iqu% <Ddu yxkus ;k lqbZ dks eksM+us dk iz;kl u djsaA
l fdlh Hkh izdkj ds foijhr izHkko dh tkWap ds fy,] ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls Vhdk yxus ds ckn vk/kk ?kaVk bartkj
djus dks dgsaA
l l= ds nkSjku Vhdkd`r cPpksa dh lwph vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ@vk”kk dks lkSai nsa vkSj muls fdlh Hkh
,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ ds foijhr izHkko esa lko/kkuh cjrus rFkk fjiksVZ djus ds fy, dgsaA mudks viuh vkSj
ih,plh ls lacaf/kr vf/kdkfj;ksa dh irs dh lwph lkFk esa nsaA

7-5 ;fn ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ gks tk,a rks D;k djsa\


l ;fn foijhr izHkko okyh xaHkhj ?kVuk tSls ,saBu ;k ,sukfQySfDll ?kV tkrh gS rks LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
dks rRdky fuEu dk;Zokgh djuh pkfg,%
¾¾ izkFkfed ns[kHkky djuk% cPps dks lh/ks fyVk,a( lqfuf”pr djsa fd mls gok vk jgh gksA ;fn
cPpk csgks”k gS] mls vk/kh >qdh ysVh fLFkfr esa j[ksaA

52
bdkbZ 7- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½

¾¾ rqjar mipkj gsrq fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ¼ih,plh½ ;k utnhdh ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ izc/kau dsUnz dks HkstsaA
;fn vko”;d gks rks jksxh ds lkFk esa tk,aA
¾¾ jksxh dks Hkstus ds ckjs esa ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- izca/ku dsanz dks VsyhQksu ij lwpuk nsaA
¾¾ lqijokbZtj@fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ¼ih,plh½@MhvkbZvks dks rRdky tkudkjh nsa vkSj lkFk gh
,bZ,QvkbZ dh tkap esa mudh lgk;rk djsaA
l Vhdksas ds dkj.k gksus okys NksVs&eksVs fj,D”ku esa rkfydk 7-3 ds vuqlkj fUkEu fn”kkfunsZ”kksaZ dk ikyu
djsa%

rkfydk&7-3% Vhds ds dkj.k gksus okys NksVs&eksVs fj,D’ku tks vke rkSj ij gksrs gSa
¼ftudh fjiksVZ Hkstus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS½
NksVs&eksVs Vhdk fj,D’ku bykt dc fjiksVZ djsa
Vhdk LFkku ij fj,D”ku ¼nnZ] l batsD”ku ds LFkku ij BaMk diM+k j[ksaA l ;fn QksM+k gks tk,A
lwtu vkSj ykyh½ l iSjkflVkeksy nsaA
Ckq[kkj 38.5° lsfYl;l ls l T;knk ls T;knk rjy inkFkZ nsaA l ;fn vU; y{k.k lkFk esa
T;knk l xquxqus ikuh ls Liat Luku djk,aA vk tk,aA
l iSjkflVkeksy nsaA
fpM+fpM+kgV] csPkSuh vkSj l T;knk ls T;knk rjy inkFkZ nsaA l ;fn ;g xaHkhj ;k
fLkLVfed y{k.k l iSjkflVkeksy nsaA vlkekU; gks tk,A

xaHkhj ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- dh ?kVuk,a ftUkdh rRdky fjiksVZ vkSj tkap djuh pkfg,%
l Vhdkdj.k ds ckn e`R;q] vLirky esa HkrhZ] fodykaxrk ;k vU; xaHkhj rFkk vlkekU; ?kVuk,a ftudh
tkudkjh LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ;k turk ls feysA
l ,sukfQySfDllA
l ,d lewg esa gksus okyh ?kVuk,a ¼nks ;k mlls vf/kd ykHkkFkhZ½A
l fo’kkDr vk?kkr lEca/kh y{k.k ¼VkWfDld “kkWd flaMªkse½A
l rhoz vfrlaonsu”khyrk fj,D”ku ¼,sukfQySDVkW;M½A
l efLr’d fod`fr ¼,sUlhQSyksiSFkh½A
l ?kko dk lM+uk ¼lsfIll½A
l ,slh ?kVuk ftlesa oSDlhu dh xq.kOkRrk ij lansg gksA
l vpkud ywat&iwat ydokxzLr ¼,-,Q-ih-½4A

ekfld vk/kkj ij fjiksVZ dh tkus okyh ?kVuk,a


l ekfld fjiksVZ esa e`R;q] batsD”ku dh txg ij QksM+k fudyuk vkSj vU; tfVyrk,a ntZ djsaA
l ;fn dksbZ ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ dh ?kVuk u gks rks fjiksVZ esa “kwU; fy[ksaA ;g “kwU; fjiksVZ Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA

4
xaHkhj Q~ykflM ydos dk ekeyk] ,,Qih fuxjkuh vkSj fjiksfVZax lEca/kh ekStwnk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls ntZ gksxkA

lHkh ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh rRdky izHkkjh fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ;k 53


lacaf/kr lqijokbZtj dks nsaA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

bdkbZ & 8 lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ


rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx
f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa] vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg,%
 vki fjdkMZ dk egRo crk ldsaA
 Vhdkdj.k dkMZ dk bLrseky djrs gq, cPpksa dks Vhdkdj.k ds fy, NkaV ldsa@
iathd`r dj ldsaA
 lHkh tkudkjh lgh rjhds ls vkSj iw.kZ :Ik ls fu/kkZfjr jftLVjksa esa fjdkMZ dj
ldsaA
 ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk irk yxkus ,oa Vhds dh vko”;drk dk vkadyu djus ds fy,
dkmaVjQkW;yksa dks lgh rjhds ls Qkby djuk vkSj bLrseky djukA
 le;kuqlkj fjdkMZ j[kuk vkSj fjiksVZ izLrqr djukA

fo"k;oLrq
 fjdkMZ j[kus dk egRoA
 f”k”kq dk Vhdkdj.k dkMZ vkSj dkmaVjQkW;yA
 ekr`&f”k”kw jftLVj@Vhdkdj.k jftLVjA
 uke vk/kkfjr Vhdkdj.k lwph vkSj VSyh“khVA
 dojst fuxjkuh pkVZA
 ekfld izxfr fjiksVZA

8-1 fjdkWMZ j[kus dk egRo


Lkgh] fo”oluh; vkSj le;kuqlkj lwpuk dh miyC/krk fdlh Hkh xfrfof/k dh lQyrk dk ewy ea= gksrh gSA
fuEufyf[kr fjdkWMZ fdlh Hkh mi&dsanz ;k blls mWaps Lrjksa ij rS;kj dh x;h lHkh LokLF; lwpukvksa dh uhao
gSaA
l f”k”kq Vhdkdj.k dkMZA
l ekr`&f”k”kq jftLVj@Vhdkdj.k jftLVjA
l uke vk/kkfjr Vhdkdj.k lwph vkSj VSyh“khVA
l dojst fuxjkuh pkVZA
l ekfld izxfr fjiksVZA

;kn j[ksa fd mi&dsnzksa ls izkIr tkudkjh dks lesfdr djds jk”Vªh; Lrj ij Hkstk tkrk gS
rkfd mudk bLrseky uhfr&fuekZ.k o ;kstuk cukus ds fy, gksA

54
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx

8-2 f’k’kq Vhdkdj.k dkMZ rFkk dkmaVjQkW;y


Lkgh ,o iw.kZ :Ik ls Hkjs gq, f”k”kq Vhdkdj.k dkMZ esa ekWa vkSj cPps dk uke] tUe frfFk] iwjk irk rFkk Vhdkdj.k
dh fLFkfr ntZ gksrh gSA ;g Vhdkdj.k dkMZ fuEu dkj.kksa ls egRoiw.kZ gS%
l ;g ekrk&firk dks ;kn fnykrk gS fd cPps dks dkSu&dkSu ls Vhds fn;s x;s gSa vkSj dkSu ls Vhds ckdh
gSaA
l ;g xHkZorh efgyk vkSj cPps dh iw.kZ Vhdkdj.k dh fLFkfr tkuus esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dh enn djrk
gSA
l Vhdkdj.k dh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gS ;fn ykHkkFkhZ fdlh vU; nwljs {ks= ls gSA
Vhdkdj.k dkMZ dk lgh bLrseky dSls fd;k tk,\
igyh ckj vkus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds fy,%
l igyh ckj izloiwoZ tkWap ds fy, vk;h xHkZorh
efgykvksa dks u;k Vhdkdj.k dkMZ tkjh djsaA
l ,d [kkl dze la[;k nsa tSls bZlhvkj losZ u-
;k ,,ulh la[;kA
l Ekkrk dks crk nsa fd ogh dkMZ mlds cPps ds
fy, Hkh tkjh jgsxk] blfy, mls vU; t:jh
nLRkkostksa ds lkFk dkMZ lqjf{kr j[kuk pkfg,(
tSls fd jk”ku dkMZ vkfnA
l lHkh izfof’V;kas esa rkjh[k] eghuk o o’kZ Li’V
:Ik ls fy[kasA
l f’k’kq dh tUe frfFk fy[ksa] u fd
fp= 8d% Vhdkdj.k dkMZ
eghuksa esa mezA
l ;fn ykHkkFkhZ lgh rkjh[k u crk ik, rks LFkkuh; dSysaMj@esyksa vkSj R;ksgkjksa dh enn ysdj lgh
rkjh[k fudkyus dh dksf”k”k djsaA
l dksbZ Hkh dkWye ;k lSy [kkyh u NksM+saA
l lHkh dkWye Hkj ysus ds ckn dkMZ dk NksVk okyk fgLlk vFkkZr~ dkmaVjQkW;y vius ikl j[k ysaA
l Vhdkdj.k ds ckn “ks’k Hkjk gqvk dkMZ ekrk&firk dks ns nsa vkSj mUgsa crk,a fd tc Hkh os LokLF; dsanz
vk;sa bl dkMZ dks vius lkFk yk,aA
l dkmaVjQkW;y dks blh [kaM esa ckn esa crk, rjhds ls QkbZy dj nsaA
iqu% vkus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds fy,
l Vhdk nsus ls igys gj cPps dk Vhdkdj.k dkMZ ns[kus dh ekax djsaA
l ns[ksa fd D;k dksbZ [kqjkd NwV rks ugh x;h gS] ;fn gka rks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj Vhds dh
[kqjkd iwjh djsaA

Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh lHkh fjdkMZ lqjf{kr txg ij j[ks tk,aA 55


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

Mh-ih-Vh-@vks-ih-oh- dh [kqjkdksa ds chp ;fn ,d ekg ls vf/kd dk le; Hkh xqtj x;k gks rks
fQj Hkh [kqjkd dks nksckjk ls ‘kq: u djsaA ;fn cPps dh mez 7 o’kZ ls vf/kd u gqbZ gks rks
Mh-ih-Vh- dh vxyh [kqjkd ns nsaA ;kn j[ksa fd Mh-ih-Vh- ds gj batsD’ku@ [kqjkd ds chp 4
lIrkg dk varj gksA

l gj [kqjkd ds ckn lqfuf”pr djsa fd ekrk&firk dks vxys Vhds dh rkjh[k crk;h tk,A
l dkmaVjQkW;y vkSj Vhdkdj.k dkMZ esa ekrk&firk ds fy, cus [kaM dks HkjsaA
l cPps ds ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod dks dkMZ ykSVk nsaA
l eka ls dkMZ laHkkydj j[kus ds fy, dgsaA mUgsa crk,a fd os tc Hkh fdlh mi&dsanz ;k fdlh Vhdkdj.k
l= LFky ij cPps dks ysdj vk;sa] ;g dkMZ vo”; lkFk ysdj vk,aA
l gj l= ds ckn] dkmaVjQkW;y dks vius VSªfdax cSx dh tsc esa ¼ftl eghus vxyk Vhdk yxuk gS½
laHkkydj j[ksaA
l gj ekg VSªfdax cSx esa dkmaVjQkW;y dks ns[ksa vkSj lqfuf”pr djsa fd ftu cPpksa dks ml ekg Vhdk
yxuk gS os vo”; vk,aA ;fn os ugha vkrs gSa rks vk”kk@vkaxokM+h dk;ZdrÊ dks mu ifjokjksa ls laidZ
djus ds fy, dgsa rFkk ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd os vxys l= esa vo”; vk,aA

l dkMZ u ykus ij fdlh dks Hkh Vhdk yxkus ls badkj u djsaA


l ;fn vfHkHkkod dkMZ [kks tkus dh tkudkjh nsrs gSa rks vius Vhdkdj.k
jftLVj@dkmaVjQkW;y esa miyC/k tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij u;k dkMZ tkjh djsaA

dkmaVjQkW;y
fiNys dbZ o’kksZa esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dkmaVjQkW;y dks vgfe;r ugha nsrs gSaA os u rks
dkmaVjQkW;y tkjh djrs gSa] u QkbZy djrs gSa vkSj u gh mls lgh rjhds ls laHkkydj j[krs gSaA ;g t:jh
gS D;ksafd blls fuEufyf[kr esa enn feyrh gS%
l vk”kk@vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ@lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ ds lkFk Vhdkdj.k gsrq l= ds vuqlkj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
dh uke vk/kkfjr lwph rS;kj djukA
l vxys l= ds fy, visf{kr Vhdksa dk vanktk yxkukA
l chp esa Vhds NksM+us okys ykHkkfFkZ;kas dk irk yxkukA
l ;fn ykHkkFkhZ dk Vhdkdj.k dkMZ [kks tkrk gS rks mldh tkudkjh nsukA
gj l= dh txg ds dkmaVjQkW;y vyx&vyx QkbZy djus t:jh gSaA ,d 14 tscksa okys diM+s dk VSªfdax
cSx] dkmaVjQkW;y dks QkbZy djus gsrw ,d ljy ,oa vklku midj.k gSA igys 12 tscksa esa o’kZ ds 12 eghuksa
ds uke fy[ks gksaA 13 okWa tsc muds fy, gks tks bl vof/k ds nkSjku NksM+dj pys x;s@ej x;s gSa vkSj 14 oha
tsc iwjh rjg ls izfrjf{kr cPpksa dk gksxkA
fdlh ykHkkFkhZ dks tc Vhdk yxk;k tkrk gS rks mldk dkmaVjQkW;y ftl eghus vxyh [kqjkd nh tkrh gS
ml ekg ds tsc esa j[kk tk,xkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn ,d cPpk Mh-ih-Vh-&1 ds fy, tuojh esa vkrk gS rks
mls Mh-ih-Vh-&2 dk Vhdk Qjojh esa fn;k tk,xkA ;fn Mh-ih-Vh-&2 dh [kqjkd Qjojh esa nh xbZ gS rks mldh

56
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx

dkmaVjQkW;y viMsV djsa vkSj ekpZ dh tsc esa MkysaA tc Mh-ih-Vh-


&3 dh [kqjkd ekpZ esa nh tk,] rc dkmaVjQkW;y dks viMsV djrs
gq, flracj eghus ls lacaf/kr tsc esa Mkysa] D;ksafd ml f”k”kq dks
flracj@vDVqcj ds eghus esa [kljs ds Vhds ds fy, vkuk gksxkA
;fn eghus ds var esa dqN dkMZ tsc esa cps jg tkrs gSa rks blls
irk pyrk gS fd os ykHkkFkhZ NwV x;s gSa vkSj bu dkMksZ dks vxys
eghus dh tsc esa Mkysa rFkk mudk irk yxk;saA
;fn dksbZ VSªfdax cSx miyC/k ugha gS rks gj ekg ds dkmaVjQkW;y
dks jcM+ cSaM ls vyx&vyx cka/kdj j[kk tk,A gj l= LFky
ds dkmaVjQkW;y dks vyx&vyx QkbZy fd;k tk, vkSj mUgsa gj
l= esa ys tkuk u HkwysaA

fp= 8[k% VSªfdax cSx

l dkmaVjQkW;y ,oa jftLVj dh enn ls Vhdkdj.k gsrq ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph cuk,a rFkk
Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ik= f’k’kqvksa dk uke fy[kasA
l vk’kk ,oa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa dks Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ykus ds
fy, M~;w&fyLV lwph nsaA
l mu ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk irk yxk;sa tks Vhdkdj.k l= esa ugh vk;sA

8-3 ekr`&f’k’kq LokLF; jftLVj @ Vhdkdj.k jftLVj


Ekkr`&f”k”kq jftLVj ls mi&dsanz {ks= esa tUesa gj f”k”kq dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldh enn ls gj
xHkZorh ekWa vkSj Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze dh fuxjkuh dh tk ldrh gSa gj cPps ds Vhdkdj.k dk fjdkMZ blh
jftLVj esa ntZ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blesa dbZ dkWye gksrs gSa] rFkk blesa cPps ds tUe] Vhds ds fooj.k vkSj
ekWa rFkk f”k”kq ds LokLF; ds ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh jgrh gSA ekr`&f”k”kq jftLVj dk fUkEukuqlkj bLrseky djsa%
l fofHkUu Vhdkdj.k LFkyksa ds fy, jftLVj ds vyx&vyx i`’B ckWaVsaA blls vkidks vkxs yxus okys
Vhdksa ds ckjs esa ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk irk yxkus es vklkuh gksxhA
l gj Vhdkdj.k l= ds igys] vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊvksa vkSj vk”kk ls izkIr tkudkjh }kjk u;s xHkZ/kkj.kksa
,oa tUeksa dks jftLVj esas “kkfey dj viMsV djsaA
l gj ckj tc ekWa vkSj cPpk Vhds yxkus vk;s jftLVj esa u;h izfof’V u djsaA l= ds nkSjku Hkjs x;s
dkmaVjQkW;yksa ds vk/kkj ij jftLVj viMsV djsaA

Vhdkdj.k dkMZ [kks x;k gks rks nksckjk u;k dkMZ tkjh djsa vkSj mlesa igys dh rkjh[k HkjsaA 57
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

d`Ik;k uksV djsa%


l ;fn ykHkkFkhZ vkids {ks= dk ugha gS] rks mls u;k dkMZ cukdj nsa vkSj Vhdk yxk,aA ;g tkudkjh
ekr`&f”k”kq jftLVj esa ukWu&jslhMsaV dkWye esa ntZ djsaA
l ;fn ykHkkFkhZ fdlh futh fpfdRld ls Vhdk ys jgk gks rks mldh tkudkjh Hkh Vhdkdj.k jftLVj
vkSj Vhdkdj.k dkMZ esa ntZ djsa rFkk rkjh[k ds ckn *ih* fy[ksaA

vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ vkSj vk’kk ls uotkr f’k’kqvksa dh tkudkjh ysa vkSj bls jftLVj esa
fjdkMZ djsa rkfd os Vhdkdj.k ls NwV u tk,aA

8-4 Vhdkdj.k gsrq ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh uke vk/kkfjr lwph


¼M~;w&fyLV½ vkSj VSyh ‘khV
izR;sd Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku] bu izi=ksa ij LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ }kjk izR;sd Vhds ds fy, ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk
uke] fyax o mez ds fglkc ls ,aVhtu dojst ds lkFk&lkFk tkjh fd, x, rFkk iz;qDr Vhdksa ,oa flfjatksa dks
ntZ djrk gSA budk bLrseky fuEu izdkj djsa%
l gj Vhdkdj.k l= ls igys VSªfdax cSx dh ml ekg dh tsc esa j[kh gqbZ dkmaVjQkW;y vkSj ekr`&f”k”kq
LokLF; jftLVj ds vk/kkj ij ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsaA
l bu ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph vk”kk vkSj vkaxokM+h dk;ZdrkZ dks nsa ftUgsa os Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku
vkus ds fy, dgsaA
l fn, x;s izR;sd Vhds dk fjdkMZ j[kus ds fy, ,d gh “khV dk bLrseky djsaA
l l= ds var esa ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph dk ckdh cph dkmaVjQkW;y ls feyku djsaA bu ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
}kjk Vhdkdj.k esa u vkus ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxk,aA
l igys Vhsds dh [kqjkd nsa vkSj blds ckn VSyh“khV esa fjdkMZ djsaA
l ekfld izxfr fjiksVZ rS;kj djrs le; lHkh VSyh“khV dk bLrseky djsaA

58
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx

Vhdk NksMus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, gj l= ds dkmaVjQkW;yksa dks vyx&vyx QkbZy djsaA 59
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

8-5 dojst ekWfuVfjax ¼fuxjkuh½ pkVZ


dojst ekWfuVfjax pkVZ ,d ,slk mi;ksxh lk/ku gS ftlds tfj, ,d gh utj esa y{; ds vkadM+s] Vhdkdj.k
ds :>ku] fo”ks’k :Ik ls Vhdkdj.k ls NwV x;s ;k chp esa NksM+dj tkus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh iwjh rLohj ns[kh
tk ldrh gSA lqijokbtj tc fdlh mi&dsanz ds nkSjs ij tk,a rks Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds vkadM+ksa dk ,d
xzkQ ¼tSlk fd fp= 8 lh esa fn[kk;k x;k gS½ rS;kj dj ysaA ;g izR;sd ekg viMsV gksuk pkfg,A ;gka dojst
MhihVh 1 o MhihVh 3 ds NwVs gq, o chp esa NksMs tkus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh x.kuk dk mnkgj.k gSA blh rjg
dk pkVZ vU; oSDlhu ds fy, Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
dojst fuxjkuh pkVZ esa ofVZdy ¼[kM+h½ vkSj gkfjtsUVy ¼vkM+h½ /kqfj;ka gaSA ofVZdy /kqjh dks 12 cjkcj fgLlksa
esa ckWaVk x;k gS] ftlesa ls gj ,d fgLlk ekfld y{; ds fy, gSA gj eghus ds vkxs lap;h y{; fy[ksaA ;fn
,d mi&dsanz esa Vhdkdj.k y{; 156 cPpksa dk gS rks ekfld y{; gksxk 156@12 ¾ 13 cPpsA bl izdkj]
vizSy eghus ds fy, lap;h y{; 13( ebZ ds fy, 26 ¼13$13½( twu ds fy, 39 ¼13$13$13½( tqykbZ ds fy,
52 ¼13$13$13$13½ bR;kfn gksxkA

N~V x;s
NksM+dj tkus okys

fp= 8x% ekWfuVfjax pkVZ

gkfjtsUVy /kqjh ij] lky ds eghus viSy ls “kq: gksdj ekpZ rd fy[ks tkrs gSaA izR;sd ekg ds uhps iafDr;ksa
esa eghus ds nkSjku Mh-ih-Vh-1 o Mh-ih-Vh-3 ls izfrjf{kr cPpksa dh dqy la[;k rFkk bl eghus rd cPpksa dh
dqy lap;h la[;k Hkh fy[kasA pkVZ esa] izR;sd ekg ds fy, Mh-ih-Vh-1 dh dqy lap;h la[;k IykV djsa ¼dkWye
ds nkabZ vksj½A blh izdkj] Mh-ih-Vh-3 ds fy, blh dkWye esa vyx jax fn;k x;k gSA

60
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx

Vhds yxus ls NksM+dj tkus okys cPpksa dk izfr”kr bl rjg ls fudky ldrs gSa%
¾ ¼dqy tksM+ Mh-ih-Vh-1 & dqy tksM+ Mh-ih-Vh-3½ x 100
dqy tksM Mh-ih-Vh-1

8-6 ekfld izxfr fjiksVZ


Ekkfld izxfr fjiksVZ mi&dsanz dh fjiksVZ gS tks gj ekg dh lekfIRk ij ,-,u-,e- }kjk tek dh tkrh gSA blesa
yf{kr ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k] l= vk;kstu o lapkyu] oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k l=] cPpksa ds Vhdkdj.k gsrq
lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa dks “kkfey djuk] oSdfYid@futh Vhdknkrkvksa VhdkdeÊ dh fu;qfDr] fyax o vk;q
ds vuqlkj Vhdkdj.k Lrj rFkk Vhdkjks/kd fcekfj;ksa ,oa Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVukvksa ls fuiVus dh
tkudkjh “kkfey gksrh gSA
bl fjiksVZ eas izLrqr vkadM+s lgh rjhds ls Hkjh gqbZ VSyh “khVksa] ekr`&f”k”kq jftLVj vkSj vU; fjdkMksZa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA blesa ifjyf{kr dqy Vhdkdj.k Lrj vkidks izR;sd Vhds vkSj Vhdk NksM+us okyksa dh vkSlr
nj lEca/kh x.kuk ds ckjs esa l{ke cuk,axsA D;ksafd ;g jkT; rFkk jk’Vªh; Lrj ij lHkh Vhdkdj.k dojst ,oa
egkekjh lEca/kh vkadM+s izkIr djus dk ewy vk/kkj gS blfy, blesa fn;s x;s vkadM+s fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls iw.kZr%
,oa lgh rjg ls fjdkMZ fd, tkus pkfg,%
l cPpksa dk okf’kZd y{; okLrfod gSM dkmaV ds vk/kkj ij gh gksuk pkfg,A
l izR;sd ,aVhtu dh [kqjkd ds lkFk Vhdkdj.k lgh :Ik ls Hkjuk vko”;d gSA
l Vhdkdj.k ds ckn ;fn mlds dksbZ nq’ifj.kke ¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½ lkeus vkrs gSa rks vkidks mldk mYys[k
djuk gksxk vkSj QkWyks&vi ds fy, izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz esa fjiksVZ djuk gksxkA
l ,-,Q-ih- lfgr lHkh oh-ih-Mh dh fjiksVZ izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz dks nsuk t:jh gS] rkfd vkids ofj’B
vf/kdkjh ml ij vko”;d dk;Zokgh dj ldsaA

dojst fuxjkuh pkVZ cuk,a vkSj mls mi&dsanz esa yxk,aA 61


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

bdkbZ & 9 Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)


f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa] vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg,%
 Vhdkdj.k esa lg;ksx ds fy, leqnk; dks “kkfey djus esaA
 Ckhp esa Vhdkdj.k NksM+dj tkus okyksa] pwd x;s voljksa vkSj NwV x;s ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls
yxkrkj fuiVus vkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze esa “kkfey djus
ds laHkkfor rjhds crk ldsaxsA
 Lkeqnk; ds yksxksa ds lkFk izeq[k elyksa ij ckrphr djus esa l{kerk gkfly dj
ysaxsA
 Lo;a fuxjkuh Vwy dk iz;ksx dj ldsaxsA

fo"k;oLrq
 Lkeqnk; dks Vhdkdj.k esa lg;ksx dh fn”kk esa “kkfey djukA
 Vhdk NksM+dj tkus] volj pwdus vkSj NwV x;s cPpksa ds D;k dkj.k gS vkSj buls
dSls fuiVk tk, \
 Vhdkdj.k ekWax esa o`f) ds fy, ikjLifjd laokn dk iz;ksx djukA
 leqnk; dh ykHknk;d cSBdsa vk;ksftr djukA
 leqnk; Lo;a fuxjkuh Vwy dk iz;ksx & “esjk xkWao gh] esjk ?kj gS” ds :Ik esa
djukA

9-1 ifjp;
,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa vki vius mi&dsanz ij Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh lsok,a miyC/k djkus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA ;g lqfuf”pr djuk vkidk nkf;Ro gksrk gS fd vius {ks= ds lHkh cPpksa dks muds izFke tUe
fnu ls igys iwjh rjg ls Vhdksa }kjk fofHkUu jksxksa ls izfrjf{kr fd;k tk,A cPpksa dks tUe ls igys mudh
ekrkvksa ds Vhdkdj.k ds tfj, fu;ksusVy VsVul ls Hkh lqjf{kr j[kuk gksrk gSA Vhdkdj.k dh n`f’V ls vki
ftl leqnk; esa dke djrs gSa mls vkerkSj ij rhu lewgksa ¼fp= 9-d esa n”kkZ;s fp= ds vuqlkj½ esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s rhu lewg bl izdkj gSa%
l chp esa NksM+dj tkus okys ¼Dropout½ ,sls cPps gksrs gSa tks ,d ;k vf/kd Vhds ysus ds ckn vkxs
ds Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ykSVdj ugha vkrs gSaA
l NwV x;s ¼Leftout½@igqap ls nwj vkcknh okys ¼Un-reached½ cPps ,oa efgyk,a tks HkkSxksfyd
igqap ds vHkko lfgr vusd dkj.kksa ls Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa dk mi;ksx ugha dj ikrs gSA

62
bdkbZ 9- Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)

NwV x;s@igqap ls nwj@fojks/k djus okys

chp esa gh NksM+dj tkus okys

iwjh rjg ls Vhdkdj.k ls izfrjf{kr

fp= 9 d% rhu fofHkUu O;ogkj okys lewg

,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :Ik esa vkidk nkf;Ro gS fd leLr {ks= esa Vhds ds ;ksX; cPpksa dks vius vkarfjd
ldZy eas “kkfey dj vius nk;js esa vf/kd ls vf/kd foLrkj djsaA

9-2 Vhdkdj.k esa lg;ksx gsrq leqnk; dks ‘kkfey djuk


leqnk; ds lnL; Vhdkdj.k esa fuEu izdkj ls lg;ksx ns%
l l=ksa ds LFkku o le; r; djds ,d lqfo/kktud lsok lqfuf”pr djukA
l ,d lkQ&lqFkjs vkmVjhp LFkku ¼fo|ky;] iapk;r Hkou vkfn½ dh O;oLFkk djukA
l Vhdkdj.k l=ksa ds ckjs esa leqnk; ds vU; lnL;ksa dks lwfpr djuk ¼tSls & ?kks’k.kkvksa] lkeqnkf;d
Lo;alsodksa }kjk lans”k] l= LFkyksa ij >aMs ;k cSuj }kjk Vhdkdj.k l=ksa ds fnu vkSj le; ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh nsuk½A
l ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk iathdj.k] HkhM+&HkkM+ fu;a=.k vkSj bartkj djus dh txgksa dks vkSj vf/kd vkjkenk;d
cukuk ¼“ksM cukdj o txg rFkk cSBus dh O;oLFkk djds½A
l leqnk; esa tUesa uotkr f”k”kqvksa vkSj@;k xkao esa vkus okys u;s f”k”kqvksa dh igpku djuk vkSj mUgsa
jSQj djukA bu cPpksa dh lwph Vhdkdj.k jftLVj eas ntZ djus ds fy, LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dks nsukA
l vius leqnk; ds lkfFk;ksa dks Vhdkdj.k lsok,a ysus ds fy, izsfjr djukA
l Vhdksa rFkk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ykus ys tkus esa enn djukA
l Vhdkdj.k NksM+us okys rFkk volj Pkwdus okys cPpksa dk irk yxkuk] ?kj&?kj tkdj Vhdkdj.k
dk;ZØe ls fiNM+ jgs cPpksa ds ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkodksa dks Vhdkdj.k ds egRo ds ckjs es crkuk vkSj
mUgsa izsfjr djukA
l lansgkLin Vhdkjks/kd jksxksa ¼oh-ih-Mh-½ vkSj Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh foijhr ?kVukvksa
¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½ ds ckjs esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dks tkudkjh nsuk rFkk LokLF; dk;Zdrkvksa dks buds ckjs esa
lwfpr djukA

NksM+dj tkusokyksa ¼Dropouts½ dh ijokg D;ksa djsa\


Tkks yksx Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe dks chp esa NksM+ nsrs gSa mu rd igqapuk vkSj mUgsa Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe
dks iwjk djus ds fy, jkth djokuk lcls vklku gSA ;fn vki ,sls yksxksa dks ?kVkus ij viuk
/;ku nsrs gSa rks vki vius {ks= esa Vhdkdj.k ds nk;js dks cgqr T;knk c<+kus esa lQy gks ldrs gSaA

izR;sd volj dk ykHk mBkdj ykHkkFkhZ dks mi;qDr Vhdk yxk,aA 63


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

9-3 Vhdkdj.k chp esa NksM+dj tkus ds D;k dkj.k gSa vkSj
buls dSls fuiVk tk,\
laHkkfor dkj.k laHkkfor gLr{ksi
Ekkrk&firk cPpksa dks Vhds yxokus okil ughsa vkrs D;ksafd l lqfuf”pr djsa fd gj fu;ksftr Vhddkj.k l= vk;ksftr gks Hkys gh NqV~Vh dk fnu
Vhdkdj.k l= fu;ksftr dk;Zdze ds vuqlkj vk;ksftr gh D;ksa u gks rFkk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ NqV~Vh ij gks] rks oSdfYid Vhdk yxkus okyksa
ugha gksrs ;k Vhds miyC/k ugha gksrs gSaA dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
Ekkrk&firk dks cPpksa dks yxus okys Vhdksa ds ckjs esa ugha l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ@vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ@vk”kk ges”kk ekrk&firk dks lgt Hkk’kk esa
crk;k tkrk fd dkSu&ls Vhds dc&dc yxus gSa vkSj le>kdj Vhdkdj.k ds 4 ewyHkwr lans”k nasaA
budh vko”;drk D;ksa gSA l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ lHkh ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks Vhdkdj.k dkMZ Hkj dj ns vkSj dkMZ ij vxys
Vhds dh frfFk fy[ksA
l Ekkrk&firk@vfHkHkkod ls mudks nh x;h tkudkjh dks nksgjkus ds fy, dgsa rkfd
mUgsa ;kn jgs fd Vhdkdj.k ds fy, fQj dc vkuk gSA
l Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe dk izpkj&izlkj djsaA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ugha tkurs fd fdu cPpksa dks vkSj dkSu l Vhdkdj.k jftLVj ,oa VSªfdax cSx esa j[ks dkmaVjQkW;y ls Vhdkdj.k gsrq ik=
ls Vhds yxus gSaA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsaA
l leqnk;hd Vhe ¼vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ] vk”kk] xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa vkfn½ dks “kkfey
djuk vkSj chp esa Vhdk NksMus okyksa dh lwph bUgsa lkSaiuk rkfd os laiw.kZ Vhdkdj.k
ds egRo ds ckjs esa cPpksa ds ekrk&firk dks ;kn fnyk ldsa vkSj vxys l= dh
rkjh[k o le; lwfpr dj ldsaA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ekrk&firk dk vuknj djrs gSa ;k cPps l ekrk&firk ds lkFk vknj ls is”k vk;saA
ds LokLF; ds izfr :fp ughsa ysrs gSa ¼tSls & LokLF; l ekrk&firk ds lkFk lgkuqHkwrh ls is”k vk,A
dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk Vhds ds fy, yack bartkj djokuk] dkMZ
u ykus ;k cPps dks nsj ls ykus ij ekrkvksa ls fpYykdj l ekrk&firk dh cPps dks Vhds ds fy, ysdj vkus ds fy, rkjhQ djsaA ekrk&firk
dguk½A dks loky iwNus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA
Vhdkdj.k l= dk le; leqnk; ds fy, lqfo/kktud l ykHkkfFkZ;kssa dh lqfo/kkuqlkj Vhdkdj.k l= dk le; iqu% fu/kkZfjr djsa] mnkgj.k ds
u gksukA fy, ;fn vkidks irk pyrk gS fd ekrk&firk 7 cts lqcg ls 1 cts nksigj rd
[ksrksa esa dke djrs gSa] rks vki 2 cts ls 5 cts “kke rd l= vk;ksftr djsaA
Ekkrk&firk esa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa xyrQgeh gksukA l vxys l= ls igys Vhdkdj.k NksMus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds ikl tkdj muls Vhdk
u yxokus dk dkj.k iwNukA vDlj yksxkas esa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa xyrQgeh gksrh
gS] fo”ks’k :Ik ls [kljs ds Vhds ds ckjs esaA muls ckrphr djsa] muds lokyksa vkSj
“kadkvksa dk tokc ns rFkk lkFk gh mUgsa lykg nsaA
Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½ l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk ekrk&firk@ns[kjs[kdrkZvksa dks Vhdksa ds ckn gksus okyh
ekrk&firk dks Vhds yxokus esa gRkksRlkfgr djrh gSaA lkekU; lkbM bQsDV~l ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tk, rFkk ,slk gksus ij mUgsa D;k
djuk pkfg,A
CkPpksa ,oa ekrkvksa dks LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk Vhdkdj.k l tc Hkh vU; lsok,a iznku djsa] ges”kk ekrk&firk ;k HkkbZ@cgu ds lkFk l= esa
ugha fd;k tkrk tc os vU; mipkjkRed ns[kHkky gsrq vk;s Vhdkdj.k gsrq ik= cPpksa ij utj j[ksaA
LokLF; dsanz esa vkrh gSA ¼volj pwduk½ l muds Vhdkdj.k fLFkfr ds ckjs esa iwNsa ;k ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph ns[ksa rFkk mUgsa
dk;Zdze ds vuqlkj Vhds yxk;saA
l LokLF; lqfo/kk esas ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh izrh{kk okys LFkku ij Vhdkdj.k ;kn fnykus lEca/
kh tkudkjh yxk;saA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ekrk&firk@ns[kjs[k djus okyksa dks l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk ekrk&firk dks bl rF; ds ckjs esa jkth djuk pkfg, fd
le>k@crk ugha ikrs fd gYds chekj cPps dks Vhdk fn;k gYdh chekjh esa cPps dk lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tk ldrk gSA ¼xyr fo”ke ifjfLFfr;ka½
ifjokjksa dk xkao NksM+ nsukA l {ks= ds ckgj ls vk;s cPpksa dk Hkh Vhdkdj.k fd;k tk,] ;fn mUgsa l= esa yk;k
x;k gS] vkSj muds ekrk&firk dks vxys Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds ckjs esa crkukA

64
bdkbZ 9- Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)

9-4 Vhdkdj.k ls NwV tkus@nqxZe vkcknh okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds


Vhdkdj.k ls oafpr jgus ds D;k dkj.k gSa vkSj mu rd
igqapus ds fy, D;k dk;Zokgh dh tkuh pkfg,\
laHkkfor dkj.k laHkkfor gLr{ksi
lHkh uotkr f”k”kqvksa vkSj cPpksa dh igpku vkSj l Ukotkr f”k”kqvksa vkSj cPpksa dk irk yxkus vkSj mudh lwph rS;kj djus ds fy, vkaxuokM+h
lwph rS;kj u djukA dk;ZdrÊ@vk”kk@Vhch, dks “kkfey djsaA
Vhdkdj.k ds mn~ns”; vkSj egRo dh le> l Lkeqnk; usrkvksa dks tkudkjh nsa vkSj mUgsa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa ekrk&firk ls ckrphr djus ds
ds vHkko esa ekrk&firk dk Vhdkdj.k ds fy, fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA
izsfjr u gksukA l Vhdkdj.k ds egRo ij ckrphr djsa vkSj lykg nsaA
l LokLF; esyksa vkSj vU; dk;Zdzeksa esa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsaA
l vU; izpkj&izlkj lEca/kh lkefxz;ksa dk iz;ksx djsa tSls LFkkuh; dscy Vsyhfotu] nhokj isafVax
vkSj iksLVj] efLtn vkSj eafnj ?kks’k.kkvksa ds ek/;e lsA
Vhdkdj.k l= LFky vR;f/kd nwj gksrs gSa ¼tSls l ekbZdzksIyku cukrs le; i¨fy;¨ ekbZdzksIyku ds varxZr lHkh {ks=ksa dks “kkfey djsa vkSj ekbZdkzs
lhekar {ks=ksa esa jgus okyh vkcknh esas½ Iyku ds ckjs esa ijke”kZ djds Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ik= lHkh cPpksa dh lwph cuk,aA
l izR;sd nks ;k rhu eghuksa esa de ls de ,d ckj nwj&njkt ds {ks= LFkyksa dk nkSjk djsaA ¼o’kZ
esa de ls de 4 Vhdkdj.k l=ksa dh ;kstuk cuk,½
“kj.kkFkhZ@ifjokj ¼nLrkostksa dh deha ds l irk yxk,a fd ;g vkcknh dgka jgrh gSA
dkj.k½@vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ;k tutkfr;ksa@ l leqnk; dk nkSjk djsa vkSj LFkkuh; lektlsfo;ksa@f”k{kdksa ds lkFk dke djsa rFkk leqnk;
xjhc izokfl;ksa@[kkukcnks”k lewgksa@cs?kj lewgksa@usrkvksa ls ppkZ djsa fd bu ykHkkfFkZ;ksa us Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa dk ykHk D;ksa ugha mBk;k
ifjokjksas@”kgjh Lye cfLr;kssa ds ykHkkFkhZ tks gSA
ljdkj ls laidZ djus ls Mjrs gaSA
l Vhdkdj.k ds egRo] utnhdh l= dh rkjh[k] le; vkSj LFkku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsaA
l ,sls cPpksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa ftUgsa bl {ks= esa dHkh Hkh Vhdkdj.k lsok,a izkIr ugha gqbZ gSaA
Vhdkdj.k l= vR;f/kd vlkekU; gksrs gS ;k l Lkeqnk; dh lqfo/kkuqlkj Vhdkdj.k l= vk;ksftr djsaA ¼tSls izkr%dkyhu @nsj ”kke dks½
buds le; o fnu lqfo/kktud ugha gksrs gS ;k
tkudkjh ugha gksrh gSA
Vhds ls budkj dk lkaLd`frd ;k /kkfeZd l Lkh/ks rkSj ij leqnk;ksa@usrkvksa ls ckrphr djds ykHkkfFkZ;ksa }kjk Vhds dh vfuPNk dk irk
dkj.k ¼Hkze] vQokg vkSj xyrQgeh½ yxk,aA
l mudh ckrsa lquus ds ckn] mudh xyrQgfe;ksa] “kadkvksa] vkSj Mj dks nwj djsa rFkk mUgsa
lgk;rk iznku djsaA
l leqnk; ds usrkvksa] vk”kk] vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊvksa rFkk vU; LVkQ deZpkfj;ksa dks vius lkfFk;ksa
ds cPpksa ds Vhdkdj.k ds fy, izksRlkfgr djus esa “kkfey djsaA
Vhdkdj.k ds fy, foRrh; ;k ySafxd ¼tSaMj½ l lkeqnkf;d lykgdkj usrkvksa vkSj izHkkoh O;fDr;ksa ls Vhdkjks/kd jksxksa ls [krjs ,oa Vhdkdj.k
:dkoVsa ¼tSls & le; dh cokZnh@etnwjh ds Qk;nksa ds ckjs esa lykg e”kojk djsaA
[kksus] [kpZ vkSj@;k lkbM bQsDV~l ds Mj ls l Vhdkdj.k viukus okys firkvksa }kjk vius led{k lkfFk;ksa ds cPpksa ds Vhdkdj.k ds fy,
ifr;ksa }kjk ifRu;ksa dks Vhdkdj.k l= esa tkus le>kus dks izksRlkfgr djsaA
ls euk djuk½
l bl ckr dk izpkj&izlkj djsa fd Vhdkdj.k lsok,a iw.kZ :Ik ls fu”kqYd gSaA

HkkSxksfyd nwjh dh leL;k dks dSls lqy>k;k tk,\


vki bl ekeys dks izHkkjh fpfdRlkf/kdkjh vkSj lqijokbtjksa ds /;ku esa yk,a RkFkk muls vuqjks/k djsa
fd os vkidh igqap ds {ks= dks iqu% laxfBr djsa] rkfd igqap ls nwj jgus okyh vkcknh dks Vhdkdj.k
dh lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djk;h tk ldsaA lcls vPNk rks ;gh gksxk fd gj nks ;k rhu ekg esa ,d ckj
ml nwjLFk bykds dk nkSjk djsa vkSj bl rjg o’kZ esa de ls de 4 Vhdkdj.k l= vk;ksftr djsaA

lHkh ekrk&firk@vfHkHkodksa dks vxys Vhds dh rkjh[k crk,saA 65


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

9-5 Vhdkdkj.k dh ekax c<+kus ds fy, ijLij laokn c<+k;sa


,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :Ik esa vki ekrk&firk vkSj lektlsfo;ksa ds lh/ks laidZ esa jgrs gSaA njvly lHkh
ykxksa ls vkReh;] nksLrkuk O;ogkj djds vkSj fny ls mudk [;ky j[kdj vki vius {ks= esa Vhdkdj.k
lEca/kh ekax c<+kus esa lQy gks ldrs gSa] vkSj ;gh vkidk lcls cM+k ;ksxnku gksxkA yksxksa ds lkFk galsa]
eqLdjk,a] ekrk&firk vkSj cPpksa dk gkSlyk c<++k;sa vkSj muds lkFk fe= dh rjg is”k vk;saA ,slk djus ls
ekrk&firk u dsoy vkidh lykg dks ekusaxs cfYd mudk crkZo Hkh cny tk,xk vkSj os Loa; vius cPpksa dk
Vhdkdj.k iw.kZ djok,axsA
mi&dsanz@LokLF; dsanz vFkok vkmVjhp dsanzksa esa vk;ksftr Vhdkdj.k l=ksa ds nkSjku ekrk&firk ds lkFk csgrj
laokn djus ds fy, dqN lgk;d ckrsa uhps nh x;h gSa%
l ek¡@ekrk&firk ds lkFk vknj ls is”k vk;saA
l ekrk&firk dh cPps dks Vhds ds fy, ysdj vkus ds fy, mudh rkjhQ djsaA
l Vhds ds lkbM bQsDV~l ;kuh foijhr izHkkoksa dh Li’V tkudkjh nsa vkSj mUgsa vxys Vhds dh rkjh[k
crk;saA
l Vhdkdj.k l= esa vius cPps dks fu/kkZfjr le; ,oa fnu ij ykus ds fy, mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsa vkSj
crk;sa fd tc rd lHkh Vhds ugha yx tkrs rc rd ;g Vhdkdj.k dkMZ vius lkFk yk,aA
l viuh ckrphr dks lgt ,oa ljy j[ksa] dkMZ esa vxys Vhds dh rkjh[k fy[kuk u Hkwysa vkSj ekrk&firk
dks vxyh rkjh[k vo”; crk;saA
l ekrk&firk dks loky iwNus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA
Vhdkdj.k ds laca/k esa ekrk&firk dks pkj ewyHkwr
lans’kksa dh tkudkjh nsa%
1- dkSu&lk Vhdk fn;k x;k vkSj bl Vhds ls fdl chekjh
ls cpko gksrk gSA
2- vxys Vhds ds fy, os cPps dks dc vkSj dgka ysdj
vk;saA
3- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn dkSu&ls lkekU; foijhr izHkko ¼lkbM
bQsDV~l½ gks ldrs gSa rFkk ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks mUgsa D;k
djuk pkfg,A
4- viuk Vhdkdj.k dkMZ laHkkydj j[ksa vkSj Tkc Hkh cPps dks
Vhdkdj.k ds fy, yk,a] ;g dkMZ lkFk esa ysdj vk;saA

ekrk&firk dks vxys Vhds dh rkjh[k dh ;kn fnykus ds fy, Vhdkdj.k dkMZ dk bLrseky djsa%
Vhdkdj.k dkMZ gj cPps ds lkFk laokn dk ,d egRoiw.kZ tfj;k gSA f”kf{kr ekrk&firk cM+h vklkuh ls dkMZ
ds tfj, tku ysrs gSa fd dkSu&lk Vhdk fn;k x;k gS vkSj vxyk Vhdk dc fn;k tkuk gSA tks de i<s+&fy[ks
gSa mUgsa dkSu&lh [kqjkd ;k Vhdk dSls fn;k tkrk gS bldh iwjh tkudkjh nsdj de ls de mUgsa cPps ds Vhds
dh fu/kkZfjr rkjh[k ,oa le; ls ifjfpr djk;k tk ldrk gSA

66
bdkbZ 9- Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)

l ,d le; ,d gh Vhds dh ppkZ dh tk, rks Vhdkdj.k dh iwjh tkudkjh dks le>
ysuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
l ,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vki LokLF; f’k{kd Hkh gSaA
l ;fn dksbZ fof’k”V tkudkjh nsuh gS rks vkeus&lkeus cSBdj lh/ks ml O;fDr ls ckrphr
djuk lcls cf<+;k gksrk gSA

9-6 izHkkoh lkeqnkf;d cSBdsa vk;ksftr djuk


l ,d lqfo/kktud le; ,oa LFkku ij
cSBd vk;ksftr djsa ¼cktkj ds fnuksa ;k
iwtk LFkyksa ds vklikl½A
l mu LFkkuh; leqnk; ds izfrfuf/k;kas dh
igpku djsa tks cSBd eas Hkkx ysaxsA
l ppkZ ds fy, ,d vkjkenk;d vkSj
lq[kn okrkoj.k iznku djsaA
l leqnk; ds lnL;kas dh ckrsa lqusa vkSj
irk yxk;sa fd Vhds ls jksdFkke dh
tkus okyh chekfj;ksa ,oa Vhdkdj.k
ds ckjs esa leqnk; ds yksxksa dks D;k
tkudkjh gSA
l Vhdkdj.k ds egRo] Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe dh fLFkfr vkSj Vhdkdj.k lsok,a dgka ,oa dc miyC/k gaS] ewy
Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bldh tkudkjh nsaA
l ;fn Vhdkdj.k dh iwjh tkudkjh u gks ;k fdlh izdkj dk lUnsg gks rks mls nwj djsaA
l izfr;ksfx;ksa ls iz”u iwNus ds fy, dgsa rkfd izR;sd O;fDr dks csgrj tkudkjh nh tk ldsA
l lewg dk /;ku vkdf’kZr djus vkSj cSBdksa dks :fpdj cukus ds fy, dgkfu;ksa] NksVs ukVdksa] xkuksa rFkk
fQYeksas dk mi;ksx djsaA
l tgka rd laHko gks ppkZ esa vf/kd ls vf/kd lnL;ksa dks “kkfey djsa vkSj muls Vhdkdj.k lacf/kr
leL;ksa ds lek/kku ds ckjs esa lq>ko nsus ds fy, dgsaA
l Vhdkdj.k ds fy, lalk/ku tqVkus esa enn djsaA

Vhdkdj.k l=ksa dk jksLVj cuk,a rFkk mls mi&dsanz o l= LFky ij iznf”kZr djsaA 67
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

9-7 Vhdkdj.k dojst dks c<+kus ds fy, leqnk; ds lk/kuksa


dk bLrseky “esjk xkao esjk ?kj”
gj xkao esa ekStwn lHkh f”k”kqvksa ds ukeksa dks edku dh bZaV ds :Ik esa pkVZ isij ij fy[kk tk,] tSlk fd uhps
fn[kk;k x;k gSA pkVZ esa lcls uhps uacj 1 ij cM+h mez okys cPps ls “kq: dj uacj 2 ij mlls de vkSj bl
rjg dzekuqlkj lHkh cPpksa dh lwph cuk;h tk,A bl rjg u;s tUesa f”k”kqvksa dks ucaj nsdj yxkrkj “kkfey
djrs tk,aA xkao dk uke fy[ksa] lHkh dks fxuus dk o’kZ fy[ksa vkSj fxus x;s f”k”kq dh la[;k fy[ksaA tSls gh
cPpk Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze dks iwjk dj ysrk gS rks ftl ykbu esa ml cPps dk uke gks ml ij dksbZ fpUg yxk,a
;k fdlh vyx jax ls n”kkZ;saA gj xkao esa vkaxuokM+h dsanz@iapk;r Hkou dh nhokj ij ;g pkVZ yVdk;saA bl
pkVZ ds tfj, lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ xkao esa ifjokjksa dks vius cPpksa dks Vhdk yxokus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldrs
gSa vkSj ftu cPpksa us lHkh Vhds ugha yxok;s gSa mUgsa dk;ZdrkZ ds –kjk ,slk djus ds fy, izsfjr dj ldrs gSa
vkSj ;kn fnyk ldrs gSaA

MY VILLAGE

MY HOME

bl pkVZ dks gj o’kZ f”k”kqvksa ds lkFk rS;kj djsa vkSj u;s thfor tUes cPpksa dks blesa tksM+sA pkVZ dks
vkaxuokM+h dsanz@iapk;r Hkou@fo|ky; esa yxk;saA

68
bdkbZ 10- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½

bdkbZ & 10 Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh


fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½
f'k{k.k mn~ns’;
bl bdkbZ ds vUr esa] vki bl ;ksX; gks tkus pkfg,%
 Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa fuxjkuh ds egRo dh tkudkjh ns ikukA
 Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh dSls fuxjkuh dh tk,] bldh tkudkjh ns ikukA

fo"k;oLrq
 Vhdkdkj.k dk;Zdze esa fuxjkuh dh HkwfedkA
 jksxksa dh fuxjkuh dSls dh tk,A
 vpkud ywat&iwat ydokxzLr] uotkr f”k”kqvksa esa gksus okys VsVul vkSj [kljs dh
fuxjkuhA
 fuxjkuh fjiksVZA

10-1 Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½ dh Hkwfedk


fuxjkuh dk eryc dk;Zokgh dh fn”kk esa vkadM+s ,d= djus ls gksrk gSA jksx dh fuxjkuh ,d ,slh fu;fer
iz.kkyh gS ftlds tfj, vkadM+s ,d= djus] mudk fo”ys’k.k djus vkSj vuqeku yxkus esa enn feyrh gS
rFkk fQj mldk jksx ij fu;a=.k djus ,oa Vhdkdj.k uhfr;ka cukus esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls
fuEufyf[kr :Ik esa enn feyrh gS%
l jksx ds izdksi dk vuqeku ;k irk yxkuk ¼D;k chekjh gks jgh gS½A
l vf/kd&tksf[ke okyh vkcknh dk irk yxkuk ¼;g jksx fdls gksrk gS½A
l fo”ks’k /;ku nsus okys {ks=ksa vkSj detksj LokLF; iz.kkyh ds dkj.k [kjkc izn”kZu okys {ks=ksa dk irk
yxkukA ¼;g chekjh dgka gksrh gS½A
l leqnk; esa jksx dh vko`fRr vkSj leL;k dh Hk;kogrk dk fu/kkZj.k djuk ¼;g chekjh dc gksrh gS vkSj
fdrus yksxksa dks gqbZ gS½A
l jksx ds ewy dkj.kksa dk irk yxkuk ¼;g chekjh D;kas gks jgh gS½A
l Vhdkdj.k lfgr] blesa lgk;d xfrfof/k;ksa dk ekxZn”kZu djuk ¼bl chekjh dh jksdFkke] fu;a=.k ;k
mUewyu dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS½A

lHkh Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa ¼oh-ih-Mh½ dks fu;fer :Ik ls fjiksVZ djsaA 69


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

10-2 jksx dh fuxjkuh dSls dh tk,\


lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds vuqlkj ;g t:jh gS fd LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ Vhds ls jksdFkke gks ldus okys
fuEufyf[kr jksxksa ij dM+h fuxjkuh j[ksa vkSj blds izdksi dh gj ?kVuk ij fjiksVZ djsa%
l risfnd ¼5 o’kZ ls de mez ds cPpksa esa½A l [kljk
l fMIFkhfj;k l uotkr f”k”kq esa VsVul
l dkyh [kkWalh l gsiVkbZfVl&ch
l iksfy;ks ¼xaHkhj Q~ykflM ydok½ l tkikuh ,sUlhQsykbfVl ¼,bZ,l½
lgh <ax ls fjiksVZ lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, vkidks fuEufyf[kr dne mBkus pkfg,%

dne 1% jksx dks igpkuuk lh[ksa


,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :Ik esa ;g t:jh gS fd vki jksx dh ifjHkk’kk dks le>sa vkSj tc fdlh xkWao ls jksx
dh tkudkjh feyrh gS rks mls le> ldsaA

rkfydk 10-1% y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij jksx dks igpkuus ds fy, mi;ksxh rkfydk
jksx ifjHkk’kk ¼y{k.k½
[kljk cq[kkj vkSj nkuksa dh f”kdk;r vkSj fuEu esa ls dqN Hkh% [kkalh] cgrh ukd] yky vka[ks
fiNys rhu eghus ds HkhrjA
iksfy;ks ¼vpkud 15 o’kZ dh vk;q rd ds cPps esa “kjhj ds fdlh Hkh fgLls esa vpkud detksjh vkSj
ywat&iwat ydos ds y{k.k gks tkuk vFkok fdlh Hkh mez ds ,d O;fDr esa ftlesa iksfy;ks dk “kd
ydokxzLr½ gSA
fMIFkkfj;k xys esa [kjk”k] gYdk cq[kkj vkSj xys esa LysVh jax dk /kCck ;k /kCcsa gksaA
Ukotkr f”k”kq esa iSnk gksus ds igys nks fnuksa esa lkekU; :Ik ls Lruiku djrs gSa rFkk jksrs gSaA ijUrq
VsVul 3&28 fnuksa ds chp bUgsa Lruiku esa fnDdr gksrh gS vkSj blds ckn f”k”kq dh xnZu o
“kjhj vdM+us yxrk gS vkSj ekalisf”k;ka ,saBus yxrh gSaA
VsVul PkksV ;k dku esa ladze.k dh f”kdk;r] lkFk esa eqag [kksyus esa rdyhQ ¼;k eqg dh ,saBu½]
;k xnZu ;k “kjhj ru tkukA
risfnd ¼Vh-ch-½ chekj cPpk ftls 2 lIrkg ls vf/kd le; ls cq[kkj vkSj@;k [kk¡lh gks rFkk ftlds
otu esa deha@otu u c<+us ds y{k.k gksaA fcekj cPpk ftldk laiZd ,sls O;fDr ls
gqvk gks ftlesa QsQM+s dh Vh-ch- gksus dh iqf’V ;k “kd gksA
dkyh [kkalh Ckkj&ckj vkSj mxz [kkalh ftlesa fUkEu esa ls dksbZ Hkh y{k.k jgsa gksa% nks ;k blls vf/kd
lIrkg ls yxkrkj pyus okyh [kkalh] [kkalh ds nkSjs] [kkalh ds ckn mYVh] cM+s cPpksa esa
fo”ks’k gwgw dh [kkalhA
gsisVkbfVl&ch jksx ds izeq[k y{k.kksa esa cq[kkj] fljnnZ] fepyh] mYVh] ihfy;k ¼vka[ks ihyh½] vkSj ey
dk jax gYdk ;k jk[k tSlk gksuk “kkfey gSA
tkikuh bl jksx ds nkSjku O;fDr dks rst cq[kkj ds lkFk&lkFk mldh ekufld fLFkfr ¼tSls &
,sUlhQSyhfVl Hkze] HkVdko ;k dksek ds :Ik esa½ esa ifjorZu rFkk@;k daiu iSnk gksrh gSA
¼,bZ,l½

70
bdkbZ 10- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½

dne 2% ;g lqfuf’pr djsa fd lHkh ekeys ntZ fd, tk,a


tc vki xkaoksa esa tk;sa rks [kljs] uotkr f”k”kq es VsVul vkSj iksfy;ks ds ekeyksa ds ckjs esa iwNrkN
djsa] fo”ks’k :Ik ls blfy, D;ksafd budh tkudkjh LokLF; dsanz ds LVkQ dks ugha nh tkrh gSA ;fn
vkidks ,sls fdlh ekeys dh tkudkjh feyrh gS rks vki ml jksxh ¼uotkr f”k”kq esa VsVul vkSj iksfy;ks½
dks ns[kus tk,a ;k muds ¼[kljk jksx ihfM+r cPps ds½ ekrk&firk dks LokLF; lqfo/kk dk ykHk mBkus
ds fy, izsfjr djsaA ;fn ekeys dh iqf’V gks tkrh gS Rkks izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz ds izHkkjh fpfdRlk
vf/kdkjh dks fjiksVZ djsaA LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dh ekfld fjiksVZ esa ftl rjg ds ekeys “kkfey fd;s tkus pkfg,
os bl izdkj gSa%
l LokLF; dsanz ij mipkj ds fy, vkus okys ekeysA
l nwj&njkt gksus okys l=ksa esa vkids }kjk ijh{k.k vkSj funku okys lHkh ekeysA
l vkidks leqnk; lss ftu ekeyksa dh [kcj feyrh gS vkSj ftudh vki [kqn tkdj iqf’V djrs gSaA
l ,sls ekeys ftudk xSj ljdkjh LokLF; lqfo/kkvksa ¼tSls fe”ku vLirkyksa ;k futh fPkfdRldksa½ dh enn
ls mipkj fd;k tk jgk gSA

dne 3% nksgjh fxurh ls cpsa


vkadM+ksa dks izHkkoh rjhds ls bLrseky fd;k tk lds blds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd vkadM+s ,dne fo”oluh; vkSj
lgh gksA blds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd gj ekeys dks ,d gh ckj fxuk tk,A vkadM+s tqVkus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr
ekud viukdj “nksgjh fxurh” ls cpk tk,%
l ;fn dksbZ cPpk ,d gh jksx ds fy, nks ckj LokLF; dsanz vkrk gS rks mls ,d ekeyk gh fxuk tk,A
l dsoy ,sls ekeyksa dh fxurh dh tk, ftudk ,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :Ik esa vkids }kjk funku@
ijh{k.k fd;k x;k gksA ,sls ekeyksa dks u fxuas ftUgsa leqnk; ds fdlh lnL; }kjk fcuk iqf’V fd;s
LokLF; dsanz eas fjiksVZ fd;k tkrk gSA

10-3 vpkud ywat&iwat ydokxzLr ¼,-,Q-ih-½


fjiksfVZax izfdz;k bl izdkj gS%
l ekeys dh fjiksVZ tYn ls tYn LokLF; dsanz ds fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh dks nh tk,A
l fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh] ds lwpuk ds i“pkr MhbZvks vkSj ,l,evks 48 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj gh tkap dj ysasA
l fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ds ekxZn”kZu esa ,,Qih jksx gksus ds 14 fnuksa ds Hkhrj 24 ?kaVs ds vUrjky ls ey
ds nks uewus ysus gkssaxsA bu uewuksa dks MhvkbZvks dks dksYM psu ds tfj, Hkstuk gksxkA MhvkbZvks fQj
bu uewuksa dks fo”o LokLF; laxBu }kjk ekU;rkizkIr iz;ksx”kkyk esa ok;jl vyxko ds fy, HkstsxsaA
l ey dh tkap ds ckn tks Hkh fu’d’kZ fudys mldh tkudkjh ekrk&firk dks vo”; nh tk,A

/;ku nsa fd izR;sd dsl dsoy ,d gh ckj fxuk tk,A 71


LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

10-4 fu;ksusVy VsVul ;kuh uotkr f’k’kq esa VsVul


fu;ksusVy VsVul dh “kadk okys lHkh ekeyksa vkSj vutku dkj.kksa ls gqbZ ekSr ds ekeyksa dh tkap LVSaMMZ dsl
bUosLVhxs”ku QkWeZ ds ek/;e ls dh tk,A fu;ksusVy VsVul ekeys dh tkap dk mn~ns”; bl ckr dk irk
yxkuk gS fd ,slk ekeyk D;kas ?kVk] rkfd ckn esa gksus okys ekeyksa dks jksdk tk ldsA fu;ksusVy VsVul ds
ekeys dh tkap djrs le; ftl f”k”kq dh e`R;q gks x;h gS mldh ekrk ls ml cPps dh chekjh ls tqM+s dqN
lokyksa dk tokc nsus dk vuqjks/k djsaA mls crk;sa fd mlds }kjk nh x;h tkudkjh ls Hkfo’; eas gksus okyh
cPpksa dh e`R;q dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA mlls dsl bUosLVhxs”ku QkWeZ esa fn, x, iz”u iwNsa vkSj mlds tokc
dks /;kuiwoZd fjdkMZ djsaA ;s iz”u bl izdkj gSa%
l eka dh Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh fLFkfrA
l D;k eka us cPps ds tUe ls igys izloiwoZ ns[kHkky izkIr dh\
l cPps dk tUe dgka gqvk ¼?kj ij ;k fdlh laLFkk esa½\
l ?kj ij tUe gqvk gks rks D;k izlo ds le; dksbZ izf”kf{kr tUe lgkf;dk ekStwn Fkh\
l D;k ikap lQkbZ ds fu;eksa ¼lkQ te+hu] lkQ gkFk] lkQ /kkxk] lkQ dSaph@pkdw vkSj lkQ ukfHk½ dk
ikyu fd;k x;k\
l D;k f”k”kq tUe ds Ik”pkr Bhd ls Lruiku dj jgk Fkk vkSj fQj ckn esa mls Lruiku esa rdyhQ]
,asBu vkSj dM+kiu eglwl gksus yxk\
l D;k f”k”kq dh chekjh dk vLirky esa bykt djok;k x;k Fkk \
fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ;g lqfuf”pr djs fd fu;ksusVy VsVul ds ekeyksa dh rRijrk vkSj lgh <ax
ls tkap dh tk, rFkk ;fn t:jh gks rks tkap djokus esa lgk;rk djsaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fpfdRlk
vf/kdkjh dks dqN ekeyksa dh [kqn O;fDxr :Ik ls tkap djuh pkfg, vkSj ;fn LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ bl laca/k esa
viuk;h tkus okyh izfØ;k dks vPNh rjg ugha tkurs gSa rks mUgsa vfrfjDr izf”k{k.k iznku djsaA

Rkkfydk 10-2% [kljs ds fy, foVkfeu&, ds ?kksy dh fu/kkZfjr [kqjkd o le;


mez Ikrk pyus ij rRdky vxys fnu
6 ekg rd 50]000 vkbZ;w 50]000 vkbZ;w
6&11 ekg rd 1]00]000 vkbZ;w 1]00]000 vkbZ;w
12 ekg o vf/kd 2]00]000 vkbZ;w 2]00]000 vkbZ;w

72
bdkbZ 10- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½

10-5 [kljk
Tkc Hkh vki vius {ks= esa Vhdkdj.k l= ds fy, tk,a] rks vkidks irk yxkuk pkfg, fd vkidh fiNys
nkSjs ls bl nkSjs ds chp {ks= esa dksbZ ,slk ekeyk utj esa vk;k gS ftlesa cq[kkj vkSj “kjhj ij yky /kCcs dh
f”kdk;r gksA ;g tkudkjh LFkkuh; fpfdRldksa] vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊvksa] vk”kk] leqnk; ds lnL;ksa vkfn ls
,d= dh tk,A ;fn vkidh utj esas cq[kkj ds lkFk yky /kCcs dk dksbZ ekeyk vkrk gS rks mldk iwjk uke o
irk uksV dj ysuk pkfg,A budh tkudkjh rRdky izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz ds fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh dks nh tk,A
bl tkudkjh dks izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz dks izLrqr dh tkus okyh ekfld fjiksVZ eas Hkh ntZ fd;k tk,A ;fn
izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz dk fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ml {ks= ds nkSjs dk fu.kZ; ysrs gSa rks vkidks mudh lgk;rk ds
fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A ;fn [kljk gksus dk lansg gksrk gS rks foVkfeu&, dk ?kksy iznku fd;k tk,A bldh
tkudkjh uhps nh x;h gS%
blds lkFk gh vius leqnk; esa fu;fer Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh fLFkfr esas lq/kkj djus dh ;kstuk cuk,aA

10-6 ,D;wV ,ulhQSykbfVl flaMªkse


ekeys dh fjiksVZ LokLF; dsUnz ds fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ls djsaA fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh jk’Vªh; ,-bZ-,l losZysal
fn”kkfunZs”kksa ds vuqlkj ekeys dh tk¡p djsaxsA

10-7 fuxjkuh ¼lfoZysal½ fjiksVZ


jksx dh ?kVukvksa vkSj e`R;q ds ekeyksa dh ekfld fjiksVZ] QkesZaV esa rS;kj dh tk,A ;g tkuus ds fy, fd jksx
ds fdrus ekeys gSa vkSj bldh otg ls fdrus yksxkas dh e`R;q ¼;fn dkbZ gks½ gks x;h gS vkidks fuEufyf[kr
dne mBkus gksaxs%
l viuh nSfud Mk;jh esa fy[ks oh-ih-Mh- ds ekeyksa dh la[;k fxusaA
l ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd ,d gh ekeys dh fxurh ,d ls vf/kd ckj u dh x;h gks ¼,slk rc
gksrk gS tc vki dbZ ckj nkSjk djrs gSa ;k ,d gh ekeys dh lwpuk vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa
}kjk nh tkrh gS½A
l fjiksVZ esa mfpr [kkuksa esa jksx ds ekeyksa dh la[;k HkjsaA
l ;fn dksbZ ohihMh dk ekeyk u gks] rks fjiksVZ eas “kwU; fy[ksaA

vxj dksbZ ohihMh ds ekeys ugha gks rks Hkh “kwU; fjiksVZ djsaA 73
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

ifjf’k”V 1% Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku D;k djsa vkSj D;k u djsa


D;k djsa D;k u djsa
Vhdkdj.k dk fu/kkZfjr dk;Zdze
l ,d f”k”kq 9 ekg iwjs gksus ij] ftls dHkh Hkh Vhdk ugha yxk;k x;k mldks ,d gh û ;fn [kkalh lnhZ ;k cq[kkj tSlh chekjh dk ekeyk gks rks Vhdk
le; esa ch-lh-th-] Mh-ih-Vh-] gsi&ch] vksihoh vkSj [kljs dk Vhdk nsuk lqjf{kr vkSj u yxkukA
Qk;nsean gSA
l 1 o’kZ dh mez rd ds f”k”kq dks ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ,d o’kZ ls
vf/kd mez ds cPps dks dHkh ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk u yxk,aA
l ;fn cPps dks fdlh Vhds dh vxyh [kqjkd ds fy, nsj ls yk;k tkrk gS rks tks Hkh
[kqjkd NwV x;h gks ogha ls mldh [kqjkd “kq: djsaA TkSls ;fn cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh-&2 dh
[kqjkd nh x;h gS vkSj og 3 ekg ds ckn vkrk gS rks mls Mh-ih-Vh-&3 dh [kqjkd nsaA
‘khr Jza`[kyk
l gj cPps dks Vhdk yxkus ls igys Vhds ij ohoh,e vkSj ,Dlikvjh rkjh[k dk yscy û dSfj;j ?kwi esa j[kuk] blls /kwi vkSj jks”kuh ds izfr laosnu”khy
pSd dj ysaA nokbZ;ka [kjkc gks tkrh gSaA
l Vhdksa vkSj oSDlhu ds ?kksy dks IyWkfLVd cSx@ftij cSx esa 4 vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd û <Ddu [kksydj j[kuk] ,slk djus ls xehZ vkSj jks”kuh Vhdksa dks
d lkFk oSDlhu dSfj;j ds chpksachp j[ksaA ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd MkY;w,aV dk rkieku [kjkc dj ldrh gSA
feJ.k rS;kj djus ls igys +2 ls +8 fMxzh lsaVhxzsV ij gksA û oSDlhu dSfj;j dks uhps fxjk nsuk ;k ml ij CkSB tkuk% blls
l oSDlhu dSfj;j esa ls ,d vkbZl iSd fudkys vkSj fefJr ch-lh-th- ,oa [kljs ds Vhdksa ;g [kjkc gks ldrk gSA
dks vkbZl&iSd ds Nsnksa esa gh j[ksaA û Vhds gSaMcSx esa ysdj tkuk% blls xehZ ls laosnu”khy Vhds
[kjkc gks ldrs gSaA
û Lk= ds nkSjku Mh-ih-Vh-] Vh-Vh-] vkSj gSisVkbfVl&ch ds Vhdksa dks
vkbZl iSd ij j[kk tk,A
Vhdksa dh ns[k&laHkky vkSj bLrseky
l ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk Lokxr djsaA û LVWjhykbtM~ u dh x;h flfjat vkSj lqbZ dk bLrseky djsaA
l Lk= “kq: gksus ls igys gkFk /kks,aA û ,Mh flfjat esa gok HkjsaA
l ykHkkFkhZ dk fjdkMZ vkSj f”k”kq dh mez dh tkap djsaA û lqbZ ds fdlh fgLls dks Nq,aA
l izfrdwy ladsrksa ij /;ku nsA û lqbZ dks fQj ls <d djds j[ksaA
l ok;y dk yscy vkSj mldh ,Dlik;jh rkjh[k dh tkap djsaA
û lqbZ dks “kh”kh ds Hkhrj NksM+ nsaA
l Vh&lhfjt Vhds &Mh-ih-Vh-] Vh-Vh-] vkSj gsisVkbfVl&ch ds Vhdksa dks flfjat esa Hkjus ls
igys “kh”kh dks gYds ls fgyk,aA û Tkka?k ij dHkh Hkh lwbZ yxkukA
l izR;sd feJ.k ds fy, ,d u;h ,Mh flfjat vkSj u;h fMLikstscy flafjt dk bLrseky û Vhdk yxkus ds ckn Vhds yxkus dh txg dh ekfy”k djsaA
djsaA û 4 ?kaVs ds ckn [kljs vkSj ch-lh-th-] 2 ?kVsa ds ckn ts-bZ ds Vhds
l Vhds ds feJ.k ds fy, lgh ?kksy dk bLrseky djsaA dk bLrseky djsaA
l mfpr Vhdk yxk,aA û Vhds dks ohoh,e ds lkFk viz;ksT; fLFkfr eas ;k ,Dlik;jh
l gj Vhds dks “kjhj dh lgh txg gh yxk,a tSlh ch-lh-th- dks ck;ha ckag esa baVªkMjey] rkjh[k ds ckn bLrseky djsaA
[kljs dks nk;ha ckag esa lcdqVsfu;l( Mh-ih-Vh-] VhVh vkSj gsi&ch ds fy, fyVkdj ta?kk
ij yxk,aA
l [kqjkd dks vius vki “kjhj esa ?kqy tkus nsa mls ekfy”k u djsaA
l Vhds ds ckn gksus okys foijhr izHkko dh tkudkjh nsa vkSj mlds fy, D;k mik; fd;k
tk, og Hkh crk,aA
l ykHkkfFkZ;ksa@ekrk&firk ds lkFk vxyh foftV dh ppkZ djsaA
fjdkfMZax vkSj fjiksfVZax
l gj Vhds dh tkudkjh dks Vhdkdj.k dkMZ] VSyh “khV vkSj Vhdkdj.k jftLVj esa vPNh û dkMZ u ykus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks okil Hkst nsaA
rjg Hkjk tk,A ekrk@firk@ vfHkHkkodksa dks vxyh foftV ds nkSjku dkMZ lkFk esa û Vhdkdj.k dkMZ esa dN [kkuksa dks [kkyh NksM+ nsaA
ykus ds fy, dgsaA
l dkmaVjQkW;y dks vius ikl j[ksaA
Vhdkdj.k ds Ik’pkr gksus okys foijhr izHkko ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½
l xaHkhj ,bZ,QvkbZ ds ekeys esa jksxh dks rqjar mfpr LokLF; lqfo/kk ds fy, HkstsaA vius û Vhdk yxkus ds ckn gksus okys ,dne NksVs&eksVs foijhr izHkko
lqijokbZtj dks rqjar lwfpr dj nsaA Vhds dk izdkj] cSp u-] ,Dlik;jh rkjh[k vkSj dh fjiksVZ djsa ¼< 3 fnu ekewyh lk cq[kkj] ykyh vk tkuk ;k
f”k”kq dk iwjk irk ntZ djsA nnZ½
l lHkh xaHkhj ,bZ,QvkbZ dh fjiksVZ izHkkjh fpfdRlkf/kdkjh dks nsaA
Lkekftd izpkj&izlkj
l ekrk&firk dks CkPps ds vxys Vhds dh ;kn fnykus ds fy, Vhdkdj.k dkMZ dk û leqnk; dh CkSBdksa esa Vhdkdj.k l=ksa dh rkjh[kksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ
bLrseky djsaA fd, cxSj fudy vk;saA
l ekrk&firk dks Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds egRo dh tkudkjh nsus ds fy, leqnk; dh Vhe
tSls vkaxuokM+h] vk”kk] ,uthvks vkSj lekt ds dk;ZdrkZvksa dh lgk;rk yh tk,A

74
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLRkdk


Ikfjf’k”V&2 Vhdkdj.k l= LFky ij lqijokbtj PkSdfyLV
,,u,e dk uke% midsanz dk uke%
Lkh,plh@ih,plh dk uke% ftyk%
nkSjs dh rkjh[k%------------@-----------@------------ nkSjs dk le;% ------------------------------------
Lkqijokbtj dk uke o in%: _________________________________
1. Lk= LFky% ‰ mi&ds a n z ‰ vka x uokM+ h ds a n z ‰vU;
2. D;k l= vk;ksftr gqvk ‰ gka ‰ ugha
d- ;fn ‘ugha’, vk;ksftr u gksus dk dkj.k (uhps QkesZV esa ns[ks)a A ‰ d ‰ [k ‰ x ‰ ?k
[k- ;fn ‘gkaa’, rks D;k l= ekbdzks ;kstuk ds vuqlkj vk;ksftr gqvk ‰ gka ‰ ugha
3. Vhdkdj.k LFky ij dkSu&lh izpkj izlkj lkexzh iznf”kZr dh x;h?(lgh ij fu”kku ‰ cS u j ‰ nhokj ys [ k ‰ fVuIys V ‰ iks L Vj
yxk,a) ‰ vU;
Lk= LFky ij ykHkkfFkZ;kas dks fdlus ,d= fd;k* ‰ vkbZ l hMh,l dk;Z d rÊ ‰ vk”kk ‰ vU;
4.
‰ dks bZ ugha
5. Ikh,plh@CykWd ls l= LFky rd Vhsds vkSj midj.k dSls yk;s x;s ‰ , o h M h # ‰ , , u , e ‰ lq i jokbtj‰vU;
6. D;k lHkh miyC/k Vhdksa ,oa MkbY;q,aV dks 4 vkbl iSd ds lkFk oSDlhu dSfj;j esa ‰ gka ‰ ugha
ftij cSx esa j[kk x;k
7. oSDlhu dSfj;j esa vkbl iSd dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh? ‰ dM+ s tes gq , ‰ vk/ks tes ‰ iw . kZ r % fi?kys gq ,
8. Lk= LFky ij fuEu es ls dkSu&dkSu ls Vhds@midj.k miyC/k Fks* (fu”kku yxk,a)
‰ ch-lh-th- ‰ tsbZ ‰ iwoZ l= dh dkmaVjQkW;y ‰ 0-1 fe-yh- ,Mh flfjatsa
‰ ch-lh-th- MkbY;aqs,V ‰ tsbZ MkbY;qas,V ‰ dk;kZRed gc dVj ‰ 0-5 fe-yh- ,Mh flfjatsa
‰ Vhvksihoh ‰ Vh-Vh- ‰ yky fMLikstscy cSx ‰ fMLikstscy flfjatsa
‰ Mh-ih-Vh- ‰ foVk&, ?kksy ‰ dkyk fMLikstcy cSx ‰ iSjkflVkeksy
‰ gsi&ch ‰ foVk&, gsrq IykfLVd pEep ‰ vksvkj,l iSdsV ‰ iks’k.k vuqiwjd
‰ [kljk ‰ Ikk= lwph&lg&VSyh “khV ‰ ftad VScysV ‰ otu rkSyus okyh e”khu
‰ [kljk MkbY;qs,aV ‰ [kkyh Vhdkdj.k dkMZ ‰ vk;ju VScysV ‰ ch-ih- midj.k
9. D;k oSDlhu ok;y dks lkeus nh x;h fLFkfr;ksa esa ik;k x;k, ;fn ‘gka’, rks lgh dk ‰ fcuk yscy@i<us esas vLi’V yscy-------------
fu”kku yxk,a vkSj oSDlhu dks fjdkMZ djsaA*
‰ ohoh,e dh viz;ksT; voLFkk ------------------
‰ ,DlikW;MZ oSDlhu ok;y .................
‰ teha gqbZ oSDlhu (Mh-ih-Vh-]Vh-Vh-]gsi&ch) .......
10. D;k l= LFky ij ?kksy ds fy, 5 fe-yh- okyh fMLikstcs y flafjt dh Ik;kZIr ek=k essa
miyC/k gSa (=chlhth + [kljk +tsbZ ok;y) ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ vuq i yC/k
11. D;k ch-lh-th-] [kljk] tsbZ ok;yksa ij feJ.k dk le; fy[kk Fkk ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
12. D;k batsD”ku okys Vhdksa ds fy, ,Mh flfjat dk bLrseky fd;k x;k ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
13. D;k Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk e/; tka?k ds ckgjh fgLls (,aVhjksysVjy) esa fn;k x;k ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
14. D;k batsD”ku nsrs le; ,,u,e us lqbZ ds fdlh fgLls dks Nqvk ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
15. D;k izR;sd bLrseky lqbZ dks batsD”ku nsus ds rqjar ckn gc dVj esa dkVk x;k ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
16. D;k izR;sd cPps ds Vhdkdj.k ds ckn VSyh “khV Hkjh x;h ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
17. D;k izR;sd Vhds ds ckn lHkh dkmaVjQkW;yksa dks mlh fnu viMsV fd;k x;k ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
18. D;k ekrk&firk dks pkj izeq[k lans”k fn;s x, ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
19. D;k [kljk dk Vhdk ysus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks IykfLVd ds pEep ls foVkfeu&, ‰ gka ‰ ugha ‰ ykxw ugha
dh [kqjkd nh x;h?
20. D;k ih,plh@”kgjh fu;kstu bdkbZ ls vkt gh oSDlhu dSfj;j forfjr fd;s ‰ gka ‰ ugha
x;s?
21. Vhdkdj.k l= ds ckn ,,u,e D;k okil dj jgh gS? (tks Hkh lgh gksa mu ij fu”kku ‰ oSDlhu ok;y ‰ bLrseky flfjatsa ‰ viz;qDr
yxk,a) flfjatsa ‰ fjiks V Z
D;k fiNys ,d efgus esa lqijokbtj@fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh us ,,ue {ks= esa Vhdkdj.k
22. ‰ gka ‰ ugha
l= dk nkSjk fd;k?
‰ ,,ue ‰ ,MCY;w M CY;w ‰ vk”kk@fya d
23. ekrk 1
Ekkrk dks Vhdkdj.k es vkus ds fy, fdlus izsfjr fd;k? dk;Z d rkZ ‰ vU;
(lgh ij fu”kku yxk;s)a ‰ ,,ue ‰ ,MCY;w M CY;w ‰ vk”kk@fya d
24. ekrk 2
dk;Z d rkZ ‰ vU;
¨ (iz - 2d ): d =,,u,e@oSDlhusVj ds lkFk&lkFk Vhds@midj.k miyC/k ugha( [k = ,,u,e@oSDlhusVj mifLFkr Fks ijarq Vhds@midj.k miyC/k ugha Fks( x = Vhds@midj.k miyC/k Fks ijUrq
,,u,e@oSDlhusVj vuqifLFkr Fks] ?k = vU; (C;kSjk nsa)
# ( iz - 3 ): ,ohMh = oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k ; * ,d ls vf/kd mRrj fn;s tk ldrs gSaA
T

75
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

ifjf’k”V 3% Vhdkdj.k esa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ vkSj vk’kk


dh ftEesnkfj;ka
Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe
l jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa cPpksa dks yxk, tkus okys Vhdksa dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
l Vhdkdj.k ds fy, lHkh cPpksa dks ,d= djukA
Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk
l xkao dh lHkh ekrkvksa vkSj cPpksa ¼uotkr f”k”kqvksa vkSj xHkZorh ekrkvksa lfgr½ dh fxurh djuk vkSj mldh lwph ,,u,e dks miyC/k
djkukA
l ,sls {ks=ksa tgka igqapuk eqf”dy gS ;k tgka yksxksa dks dksbZ lqfo/kk,a miyC/k ugha gSa mUgsa igpkuus esa ,,u,e dh lgk;rk djukA
l Ekkrk&firk dks Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa f”kf{kr djus gsrq ?kjksa esa tkukA
l iksLVj vkSj vU; izpkj lkefxz;ka iznf”kZr djukA
l vkaxuokM+h dsanz@l= LFky ij Vhdkdj.k fnol ds fnu iznf”kZr djukA
l vkaxuokM+h dsUnz ij Vhdkdj.k fnol ds fy, Vhdksa dh lqfuf”prk ds fy, ,,u,e ds lkFk laidZ LFkkfir djukA
Vhdkdj.k l= ij dksYM psu dk j[kj[kko
l ftl dSfj;j esa Vhds j[ks gksa mls mfpr txg ij Nkao esa j[kus dh O;oLFkk djukA
Vhdkdj.k l= vk;ksftr djuk
l lqfuf”pr djuk fd fiNys l= esa tks ykHkkFkhZ NwV x;s gSa mUgsa Vhdkdj.k ds fy, yk;k tk,A
l lqfuf”pr djuk fd fiNys l= ds ckn ftrus Hkh cPpksa dk tUe gqvk bS mudk irk yxk;k tk, vkSj mu lHkh uotkr f”k”kqvksa dks l= esa
yk;k tk,A
l lqfuf”pr djuk fd ftu ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ml l= esa Vhdk yxuk gS mUgsa ,d= fd;k tk,A
l ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk vfHkoknu djukA
l cPps dh mez dh iqf’V djus esa lgk;rk djukA
l gkFk /kksus ds fy, ikuh dh O;oLFkk djukA
l Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, LFkku vkSj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, izrh{kk djus dh txg dh O;oLFkk djukA
l Vhdkdj.k l= ds vk;kstu esa ,-,u-,e- dh lgk;rk djukA
l HkhM+HkkM+ ij fu;a=.k j[kukA
batsD’ku lqj{kk
l Lk= ds laiw.kZ dpjs dks lgh txg ij Hkstus esa ,,u,e dh lgk;rk djukA
chp esa Vhdkdj.k NksM+us okyksa fjdkMZ j[kuk vkSj mudk irk yxkuk
l Vhdkdj.k jftLVj viMsV djuk vkSj ,,u,e dks miyC/k djkukA
l Vhdkdj.k chp eas NksM+dj tkus okys cPpksa ds ?kjksa esa tk,a vkSj mUgsa vxys l= ds fy, yk,aA
l ?kj dh efgyk dks cPps ds LokLF; ds laca/k esa tkudkjh nsdj mls Vhdkdj.k ds Qk;ns vkSj mldk egRo crk;asA
Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,aA
l ,-,u-,e dks lHkh Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVukvksa dks fjiksVZ djsA
Vhds ls jksdFkke okyh chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼ohihMh½
l fdlh ohihMh ds gksus dk lansg gks rks mldh tkudkjh ,,u,e dks miyC/k djkukA
iYl iksfy;ks
l ekbdzks&Iyku rS;kj djus esa ,,u,e dh lgk;rk djukA
l iYl iksfy;ks fnolksa ds nkSjku oSDlhusVj ds :Ik esa dke djukA
l vius bykds ds yksxksa dks iYl iksfy;ks ds fnu dh tkudkjh nsuk vkSj ;g lqfuf”pr djuk fd ml fnu cwFk ij os t:j tk,aA
l cwFk dh O;oLFkk ,oa izpkj lkexzh dks ogka iznf”kZr djus esa ,,u,e dh lgk;rk djukA
l uotkr f”k”kqvksa dk irk yxkus esa Vhds dk fojks/k djus okys ekrk&firk dks jkth djus esa lgk;rk djukA
mPp vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk lkSik x;k vU; dk;Z fucVkukA

76
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk

ifjf’k”V&4% Vhdkdj.k izf”k{k.k xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, jkT;@


ftyk ih,e;w ds vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk izf”k{kdksa dh
ftEesnkfj;ka
LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky; rFkk ikVZuj laLFkk;sa
1- fn”kkfunsZ”k] izf”k{k.k lkexzh rFkk /kujkf”k miyC/k djukA
jk”Vªh; Lrj
2- jkT; Lrj ij izf”k{k.k dk;Z”kkyk,a vk;ksftr djukA
3- fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu
jkT; LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k laLFkku RkFkk jkT; ih-,e-;w-
1- izf”k{kdksa dh igpku ds fy, jkT; ljdkj dh enn djukA
2- jkT; o ftyk izf”k{kdksa dk vksfj;aVs”ku dk;ZØe djukA
3- ftyk Lrj ij izf”k{k.k lac/akh leUo; djukA jkT; Lrj
4- ftyk Lrj ij izf”k{k.k lac/kh fuxjkuh djukA
5- izf”k{k.k ds 6 eghus ckn LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dk QkWyks&vi ewY;kadu ¼dk;Z ij½
izf’k{kd x.k
1- ,d izf”k{k.k dSysaMj cuk,a vkSj ukekadu djsaA
2- QhYM foftV vkSj f”k{k.k dh lgk;d oLrqvksa dh O;oLFkk djsaA
3- ukekaduksa dh iqf’V djsaA jkT;@ftyk Lrj
4- izf”k{k.k izkIr djus okyksa dks dq”kyrk izkIr djus dk Hkjiwj volj nsaA
5- izf”k{k.k ds 6 ekg ckn LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dk ewY;kadu rFkk dk;Z ij izf”k{k.k nsaA
Lkh,evks vkSj ftyk ih,e;w
1- lqfuf”pr djsa fd izf”k{k.k vk;ksftr djus ds fy, ,,u,eVhlh@MhVhlh dks
/kujkf”k le; ls miyC/k gksA
2- ftyk izf”k{k.k ;kstuk ,oa dSysaMj rS;kj djus ds dk;Z esa ekxZn”kZu djuk rFkk
lqijokbZt djukA
3- Vhdkdj.k izf”k{k.k ds fy, LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ukekafdr djuk rFkk mudh
mifLFkfr lqfuf”pr djukA ftyk Lrj
4- Ikh,plh@lh,plh dsUnzksa ds lHkh fpfdRlk vf/kdkfj;ksa dk vksfj;aVs”ku dk;ZØe
vk;ksftr djukA
5- LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk vPNh xq.koRrk okyh Vhdkdj.k lsok,a nh tk,a blds fy,
vko”;d midj.kksa rFkk vkiwfrZ;ksa dh lIykbZ lqfuf”pr djukA
6- izf”k{k.k dh fuxjkuh djukA
7- QhYM foftV ds nkSjku enn djus okyk lqijfotu iznku djukA
,e-vks- ¼ih,plh½
1- LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks enn iznku djus okyk lqijfotu iznku djukA Ikh,plh Lrj
2- vko”;d midj.kksa rFkk vkiwfrZ;ksa dh lIykbZ lqfuf”pr djukA

77
fVIi.kh

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