Book For Health Workers Hindi 2011
Book For Health Workers Hindi 2011
Book For Health Workers Hindi 2011
Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
¼la’kksf/kr laLdj.k 2011½
bZesy% riindia@gmail.com
osc% www.mohfw.nic.in
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvkas gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk esa lq/kkj ykus rFkk blesa dqN tksM+us ds fy, vki
lq>ko ns ldrs gSa] ge mudk Lokxr djsaxs rFkk mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsaxsA
Hkwfedk
Hkkjr esa] 1985 esa lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ¼;wvkbZih½ ds “kqHkkjaHk ds lkFk gh Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa ds
dkj.k gksus okys fodkjksa ,oa e`R;q nj esa fujarj fxjkoV vk;h gSA gkykafd] leqnk; dks nh tkus okyh Vhdkdj.k
lsokvksa dh xq.kork esa lq/kkj vkSj laiw.kZ Vhdkdj.k Lrj esa o`f) djus ds fy, LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks leqfpr
izf”k{k.k fn;k tkuk vfuok;Z gSA bl laca/k esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, Ik;kZIr izf”k{k.k lqfuf”pr djus dh
fn”kk esa LokLF; ,o ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj us dbZ jkT;ksa ds lkFk feydj dke fd;k vkSj 2006
esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk rFkk izf”k{kd ekxZnf”kZdk izdkf”kr dhA bl Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
,oa izf”k{kd ekxZnf”kZdk dk izf”k{k.k lkexzh ds :Ik esa cM+s iSekus ij mi;ksx gqvk vkSj iwjs ns”k eas izf”k{kdksa ,oa
izfrHkkfx;ksa }kjk budh ljkguk dh x;hA
Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa dh xq.koRrk dk leh{kkRed vkadyu djus dh yxkrkj izfØ;k ds :Ik esa 2009 esas
,d v/;;u fd;k x;k ftlls izf”k{k.k ds ckn Vhdkdj.k lsok,a iznku djus esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh {kerk
dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldsA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kkeLo:i LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds Kku ,oa dkS”ky esa lq/kkj
ns[kk x;kA fQj Hkh izf”k{k.k lkexzh ls lacaf/kr vUrjkyksa ij Hkh /;ku fn;k x;k vkSj blesa lq/kkjkRed mik;ksa
dh Hkh vko”;drk eglwl gqbZA blds vfrfjDr izdk”ku ds foxr dqN o’kksZa esa Mh-Vh- dh txg Mh-ih-Vh-] lHkh
oSDlhuksa ds fy, oh-oh-,e-] ns”k Hkj esa [kljs dh nwljh [kqjkd vkSj gsisVkbfVl&ch ds foLrkj dh “kq:vkr tSls
mYys[kuh; ifjorZu ik;s x;s ftuds fy, bl izf”k{k.k iqfLrdk esa la”kks/ku djus dh vko”;drk iM+hA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk rFkk izf”k{kd ekxZnf”kZdk dk la”kksf/kr laLdj.k lkoZHkkSfed
Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe ds fujarj lq/kkj ds izfr Hkkjr ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa ,oa lg;ksfx;ksa] fo”ks’k :Ik ls fo”o
LokLF; laxBu&,u-ih-,l-ih-] jk’Vªh; LokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k laLFkku] ;wuhlsQ] ;w,l,M@,elh,pvkbZih]
ikFk rFkk ;w,uvksih,l@fuih ds iz;klksa dh ifj.kfr gSA ge vius lg;ksfx;ksa ds ;ksxnku ds fy, mudk vkHkkj
O;Dr djrs gSa] fo”ks’k :Ik ls orZeku esa pkyw {kerk fuekZ.k iz;klksa dh fn”kk esa lg;ksx nsus ds fy,A
;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd jkT; vius LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dks nks&fnolh; izf”k{k.k] izR;sd o’kZ iqu”p;kZ
izf”k{k.k vkSj u;s LVkQ dks vfHkfOkU;kl@izsj.k izf”k{k.k gsrq bl la”kksf/kr iqfLrdk dk mi;ksx djsaxsA eq>s
fo”okl gS fd ;g iqfLrdk bl {ks= esa dk;Z djus okys LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds dkS”ky esa fuf”pr :Ik ls o`f)
djsxh vkSj lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds Lrj ,oa xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj djsxhA
bdkbZ 2 & os jksx ftudk Vhdksa }kjk cpko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ifjf”k’V
iv
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
fo”k;&lwph
bl iqfLrdk dh laiw.kZ lajpuk iv
bdkbZ 1 ifjp; 1
v
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
vi
bdkbZ 1- ifjp;
fo"k;oLrq
Vhdkdj.k D;ksa ,oa Vhdkdj.k ds Lrj esa deha ds dkj.k \
fu;fer Vhdkj.k esa LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa dh ftEesnkfj;kWaA
lqfuf’pr djsa fd gj cPpk ,d o’kZ dh meZ ls igys ch-lh-th-( Mh-ih-Vh- 1]2]3( gSi ch 1]2]3( 1
vks-ih-oh-&1]2]3( [kljk rFkk foVkfeu&, izkIr djsA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
¾¾ dqN cPpksa ds ekrk&firk Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa tkurs gh ugha gSa ;k lkekftd&vkfFkZd ck/kkvksa
ds pyrs bl lqfo/kk dk mi;ksx ugha dj ikrsA
¾¾ HkkSxksfyd igaqp dk vHkko% dqN cPps LokLF; dsanz ;k vkmVjhp LFky ls brus nwj jgrs gSa fd
os iw.kZ Vhdkdj.k ysus ugha vk ldrsA
l fojks/k djus okys ifjokj% dqN cPpksa ds ekrk&firk Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa ds izfr ;dhu ugha j[kr]s
pkgs LokLF; dsanz utnhd gh D;ksa u gksA
l volj pwd tkuk% dqN ykHkkFkhZ vU; fodkjksa ds dkj.k LokLF; dsanz vkrs gSa fdarq LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
mUgsa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa ugha iwNrs] ftlls ,d egRoiw.kZ volj gkFk ls fudy tkrk gSA
2
bdkbZ 1- ifjp;
¾¾ pksV ds tksf[ke dks de djus ds fy, mi;qDr Vhdkdj.k dk;ZLFky dh O;oLFkk djsaA
¾¾ ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk vfHkoknu djsaA
¾¾ cPps ds Vhdkdj.k fjdkMZ vkSj mldh vk;q dh tkWap djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ls iwoZ foijhr ladsrksa dh tkWap djsaA
¾¾ dkSu ls Vhds yxus gSa ,oa jksx ls cpko ds ckjs esa le>k;saA
¾¾ izR;sd Vhds ds nkSjku ,-Mh- flfjatksa dk mi;ksx djsaA
¾¾ Vhdk feJ.k ds ckn] oSDlhu “kh”kh ds yscy ij feJ.k dk le; fy[ksaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds fy, cPps dks lgh rjg ls fcBk,saA
¾¾ Vhdk yxkus gsrq lgh rduhd dk mi;ksx djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds ckn ekewyh foijhr ?kVukvksa ls cpus vkSj buls fuiVus ds ckjs esa ykHkkFkhZ;ks dh
ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks le>k,aA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds ckn fdlh Hkh izdkj dh foijhr ?kVuk lEca/kh tkWap ds fy, ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks
vk/ks ?kaVs rd bartkj djus ds fy, dgsaA
¾¾ mUgsa crk;sa fd vxyh ckj Vhdkdj.k ds fy, dc vkuk gS vkSj lkFk esa dkMZ ykus ds fy,
dgsaA
¾¾ iz;qDr lqbZ;ksa dks ,d= djsa rFkk fn”kkfunsZ”kksa ds vuqlkj lqbZ;ksa dk lqjf{kr fuLrkj.k fd;k
djsaA
l fjdkWfMZax] fjiksfVZax vkSj Mªki vkmV ekeyksa dk irk yxkuk
¾¾ lHkh Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh ekeyksa dks M~;w fyLV&de&VSyh “khV] Vhdkdj.k dkMZ vkSj Vhdkdj.k
jftLVj esa ntZ djsaA
¾¾ dkMZ esa Vhdkdj.k dh vxyh rkjh[k fy[ksa rFkk vfHkHkkodksa dks blds ckjs esa lwfpr djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k dkMZ ds dkmaVjQkW;y dks VSªfdax cSx esa j[ksaA
¾¾ Ckhp esa Vhds NksM+us okyksa ij utj j[kus ds fy, vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊvksa vkSj vk”kk ds lkFk
Mªki vkmV ekeyksa dh lwph dk vknku&iznku djsaA
¾¾ mi&dsanz esa Vhdkdj.k dojst fuxjkuh pkVZ dks v/kqukar dj mfpr j[kj[kko djsaA
¾¾ risfnd] fMIFkhfj;k] dkyh [kkWalh] uotkr VsVul] [kljk] ,-bZ-,l- ,oa xaHkhj Q~ySflM
vpkud ywat&iwat ydokxzLr ¼,,Qih½ lEca/kh lHkh lansgkLin ekeyksa ds ckjs esa fpfdRlk
vf/kdkjh dks lwfpr djsaA
¾¾ Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh LkHkh foijhr ?kVuk,a ntZ djsaA
;g iqfLrdk ,-,u-,e- ¼fu;fer o dkaVªsDpqvy½] oSdfYid Vhdk yxkus okyksa] ,y-,p-oh-] LokLF;
dk;ZdrkZ ¼iq:”k½] LokLF; lgk;d ¼iq:”k½] LVkQ ulZ] QkekZflLV] ‘khr J`a[kyk dk j[kj[kko djus okyksa
rFkk fjdkMZ ,oa fjiksZfVax dk dk;Z djus okyksa lfgr lHkh LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds Kku ,oa dkS’ky esa
lq/kkj ds fy, csgrj Vhdkdj.k lsok,a iznku djus mn~ns’; ls rS;kj dh x;h gSA
,y-,p-oh- ,oa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ dh lgk;rk ls mi dsUnª lca/kh lw{e ;kstuk rS;kj djsaA 3
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
fo"k;oLrq
lkoZHkkSfed Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds tfj, jksdFkke fd, tk ldus okys jksxA
;s jksx dSls QSyrs gSa vkSj dSls budh igpku rFkk jksdFkke dh tk ldrh gS\
4
bdkbZ 2- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp;
2.2 Ikksfy;ks
Ikksfy;ks ,d ok;jy ladze.k gS ftlls uoZl flLVe izHkkfor
gksrk gS rFkk xaHkhj chekfj;ka] tSls & ydok vkSj ekSr rd gks
ldrh gSA l?ku iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;kuksa ds vk;ksftr gksus
ds dkj.k o’kZ 1999 ds ckn ns”k esa iksfy;ks ls ihfM+r cPpksa dh
la[;k esa vPNh [kklh fxjkoV vkrh pyh xbZ gSA
cPps dks tUe ds vk/kk ?kaVs ds Hkhrj gh Lruiku “kq: djus dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A 5
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
[k½ ;g jksx dSls QSyrk gS \ fp= 2x% xys esa f>Yyh ds lkFk fMIFkhfj;k dk ,d ekeyk
fMIFkhfj;k ds thok.kq ihfM+r O;fDr ds eqag] ukd vkSj xys esa jgrs gSaA ;g jksx ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr esa
[kkalus vkSj Nhadus ls QSyrk gSA
6
bdkbZ 2- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp;
2-5 VsVul
VsVul DyksLVªhfM;e VsVkuh uked thok.kq ds ladze.k ls
gksus okyk ,d tkuysok jksx gSA lHkh mez ds yksx VsVul ds
f”kdkj gks ldrs gSaA
2-6 gsisVkbfVl&ch
gsisVkbfVl&ch vR;ar ladzked ¼,p-vkbZ-oh- ls 40&100 xquk
T;knk laØked½ ok;jy jksx gS ftlls ihfy;k o vpkud
rsth ls c<+us okyk fyoj jksx] fljksfll ¼lw=.k jksx½ rFkk
fyoj dSalj Hkh gks ldrk gSA
2-7 [kljk
[kljk jksx ,d fo’kk.kq ls gksus okyk vR;ar laØked jksx gSA ;g fo’kk.kq jksxh O;fDr ds ukd] eqag ;k xys esa
ik;k tkrk gSA laØfer O;fDr dks cq[kkj] [kkalh gks tkrh gS vkSj iwjs “kjhj ij nkus fudy vkrs gSa ftlls nLr
,oa fueksfu;k tSls ek/;fed laØe.kksas ds dkj.k O;fDr dh ekSr Hkh gks ldrh gSA
8
bdkbZ 2- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dk ifjp;
ekrkvksa dks lykg ns fd 6 ekg dh vk;q rd cPpksa dks ikuh@i”kq dk nw/k] e/kq] pk; bR;kfn u nsaA 9
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
fo"k;oLrq
jk’Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh
Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ij izk;% iwNs tkus okys iz”u
Ikw.kZ Vhdkdj.k&izkIr f’k’kq og gksrk gS] ftls ,d o”kZ dh vk;q gksus rd ch-lh-th- dh [kqjkd]
Mh-ih-Vh- dh rhu [kqjkd] vks-ih-oh- rFkk gsisVkbZfVl&ch izR;sd dh rhu [kqjkd vkSj [kljs dh
,d [kqjkd nh tk pqdh gksA
10
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh
uotkr f’k’kqvksa] cPpksa o xHkZorh efgykvksa ds fy, jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k le; lkj.kh
Vhdk dc nsuk gS [kqjkd dSls txg
xHkZorh efgykvksa ds fy,
Vh-Vh-&1 xHkkZoLFkk ds izkjafHkd eghuksa es 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckag ij
Vh-Vh-&2 Vh-Vh-&1* ds 4 lIrkg ckn 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckag ij
Vh-Vh- cwLVj ;fn xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku fiNys rhu 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckag ij
o’kksZa ds Hkhrj Vh-Vh- dh 2 [kqjkd nh
x;ha gksa*
uotkr f’k’kqvksa ds fy,
ch-lh-th- tUe ds le; ;k ,d o’kZ dh mez rd 0-1 fe-yh- Ropk ds vanj ckabZ mijh ckWag
ftruh tYnh gks lds ¼1 ekg rd ds f”k”kq ¼baVªkMjey½
ds fy, 0-05 fe-yh-½
gsiVkbfVl&ch tUe ds le; ;k 24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
ftruh tYnh laHko gks lds ckgjh fgLlk
vks-ih-oh-&0 tUe ds le; ;k 15 fnuksa ds Hkhrj 2 cwan Ekaqg ls Ekaqg ls
ftruh tYnh laHko gks lds
vks-ih-oh-& 1] 2 o 3 6 lIrkg] 10 lIrkg vkSj 14 lIrkg ij 2 cwan Ekaqg ls Ekaqg ls
Mh-ih-Vh-&1] 2 o 3 6 lIrkg] 10 lIrkg vkSj 14 lIrkg ij 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
ckgjh fgLlk
gsisVkbfVl ch&1] 2 6 lIrkg] 10 lIrkg vkSj 14 lIrkg ij 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
o3 ckgjh fgLlk
[kljk 9 ekg iwjs gksus ls ysdj 12 ekg rd 0-5 fe-yh- Ropk vkSj ekalis”kh dh chp nkbZa mijh ckWag ij
esa ¼lc& dqVsfu;l½
foVkfeu&, ¼igyh 9 ekg ij] [kljs ds lkFk 1 fe-yh ¼1 yk[k Ekqag ls Ekqag ls
[kqjkd½ vkbZ;w½
cPpksa ds fy,
Mh-ih-Vh-&cwLVj 16&24 ekg 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa e/; tka?k dk
ckgjh fgLlk
[kljk ¼nwljh [kqjkd½ 16&24 ekg 0-5 fe-yh- Ropk vkSj ekalis”kh dh chp nkbZa mijh ckWag ij
esa ¼lc& dqVsfu;l½
vks-ih-oh-& cwLVj 16&24 ekg 2 cwan eqag ls eqag ls
Tkikuh ,UlhQSykbfVl** 16&24 ekg 0-5 fe-yh- Ropk vkSj ekalis”kh dh chp ckWa;h mijh ckWag ij
esa ¼lc&dqVsfu;l½
foVkfeu&,*** ¼nwljh 16 ekgA mlds ckn] izR;sd 6 ekg 2 fe-yh ¼2 yk[k Ekqag ls Ekqag ls
ls ukSaoh [kqjkd rd½ ds vUrjky ij 5 o’kZ dh mez rd ,d vkbZ;w½
[kqjkd
Mh-ih-Vh-&cwLVj 5&6 o’kZ 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckWag ij
Vh-Vh- 10 o 16 o’kZ 0-5 fe-yh- Ekaklis”kh esa mijh ckWag ij
* Vh-Vh- 2 ;k cwLVj [kqjkd xHkZ/kkj.k ds 36 lIrkg ds igys ys yh tkuh pkfg,A fQj Hkh] ;s [kqjkd 36 lIrkg ds ckn
Hkh nh tk ldrh gSA ;fn efgyk dks igys VsVul dk Vhdk ugha fn;k x;k gS] rks mls izlo ds nkSjku VsVul dk Vhdk
yxk;k tk,A
** tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl Vhdk] bl jksx ls xzLr pqfuank ftyksa esa Vhdkdj.k vfHk;ku ds cknA
*** vkbZlhMh,l foHkkx ds lg;ksx ls] 1&5 o’kZ rd ds cPpksa dks lky esa nks ckj foVkfeu&, dh nwljh ls ukSaoh [kqjkd nh tk
ldrh gSA
xHkZorh efgykvksa dks Lo;a o vius cPps dh VsVul ls lqj{kk djuh vko”;d gSA 11
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
vks-ih-oh-
,d cPps dks fdl mez rd vks-ih-oh- fn;k tk ldrk gS\
vks-ih-oh- 5 o’kZ dh mez rd ds cPPkksa dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA
D;k Mh-ih-Vh- cwLVj [kqjkd ds lkFk vks-ih-oh vkSj foVkfeu&, fn, tk ldrs gSa\
gkWaA
D;k vks-ih-oh- ds rqjar ckn f’k’kq dks Lruiku djk;k tk ldrk gS\
gkWaA
Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk
2 o”kZ ls vf/kd mez ds cPpksa ds fy, Mh-Vh- Vhds ds LFkku ij vc Mh-ih-Vh- D;ksa fn;k tkrk
gS\
D;ksafd dkyh [kkWalh ds ekeys cM+h mez ds cPpksa esa Hkh Ikk;s x;s gS vkSj Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh foijhr
?kVukvksa dk [krjk Mh-Vh- ds eqdkcys Mh-ih-Vh- Vhds ls T;knk ugha jgrk gSA
12
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh
;fn cPps dks Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Mh-ih-Vh-&1] 2] 3 o vks-ih-oh-&1] 2] 3 ugha fn;s
x;s gksa] rks fdl mez rd ;s Vhds fn;s tk ldrs gSa\
Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk 7 o’kZ dh mez rd ,oa vks-ih-oh- 5 o’kZ dh mez rd ds cPpkas dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn
cPps dks fiNyh [kqjkd nh x;h gSs ijUrq lkj.kh ds vuqlkj mldk Vhdkdj.k iwjk ugha gqvk gS rks nqckjk ls
bu Vhdksa dks “kq: djus ds ctk; ckdh cph [kqjkdsa ns nsuh pkfg,A
Mh-ih-Vh- ds nks Vhdksa ds chp esa de ls de 4 lIrkg dk vUrj D;ksa gksuk pkfg,\
;g blfy, D;ksafd nks Vhdksa ds chp de varjky ds dkj.k cPps dh izfrj{kh izfrfdz;k vkSj lqj{kk ij vlj
iM+ ldrk gSA
Mh-ih-Vh- tka?k ds chp ds ckgjh fgLls ij gh D;ksa fn;k tkrk gS] dwYgksa ij D;ksa ugh\
Mh-ih-Vh- tka?k ds chp ds ckgjh fgLls ij blfy, yxk;k tkrk gS ftlls dwYgksa dh fl;kfVd ul dks {kfr
u igaqpsA blds vykok oSDlhu dwYgs dh olk esa bdV~Bh gks tkus ls “kjhj esa jksx&izfrjks/kh {kerk fodflr
ugha gks ikrh gSA
;fn fdlh cPps esa Mh-ih-Vh- ls ,ythZ ikbZ tk, ;k fdlh dks Mh-ih-Vh- Vhdk nsus ij fnekx
ij vlj gks tk, rks D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\
,slh fLFkfr esa cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh- dh nwljh [kqjkd ds LFkku ij MhVh,ih vFkok MhVh nsa] D;ksafd *ih*
¼ijV~;wfll&dkyh [kkWalh½ Hkkx gh izk;% ,ythZ ;k efLr’d izHkkfor djus dk dkj.k curk gSA bls LFkkuh; Lrj
ij miyC/k lalk/kuksa ls [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA
VsVul&Vhdk
;fn ,d yM+dh dks 16 o”kZ dh mez esa jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj Mh-ih-Vh- vkSj
Vh-Vh-ds lHkh Vhds yx pqds gS vkSj og 20 o”kZ dh mez esa xHkZorh gks tkrh gS] rks D;k mls
xHkkZoLFkk esa VsVul dk Vhdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,\
dk;ZØe ds vuqlkj] xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku mls VsVul ds nks Vhds yxk;s tkus pkfg,A
D;k 10 o”kZ vkSj 16 o”kZ dh mez es VsVul dsoy yM+fd;ksa ds fy, gh gS\
Ukgha] ;g Vhdk yM+dksa ,oa yM+fd;ksa nksuksa dks yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A
D;k VsVul dk Vhdk xHkkZoLFkk ds igys rhu efguksa esa fn;k tk ldrk gS\
gka] xHkkZoLFkk dk irk pyrs gh ;g Vhdk yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A
gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk
D;k gsisVkbfVl&ch dk Vhdk Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhds ds lkFk ,d gh flfjat esa feykdj fn;k tk
ldrk gS\
Ukgha] Mh-ih-Vh- vkSj gsisVkbfVl&ch ds Vhsds feykdj ¼;fn vyx&vyx gSa½ ,d gh flfjat ls ugha fn;s tk
ldrsA
foVkfeu&, “kjhj dks [kljk rFkk nLr tSls ladze.k ls yM+us esa enn nsrk gSA 13
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
[kljs dk Vhdk
[kljs dk Vhdk nka;h Hkqtk ij gh D;ksa yxk;k tkuk pkfg,\
[kljs dk Vhdk nka;h Hkqtk ij gh yxk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd ,dlekurk cuh jgs vkSj tkWapdrkZ dks Vhdk ysus
dk izek.k feysA
;fn fdlh cPps dks 9 ekg ls igys [kljs dk Vhdk fn;k tkrk gS] rks D;k bl Vhds dks ckn
esa Hkh fn;k tkuk t:jh gS\
gkWa] cPps dks lkj.kh ds vuqlkj] 9 ekg iwjs gksus ls 12 ekg vkSj 16 ls 24 ekg dh mez esa [kljs dk Vhdk
yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn [kljs dk Vhdk bl vkn”kZ mez esa ugha yxk;k x;k gks rks] ;g 5 o’kZ dh mez rd
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
[kljk dSp&vi vfHk;ku D;k gS\
[kljk dSp&vi vfHk;ku fdlh jkT; ;k ftys esa foLr`r vk;q oxZ ds lHkh cPpksa dks [kljs dh ,d [kqjkd nsdj
mudk Vhdkdj.k djus dk ,d fo”ks’k vfHk;ku gSA dSp&vi vfHk;ku ds vUrxZr yf{kr vk;q oxZ ds lHkh cPpksa
dks [kljs dk Vhdk fn;k tkrk gS] pkgs mUgsa blls igys [kljs ds Vhds yxs gkas ;k ughaA bl dSp&vi vfHk;ku
dk y{; [kljs ls ns”k ds lHkh CkPpksa dk izfrj{k.k djuk vkSj [kljs ls gksus okyh ekSrksa dks de djuk gSA ,d
dSp&vi vfHk;ku ds vUrxZr y{; vk;q oxZ ds yxHkx “kr&izfr”kr cPpksa dk Vhdkdj.k djuk t:jh gSA
[kljs dks nwljs Vhds dks jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe esa D;ksa ‘kkfey fd;k x;k gS\
[kljk ,d vR;f/kd laØked chekjh gS ftlesa nLr] fueksfu;k ;k efLr’d laØe.k lEca/kh tfVyrkvksa ds dkj.k
ihfM+r O;fDr dh vLoLFkrk vkSj ekSr rd gks tkrh gSA 9 ekg iwjs gksus dh mez esa [kljs dk igyk Vhdk 85%
f”k”kqvksa dh lqj{kk djrk gSA nwljh [kqjkd nsus dk mn~ns”; igyh [kqjkd ds ckn vlqjf{kr vU; lHkh cPpksa dh
lqj{kk djuk gSA
;fn ,d cPps dks igyk Vhdk nsus esa nsjh gks tkrh gS] rks D;k mls [kljs dk nwljk Vhdk
fn;k tk ldrk gS\
cPps dks lgh mez esa Vhdkdj.k djus ds iz;kl fd;s tkus pkfg,] vFkkZr 9 ls 12 ekg dh mez esa [kljs dk
igyk Vhdk vkSj 16&24 ekg ij nwljk Vhdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ysfdu ;fn fdlh cPps dks Vhdk nsus esa nsjh
gks tkrh gS rks 5 o’kZ dh vk;q rd [kljs ds nks Vhds ,d efgus ds vUrjky ij fn, tk ldrs gSaA
;fn fdlh cPps dks ,l-vkbZ-,- vfHk;ku ds nkSjku [kljs dk ,d Vhdk fn;k tkrk gS] rks D;k
mls [kljs ds fu;fer Vhds fn, tka,xs\
gkWa] Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj izR;sd cPps dks [kljs ds fu;fer Vhds fn, tkus pkfg,] Hkys gh cPps dks
,l-vkbZ-,- ds nkSjku [kljs dk Vhdk yxk;k tk pqdk gksA
14
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh
fuekZrkvksa }kjk fn, x, oSDlhu ds ?kksy ¼Mk;Y;q,aV½ dh ek=k] oSDlhu dh ek=k ls vf/kd
D;ksa gksrh gS\
fuekZrk visf{kr ek=k ls vf/kd ?kksy “kh”kh esa Hkjrs gSa] vFkkZr “kh”kh esa [kljs dh 5 [kqjkd ds fy, 2-5 fe-yh-
ls vf/kd ?kksy vkSj ch-lh-th- dh “kh”kh esa 10 [kqjkd ds fy, 1 fe-yh- ls vf/kd ek=k j[krs gSaA ,slk fuEu
vifjgk;Z dkj.kksa ls ?kksy cokZn gksus dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fd;k tkrk gS%
l gc vkSj lqbZ esa dqN [kkyh txgA
l oSDlhu dk “kh”kh ds Hkhrjh nhokj ij fpid tkuk] vkSj
l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk “kh”kh esa ls iwjh ek=k esa Vhdk fudkyus dh vdq”kyrkA
blfy,] ?kksy dh “kh”kh ls iwjk ?kksy fudkyuk rFkk bldk mi;ksx oSDlhu ds feJ.k ds fy, djuk vko”;d
gS A
tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl
;fn 16&24 ekg dh mez ds cPps dks tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl Vhds ls ,l-vkbZ-,- ds nkSjku
izfrjf{kr fd;k x;k gS] rks D;k bl cPps dks fu;fer Vhdkdj.k ds :Ik esa iqu% tkikuh
,sUlhQSykbfVl dk Vhdk fn;k tk ldrk gS\
Ukgha] orZeku esa ;g dsoy ,d gh ckj fn;k tkus okyk Vhdk gS vkSj bls nksgjk;k ugha tkuk pkfg,A
;fn fdlh 2 o”kZ ls vf/kd mez ds cPps dks fu;fer Vhdkdj.k ;k ,l-vkbZ-,- ds vUrZxr
tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl dk Vhdk ugha fn;k x;k gS] rks D;k mls ;g Vhdk fn;k tkuk
pkfg,\
gkWa] cPpk fu;fer Vhdkdj.k ds ek/;e ls 15 o’kZ dh vk;q rd tkikuh ,sUlhQSykbfVl Vhdk xzg.k djus dk
ik= gSA
foVkfeu&,
foVkfeu&, dh fdruh jksxfujks/kh [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg, vkSj fdl mez rd\
5 o’kZ dh mez rd foVkfeu&, dh 9 jksxfujks/kh [kqjkdsa nh tkuh pkfg,A
foVkfeu&, dh nks [kqjkdksa ds chp fdruk vUrj gksuk pkfg,\
foVkfeu&, dh nks [kqjkdksa ds chp de ls de 6 efguss dk vUrj gksuk pkfg,SA
foVkfeu&, flji dSls fn;k tkuk pkfg,\
foVkfeu&, flji izR;sd “kh”kh esa j[ks pEep@fMLisalj ls gh fn;k tkuk pkfg,A pEep esa n”kkZ;k x;s vk/ks
fu”kku rd 100]000 vkbZ;w vkSj iwjs pEep esa foVkfeu&, dh 200]000 vkbZ-;w- [kqjkd “kkfey gksrh gSA
foVkfeu&, dh deha ds y{k.kksa okys cPpksa ds fy, D;k bykt gS\
foVkfeu&, dh deha dk irk pyrs gh cPps dks 200]000 vkbZ;w foVkfeu&, dh [kqjkd rFkk blds 1&4 lIrkg
ckn 200]000 vkbZ-;w- dh nwljh [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A
foVkfeu&, dh deh ds dkj.k jrkSU/kh jksx gks ldrk gS] vkSj jksx ls yM+us dh {kerk de gks ldrh gSA 15
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
ftad
ftad ckj&ckj gksus okys nLr dks de djus esa dSls
enn djrk gS\
ftad ,d lw{eiks’kd gSA ;g nLr jksx dh jksdFkke esa lgk;d gksrk gS vkSj cPps dks ekSr rFkk chekjh ls
cpkrk gSA
nLr jksx ds bykt esa vks-vkj-,l- ds lkFk ftad dh fdruh [kqjkd nh tkrh gS\
2&6 ekg ds f”k”kqvksa ds fy, ftad dh 10 fe-xzk- dh ?kqyus okyh xksyh eka ds nw/k esa 14 fnuksa rd nh tkrh
gSA 6 ekg ls 5 o’kZ ds cPpksa dks 20 fe-xzk- dh ?kqyus okyh xksyh 14 fnuksa rd nh tkrh gSA
lHkh Vhds
;fn ,d cPps dks dHkh dksbZ Vhds ugha fn;s x;s gaS rks D;k mls 9 ekg iwjs gksus ij lHkh ik=
Vhds ,d gh fnu fn, tk ldrs gS\
gkWa] lHkh Vhdksa dks ,d le; fn;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq bUgsa “kjhj ds fofHkUUk Hkkxksa ij vyx&vyx ,-Mh-
flfjatks ls yxk;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d ,sls cPps dks ftls dHkh Vhds ugha yxk;s x;s gSa mls 9 ekg dh mez esa
ch-lh-th-] Mh-ih-Vh-] gsisVkbfVl&ch] vksihoh ,oa [kljs ds Vhds rFkk foVkfeu&, dh [kqjkd ,d gh le; nsuk
lqjf{kr vkSj vljnk;d gSA
16
bdkbZ 3- jk”Vªh; Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh
;fn ekWa@ns[kjs[kdrkZ ,d f’k’kq dks 9 ekg dh mez esa dsoy ,d batsD’ku yxkus ds fy,
vuqefr nsrh gS] rks mls dkSu&lk Vhdk fn;k tkuk pkfg,\
9 efgus dh vk;q ij] izkFkfedrk ds rkSj ij vks-ih-oh- vkSj foVkfeu&, ds lkFk [kljs dk Vhdk fn;k tkrk
gSA
1&5 o”kZ dh mez ds cPps dks ftls igys dHkh dksbZ Vhds u yxs gksa] dkSu&ls Vhds fn;s tk
ldrs gS\
,sls cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh-&1] vks-ih-oh-&1] [kljs dk Vhdk vkSj foVkfeu&, dh 2 fe-yh- [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A
blds ckn] ,d efgus ds vUrj ij cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh- vkSj vks-ih-oh- dh nwljh rFkk rhljh [kqjkd nh tkuh
pkfg,A [kljs dh nwljh [kqjkd vkSj tsbZ dk Vhdk Hkh Vhdkdj.k lkj.kh ds vuqlkj fn;s tkrs gSA vks-ih-oh-&3@
Mh-ih-Vh-&3 nsus ds de ls de 6 efgus ds ckn vks-ih-oh-@Mh-ih-Vh- dh cwLVj [kqjkd nh tk ldrh gSA
5&7 o”kZ dh mez ds cPps dks ftls igys dHkh dksbZ Vhds u yxs gksa] dkSu&ls Vhds fn;s tk
ldrs gS\
,sls cPps dks ,d efgus ds vUrj ij Mh-ih-Vh- dh igyh] nwljh vkSj rhljh [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A 7 o’kZ dh
mez rd Mh-ih-Vh-&3 nsus ds de ls de 6 efgus ckn Mh-ih-Vh-&cwLVj dh [kqjkd nh tk ldrh gSA
;fn ,d cPps dks vxys Vhds nsus esa nsjh gks tkrh gS rks D;k Vhds dh igyh [kqjkd ls fQj
‘kq:vkr djuh gksxh\
;fn cPps dks vxys Vhds@[kqjkd ds fy, ykus esa nsjh gks x;h gS rks Vhdkdj.k fQj ls “kq: djus dh
vko”;drk ugha gSA ogha ls “kq: djsa tgka ls [kqjkd NwV x;h gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% ;fn fdlh cPps dks 5
ekg dh mez esa ch-lh-th-] Mh-ih-Vh-&1] gsisVkbfVl&ch&1 o vksihoh&1 dh [kqjkd nh xbZ gS] og 11 ekg ij
fQj vkrk gS rks mls Mh-ih-Vh-&2] gsisVkbfVl&ch&2] vksihoh&2 vkSj [kljs dh [kqjkd nsaA Mh-ih-Vh-&1 ls iqu%
“kq: u djsaA
Vhdkdj.k ls igys batsD’ku okyh txg dks fLizV ls iksaNuk lgh D;ksa ugha gksrk\
,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd batsD”ku okyh txg ij fLizV ds ekStwn va”k Vhds ds thfor ?kVdksa ds laidZ esa vkus
ls mUgsa u’V dj ldrs gSaA
Vhdk yxus dh rkjh[k ds ikyu ls vf/kd laiw.kZ Vhdkdj.k ij tksj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ;fn cPps dks Vhdk yxkus dh fu/kkZfjr rkjh[k ds ckn yk;k tk,] rks Hkh
mls lHkh ik= Vhds ns fn, tk;saA
nw/k] gjh lfCt;ka rFkk ihys vkSj ukjaxh jax ds Qy ysus ls foVkfeu&, dh deha dks jksd ldrs gSaA 17
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
fo"k;oLrq
“khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ ,oa oSDlhu laosnu”khyrkA
Vhdksa dk mfpr rkieku ij j[kj[kkoA
18
bdkbZ 4- ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j
;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd lHkh oSDlhu +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l ij j[kh xbZ gSaA 19
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
[k½ ‘khr ¼fÝftax½ ds dkj.k gksus okyh {kfr dh ij[k dSls dh tk,\
Vhdksa ds BaM ls te tkus ds dkj.k gksus okys uqdlku ¼vkbl&iSdksa ds lh/ks laidZ esa vkus ds dkj.k Hkh bu
Vhdksa dks uqdlku gks ldrk gS½ dh tkWap dh tk,A ;fn ok;y esa oSDlhu te xbZ gS ;k blesa iiM+h gSa rks
,slh ok;y dk bLreky u djs rFkk mUgs QSad nsaA
20
bdkbZ 4- ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j
l dsoy 4 vuqdwfyr vkbZl iSd okys oSDlhu dSfj;j dk gh bLrseky fd;k tk,A 2 vkbZl
iSd okys Ms dSfj;j dks iz;ksx esa dHkh u yk,aA
l oSDlhu dSfj;j dks lwjt dh jsk’kuh esa u j[ksaA blls izdk’k o xehZ dSfj;j esa izos’k dj
ldrh gS vkSj blls izdk’k ds izfr laonsu’khy Vhds [kjkc gks ldrsa gSaA
l vuko’;d :Ik ls <Ddu [kqyk uk j[ksa uºÈ r¨ muesa izdk’k o xehZ izos’k dj ldrh gS
vkSj blls Vhds [kjkc gks ldrs gSaA
l oSDlhu dk <+Ddu [kksyus ds fy, dHkh Hkh fdlh uqdhyh oLrq tSls LØw Mªkboj ;k fdlh
irys MaMs dk iz;ksx u djsaA
Vhdk nsus ls igys oSDlhu ok;y ij ,Dlik;jh dh rkjh[k vkSj ohoh,e dh tk¡p dj ysaA 21
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
4-7 Vhdksa dks oSDlhu dSfj;j esa fdruh nsj rd j[k ldrs gSa\
Vhdksa dks oSDlhu dSfj;j esas ek= ,d dk;Z&fnol ds fy, j[kk tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh] ;g vof/k vkbZl iSdksa
dh n”kk vkSj okrkoj.k ds rkieku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA Vhds oSDlhu dSfj;j esa rc rd gh lqjf{kr jgrs gSa tc
rd vkbZl iSd de ls de vkaf”kd :Ik ls tes gq, gksaA
l dsoy oSDlhu ds lkFk fuekZrk }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s MkbY;q,aV dk gh bLrseky djsaA
l forj.k ls igys MkbY;q,aV dks vkbZ,yvkj esa +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l rkieku ij de
ls de 24 ?kaVs rd j[kk tk,A lqfuf’pr djsa fd oSDlhu vkSj MkbY;q,aV feJ.k ds le;
,d gh rkieku ij gksaA
l ykrs&ys tkrs le; MkbY;q,aV o MªkWij dks oSDlhu dSfj;j esa gh Vhds ds lkFk j[kk tkuk
pkfg,A
l oSDlhu dSfj;j dks u rks fxjk,a vkSj u gh ml ij cSBsa] blls dSfj;j dks uqdlku
igqapsxkA
l Vhds gSaMcSx@ilZ esa ysdj u pysa] D;ksafd blls xehZ o izdk’k ds izfr laosnu’khy Vhds
[kjkc gks ldrs gSaA
22
bdkbZ 4- ‘khr J`a[kyk ¼dksYM psu½ izca/ku rFkk oSDlhu dSfj;j
vkbZl iSd fudkyk tkuk pkfg,A vkbZl iSd dks ,d ckj fudkyus ds
ckn l= dh lekfIr rd dSfj;j esa okil u j[ksaA ijUrq] Mh-ih-Vh-] Vh-Vh-
;k gSisVkbfVl&ch ds okW;y dHkh Hkh vkbZl iSd ds mij u j[ksaA
vf/kdka”k {ks=ksa esa] oSDlhu dSfj;j dk rkieku ,d fnu ds fy, +8° lsfYl;l
ls de jgsxkA bl fLFkfr dks ikus ds fy,%
l oSDlhu dSfj;j dks Nkao esa vkSj BaMh txg ij j[ksaA
l Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku <+Ddu can j[ksaA
l fefJr ch-lh-th- o [kljk Vhdk vf/kd ls vf/kd 4 ?kaVksa rd ds fy,
+2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l ds rkieku ij j[kk tk ldrk gSA
¼tsbZ nks ?kaVks ds fy,½
l oSDlhu okW;y ds yscy ij mlds feJ.k dk le; fy[k nsa vkSj pkj fp= 4 p% feJ.k dk le; fy[kuk
?kaVksa ¼tsbZ nks ?kaVks½ ds ckn mls bLreky u djs vkSj yky iksyhFkhu cSx esa Mkydj ih,plh esa okil
Hkst nsaA
l Vhdkdj.k l= okys fnu lHkh oSDlhu dks ih,plh ls l= LFky rd 4 vuqdwfyr vkbZl&iSd
ds lkFk oSDlhu dSfj;j esa HkstsaA
l viz;qDr oSDlhu okW;y dks oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k ds ek/;e ls mlh fnu dksYM&psu esa
l= LFky ls ih,plh ij okil ykSVk;saA
l lHkh viz;qDr oSDlhu dks ,d vyx ckWDl esa vkbZ,yvkj esa j[ksa] bl ij “viz;qDr okilh”
dk yscy yxk,a rFkk bUgs ckn ds l=ksa esa iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA
l tks oSDlhu rhu ls vf/kd ckj iz;ksx fd;s fcuk okil vk;sa] mUgsa lgh rjg ls fuLrkj.k
djsaA
l vkbZ,yvkj esa dksbZ Hkh [kqyh gqbZ ;k mi;ksx dh x;h oSDlhu dh ‘kh’kh u j[ksaA
lqfuf”pr djsa fd feJ.k ls igys MkbY;q,aV Hkh +2° lsfYl;l ls +8° lsfYl;l ds rkieku ij gksaA 23
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
;fn dksbZ Vksdjh miyC/k u gks rks] oSDlhu ¼vksihoh o [kljs ds vykok½ dks j[kus ds fy, vkbZ,yvkj ds
IysVQkWeZ ij [kkyh vkbZl iSd dh nks iafDr;ka yxk ysaA [kljs o vksihoh dks vkbZ,yvkj ds ry ij [kkyh
vkbZl iSd dh nks iafDr;ksa ds mij j[kk tk ldrk gSA
fp= 4N% vkbZl ykbUM jsÝhtjsVj esa lgh rjg ls oSDlhu j[kuk
24
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk
fo"k;oLrq
batsD”ku nsus ds fy, viuk, tk jgs lqjf{kr rjhdksa dk egRoA
batsD”ku lEca/kh lqj{kk esa lq/kkj ykus ds ljy mik;A
,-Mh- flfjatksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, lqjf{kr batsD”ku yxk;k tkukA
Lkqjf{kr fuLrkj.k fn”kkfunsZ”kA
26
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk
;fn lqbZ ds fdlh Hkh fgLls dk Li’kZ gks tk, rks flfjat vkSj lqbZ dks Qsad nsa vkSj u;h
thok.kqfoghu lhfjat ys ysaA
,-Mh- flfjatksa dk bLrseky dsoy ,d ckj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;s lqjf{kr gSaA 27
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
M½ pksV yxus ds tksf[ke dks de&ls&de j[kus ds fy, Vhdkdj.k dk;Z LFky dh
LFkkiuk
vki vius dk;Z LFky dh ;kstuk bl izdkj rS;kj djsa fd%
l oSDlhu dSfj;j Nk;k esa jgsaA
l VSyh “khV vklkuh ls bLrseky dh tk ldsA
l ykHkkfFkZ;ksa vkSj lHkh lqbZ;ksa o /kkjnkj oLrqvksa ds chp vki jgsaA
fp= 5d% batsD”ku rduhd
1- tks Vhdk fn;k tkuk gS mlds fy, lgh flfjat ysa] ch-lh-th- 0-1 fe-yh-] vkSj vU;
lHkh oSDlhu ds fy, 0-5 fe-yh- dh flfjatA
2- iSfdax ns[k ysa ;fn og [kqyh gqbZ gS ;k VwVh gqbZ gS ;k mi;ksx dh rkjh[k igys gh
fudy pqdh gS rks bldk bLrseky u djsaA
3- Iyatj dh rjQ ls iSdst dks /khjs&/khjs [khap dj [kksy ysa rFkk cSjy dks idM+s gq,
flfjat dks fudky ysaA iSdst dks ,d dkys IykfLVd FkSys esa Qsad nsaA
4- lqbZ ds <Ddu dks gVk ysa vkSj bls dkys IykfLVd FkSys esa Qsad nsaA
5- tc rd flfjaat esa Vhdk Hkjus ds fy, rS;kj u gks tk,a rc rd Iyatj dks ugha
[khaps vkSj u gh ok;y esa flfjat ls gok Hkjsa] D;ksafd blls flfjat ykWd gks
tk,xhA
6- mfpr Vhds dh okW;y ysa vkSj okW;y dks mYVk djsa rFkk jcM+ ds <Ddu esas ls lqbZ
dks vanj Mkysa] lqbZ bruh vanj rd tk, fd bldh uksad Vhds ds ysoy esa Mwch jgs]
;fn blls T;knk vanj djsaxs rks gok ds cqycqys f[kap ldrs gSa ftUgsa fudkyuk cgqr
eqf”dy dke gSA
7- lqbZ ;k okW;y ds jcM+ ds <Ddu ¼lsIVe½ dks u Nq,aA
8- Iyatj dks /khjs ls okfil [khaps rkfd flfjat Hkj tk,A flfjaat esa Vhds dh vko”;d
ek=k ¼0-1 ;k 0-5 fe-yh-½ Hkj tkus ij Iyatj vius vki gh :d tk,xkA
9- flfjat esa gok u [khapsa ;fn flfjat esa fdlh otg ls gok ?kql tkrh
gS rks] okW;y ls lqbZ gVk ysaA flfjat dks [kM+k j[ks gq, vki gok ds cqycqyksa
dks flfjat dh uksad dh rjQ ys vkus ds fy, cSjy dks maxyh ls /khjs&
/khjs ekjsaA rc Iyatj dks [kqjkd ds fu”kku ¼0-1 ;k 0-5 fe-yh-½ rd
lko/kkuh ls /kdsysaA bl izdkj gok ds cqycqyksa dks ckgj fudky ldrs gSaA
10- batsD”ku okyh txg ;fn xanh gks rks mls LoPN ikuh ls lkQ dj ysaA
11- Vhds bl izdkj yxk,a & ch-lh-th-: cka;h mijh Hkqtk ij; Mh-ih-Vh- o gsisVkbfVl&ch:
e/; tka?k ds ckgjh fgLls esa; [kljs dk Vhdk: mijh nk;ha Hkqtk ij; tsbZ: cka;h mijh
Hkqtk ij; Vh-Vh-: mijh Hkqtk ijA
12- [qkjkd iwjh rjg vanj tk, blds fy, Iyatj dks iwjh rjg /kdsysaA batsD’ku ftl
txg ij yxkk;k x;k gS ml txg dks jxM+sa ughaA
13- lqbZ ij nqckjk <Ddu u yxk,aA bLrseky ds rqjar ckn flfjat ds gc dks gc dVj
ds tfj, dkV nsa tks ikjHkklh IykfLVd ds MCcs esa lqbZ dks ,df=r djds j[krk gSA
14- mlds ckn dVh gqbZ flfjat ds IykfLVd ds fgLls dks ,d yky IykfLVd ds FkSys esa
Mky nsaA
Uk”V fd;s x;s flfjat vkSj lqbZ;ksa dk Hkkx 5-5 ds fn’kkfunsZ’kksa ds vuqlkj mfpr
fuLrkj.k djsaA
28
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk
Pkj.k&2% dVh gqbZ lqbZ;ka gc dVj ds Nsn u gks ldus okys rFkk ikjHkklh MCcs esa ,df=r gks tk,axhA
Pkj.k&3% VwVs gqbZ oSDlhu dh “khf”k;ksa@MkbY;w,aV ds ,EI;wyksa dks vyx ls lQsn ikjn”khZ] etcwr rFkk
ikjHkklh MCcs esa ;k ;fn gc dVj esa gh VwVs gq, okW;y j[ks tkus yk;d txg gks rks mlh esa gh
,df=r dj ysaA
Pkj.k&4% dVs gq, flfjatksa ds IykfLVd Hkkx dks rFkk lkcqr ,oa iz;qDr okW;yksa dks yky FkSyh esa tek dj
ysaA
Pkj.k&5% yky cSx vkSj gc dVj dks dhVk.kq”kks/ku ,oa fuLrkj.k ds fy, izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz esa ukfer
O;fDr ds ikl Hkst nsaA
Pkj.k&6% fdlh vkWVksDyso esa ml ,df=r lkeku dk dhVk.kquk”ku dj nsaA ;fn vkWVksDysfoax
djus esa vleFkZ jgs rks vki dpjs dks 10 feuV rd ikuh esa mcky ysa ;k mudk dSfedy
VªhVesaV ¼de ls de 30 feuV rd 1% lksfM;e gkbiksDyksjkbZM ds rktk ?kksy esa Mkydj j[ksa½ djsaA
lqfuf”pr djsa fd ,sls VªhVesaV ls mudks dhVk.kqghu gks tkuk pkfg,A fQj Hkh] ftyk vLirky@
lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsanz@izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz vkfn dsanz fu;fer vk/kkj ij Lo;a gh vkWVksDyso
dh O;oLFkk djsaxsA
Pkj.k&7% vkWVksDyso fd, x,@dhVk.kqfoghu dpjs dk fuEu rjhds ls fuLrkj.k djsa%
l lqbZ;ksa vkSj VwVh gqbZ okW;y dh “khf”k;ksa dks ,d lqj{kk fiV@x<~<s esa nQuk nsaA
l flfjatksa vkSj lkcwr ok;yksa dks jhlkbfDyax vkSj ySaMfQy ds fy, Hkst nsaA
Pkj.k&8% gc dVj dks lgh rjhds ls /kks ysa] rkfd budk nksckjk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
Pkj.k&9% izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz esas dpjs dh mRifRr@VªhVesaV@fuLrkj.k dk ,d leqfpr fjdkMZ j[ksaA
30
bdkbZ 5- lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k lqfuf’pr djuk
1% gkbZiksDyksjkbZV ?kksy rS;kj djus ds fy,] [kqyh goknkj txg ij 1 yhVj ikuh esa 10&15 xzk- ;k
1 cM+k pEep Cyhfpax ikmMj MkysaA Dyksjhu ?kksy /khjs&/khjs “kfDr [kks nsxk( vr% bl rjg ls jkstkuk
rktk ?kksy cuk,aA lkQ ikuh dk iz;ksx djsa] D;ksafd dkcZfud inkFkZ Dyksjhu dks u’V dj nsrs gSaA D;ksafd
;g Cyhp ?kksy Toyu”khy gksrk gS] blfy, bls Ropk o vkWa[kksa ls nwj j[ksaA IykfLVd ds daVsuj dk
bLrseky djsa D;ksafd /kkrq ds daVsuj rsth ls th.kZ&”kh.kZ gks tkrs gS rFkk ?kksy ij Hkh vlj Mkyrs gSaA
Uk;s] ukWu&DyksfjusVsM ikWfyej lkexzh ls cus de ls de 55 ekbZØku dh eksVkbZ okys 30 yh- ¼24”x28”½
ds yky@dkys IykfLVd cSx ,pMhihbZ@,y,yMhihbZ@ihih ls cus cSx mij ls vklkuh ls idMus
dk izko/kku gksrk gS rFkk ;s cSx ckW;ksesfMdy dpjk izca/ku fu;eksa ds vuqlkj rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSaA
batsD”ku nsus ds ckn lqbZ ij nqckjk <Ddu u yxk,a vkSj eksM+s ughaaA 31
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
fo"k;oLrq
mi&dsanz vkSj “kgjh {ks=ksa ds ekbØksIyku dh rS;kjh ds pj.kA
oSdfYid Vhdk forj.k iz.kkyh vkSj oSdfYid oSDlhusVjA
Vhdkdj.k l= dh rS;kjh djukA
Vhdkdj.k l= dk lapkyu djukA
Lkgh rjhds ls Vhds yxkukA
32
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
l Vhdkdj.k l= LFky ds fy, ljdkjh bekjr ¼mi&dsanz ;k vkaxuokM+h dsanz½ dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuh
pkfg,A ;fn ;g nksuksa ogka fLFkr u gksa rks iapk;r Hkou] fo|ky; tSls vU; nwljs LFkku Vhdkdj.k
ds fy, pqus tkus pkfg,] tks leqnk; ds lHkh yksxksa ds fy, lqfo/kktud gksaA
l nqxZe bykdksa esa tgka dqN gh ykHkkFkhZ jgrs gksa] ogka leqnk; ds vklikl ds LFkkuksa esa Vhdkdj.k l=
vk;ksftr fd;s tk,aA
l vuko”;d :Ik ls LFkku o le; esa cnyko u fd;k tk,A
,,u,e fuEu ekeyksa esa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ rFkk vk’kk dks lwfpr djsa%
l vxyk l= dgka vkSj dc gksxk \
l ykHkkFkhZ cPps dkSu gSa rkfd mUgsa l= esa ykuk lqfuf’pr fd;k tk lds \
[k½ izR;sd mi&dsaæ ds fy, l=ksa dh la[;k ds ckjs esa vuqeku lEca/kh fn’kkfunsZ’k
Vhdkdj.k l= laHkkfor batsD”kuksa dh la[;kvksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d] nks ;k rhu efguksa ds varjky ij vk;ksftr
fd, tkus pkfg,A
l vkmVjhp LFky ¼mi&dsanz@vkaxokM+h dasnz vkfn tgka Vhdk HkaMkj.k lqfo/kk u gks½
¾¾ 25 ls 50 batsD”ku ds fy, gj eghus ,d l= dh ;kstuk cukbZ tk,A
¾¾ ;fn 50 ls vf/kd batsD”ku dk vuqeku gS rks gj eghus nks l= j[ks tk ldrs gSaA
¾¾ ;fn 25 ls de batsD”ku dk vuqeku gS rks gj nwljs eghus ,d l= vk;ksftr fd;k tk,A
l fu/kkZfjr LFkku ¼ih,plh@lh,plh@ftyk vLirky ;k vU; LFkku tgka Vhdk HkaMkj lqfo/kk gks½
¾¾ 40&70 batsD”kuksa dh vko”;drk ds fy,] gj eghus ,d l= vk;ksftr fd;k tk,A
¾¾ ;fn batsD”ku dh vko”;drk 70 ls vf/kd gS rks gj eghus nks l= j[ks tk ldrs gSaA
¾¾ ,d O;Lr lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dsanz@xzkeh.k vLirky ds fy,] gj jkst l= vk;ksftr fd,
tk,aA
l 1000 yksxksa ls de dh vkcknh okys nqxZe bykds
¾¾ ,d o’kZ esa de ls de 4 l= vk;ksftr fd, tk,a ¼izR;sd rhu ekag esa ,d l=½
nqxZe bykdksa esa] ,d o”kZ esa de ls de 4 l= vk;ksftr fd, tk,a ¼izR;sd rhu ekg esa ,d
l=½
;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd ;kstukuqlkj Vhdkdj.k l= vk;ksftr fd, tk,a pkgs oks vodk”k 33
;k NqV~Vh dk fnu gh D;ksa u gksA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
1
fo”ks’k vko”;drk ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr [kqjkdksa ds fy, YkkHkkfFkZ;ksa dk fglkc yxkuk
vksihoh&0 ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 1 [kqjkd
gsisVkbZfVl ch&tUe ¾ f”k”kqvksa dk ekfld y{; x 1 [kqjkd
Vh-Vh-&10 ¾ 10 o’kZ iqjkuh visf{kr tula[;k x 1 [kqjkd
Vh-Vh-&16 ¾ 16 o’kZ iqjkuh visf{kr tula[;k x 1 [kqjkd
2
2 cwLVj [kqjkd lfgr
3
1 cwLVj [kqjkd lfgr
34
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
Pkj.k 6% gj ekg oSDlhu okW;y vkSj foVkfeu&, lEca/kh vko”;drkvkas dk fglkc yxkuk
l Vh-Vh-@ch-lh-th-@Mh-ih-Vh-@gsi&ch ¾ ykHkkFkhZ izfr ekg X 1.33*
10
20
36
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
37
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
38
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
x½ Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa rFkk vkaxuokM+h dk;Zd=hZ vkSj
vk’kk dks ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks l= esa ykus ds fy, dgas
fuEufyf[kr nLrkostksa ds vuqlkj ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa%
l Vhdkdj.k dkMksaZ dh dkmaVj QkW;yA
l ,e-lh-,p-@Vhdkdj.k jftLVjA
l vkaxuokM+h dk;Zd=hZ rFkk vk”kk dk jftLVjA
l iksfy;ks vfHk;ku ds nkSjku bLreky gksus okyh uotkr f”k”kqvksa dh VªSfdax iqfLrdk,¡A
;fn vko”;d gks rks batsD”ku dh txg dks lkQ djus ds fy, lkQ ikuh ls Hkhxs :bZ ds QOos 39
dk gh bLrseky dhft,A
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
40
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
l Vh&lhfjt o gsIkVkbZfVl&ch dh okW;y dks vPNh rjg fgykdj ns[ksa fd dgha ;s BaM ls teha rks
ugha gSa ;k buesa iiM+h rks ugha gSA
l cSp la[;k uksV djsa% izR;sd oSDlhu ok;y o MkbY;q,aV dh cSp la[;k uksV djsaA
Vhdkdj.k ds ekeys esa gYdk cq[kkj] nLr] vkSj [kkalh fo’ke ifjfLFkfr;ka ugha gksrh gSaA
[kqjkd fudkyus ls igys okW;y ds yscy ij ohoh,e ,oa Vhdk ,Dlik;jh dh rkjh[k vo”; ns[k ysaA 41
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
l ;fn Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ,d gh ykHkkFkhZ gks rks Hkh ch-lh-th- rFkk [kljs ds ok;y [kksy ysaA
l Vhdkdj.k] fjdkWMZ ys[ku] le>kus vkfn ds fy, izR;sd cPps ds lkFk yxHkx 5&10 feuV
dk le; yxk,aA
42
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
l ;fn dsoy ,d gh ik= cPpk Vhsds ds fy, vk;k gks rks Hkh Vhds dk feJ.k djuk pkfg,A
l izR;sd feJ.k ds fy, ,d u;h 5 fe-yh- dh fMLikstscy flfjat dk bLrseky djsaA bls batsD”ku yxkus
esa bLrseky u djsaA
l Vhdk ok;y [kksysa vkSj rc Mk;Y;q,aV dh ,d “kh”kh [kksysaA
l Mk;Y;q,aV dh iwjh ek=k feJ.k flfjat esa Hkj ysaA
l feJ.k flfjat dh lqbZ dks oSDlhu ok;y esa MkysaA Mk;Y;q,aV dks flfjat ls ok;y esa bUtsDV dj nsa
vkSj lqbZ ckgj fudky ysaA
l feJ.k flfjat ds gc dks gcdVj ls dkV nsaA
l Vhds o Mk;Y;q,aV dks feykus ds fy,] ok;y dks xnZu ls idM+dj /khjs ls fgyk,aA
l Okk;y ij bl feJ.k dk le; fy[k ysaA
l bl fefJr Vhds dk feJ.k cuku¢ ds 4 ?kaVs ¼tsbZ 2 ?kaVs½ ds Hkhrj bLrseky dj ysaA ;fn 4 ?kaVs ls
vf/kd le; chr x;k gks rks bls gVk nsa vkSj ,d u;k Vhdk fefJr dj ysaA
44
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
Lkgh batsD”ku yxkus ds 2&3 lIrkg ds ckn ogka Qqalh gks tkrh gS tks fd 5 lIrkg rd vkdkj esa
/khjs&/khjs c<+rh ¼4&8 fe-eh-½ tkrh gSA mlds ckn ;g ?kVus yxrh gS vkSj ,d QksM+k cu tkrk gSA ;g 6&12
lIrkg ds Hkhrj vius vki Bhd Hkh gks tkrh gS vkSj ogka ij ,d NksVk lk xksy LFkk;h nkx iM+ tkrk gS
ftldk vkdkj 4&8 fe-eh- ds Mk;ehVj dk gksrk gSA ;g ,d vkerkSj ij gksus okyh izfØ;k gSA ;fn rduhd
xyr gksxh rks Vhdk vklkuh ls vanj pyk tk,xk vkSj ogka ij dksbZ Hkh lwtu ugha fn[kkbZ nsxhA
1- ;fn iwjh [kqjkd Ropk ds vanj tk pqdh gS rks lef>, fd cPps dk Vhdkdj.k gks x;k gS vkSj cPps dks
ogh Vhdk nqckjk u yxk,aA
2- ;fn iwjh [kqjkd vanj ugh xbZ gS rks lqbZ dks iqu% lgh iksft”ku esa j[krs gq, ckdh [kqjkd vanj bUtsDV
djk nsaA
3- lkbZM&bQsDV~l tSls QksM+s ;k XySaM dh o`f) ds fy, QkWyks&vi djsaA
;g ekalis”kh ds de ls de Qkbcjksa dks {kfr igqapk lds½A ekalis”kh ds vUnj rd lqbZ dks ?kqlk,a ijarq
gM~Mh rd u igqapsA
9- Vhds dk batsD”ku yxkus ds fy, vaxwBs ls Iyatj dks nck,aA
10- lqbZ dks ckgj fudkysa rFkk batsD”ku dh txg lw[kh :bZ ds QOos ls nck,aA
11- flfjat dks gc dVj esa dkV nsa vkSj flfjat ds IykfLVd okys Hkkx dks yky FkSys esa Mky nsaA
Lkko/kkuh% cPpksa dks dwYgksa ij batsD’ku dHkh u nsa D;ksafd blls ml {ks= esa dqN ulksa dks
uqdlku igqapus dk [krjk gksrk gS vkSj blds mnkgj.k Hkh lkeus vk;s gSaA
2- cPps dks ekWa dh xksnh esa lgh fLFkfr esa j[k ysaA
3- 0-5 fe-yh- ,Mh flfjat ds vanj Vhdk Hkj ysaA ¼,Mh
flfjat ds iSdst vkSj IykfLVd ds <+Dduksa dks dkys
FkSys esa Qsad nsa½A
4- ;fn vko”;d gks rks flfjat ds cSjy dks FkiFkikdj
mlesa ls gok ds cqycqys fudky nsaA
5- vPNh rjg ns[k ysa fd flfjat esa 0-5 fe-Ykh- gh Vhdk
Hkjk gqvk gS ¼u de u T;knk½A
6- ckabZ rtZuh maxyh vkSj vaxwBs ls mij dh Hkqtk dh
fp= 6Fk% lcdqVsfuvl lqbZ dh fLFkfr
Ropk dks pqVdh ds vankt esa FkksM+k nck ysaA
7- 45 fMxzh ds dks.k eas frjNk j[krs gq, lqbZ dks mDr FkksM+h nckbZ gqbZ Ropk eas vanj MkysaA lqbZ dks T;knk
vanj u ?kqlk,aA
8- Vhdk vanj Mkyus ds fy, vius vaxwBs ls Iyatj dks nck,aA
9- lqbZ dks ckgj fudky ysa vkSj batsD”ku dh txg dks ,d lw[kh :bZ ds QOos ls FkksM+k nck,aA
10- flfjat dks gc dVj esa dkV nsa vkSj flfjat ds IykfLVd Hkkx dks yky Fksys esa Mky nsaA
46
bdkbZ 6- Vhdkdj.k dh ;kstuk vkSj lapkyu
vxj iYl iksfy;ks dh otg ls Vhdkdj.k l= ugha vk;ksftr gqvk rks mls ckn esa t:j j[ksaA 47
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
48
bdkbZ 7- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½
fo"k;oLrq
Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk ¼,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ-½ D;k gksrh gS\
,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- ds izdkjA
,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- ds fiNyh fgLVªh ls fu’d’kZ fudkyukA
vki vius {ks= esa ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- dh ?kVukvksa dks de dSls djsaxs\
;fn ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- gks tk,a rks D;k djsa\
feJZ.k ds le; lgh MkbY;qaV dk bLreky djsa vkSj feJZ.k dk le; ok;y ij vo”; fy[ksaA 49
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
oSDlhu fj,D’ku
lHkh oSDlhu vR;ar lqjf{kr gksrh gSa] ysfdu nokvksa dh rjg gh buds Hkh dqN nq’izHkko ;k izfrdwy izHkko gksrs
gSaA Vhdksa ds NksVs&eksVs nq’izHkkoksa dks le>kus vkSj jksxlwpd mipkj ds ek/;e ls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk gSA
,sukfQySDlhl ¼10 yk[k Vhds esa 1½ ,d cgqr gh nqyZHk vkSj xaHkhj izfrdwy izHkko gS ftlds fy, rRdky
fpfdRlh; lsok dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA vki bldh igpku bl izdkj dj ldrs gSa%
nsjh] thou ds fy, [krjs dk ?kj?kjkgV] “kksj] lakl ysus esa eqf”dy] nkSjk iM+uk] fuEu jDrpki]
ladsr vfu;fer detksj uCt+
50
bdkbZ 7- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½
Vhdkdj.k ds ckn ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ls fdlh ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ dh tk¡p gsrq vk/kk ?kaVk bartkj djus ds fy, dgsaA 51
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
52
bdkbZ 7- Vhdkdj.k ds ckn foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½
¾¾ rqjar mipkj gsrq fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ¼ih,plh½ ;k utnhdh ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ izc/kau dsUnz dks HkstsaA
;fn vko”;d gks rks jksxh ds lkFk esa tk,aA
¾¾ jksxh dks Hkstus ds ckjs esa ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- izca/ku dsanz dks VsyhQksu ij lwpuk nsaA
¾¾ lqijokbZtj@fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ¼ih,plh½@MhvkbZvks dks rRdky tkudkjh nsa vkSj lkFk gh
,bZ,QvkbZ dh tkap esa mudh lgk;rk djsaA
l Vhdksas ds dkj.k gksus okys NksVs&eksVs fj,D”ku esa rkfydk 7-3 ds vuqlkj fUkEu fn”kkfunsZ”kksaZ dk ikyu
djsa%
rkfydk&7-3% Vhds ds dkj.k gksus okys NksVs&eksVs fj,D’ku tks vke rkSj ij gksrs gSa
¼ftudh fjiksVZ Hkstus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS½
NksVs&eksVs Vhdk fj,D’ku bykt dc fjiksVZ djsa
Vhdk LFkku ij fj,D”ku ¼nnZ] l batsD”ku ds LFkku ij BaMk diM+k j[ksaA l ;fn QksM+k gks tk,A
lwtu vkSj ykyh½ l iSjkflVkeksy nsaA
Ckq[kkj 38.5° lsfYl;l ls l T;knk ls T;knk rjy inkFkZ nsaA l ;fn vU; y{k.k lkFk esa
T;knk l xquxqus ikuh ls Liat Luku djk,aA vk tk,aA
l iSjkflVkeksy nsaA
fpM+fpM+kgV] csPkSuh vkSj l T;knk ls T;knk rjy inkFkZ nsaA l ;fn ;g xaHkhj ;k
fLkLVfed y{k.k l iSjkflVkeksy nsaA vlkekU; gks tk,A
xaHkhj ,-bZ-,Q-vkbZ- dh ?kVuk,a ftUkdh rRdky fjiksVZ vkSj tkap djuh pkfg,%
l Vhdkdj.k ds ckn e`R;q] vLirky esa HkrhZ] fodykaxrk ;k vU; xaHkhj rFkk vlkekU; ?kVuk,a ftudh
tkudkjh LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa ;k turk ls feysA
l ,sukfQySfDllA
l ,d lewg esa gksus okyh ?kVuk,a ¼nks ;k mlls vf/kd ykHkkFkhZ½A
l fo’kkDr vk?kkr lEca/kh y{k.k ¼VkWfDld “kkWd flaMªkse½A
l rhoz vfrlaonsu”khyrk fj,D”ku ¼,sukfQySDVkW;M½A
l efLr’d fod`fr ¼,sUlhQSyksiSFkh½A
l ?kko dk lM+uk ¼lsfIll½A
l ,slh ?kVuk ftlesa oSDlhu dh xq.kOkRrk ij lansg gksA
l vpkud ywat&iwat ydokxzLr ¼,-,Q-ih-½4A
4
xaHkhj Q~ykflM ydos dk ekeyk] ,,Qih fuxjkuh vkSj fjiksfVZax lEca/kh ekStwnk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls ntZ gksxkA
fo"k;oLrq
fjdkMZ j[kus dk egRoA
f”k”kq dk Vhdkdj.k dkMZ vkSj dkmaVjQkW;yA
ekr`&f”k”kw jftLVj@Vhdkdj.k jftLVjA
uke vk/kkfjr Vhdkdj.k lwph vkSj VSyh“khVA
dojst fuxjkuh pkVZA
ekfld izxfr fjiksVZA
;kn j[ksa fd mi&dsnzksa ls izkIr tkudkjh dks lesfdr djds jk”Vªh; Lrj ij Hkstk tkrk gS
rkfd mudk bLrseky uhfr&fuekZ.k o ;kstuk cukus ds fy, gksA
54
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx
Mh-ih-Vh-@vks-ih-oh- dh [kqjkdksa ds chp ;fn ,d ekg ls vf/kd dk le; Hkh xqtj x;k gks rks
fQj Hkh [kqjkd dks nksckjk ls ‘kq: u djsaA ;fn cPps dh mez 7 o’kZ ls vf/kd u gqbZ gks rks
Mh-ih-Vh- dh vxyh [kqjkd ns nsaA ;kn j[ksa fd Mh-ih-Vh- ds gj batsD’ku@ [kqjkd ds chp 4
lIrkg dk varj gksA
l gj [kqjkd ds ckn lqfuf”pr djsa fd ekrk&firk dks vxys Vhds dh rkjh[k crk;h tk,A
l dkmaVjQkW;y vkSj Vhdkdj.k dkMZ esa ekrk&firk ds fy, cus [kaM dks HkjsaA
l cPps ds ekrk&firk@vfHkHkkod dks dkMZ ykSVk nsaA
l eka ls dkMZ laHkkydj j[kus ds fy, dgsaA mUgsa crk,a fd os tc Hkh fdlh mi&dsanz ;k fdlh Vhdkdj.k
l= LFky ij cPps dks ysdj vk;sa] ;g dkMZ vo”; lkFk ysdj vk,aA
l gj l= ds ckn] dkmaVjQkW;y dks vius VSªfdax cSx dh tsc esa ¼ftl eghus vxyk Vhdk yxuk gS½
laHkkydj j[ksaA
l gj ekg VSªfdax cSx esa dkmaVjQkW;y dks ns[ksa vkSj lqfuf”pr djsa fd ftu cPpksa dks ml ekg Vhdk
yxuk gS os vo”; vk,aA ;fn os ugha vkrs gSa rks vk”kk@vkaxokM+h dk;ZdrÊ dks mu ifjokjksa ls laidZ
djus ds fy, dgsa rFkk ;g lqfuf”pr djsa fd os vxys l= esa vo”; vk,aA
dkmaVjQkW;y
fiNys dbZ o’kksZa esa ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dkmaVjQkW;y dks vgfe;r ugha nsrs gSaA os u rks
dkmaVjQkW;y tkjh djrs gSa] u QkbZy djrs gSa vkSj u gh mls lgh rjhds ls laHkkydj j[krs gSaA ;g t:jh
gS D;ksafd blls fuEufyf[kr esa enn feyrh gS%
l vk”kk@vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ@lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ ds lkFk Vhdkdj.k gsrq l= ds vuqlkj ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
dh uke vk/kkfjr lwph rS;kj djukA
l vxys l= ds fy, visf{kr Vhdksa dk vanktk yxkukA
l chp esa Vhds NksM+us okys ykHkkfFkZ;kas dk irk yxkukA
l ;fn ykHkkFkhZ dk Vhdkdj.k dkMZ [kks tkrk gS rks mldh tkudkjh nsukA
gj l= dh txg ds dkmaVjQkW;y vyx&vyx QkbZy djus t:jh gSaA ,d 14 tscksa okys diM+s dk VSªfdax
cSx] dkmaVjQkW;y dks QkbZy djus gsrw ,d ljy ,oa vklku midj.k gSA igys 12 tscksa esa o’kZ ds 12 eghuksa
ds uke fy[ks gksaA 13 okWa tsc muds fy, gks tks bl vof/k ds nkSjku NksM+dj pys x;s@ej x;s gSa vkSj 14 oha
tsc iwjh rjg ls izfrjf{kr cPpksa dk gksxkA
fdlh ykHkkFkhZ dks tc Vhdk yxk;k tkrk gS rks mldk dkmaVjQkW;y ftl eghus vxyh [kqjkd nh tkrh gS
ml ekg ds tsc esa j[kk tk,xkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn ,d cPpk Mh-ih-Vh-&1 ds fy, tuojh esa vkrk gS rks
mls Mh-ih-Vh-&2 dk Vhdk Qjojh esa fn;k tk,xkA ;fn Mh-ih-Vh-&2 dh [kqjkd Qjojh esa nh xbZ gS rks mldh
56
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx
l dkmaVjQkW;y ,oa jftLVj dh enn ls Vhdkdj.k gsrq ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph cuk,a rFkk
Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ik= f’k’kqvksa dk uke fy[kasA
l vk’kk ,oa vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa dks Vhdkdj.k l= ds nkSjku ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks ykus ds
fy, M~;w&fyLV lwph nsaA
l mu ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk irk yxk;sa tks Vhdkdj.k l= esa ugh vk;sA
Vhdkdj.k dkMZ [kks x;k gks rks nksckjk u;k dkMZ tkjh djsa vkSj mlesa igys dh rkjh[k HkjsaA 57
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ vkSj vk’kk ls uotkr f’k’kqvksa dh tkudkjh ysa vkSj bls jftLVj esa
fjdkMZ djsa rkfd os Vhdkdj.k ls NwV u tk,aA
58
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx
Vhdk NksMus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, gj l= ds dkmaVjQkW;yksa dks vyx&vyx QkbZy djsaA 59
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
N~V x;s
NksM+dj tkus okys
gkfjtsUVy /kqjh ij] lky ds eghus viSy ls “kq: gksdj ekpZ rd fy[ks tkrs gSaA izR;sd ekg ds uhps iafDr;ksa
esa eghus ds nkSjku Mh-ih-Vh-1 o Mh-ih-Vh-3 ls izfrjf{kr cPpksa dh dqy la[;k rFkk bl eghus rd cPpksa dh
dqy lap;h la[;k Hkh fy[kasA pkVZ esa] izR;sd ekg ds fy, Mh-ih-Vh-1 dh dqy lap;h la[;k IykV djsa ¼dkWye
ds nkabZ vksj½A blh izdkj] Mh-ih-Vh-3 ds fy, blh dkWye esa vyx jax fn;k x;k gSA
60
bdkbZ 8- lq/kkjkRed dk;Zokgh ds fy, vfHkys[k] fjiksVZ rFkk vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx
Vhds yxus ls NksM+dj tkus okys cPpksa dk izfr”kr bl rjg ls fudky ldrs gSa%
¾ ¼dqy tksM+ Mh-ih-Vh-1 & dqy tksM+ Mh-ih-Vh-3½ x 100
dqy tksM Mh-ih-Vh-1
fo"k;oLrq
Lkeqnk; dks Vhdkdj.k esa lg;ksx dh fn”kk esa “kkfey djukA
Vhdk NksM+dj tkus] volj pwdus vkSj NwV x;s cPpksa ds D;k dkj.k gS vkSj buls
dSls fuiVk tk, \
Vhdkdj.k ekWax esa o`f) ds fy, ikjLifjd laokn dk iz;ksx djukA
leqnk; dh ykHknk;d cSBdsa vk;ksftr djukA
leqnk; Lo;a fuxjkuh Vwy dk iz;ksx & “esjk xkWao gh] esjk ?kj gS” ds :Ik esa
djukA
9-1 ifjp;
,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa vki vius mi&dsanz ij Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh lsok,a miyC/k djkus ds fy,
ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA ;g lqfuf”pr djuk vkidk nkf;Ro gksrk gS fd vius {ks= ds lHkh cPpksa dks muds izFke tUe
fnu ls igys iwjh rjg ls Vhdksa }kjk fofHkUu jksxksa ls izfrjf{kr fd;k tk,A cPpksa dks tUe ls igys mudh
ekrkvksa ds Vhdkdj.k ds tfj, fu;ksusVy VsVul ls Hkh lqjf{kr j[kuk gksrk gSA Vhdkdj.k dh n`f’V ls vki
ftl leqnk; esa dke djrs gSa mls vkerkSj ij rhu lewgksa ¼fp= 9-d esa n”kkZ;s fp= ds vuqlkj½ esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s rhu lewg bl izdkj gSa%
l chp esa NksM+dj tkus okys ¼Dropout½ ,sls cPps gksrs gSa tks ,d ;k vf/kd Vhds ysus ds ckn vkxs
ds Vhdkdj.k ds fy, ykSVdj ugha vkrs gSaA
l NwV x;s ¼Leftout½@igqap ls nwj vkcknh okys ¼Un-reached½ cPps ,oa efgyk,a tks HkkSxksfyd
igqap ds vHkko lfgr vusd dkj.kksa ls Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa dk mi;ksx ugha dj ikrs gSA
62
bdkbZ 9- Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)
,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ds :Ik esa vkidk nkf;Ro gS fd leLr {ks= esa Vhds ds ;ksX; cPpksa dks vius vkarfjd
ldZy eas “kkfey dj vius nk;js esa vf/kd ls vf/kd foLrkj djsaA
9-3 Vhdkdj.k chp esa NksM+dj tkus ds D;k dkj.k gSa vkSj
buls dSls fuiVk tk,\
laHkkfor dkj.k laHkkfor gLr{ksi
Ekkrk&firk cPpksa dks Vhds yxokus okil ughsa vkrs D;ksafd l lqfuf”pr djsa fd gj fu;ksftr Vhddkj.k l= vk;ksftr gks Hkys gh NqV~Vh dk fnu
Vhdkdj.k l= fu;ksftr dk;Zdze ds vuqlkj vk;ksftr gh D;ksa u gks rFkk LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ NqV~Vh ij gks] rks oSdfYid Vhdk yxkus okyksa
ugha gksrs ;k Vhds miyC/k ugha gksrs gSaA dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A
Ekkrk&firk dks cPpksa dks yxus okys Vhdksa ds ckjs esa ugha l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ@vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ@vk”kk ges”kk ekrk&firk dks lgt Hkk’kk esa
crk;k tkrk fd dkSu&ls Vhds dc&dc yxus gSa vkSj le>kdj Vhdkdj.k ds 4 ewyHkwr lans”k nasaA
budh vko”;drk D;ksa gSA l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ lHkh ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dks Vhdkdj.k dkMZ Hkj dj ns vkSj dkMZ ij vxys
Vhds dh frfFk fy[ksA
l Ekkrk&firk@vfHkHkkod ls mudks nh x;h tkudkjh dks nksgjkus ds fy, dgsa rkfd
mUgsa ;kn jgs fd Vhdkdj.k ds fy, fQj dc vkuk gSA
l Vhdkdj.k dk;ZØe dk izpkj&izlkj djsaA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ugha tkurs fd fdu cPpksa dks vkSj dkSu l Vhdkdj.k jftLVj ,oa VSªfdax cSx esa j[ks dkmaVjQkW;y ls Vhdkdj.k gsrq ik=
ls Vhds yxus gSaA ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsaA
l leqnk;hd Vhe ¼vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊ] vk”kk] xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa vkfn½ dks “kkfey
djuk vkSj chp esa Vhdk NksMus okyksa dh lwph bUgsa lkSaiuk rkfd os laiw.kZ Vhdkdj.k
ds egRo ds ckjs esa cPpksa ds ekrk&firk dks ;kn fnyk ldsa vkSj vxys l= dh
rkjh[k o le; lwfpr dj ldsaA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ekrk&firk dk vuknj djrs gSa ;k cPps l ekrk&firk ds lkFk vknj ls is”k vk;saA
ds LokLF; ds izfr :fp ughsa ysrs gSa ¼tSls & LokLF; l ekrk&firk ds lkFk lgkuqHkwrh ls is”k vk,A
dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk Vhds ds fy, yack bartkj djokuk] dkMZ
u ykus ;k cPps dks nsj ls ykus ij ekrkvksa ls fpYykdj l ekrk&firk dh cPps dks Vhds ds fy, ysdj vkus ds fy, rkjhQ djsaA ekrk&firk
dguk½A dks loky iwNus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA
Vhdkdj.k l= dk le; leqnk; ds fy, lqfo/kktud l ykHkkfFkZ;kssa dh lqfo/kkuqlkj Vhdkdj.k l= dk le; iqu% fu/kkZfjr djsa] mnkgj.k ds
u gksukA fy, ;fn vkidks irk pyrk gS fd ekrk&firk 7 cts lqcg ls 1 cts nksigj rd
[ksrksa esa dke djrs gSa] rks vki 2 cts ls 5 cts “kke rd l= vk;ksftr djsaA
Ekkrk&firk esa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa xyrQgeh gksukA l vxys l= ls igys Vhdkdj.k NksMus okys ykHkkfFkZ;ksa ds ikl tkdj muls Vhdk
u yxokus dk dkj.k iwNukA vDlj yksxkas esa Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa xyrQgeh gksrh
gS] fo”ks’k :Ik ls [kljs ds Vhds ds ckjs esaA muls ckrphr djsa] muds lokyksa vkSj
“kadkvksa dk tokc ns rFkk lkFk gh mUgsa lykg nsaA
Vhdkdj.k ds ckn gksus okyh foijhr ?kVuk,a ¼,bZ,QvkbZ½ l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk ekrk&firk@ns[kjs[kdrkZvksa dks Vhdksa ds ckn gksus okyh
ekrk&firk dks Vhds yxokus esa gRkksRlkfgr djrh gSaA lkekU; lkbM bQsDV~l ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tk, rFkk ,slk gksus ij mUgsa D;k
djuk pkfg,A
CkPpksa ,oa ekrkvksa dks LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk Vhdkdj.k l tc Hkh vU; lsok,a iznku djsa] ges”kk ekrk&firk ;k HkkbZ@cgu ds lkFk l= esa
ugha fd;k tkrk tc os vU; mipkjkRed ns[kHkky gsrq vk;s Vhdkdj.k gsrq ik= cPpksa ij utj j[ksaA
LokLF; dsanz esa vkrh gSA ¼volj pwduk½ l muds Vhdkdj.k fLFkfr ds ckjs esa iwNsa ;k ik= ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh lwph ns[ksa rFkk mUgsa
dk;Zdze ds vuqlkj Vhds yxk;saA
l LokLF; lqfo/kk esas ykHkkfFkZ;ksa dh izrh{kk okys LFkku ij Vhdkdj.k ;kn fnykus lEca/
kh tkudkjh yxk;saA
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ ekrk&firk@ns[kjs[k djus okyksa dks l LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk ekrk&firk dks bl rF; ds ckjs esa jkth djuk pkfg, fd
le>k@crk ugha ikrs fd gYds chekj cPps dks Vhdk fn;k gYdh chekjh esa cPps dk lqjf{kr Vhdkdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tk ldrk gSA ¼xyr fo”ke ifjfLFfr;ka½
ifjokjksa dk xkao NksM+ nsukA l {ks= ds ckgj ls vk;s cPpksa dk Hkh Vhdkdj.k fd;k tk,] ;fn mUgsa l= esa yk;k
x;k gS] vkSj muds ekrk&firk dks vxys Vhdkdj.k dk;Zdze ds ckjs esa crkukA
64
bdkbZ 9- Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)
ekrk&firk dks vxys Vhds dh rkjh[k dh ;kn fnykus ds fy, Vhdkdj.k dkMZ dk bLrseky djsa%
Vhdkdj.k dkMZ gj cPps ds lkFk laokn dk ,d egRoiw.kZ tfj;k gSA f”kf{kr ekrk&firk cM+h vklkuh ls dkMZ
ds tfj, tku ysrs gSa fd dkSu&lk Vhdk fn;k x;k gS vkSj vxyk Vhdk dc fn;k tkuk gSA tks de i<s+&fy[ks
gSa mUgsa dkSu&lh [kqjkd ;k Vhdk dSls fn;k tkrk gS bldh iwjh tkudkjh nsdj de ls de mUgsa cPps ds Vhds
dh fu/kkZfjr rkjh[k ,oa le; ls ifjfpr djk;k tk ldrk gSA
66
bdkbZ 9- Vhdkdj.k lsokvksa esa o`f)
l ,d le; ,d gh Vhds dh ppkZ dh tk, rks Vhdkdj.k dh iwjh tkudkjh dks le>
ysuk vklku gks tkrk gSA
l ,d LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vki LokLF; f’k{kd Hkh gSaA
l ;fn dksbZ fof’k”V tkudkjh nsuh gS rks vkeus&lkeus cSBdj lh/ks ml O;fDr ls ckrphr
djuk lcls cf<+;k gksrk gSA
Vhdkdj.k l=ksa dk jksLVj cuk,a rFkk mls mi&dsanz o l= LFky ij iznf”kZr djsaA 67
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
MY VILLAGE
MY HOME
bl pkVZ dks gj o’kZ f”k”kqvksa ds lkFk rS;kj djsa vkSj u;s thfor tUes cPpksa dks blesa tksM+sA pkVZ dks
vkaxuokM+h dsanz@iapk;r Hkou@fo|ky; esa yxk;saA
68
bdkbZ 10- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½
fo"k;oLrq
Vhdkdkj.k dk;Zdze esa fuxjkuh dh HkwfedkA
jksxksa dh fuxjkuh dSls dh tk,A
vpkud ywat&iwat ydokxzLr] uotkr f”k”kqvksa esa gksus okys VsVul vkSj [kljs dh
fuxjkuhA
fuxjkuh fjiksVZA
rkfydk 10-1% y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij jksx dks igpkuus ds fy, mi;ksxh rkfydk
jksx ifjHkk’kk ¼y{k.k½
[kljk cq[kkj vkSj nkuksa dh f”kdk;r vkSj fuEu esa ls dqN Hkh% [kkalh] cgrh ukd] yky vka[ks
fiNys rhu eghus ds HkhrjA
iksfy;ks ¼vpkud 15 o’kZ dh vk;q rd ds cPps esa “kjhj ds fdlh Hkh fgLls esa vpkud detksjh vkSj
ywat&iwat ydos ds y{k.k gks tkuk vFkok fdlh Hkh mez ds ,d O;fDr esa ftlesa iksfy;ks dk “kd
ydokxzLr½ gSA
fMIFkkfj;k xys esa [kjk”k] gYdk cq[kkj vkSj xys esa LysVh jax dk /kCck ;k /kCcsa gksaA
Ukotkr f”k”kq esa iSnk gksus ds igys nks fnuksa esa lkekU; :Ik ls Lruiku djrs gSa rFkk jksrs gSaA ijUrq
VsVul 3&28 fnuksa ds chp bUgsa Lruiku esa fnDdr gksrh gS vkSj blds ckn f”k”kq dh xnZu o
“kjhj vdM+us yxrk gS vkSj ekalisf”k;ka ,saBus yxrh gSaA
VsVul PkksV ;k dku esa ladze.k dh f”kdk;r] lkFk esa eqag [kksyus esa rdyhQ ¼;k eqg dh ,saBu½]
;k xnZu ;k “kjhj ru tkukA
risfnd ¼Vh-ch-½ chekj cPpk ftls 2 lIrkg ls vf/kd le; ls cq[kkj vkSj@;k [kk¡lh gks rFkk ftlds
otu esa deha@otu u c<+us ds y{k.k gksaA fcekj cPpk ftldk laiZd ,sls O;fDr ls
gqvk gks ftlesa QsQM+s dh Vh-ch- gksus dh iqf’V ;k “kd gksA
dkyh [kkalh Ckkj&ckj vkSj mxz [kkalh ftlesa fUkEu esa ls dksbZ Hkh y{k.k jgsa gksa% nks ;k blls vf/kd
lIrkg ls yxkrkj pyus okyh [kkalh] [kkalh ds nkSjs] [kkalh ds ckn mYVh] cM+s cPpksa esa
fo”ks’k gwgw dh [kkalhA
gsisVkbfVl&ch jksx ds izeq[k y{k.kksa esa cq[kkj] fljnnZ] fepyh] mYVh] ihfy;k ¼vka[ks ihyh½] vkSj ey
dk jax gYdk ;k jk[k tSlk gksuk “kkfey gSA
tkikuh bl jksx ds nkSjku O;fDr dks rst cq[kkj ds lkFk&lkFk mldh ekufld fLFkfr ¼tSls &
,sUlhQSyhfVl Hkze] HkVdko ;k dksek ds :Ik esa½ esa ifjorZu rFkk@;k daiu iSnk gksrh gSA
¼,bZ,l½
70
bdkbZ 10- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½
72
bdkbZ 10- Vhdkjks/kd chekfj;ksa dh fuxjkuh ¼losZysal½
10-5 [kljk
Tkc Hkh vki vius {ks= esa Vhdkdj.k l= ds fy, tk,a] rks vkidks irk yxkuk pkfg, fd vkidh fiNys
nkSjs ls bl nkSjs ds chp {ks= esa dksbZ ,slk ekeyk utj esa vk;k gS ftlesa cq[kkj vkSj “kjhj ij yky /kCcs dh
f”kdk;r gksA ;g tkudkjh LFkkuh; fpfdRldksa] vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrÊvksa] vk”kk] leqnk; ds lnL;ksa vkfn ls
,d= dh tk,A ;fn vkidh utj esas cq[kkj ds lkFk yky /kCcs dk dksbZ ekeyk vkrk gS rks mldk iwjk uke o
irk uksV dj ysuk pkfg,A budh tkudkjh rRdky izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz ds fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh dks nh tk,A
bl tkudkjh dks izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz dks izLrqr dh tkus okyh ekfld fjiksVZ eas Hkh ntZ fd;k tk,A ;fn
izkFkfed LokLF; dsanz dk fpfdRlk vf/kdkjh ml {ks= ds nkSjs dk fu.kZ; ysrs gSa rks vkidks mudh lgk;rk ds
fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A ;fn [kljk gksus dk lansg gksrk gS rks foVkfeu&, dk ?kksy iznku fd;k tk,A bldh
tkudkjh uhps nh x;h gS%
blds lkFk gh vius leqnk; esa fu;fer Vhdkdj.k lEca/kh fLFkfr esas lq/kkj djus dh ;kstuk cuk,aA
vxj dksbZ ohihMh ds ekeys ugha gks rks Hkh “kwU; fjiksVZ djsaA 73
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
74
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
75
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
76
LokLF; dk;ZdrkZvksa gsrq Vhdkdj.k iqfLrdk
77
fVIi.kh