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Big Task 3 Theory (English)

ETHICS IN INFORMATION
SYSTEMS & ERP

1. Introduction

Fakultas Program Studi Disusun Oleh :

Teknik s Teknik Industri Alwan Nurfadli
 Information systems (IS) ethics is an increasingly important area of IS research . Since
information systems are parts of social systems, the addressing of social and ethical issues
are important in successful implementation. Indeed failures of information system may be
more influenced by social and ethical factors than technical issues

However the field of information systems ethics has primarily focused on normative ethics
and the development of codes of conducts and rules perhaps influenced by the underlying
philosophies of information systems. Approaches to information systems ethics have
concentrated on utilitarian philosophies in which equations are balanced to show costs and
benefits, or deontological approaches which produce rules Reactions to this trend have
included addressing fairness in postmodern ethics and Habermasain discourse ethics

A third approach to ethics besides the utilitarian and deontological approaches, virtue ethics
has been receiving increasing attention in the fields of management and business ethics (,
but has received less attention in information systems. Virtue ethics involves addressing the
person and their character within a community context rather than limiting considerations to
the organisational context in which the person conforms to rules. Moral behaviour is learnt
through practice within a community ; motivation is considered important; virtue ethics can
generate specifications for right action which can generate moral rules or principles .

The application of virtue ethics has widespread implications for IS practices and research
which have until recently received little attention. Agent-based approaches, such as virtue
ethics, support the evaluation of ethical decisions from within a professional role . As such
virtue ethics provides an alternative approach which may better suit the changing
environment of information ethics.

A classic IS normative model is PAPA, which stands for Privacy, Accuracy, Property and
Accessibility, first suggested by Mason in 1986. This has been a useful acronym, but has
tended to focus information ethics research on a narrow set of issues, primarily concerning
privacy.

2. The New Environment Of Information Ethics

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 The technology and environment within which information systems thrive and information
ethics is studied has changed radically since Mason proposed his PAPA framework. In 1986
information systems were primarily located within the bounds of organisations and
controlled by organisations. Computing was primarily mainframe-based and centralised
with organisations. The first personal computers, aimed at home use emerged in 1980 and
the IBM PC was launched in.
This early environment contrasts with the current environment within which information
ethics needs to be considered. Information systems are both globally distributed and
centrally controlled. Mobile computing offers access to information from any remote
location. For example, smartphones are an increasingly important conduit for information,
as the use of information systems becomes globally distributed. At the same time, data
sources have become more centralised with the rise of cloud. El Sawy, et al (2010) describe
the fusion of business processes and the increased velocity and unprecedented connectivity
of what they term digital ecodynamics.

The change in environment has also led to a rise in experiential; computing in which
everyday activity is permeated with information systems and technology. Paradoxically, this
gives individuals both more control through their own accounts and information sources,
and less control as both organisations and individuals can view Internet activity globally.
Organisations increasing rely on data warehouses for obtaining business intelligence to
support decision making ,a trend that has recently expanded to social data sources and other
information feeds, so-called ‘big data’ .

Additionally, the rise of social computing has extended the ethical environment, providing
both new opportunities for individuals to manage their digital presence and new risks
concerning privacy and fraud. Social computing also has the potential to generate conflict
between individuals and organisations, raising legal and ethical issues

The new information ethics environment is characterised by much increased complexity as

systems are networked across organisations and amongst large groups of people.
Boundaries between systems are more permeable, and information sources are more
connected giving rise to massive integration and large scale databases. Information systems
activity is characterised by holistic interconnectedness , mutual causality, discontinuity and
non-linear change. Non-structured data is as important a source of intelligence as structured
information. Complex relationships between state, organisations, society and individuals are
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 underpinned by globally accessible information systems. Researchers must address
information ethics in dynamic and evolving communities in which digital technologies are
embedded in organisations and society. The material and the social are inextricably linked If
the social and the material are entangled, it is then likely that the material and the ethical
will be entangled.

Such an evolving information ethics environment has led to the use of network analysis
techniques) and examining the spread of information across large networks Information
systems can influence millions of people very quickly. This raises new.

Mason identified four such areas, which can be summarized by the acronym PAPA:
Privacy, Accuracy, Property, and Accessibility.

 Privacy

The invasion of privacy extends beyond organisational surveillance. Since individuals

release more information than previously, the possibilities for integration and the weaving
together of attributes may result in information, for example, about buying trends that close
family and friends may not be aware of

The threads Mason refers to now extend globally across the Internet. Privacy becomes
difficult to maintain because of the accessibility of data to anyone. The safeguard obtained
by fragmentation of data is no longer viable. For example, the sematic web thrives on
connection and integration across organisations and individuals and hence provides new
threats to privacy. Organisations’ power to protect data privacy is reduced by the internet.
Our shopping habits, surfing activities and even day-to-day travel are visible on the internet
and sought after by individuals and organisations such as Google and Facebook whose
business model depends on collating information about individuals which would have
previously been seen as confidential. State officials continue to compromise
organisationally-held data by leaving it in cars, cafes and postal sorting offices, but the
Internet offers global compromise. Organisational and government attempts at
anonymisation are easily compromised .

 Accuracy
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 Mason (1986) cited mistakes in a bank and weather service information systems that were
detrimental for individuals where responsibility for accuracy could be located in the
organisation. Inaccuracy is an even bigger problem than in 1986 because there may be a
multiplicity of sources. Anyone can place information on the web whose accuracy may be
difficult to establish. Sites such as Wikipedia depend on a democratisation of accuracy.
Data is then accepted as accurate if most people agree that it is. But they may all be wrong.
Crowdsourcing does not guarantee accurate information and verification may be difficult,

Furthermore data accuracy should not necessarily be regarded as an objective fact, it may be
more an agreed interpretation or model of the world, influenced by the objectives and
politics of the stakeholders. Pursuing a spurious and uncritical data accuracy may reduce
moral complexity and erase meaning. Agreeing of what constitutes accurate data in a given
context will require communication and negotiation. Since information systems are models
of the world, as interpreted by stakeholders and developers, there may not be a
straightforward relation between the data and the phenomena it represents. Important
information may be subject to uncertainty and its interpretation dependant on stakeholder
values, and require alternative analytical approaches.

 Property

A founding principle of the Internet was that access and content would be free; Tim
Berners-Lee did not seek intellectual property rights. Hence different business models must
be developed which do not depend on defining information as intellectual property. In the
current information ethics environment, where there are many routes to any given
information, and information can easily be copied and boundaries are permeable, it is
difficult to establish information as property. Indeed, it is also debatable whether
information can be characterised as property .

The pervasive Internet culture that all information should be freely available at no cost
creates problems for those who seek to earn an income from the generation and sale of
information, whether in the private or public sector. Information in the public sector is
difficult to price; and copyright is difficult to maintain. The British poet Wendy Cope said
“My poems are all over the internet. I've managed to get them removed from one or two
sites that were major offenders, but there are dozens, if not hundreds of sites displaying
poems without permission.”.

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 While some change in culture is occurring and people will pay for iTunes, e-books and
online subscriptions, it is the intangible characteristics of information, as identified by
Mason (1986), which underpin the continuing problem with intellectual property rights.
Rather than equating information with the material outputs of a manufacturing process, it
should be treated as an element of a service. Hence, income and intellectual property is
focused on the service and the service process. In the case of open source journals, the
producer of the information pays the publisher for the service process which makes their
data accessible to the Internet audience. Information generation concerns the capacity to
create connections within the context of a producer / consumer relationship.

Thus information as property is a complex research area because of the characteristics of

information and the nature and culture of the channels through which information is
accessed. A balance is needed between ignoring the needs of the producers and restricting
public access. This balance is provided within Aristotelian virtue ethics. Furthermore, a loss
of common access to information and the erosion of the concept and culture of free
information via the Internet may give rise to digital enclosure , which might inhibit
innovation and growth.

 Access

Mason (1986) defines the prerequisites of access as intellectual skills, technology access
and information access.

Access concerns the relationship between the individual and the institution. For example,
interpretations of the digital divide often concern political goals and national issues rather
than individual skills and capabilities Indeed, technological changes should cause
researchers to be more concerned with national issues and strategies and the political forces
which impact on individual capabilities to access information.

A more dominant issue, which may equally affect access, is that of information overload;
too much information may be as bad as too little. Indeed, Parrish highlights the problem of
too much access to shared information, New skills of selectivity, discernment and
evaluation are required. With increasing expectations of data transparency, particularly in
the public sector, the problem becomes more one of access to meaning than to raw data.

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 3. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN IMPLEMENTING
ERP
Mirrored image on the ethical implications of implementing an ERP device entails
answering various questions throughout the implementation. To get the achievement rate
excessive in this regard as a minimum four type of wonderful questions to be taken care
regarding the energy gain , get entry to , control and who's going to be benefited without
delay or indirectly. except those who is going to loss strength from r from the existing
gadget whilst a new stepped forward machine is carried out, who's going to loses the
capability to view, manipulate, or manage get right of entry to to relevant facts.

Consequently the both matters must be taken care a from the angle of all organizations
above—people who benefit and people who lose control of information because of the
brand new device. people who stand to gain electricity from the system will often solution
this question with responses consisting of “extended efficiency,” “decreased cycle-times,”
or “extra user-pleasant structures.” however, folks that stand to lose power may additionally
have a totally exceptional view of the meant effects of a machine .this one is in reality the
hardest to answer, but in many ways, it is the maximum critical question. viable solutions
may include both outcomes whether it's far flexibility for more reaction to business
adjustments and which creates concerned relationships between executives and line
managers concerning the proportion of information and the misuse of information , even it
goes to theft of statistics.

Just to keep away from or to secure guard the ERP affords a code of conduct to use the facts
gadget in a proper manner this corporate Code of Ethics may be regarded as the main device
to institutionalise ethics inside companies through the ERP. This states the rights,
responsibilities and duties of the employer in the direction of all its employees and
stakeholders. It essentially consists of behaviour concepts and rules of conduct raising the
choice-making processes and orientating company activity. The Code of Ethics expresses
the "perfect expert settlement" among the organisation and its employess, which places into
exercise, via principles and rules of conduct, the ethical standards for balancing
stakeholders' expectations and pastimes. for this reason the Code of Ethics is both a
governance tool for the business enterprise's relations with its stakeholders and a strategic
management device because it offers guidance for choice-making.
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 The code represents the corporation's constitutional constitution, a "constitution of ethical
rights and responsibilities" that defines the duties of each player within the corporation,
mentioning the moral concepts and regulations of conduct thru which the principles are
positioned into exercise, guiding character behaviour;

A very good Code of Ethicsin business enterprise is usually characterised via the presence
of implementation mechanisms and its techniques associated with it. these consist of sports
that the organization desires to installation (or revise) so one can aid the diffusion and
know-how of the code, to foster the sharing of values and policies of behaviour, and to
reveal the effective implementation of the code and manage its periodic review.

The methodologies we apply in the development method encompass management

interviews across the numerous features and levels of the enterprise, attention companies
with decided on stakeholders, and workshops with inner operating corporations to examine
'vital issues' and intricate values, guidelines and standards of conduct addressing them. We
approach the whole system of developing Codes of Ethics as an opportunity for
organisational studying and alternate.

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 4. CONCLUSION
Since Ethics include moral choices of individuals in relation to other professional standards
of acceptable behavior and rules for members of the profession. Therefore the issue s like
such as monitoring of electronic information and access to information, privacy and
mishandling of data and international aspects. All of these being broaden to digital
networks, digital databases and, in particular, geographic information systems. To look after
all these requires a bit 'different ethical decisions. Although ERP information systems may
be objectively value-neutral, their implementation within a social setting is necessarily
burdened with ethical implications because these ERP systems reorganize the flow and
control of data with respect to information—and thus control —within the boundries of
association. new technology can have far-reaching and sometimes hard to forecast
implications for a organisations that adopts such systems. ERP and concern business
authorities will have prudence into the likely morale inference of an ERP implementation
and may therefore have the opportunity to address possible ethical concerns before hand to
increase the accomplishment of an ERP implementation.

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