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    Asm 33817

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    Asm 33817

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    Class 9 Science Ch-7 Notes

    What is motion?
    If the location of an object changes with time the object is said to be in motion.

    Motion in a Straight Line


    Distance – The distance covered by an object is described as the total path length
    covered by an object between two endpoints.
    Distance is a numerical quantity. We do not mention the direction in which an object
    is travelling while mentioning the distance covered by that object.

    Figure 1 – Distance and Displacement


    According to figure 1 given above, if an object moves from point O to point A then
    the total distance travelled by the object is given as 60 km.

    Displacement – The shortest possible distance between the initial and final position of
    an object is called Displacement.
    Consider figure 1 given above, here the shortest distance between O and A is 60 km
    only. Hence, displacement is 60 km.
    Displacement depends upon the direction in which the object is travelling.
    Displacement is denoted by Δx.
    Δx = xf − x0
    Where,
    xf = Final position on the object
    x0 = Initial position of the object

    Zero Displacement – When the first and last positions of an object are the same, the
    displacement is zero.
    For Example, consider the diagrams given below.

    Figure 2 – Example for zero displacement


    Displacement at point A = 0 because the shortest distance from A to A is zero.
    Negative Displacement and Positive Displacement

    Figure 3 – Example for negative and positive displacement


    Here, displacement of object B is negative
    ΔB = Bf − B0 = 7–12 = – 5
    A negative sign indicates the opposite direction here.
    Also, displacement of object A is positive
    ΔA = Af − A0 = 7– 0 = 7

    What are Scalar and Vector Quantities?


     A scalar quantity describes a magnitude or a numerical value.
     A vector quantity describes the magnitude as well as the direction.
     Hence, distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a vector quantity.

    How is distance different from displacement?


    Distance Displacement
    Distance provides the complete details of Displacement does not provide the
    the path taken by the object complete details of the path taken by the
    object
    Distance is always positive Displacement can be positive, negative or
    zero
    It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
    The distance between two points may not Displacement between two points is always
    be unique unique
    What is uniform motion?
    When an object travels equal distances in equal intervals of time the object is said to
    have a uniform motion.

    What is non-uniform motion?


    When an object travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time the object is said
    to have a non-uniform motion.
     The speed of an object is defined as the distance travelled by the object per unit of
    time.
    SI Unit: Metre (m)
    Symbol of Representation: m/s or ms-1
    Speed = Distance/Time
     Average Speed – If the motion of the object is non-uniform then we calculate the
    average speed to signify the rate of motion of that object.

    For Example, if an object travels 10m in 3 seconds and 12m in 7 seconds. Then its
    average speed would be:
    Total distance travelled = 10 m + 12 m = 22m
    Total Time taken = 3s + 7s = 10s
    Average speed = 22/10 = 2.2 m/s
     To describe the rate of motion in a direction the term velocity is used. It is defined as
    the speed of an object in a particular direction.
     Velocity = Displacement/Time
     SI Unit: Metre (m)
     Symbol of Representation: M/s or ms-1

    Average Velocity (in case of uniform motion)-


    Average Velocity = (Initial Velocity + Final Velocity)/2
    Average Velocity (in case of non-uniform motion)-
    Average Velocity = Total Displacement / Total Time taken

    What are instantaneous speed and instantaneous velocity?


    The magnitude of speed or velocity at a particular instance of time is
    called Instantaneous Speed or Velocity.

    Figure 4 - Instantaneous Speed / Velocity


    Uniform Motion – In the case of uniform motion the velocity of an object remains
    constant with change in time. Hence, the rate of change of velocity is said to be zero.
    Non-uniform Motion – In the case of non-uniform motion the velocity of an object
    changes with time. This rate of change of velocity per unit time is
    called Acceleration.
    Acceleration = Change in velocity/ Time taken
    SI Unit: m/s2

    Uniform Acceleration – An object is said to have a uniform acceleration if


     It travels along a straight path
     Its velocity changes (increases or decreases) by equal amounts in equal time intervals
    Non - Uniform Acceleration – An object is said to have a non-uniform acceleration if
     Its velocity changes (increases or decreases) by unequal amounts in unequal time
    intervals
    Acceleration is also a vector quantity. The direction of acceleration is the same if the
    velocity is increasing in the same direction. Such acceleration is called Positive
    Acceleration.
    The direction of acceleration becomes opposite to that of velocity if velocity is
    decreasing in a direction. Such acceleration is called Negative Acceleration.
    De-acceleration or Retardation – Negative acceleration is also called De-
    acceleration or Retardation

    Graphical Representation of Motion


    1. Distance – Time Graph
    It represents a change in position of the object with respect to time.
    The graph in case the object is stationary (means the distance is constant at all-time
    intervals) – Straight line graph parallel to x = axis

    Figure 5 - Distance-time Graph in case of Stationary object


    The graph in case of uniform motion – Straight line graph
    Figure 6 - Distance-time Graph in Uniform Motion
    The graph in case of non-uniform motion – Graph has different shapes

    Figure 7- Distance-time Graph in Non-Uniform Motion

    2. Velocity – Time Graphs


    Constant velocity – Straight line graph, velocity is always parallel to the x -axis
    Uniform Velocity / Uniform Acceleration – Straight line graph
    Non-Uniform Velocity / Non-Uniform Acceleration – Graph can have different
    shapes

    Calculating Displacement from a Velocity-time Graph


    Consider the graph given below. The area under the graph gives the distance travelled
    between a certain intervals of time. Hence, if we want to find out the distance
    travelled between time intervals t1 and t2, we need to calculate the area enclosed by
    the rectangle ABCD where the area (ABCD) = AB * AC.

    Similarly, to calculate distance travelled in a time interval in the case of uniform


    acceleration, we need to find out the area under the graph, as shown in the figure
    below.
    To calculate the distance between time intervals t1 and t2 we need to find out the area
    represented by ABED.
    Area of ABCD = Area of the rectangle ABCD + Area of the triangle ADE = AB × BC
    + 1/ 2 * (AD × DE)
    Three Equations of Motion
    1. The Equation for Velocity – Time Relation
    v = u + at
    2. The Equation for Position – Time Relation
    s = ut + 1/2 at2
    3. The Equation for the Position – Velocity Relation
    2a s = v2 – u2
    Where,
    u: initial velocity
    a: uniform acceleration
    t: time
    v: final velocity
    s: distance travelled in time t

    Uniform Circular Motion


    If an object moves in a constant velocity along a circular path, the change in velocity
    occurs due to the change in direction. Therefore, this is an accelerated motion.
    Consider the figure given below and observe how the directions of an object vary at
    different locations on a circular path.

    Uniform Circular Motion – When an object travels in a circular path at a uniform


    speed the object is said to have a uniform circular motion.
    Non-Uniform Circular Motion – When an object travels in a circular path at a non-
    uniform speed the object is said to have a non-uniform circular motion
    Examples of uniform circular motion:
     The motion of a satellite in its orbit
     The motion of planets around the sun
    Velocity of Uniform Circular Motion
    Velocity = Distance/ Time = Circumference of the circle / Time
    v = 2πr/ t
    where
    v: velocity of the object
    r: radius of the circular path
    t: time taken by the object

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