NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022

Cell: The Unit of Life

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Extension of cell wall
What is a cell? • Flagella
• Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living  Provide motility to bacteria
organisms.  composed of three parts – filament, hook and basal body
• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek first saw and described a live cell. • Pilli and Fimbriae
• Robert Brown discovered the nucleus  Fimbriae: help in attachment
Cell theory  Pilli: helps in reproduction
• Matthias Schleiden stated: all plants are composed of different  Fimbriae and Pilli do not play role in motility
kinds of cells Ribosomes
• Theodore Schwann stated: • First observed by George Palade
1) Animal cell have thin outer layer (Plasma Membrane) • It is a non-membrane bound organelle, composed of ribonucleic
2) Plant cell have cell wall acid (RNA) and proteins
3) Also proposed Bodies of animals and plants are composed of • found in both eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic cells
cells and products of cells. • Found in Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Chloroplast
• Made up of two subunits hold together by small and larger
Schleiden and Schwann together formulated the cell theory. This subunit, hold together by magnesium
theory however, did not explain as to how new cells were formed • Small subunit binds to mRNA, larger subunit synthesize protein
• Rudolf Virchow • Prokaryotes have 70S ribosome made of 50S and 30S subunits
• first explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from • Eukaryotes have 80S ribosome made of 60S and 40S subunits
pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e cellula). • Here ‘S’ (Svedberg’s Unit) stands for sedimentation coefficient
• In Prokaryotes, several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA
• Rudolf Virchow gave finale shape to Cell theory: and form a chain called polyribosomes or polysome
(i) all living organisms are composed of cells & products of cells.
(ii) all cells arise from pre-existing cells Inclusion bodies
• Reserve material in prokaryotic cells is stored in the form of
An overview of cell Size comparison inclusion bodies.
• Smallest cell → Mycoplasma bacteria Eukaryotic cell 20 um
• Not bound by any membrane system and lie free in the
• Largest single cell → egg of an ostrich Bacteria 2 um
cytoplasm, e.g., phosphate, cyanophycean, glycogen granules.
• Longest cell → some nerve cells PPLO 0.1 um
Viruses 0.2 um
• Gas vacuoles are found in blue green and purple and green
Eukaryotic cell photosynthetic bacteria
Organelle Eukaryotic cells
Single membrane bound Double membrane bound Non membrane bound • Eukaryotes include all the protists, fungi, plants, animals and
Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Nucleus, mitochondria, Ribosome, centriole, • Plant cell possess cell walls, plastids and a large central vacuole
body, lysosomes, microbodies, Plastid nucleolus which are absent in animal cells
vacuoles,
Cell Membrane
Prokaryotic cell • Studies on cell membrane are done using human red blood cells
Do not contain nucleus and membrane bound organelle • Made up of lipid , proteins , carbohydrate and cholesterol
• Lipid
Prokaryotic cells  Major lipid is phospholipid
Prokaryotes are bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma and PPLO  Hydrophilic, polar head arranged towards the outer side
(Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms)  Hydrophobic, non-polar tail arranged toward the inner side
• Shapes: • Protein
bacillus (rod like), coccus (spherical),  Peripheral proteins lie on the surface of membrane
vibrio (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral).  Integral proteins are partially / totally buried in the membrane.
• Cell organelle: • Fluid mosaic model
Nucleus absent, plasmid - small circular DNA outside the  Singer and Nicolson proposed fluid mosaic model
genomic DNA, inclusion bodies, mesosomes- inward folding of  According to this, the quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables lateral
cell membrane, Cell wall present movement of proteins within the overall bilayer. This ability to
move within the membrane is measured as its fluidity.
Prokaryotic cell
• Function of plasma membrane
Cell envelope  The membrane is selectively permeable in nature
Cell envelope of prokaryotic cell is made up of Outer glycocalyx,  Active, passive transport, osmosis covered in transport in plants
middle cell wall, inner plasma membrane Cell Wall
Glycocalyx • Cell wall is a non-living rigid structure, found in plants and fungi
• It exists as loose sheath called the slime layer or capsule • Present on outer side of plasma membrane
• Primary cell wall
Plasma membrane  Capable of growth
• Selectively permeable in nature  Composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, proteins
• Mesosomes are the extension of plasma membrane • Secondary cell wall
• Function: cell wall formation, DNA replication, respiration,  Formed on the inner (towards membrane) side of the cell.
secretion processes, • Middle lamina
• Cyanobacteria possess membranous extension of plasma  Composed of calcium pectate
membrane called chromatophores which contain pigments.  Function: glues the neighbouring cells together
• Plasmodesmata

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 NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022
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 connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells Chloroplast
Endomembrane System (ER) • Found mainly in mesophyll cell,
• Membranous organelles whose functions are coordinated, • double membrane bound structure
together forms endomembrane system • flattened membranous sacs → thylakoids
• It includes: endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, • Thylakoid are arranged in sac → grana
lysosomes and vacuoles. • Flat tubules that connect thylakoid → stroma lamellae
• contains small, double stranded circular DNA, ribosomes (70S)
1) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• ER divides the intracellular space into luminal (inside ER) and Cytoskeleton
extra luminal (cytoplasm) compartments. • These are Filamentous Proteinaceous structure, types :
• Rough ER  Microfilament → pseudopodia formation
 ER + attached ribosome → Rough ER→ Protein synthesis  Intermediate filament → structural support
 Rough ER are continuous with outer membrane of the nucleus.  Microtubules → support and motility
• Smooth ER
 ER without attached ribosome → Smooth ER → Lipid Cilia and flagella
synthesis - The prokaryotic bacteria also possess flagella but these are
 lipid-like steroidal hormones are synthesised in SER structurally different from that of the eukaryotic flagella.
- Structure cilium or flagellum
2) Golgi apparatus • Covered with plasma membrane
• Discovered by Camillo Golgi
• Core is called axoneme
• Made up of sac or cisternae
• axoneme has nine doublets of radially arranged peripheral
• The convex cis face, locates toward nucleus is the receiving face
microtubules and a pair of centrally located microtubules (9+2)
• The concave trans face is the existing face from which the
• Central tubules are connected to peripheral doublets by 9 radial
vesicles leave the Golgi apparatus
spokes
• Functions
• Peripheral doublets are also interconnected by linkers
 Modification: proteins synthesised by rough ER are modified
• Both the cilium and flagellum emerge from centriole-like
by Golgi body, synthesize glycoproteins and glycolipids etc
structure called the basal bodies
 Packaging: Modified material is packed in the “vesicle” to be
delivered either to the intra-cellular targets or secreted outside Centrosome and Centrioles
• Centrosome
3) Lysosomes  Centrosome contains two centrioles
• Lysosomes are membrane bound vesicles  Centrioles in a centrosome lie perpendicular to each other
• Formed by Golgi apparatus • Centriole
• isolated lysosomal vesicles contain hydrolytic enzymes  Made up of 9 peripheral triplets, Central part is called hub
(hydrolases – lipases, proteases, carbohydrases) optimally  Centriole forms centrosome and basal body of cilia /flagella
active at the acidic pH, capable of digesting • Microtubule also forms spindle fibres that give rise to spindle
• carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids apparatus during cell division in animal cells.
4) Vacuoles Nucleus
• Vacuole is bound by a single membrane called tonoplast. • Nucleus was first described by Robert Brown
• Contains water, sap, excretory product, ions etc • Material of the nucleus given the name chromatin by Fleming
• Ions are transported actively into vacuole hence their • Double membrane bound structure
concentration is higher in the vacuole than in cytoplasm. • Space between two nuclear membranes perinuclear space
• Amoeba →contractile vacuole →osmoregulation and excretion. • Outer membrane remains continuous with the Rough ER
• Protist→ food vacuole → engulf food particles • Nuclear pores allow movement of RNA and protein
• Cell with many nuclei: Muscle cell, tapetal cells
Mitochondria • Cell which lacks nucleus: RBC, Sieve tube cell
• Double membrane-bound structure • Nuclear matrix or nucleoplasm contains nucleolus & chromatin.
• The inner membrane has infoldings → cristae • Nucleolus
• matrix possesses ds circular DNA, ribosomes(70S), RNA  non membrane bound structure
• Semi-autonomous body  site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
• Divide by fission  Content of nucleolus is continuous with the rest of nucleoplasm
• Function: aerobic respiration → ATP → Powerhouse of cell • Chromosome
 Primary constriction → centromere
Plastids ✓ Centromere holds two chromatids of a chromosome
Found in all plant cells and in euglenoids ✓ disc shaped structures on the
Chromosome Location
side ofofcentromere
centromere: Kinetochore
Based on type of pigments plastids are classified as :  Non-Staining
Metacentric middle centromereconstriction:
secondary → two equal armsSatellite
of the chromosome.
DNA
Sub metacentric centromere slightly away from the middle →one shorter & longer arm.
Chloroplasts Chromoplasts Leucoplasts Acrocentric centromere is close to end → one extremely short & one long arm
contain chlorophyll and Contains Carotenoid colourless plastids Telocentric terminal centromere
carotenoid pigments pigments like carotene, - Amyloplasts store carbohydrates
responsible for trapping xanthophyll → gives - elaioplasts store oils Microbodies: Many membrane bound minute vesicles called
light energy essential for plant a yellow, orange or - aleuroplasts store proteins.
photosynthesis red colour.
microbodies that contain various enzymes, are present in both
plant and animal cells.

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