ALGEBRA II REVISION

EC 2016 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 4 (b) (i)

Write out the general term form of the binomial expansion

15
2
1 The General Term
𝑥 − . 𝑛 𝑛−𝑟 𝑟
𝑥 𝑡𝑟+1 = 𝑥 𝑦
𝑟

15
1
𝑥2 − (ii)
𝑥
Hence, or otherwise, find the value of the term that is independent of 𝑥 in
𝑟
15 1 the expansion.
𝑡𝑟+1 = 𝑥 2 15−𝑟 −
𝑟 𝑥
15 −1𝑟 15
𝑡𝑟+1 = 𝑥 30−2𝑟 𝑡𝑟+1 = −1𝑟 𝑥 30−3𝑟
𝑟 𝑥𝑟 𝑟
15 15
𝑡𝑟+1 = −1𝑟 𝑥 30−2𝑟−𝑟 For the term independent 𝑡𝑟+1 = −1𝑟 𝑥 30−3𝑟
𝑟 of 𝑥: 𝑟
15 30 − 3𝑟 = 0 15
𝑡𝑟+1 = −1𝑟 𝑥 30−3𝑟 = −110
𝑟 30 = 3𝑟 10
𝑟 = 10 = 3003
 2014 LCHL Sample Paper 1 – Question 2 (b)

Given that 𝑝 = log 𝑐 𝑥, express log 𝑐 𝑥 + log 𝑐 𝑐𝑥 in terms of 𝑝.

log 𝑐 𝑥 + log 𝑐 𝑐𝑥
1 Rules of Logs
= log 𝑐 𝑥 2 + log 𝑐 𝑐 + log 𝑐 𝑥
log a 𝑚 + log a 𝑛 = loga 𝑚𝑛
1 𝑚
= log 𝑐 𝑥 + log 𝑐 𝑐 + log𝑐 𝑥 log a 𝑚 − log a n = loga
2 𝑛
1 𝑛 log a 𝑚 = loga 𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑝+1+𝑝 log n 𝑚 =
log a 𝑚
2 loga 𝑛
3
= 𝑝+1
2
Remember
1
𝑥 = 𝑥2
 2016 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 4 (b) (i)
Given log𝑎 2 = 𝑝 and log 𝑎 3 = 𝑞, where 𝑎 > 0, write each of the following in
terms of 𝑝 and 𝑞:
8
log 𝑎 (ii)
3

9𝑎 2
log 𝑎
16
8
log 𝑎
3
= log 𝑎 8 − log𝑎 3
= log 𝑎 2 3 − log 𝑎 3 9𝑎2
log 𝑎
= 3 log 𝑎 2 − log𝑎 3 16
= 3𝑝 − 𝑞 = log 𝑎 9𝑎2 − log𝑎 16
= log 𝑎 3𝑎 2 − log 𝑎 2 4
= 2 log 𝑎 3𝑎 − 4 log𝑎 2
= 2 log𝑎 3 + log 𝑎 𝑎 − 4 log 𝑎 2
= 2 log𝑎 3 + 1 − 4 log 𝑎 2
= 2 log 𝑎 3 + 2 − 4 log 𝑎 2
= 2𝑞 + 2 − 4𝑝
= −4𝑝 + 2𝑞 + 2
 2012 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (a)
Solve for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ:
log4 2𝑥 + 6 − log 4 𝑥 − 1 = 1

log 4 2𝑥 + 6 − log 4 𝑥 − 1 = 1
2𝑥 + 6
log 4 =1
𝑥−1
2𝑥 + 6
41 =
𝑥−1
4𝑥 − 4 = 2𝑥 + 6
4𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 6 + 4
2𝑥 = 10
𝑥=5
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (b)(i)
Solve the equation:
log2 𝑥 − log 2 𝑥 − 1 = 4log 4 2

log 2 𝑥 − log 2 𝑥 − 1 = 4log 4 2

𝑥
log 2 =2
𝑥−1
𝑥
22 =
𝑥−1
𝑥
4=
𝑥−1
4𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥
4𝑥 − 𝑥 = 4
3𝑥 = 4
4
𝑥=
3
 DEB 2017 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 3 (b) (i)

Express log 9 𝑥𝑦 in terms of log 3 𝑥 and log3 𝑦.

log 9 𝑥𝑦
= log 9 𝑥 + log 9 𝑦
log 3 𝑥 log 3 𝑦
= +
log3 9 log 3 9
log 3 𝑥 log 3 𝑦
= +
2 2
1
= log 3 𝑥 + log 3 𝑦
2
 DEB 2017 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 3 (b) (ii)

Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations for 𝑥 and 𝑦:

5
log 9 𝑥𝑦 =
2
log 3 𝑥 . log 3 𝑦 = −6.
Express your answers in their simplest form.

5
log 9 𝑥𝑦 =
2 log 3 𝑥 . log 3 𝑦 = −6
1 5
log3 𝑥 + log 3 𝑦 = 5 − log 3 𝑦 log 3 𝑦 = −6
2 2
log 3 𝑥 + log 3 𝑦 = 5 5 log 3 𝑦 − log3 𝑦 2 = −6
log 3 𝑥 = 5 − log 3 𝑦 log3 𝑦 2 − 5 log3 𝑦 − 6 = 0
log3 𝑦 − 6 log3 𝑦 + 1 = 0
Express one variable in terms
of the other.
log 3 𝑦 − 6 = 0 log 3 𝑦 + 1 = 0
log 3 𝑦 = 6 log 3 𝑦 = −1
𝑦 = 36 No solution
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 4 (a)
In a science experiment, a quantity 𝑄(𝑡) was observed at various points in time 𝑡.
Time is measured in seconds from the instant of the first observation. The table
below gives the results.
𝑄 follows a rule of the form 𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 where 𝐴 and 𝑏 are constants.
Use any two of the observations from the table to find the value of 𝐴 and the value of
𝑏, correct to three decimal places.

𝑡 0 1 2 3 4 𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
2.92 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏 0
𝑄(𝑡) 2.920 2.642 2.391 2.163 1.957 2.92 = 𝐴 1
𝐴 = 2.92
2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 4 (b)
Use a different observation from the table to verify your values for 𝐴 and 𝑏. 𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
2.642 = 2.92𝑒 −𝑏 1
2.642
= 𝑒 −𝑏
2.92
2.642
−𝑏 = log 𝑒
2.92
2.642
𝑏 = − log 𝑒
2.92
𝑏 = 0.1
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 4 (c)

Show that 𝑄(𝑡) is a constant multiple of 𝑄(𝑡 − 1) , for 𝑡 ≥ 1.

𝑄 𝑡 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
= −𝑏 𝑡−1
𝑄 𝑡−1 𝐴𝑒
𝑄 𝑡 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
= −𝑏𝑡+𝑏
𝑄 𝑡−1 𝐴𝑒
𝑄 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
= −𝑏𝑡 𝑏
𝑄 𝑡−1 𝑒 .𝑒
𝑄 𝑡 1
= 𝑏
𝑄 𝑡−1 𝑒

1
is a constant
𝑒𝑏
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 4 (d)
1
Find the value of the constant 𝑘 for which 𝑄 𝑡 + 𝑘 = 𝑄 𝑡 , for all 𝑡 ≥ 0.
2
Give your answer correct to two decimal places.

1
𝑄 𝑡+𝑘 = 𝑄 𝑡 𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
2
1
𝐴𝑒 −𝑏 𝑡+𝑘 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
2
2𝑒 −𝑏 𝑡+𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
2𝑒 −𝑏𝑡−𝑏𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
2𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 . 𝑒 −𝑏𝑘 = 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
2𝑒 −𝑏𝑘 = 1
1
𝑒 −𝑏𝑘 =
2
1
log 𝑒 = −𝑏𝑘
2
1
log 𝑒 2
𝑘=
−𝑏

𝑘 ≈ 6.93
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5
Gold jewellery is made from a gold alloy – that is, a mixture of pure gold
and other metals. The purity of the material is measured by its “carat
rating”, given by the formula
24𝑚𝑔
𝑐=
𝑚𝑡
where 𝑐 = carat rating
𝑚𝑔 = mass of gold in the material
𝑚𝑡 = total mass of the material.
A jeweller is recycling old gold jewellery. He has the following old
jewellery in stock:
147 grams of 9-carat gold
85 grams of 18-carat gold
He can melt down this old jewellery and mix it in various proportions to
make new jewellery of different carat values. The value of the old
jewellery is equal to the value of its gold content only.
Gold is valued at €36 per gram.
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (a)

What is the total value of the jeweller’s stock of old jewellery?

24𝑚𝑔
𝑐=
𝑚𝑡
Manipulate the formula to express the mass
𝑐𝑚𝑡 of gold in terms of the carat rating and total
𝑚𝑔 = weight.
24

9 147
𝑚𝑔 = Calculate the mass of gold in the 9-carat gold.
24
= 55.125 grams

18 85 Calculate the mass of gold in the 18-carat

𝑚𝑔 = gold.
24
= 63.75 grams

55.125 + 63.75 = 118.875 grams Calculate the total mass of gold.

118.875 × €36 = €4279.50 Calculate the total value of the gold.

 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (b)

The jeweller wants to make a 15-carat gold pendant weighing 21 grams. How
many grams of each should he use in order to get the 21 grams of 15-carat gold?

𝑐𝑚𝑡
𝑚𝑔 =
24
Weight of Gold
Let 𝑥 be the amount of 18 carat gold in the gold pendant 9 𝑥 18 𝑦
+ = 13.125
𝑥 = 9 carat 24 24
9𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 315
Let 𝑥 be the amount of 9 carat gold in the gold pendant 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 35 ①

𝑦 = 18 carat Total Weight

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 21 ②
Calculate the total mass of gold in the pendant.

𝑐𝑚𝑡 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 35 ①
𝑚𝑔 = − − −
24 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 21 ②
15 21 𝑦 = 14
𝑚𝑔 =
24
= 13.125 𝑥 + 14 = 21
𝑥=7
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (c) (i)
The other metals in the gold alloy are copper and silver. The colour of the alloy
depends on the ratio of copper to silver. In all of the old jewellery, the amount of
silver is equal to the amount of copper. The jeweller has a stock of pure silver that he
can add to any mixture. He wants to make an item that:
• weighs 48 grams
• is of 15-carat purity
• has twice as much silver as copper
How many grams of copper will this item contain.

𝑐𝑚𝑡
𝑚𝑔 =
24
Calculate the total mass of gold in the item.

15 48
𝑚𝑔 =
24
= 30 grams of gold

48 − 30 = 18 grams of silver and copper

Silver : Copper
2:1
18
=6
3
Silver 2 × 6 = 12 grams
Copper 1 × 6 = 6 grams
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (c) (ii)

How many grams of each type of stock (9-carat gold, 18-carat gold, and pure
silver) should the jeweller use in order to make this item?

Use 𝑥 grams of 9-carat, 𝑦 grams of 18-carat, and 𝑧 grams of pure silver.

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 48
Total Weight 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 = 48
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 42
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 48

15 48
𝑚𝑔 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 80
24 − −
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 42
= 30 grams of gold
𝑦 = 38
The Gold is made up from the 9 carat and 18 carat. 𝑥=4

9 𝑥 18 𝑦
+ = 30
24 24
9𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 720
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 80
From part (i) we see that we need 12 grams of silver and 6 grams of copper.
Old jewellery has 6 grams of copper and silver so the other 6 grams comes
from pure silver.

𝑧=6
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (d) (i)

A large jewellery business makes and sells 14-carat gold wedding rings, weighing an average of 5 grams
each. The cost of producing each ring is €135 plus the value of the gold. The manager has noted that the
more they charge for the rings, the fewer they sell. In particular:
• if they charge €200, they sell an average of twenty per month
• for each additional €20 charged, the number sold drops by one per month.
Taking the price charged as €(200 + 20𝑥), find an expression in 𝑥 for the monthly profit from these rings.

𝑐𝑚𝑡 Rings Sold Per Month

𝑚𝑔 =
24
= 20 − 𝑥
14 5
𝑚𝑔 = Monthly Profit
24
𝑚𝑔 = 46 grams of gold per ring
20 − 𝑥 20𝑥 − 40
Cost per ring

= 46 36 + 135
= 105 + 135
= 240
Profit Per Ring = Selling Price − Cost Price

= 200 + 20𝑥 − 240

= 20𝑥 − 40
 2011 LCHL Paper 1 – Question 5 (d) (ii)

Find the range of selling prices for which the monthly profit is at least €1600.

Monthly Profit must be greater than or equal to €1600

(20– 𝑥)(20𝑥– 40) ≥ 1600

𝑥 2 − 22𝑥 + 120 ≤ 0
𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 12 ≤ 0
≤
10 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12

Range of selling prices is:

200 + 20 10 , 200 + 20(12)

That is, from €400 to €440.