Logarithmic Functions

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
Learning competencies
At the end of the lesson, you are expected
to:
1.Illustrate logarithmic function.
2.Distinguish between logarithmic function

and logarithmic equation and inequality.
INTRODUCTION
Directions: Analyze the behavior of
the graph.
INTRODUCTION
What is the difference between the
graph of logarithmic function and
exponential function?
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
• Recall that the exponential function
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 , where b is any positive
number not equal to 1, is a one-to-one
function.
• Thus, the logarithmic function was
introduced, making it possible to solve
for the function value y in the
𝑦
equation 𝑥 = 𝑏 .
• Logarithms were invented and introduced
by John Napier, a Scottish
mathematician in the 17th century to
ease the burden of computing very large
numbers.
• The domain of the logarithmic function
𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 is the set of positive real
numbers and the range is the set of
real numbers.
EXAMPLES:
Express the given equations in logarithmic
form. 1. 𝐽 = 9𝑥 −
2. 8 =
1 2
3.10
3
−4 = 0.0001
4
𝑥 = log 9 𝐽 −4 = log10 0.0001
2 1
1. 𝐽 = 9𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 𝐽 = 𝑥 − = log 8
3 4
2 log10 0.0001 = − 4
−3 1 3 𝑥
2. 8 = 4
4. 7
=𝑦 1
log 8 = −
2
4 3
−4
3. 10 = 0.0001 𝑥 = log 3 𝑦
7
3 𝑥
4. 7
=𝑦 log 3 𝑦 = 𝑥
7
Example 1: Solve for the value of b in the equation
log 3 243 = 𝑏.
Solution: First, express log 3 243 = 𝑏 in exponential

form.
3𝑏 = 243
3𝑏 = 35
𝒃=𝟓
Example 2: Solve for the value of x in the equation
log 𝑥 27 = 32.
Solution:
3
𝑥2 = 27
2
3 3 2
𝑥2 = 273
3
𝑥= 272
𝒙=𝟗
Example 3: Solve for b in each of the following
equations.
a. log 4 64 = 2𝑏 – 1 b. log 1 81−𝑏−3 = 2𝑏
27
Solution: a.log 4 64 = 2𝑏 – 1
42𝑏−1 = 64
42𝑏−1 = 43
2𝑏 − 1 = 3
2𝑏 = 3 + 1
2𝑏 = 4
𝒃=𝟐
Example 4: Evaluate the following logarithmic expressions,
if possible.
1 1
a. log 7 343 b. log 4 4 c. log 3 − 243 d. log 32 4 2
1
e. log10 10000 1 c.
1
log 3 (− 243)
b. log 4 4
Solution:
a.log 7 343 1
1 log 3 (− 243) =𝑦
log 4=𝑦
4
log 7 343 = 𝑦 1
𝑦
4 =
7𝑦 = 343 4 3𝑦 = −
1
243
7 𝑦 = 73 4𝑦 = 4−1
𝑦=3 𝑦 = −1 No real number can
make
log 7 343 = 3 1
log 4 4 = −1 𝑦 1
3 = − 243 true.
Example 4: Evaluate the following logarithmic expressions,
if possible.
1 1
a. log 7 343 b. log 4 4 c. log 3 − 243 d. log 32 4 2
1
e. log10 10000 1
e.log10 10000
d. log 32 4 2
Solution: log 32 4 2 = 𝑦
1
32𝑦 = 4 2 log10 10000 =𝑦
1
25𝑦 = 22 ∙2 2
10𝑦 =
1
5 10000
25𝑦 = 2 2
𝑦
1
5 10 = 4
5𝑦 = 10
1
2 10𝑦 = 10−4
𝑦= 𝑦 = −4
2
1 1
log 32 4 2 = 2
log10 10000 = −4
TRY IT!
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM
The properties of exponents have corresponding
properties involving logarithms.
❑For any base b > 0 and b ≠ 1

Example : Solve each equation.
a.log 2 −2𝑥 + 10 = log 2 (7 − 5𝑥)
−2𝑥 + 10 = 7 − 5𝑥
−2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 7 − 10
3𝑥 = −3
𝑥 = −1
The solution set is {–1}

b.log 4 2𝑚 = log 4 (−3𝑚 − 10)
2𝑚 = −3𝑚 − 10
2𝑚 + 3𝑚 = −10
5𝑚 = −10
𝑚 = −2
The given equation has no solution

log5 2𝑥 2
c.5 = 3𝑥 + 2
log 5 2𝑥 2 = log 5 3𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0
2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 = 0
1
𝑥 = − ;𝑥 = 2
2
The solution set is {2, -1/2}

Example : Expand each logarithm. Assume that the values
of all variables are greater than 0.
a.log 2 𝑢𝑣 2 𝑤 3
log 2 𝑢 + log 2 𝑣 2 + log 2 𝑤 3
log 2 𝑢 + 2log 2 𝑣 + 3 log 2 𝑤
𝑥3
b.log 9 2
𝑦
c.
d.
Example : Express the following as a logarithm of a
single expression.
a.
single expression.
b.
single expression.
c.
Example : Find the solution set of each logarithmic
equation or inequality.
The solution set is {5}

Therefore, the solution set is (1, +∞)

Therefore, the solution set is (9, +∞)

ESSENTIAL LEARNINGS
• Logarithms have several laws which can be used in
solving equations and inequalities involving
logarithmic expressions.
• These laws are also useful in evaluating logarithmic
expressions.
• When solving equations and inequalities that involve
logarithms, it is necessary to verify if the value is
the solution of the given equation or inequality.
• There are instances when logarithmic equations or
inequalities have extraneous solutions. That is, the
value that you have solved algebraically is not
included in the domain of the logarithms.
ASSESSMENT
• General Mathematics E-Book

What Have I Learned So Far? Page 98
What Have I Learned So Far? Page 100

Logarithmic Functions

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GENERAL

1.Illustrate logarithmic function.

2.Distinguish between logarithmic function

Solution: First, express log 3 243 = 𝑏 in exponential

❑For any base b > 0 and b ≠ 1

a.log 2 −2𝑥 + 10 = log 2 (7 − 5𝑥)

The solution set is {–1}

b.log 4 2𝑚 = log 4 (−3𝑚 − 10)

The given equation has no solution

The solution set is {2, -1/2}

The solution set is {5}

Therefore, the solution set is (1, +∞)

Therefore, the solution set is (9, +∞)

• General Mathematics E-Book

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