12th Physics Exersice Problems Solution

12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 ELECTROSTATICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
1. Electrostatics ▪ Resultant force on ‘q’ along Y- axis

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹1 (− 𝑗̂) + 𝐹2 s𝑖𝑛 45° (− 𝑗̂ ) + 𝐹5 𝑗̂ + 𝐹4 sin 45° 𝑗̂
EXERCISE PROBLEMS .
1 1
1. When two objects are rubbed with each other, approximately a charge of 50 nC 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹1 𝑗̂ − 𝐹2 𝑗̂ + +𝐹5 𝑗̂ + 𝐹4 𝑗̂
can be produced in each object. Calculate the number of electrons that must be √2 √2
transferred to produce this charge. ▪ Since, 𝐹1 = 𝐹2 = 𝐹4 = 𝐹5 = 𝐹, we get ⃗𝐹𝑦 = ⃗⃗0
Solution :- q = 50 nC = 50 X 10-9 C ; e = 1.6 X 10-19 C ; n=? ▪ Simillarly resultant force on ‘q’ along X- axis,
▪ According to quantization of electric charges, ⃗𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹3 𝑖̂ + 𝐹2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° 𝑖̂ + 𝐹4 cos 45° 𝑖̂
𝑞 =𝑛𝑒 1 1
𝑞 50 𝑋 10−9 50 𝑋 1010 ⃗𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹3 𝑖̂ + 𝐹2 𝑖̂ + 𝐹4 𝑖̂
∴ 𝑛= = = √2 √2
𝑒 1.6 𝑋 10−19 1.6 1 1
𝑛 = 3.125 𝑋 101 𝑋 1010 ⃗𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹3 𝑖̂ + 2 𝐹2 𝑖̂ = 𝐹 [1 + 2 ] 𝑖̂
𝒏 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒔 √2 √2
⃗𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹 [1 + √2 ]𝑖̂
2. The total number of electrons in the human body is typically in the order of ▪ Thus total force on charge ‘q’,
1028. Suppose, due to some reason, you and your friend lost 1% of this number 𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑋 = 𝐹 [1 + √2 ] 𝑖̂
of electrons. Calculate the electrostatic force between you and your friend 𝟏 𝑸𝒒
⃗𝑭𝒕𝒐𝒕 = [𝟏 + √𝟐 ]𝒊̂
separated at a distance of 1m. Compare this with your weight. Assume mass of 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺 𝒐 𝑹𝟐
each person is 60 kg and use point charge approximation. ▪ Hence, total force on the charge ‘q’ acts along X-axis whose magnitude is,
1
Solution :- 𝑁 = 1028 ; 𝑛 = 1028 𝑋 1% = 1028 𝑋 = 1026 ; 𝑟 = 1 𝑚 ; 𝑚 = 60 𝑘𝑔 𝟏 𝑸𝒒
100 𝑭𝒕𝒐𝒕 = [𝟏 + √𝟐 ] 𝑵
▪ Charge on each person ; 𝑞 = 𝑛 𝑒 = 1028 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 1019 = 1.6 𝑋 107 𝐶 𝟒 𝝅 𝜺 𝒐 𝑹𝟐
▪ Then electrostatic force between them, 4. Suppose a charge +q on Earth’s surface and another +q charge is placed on the
1 𝑞1 𝑞2 1 𝑞2 surface of the Moon. (a) Calculate the value of q required to balance the
𝐹𝐸 = = gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon (b) Suppose the distance
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟 2 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟 2
(1.6 𝑋 107 )2 between the Moon and Earth is halved, would the charge q change?
𝐹𝐸 = 9 𝑋 109 𝑋 = 9 𝑋 109 𝑋 2.56 𝑋 1014 (Take mE = 5.9 × 1024 kg, mM = 7.9 × 1022 kg)
1
𝐹𝐸 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝑵 Solution :- 𝐺 = 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑁 𝑚2 𝑘𝑔−2 ; 𝑞 =?
▪ Weight of the person ; ; 𝑊 = 𝑚 𝑔 = 60 𝑋 9.8 = 588 𝑁 ▪ Let ‘R’ be the distance between earth and moon.
▪ Since the gravitational attraction is balanced by electrostatic force, 𝐹𝐸 = 𝐹𝐺
▪ Hence the ratio of the force and the weight, ,
1 𝑞2 𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝑀 𝐺 𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝑀
𝐹𝐸 23.04 𝑋 1023 =𝐺 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑞2 =
= = 3.918 𝑋10−2 𝑋1023 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑅 2 𝑅 2 1
𝑊 588 [ ]
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜
𝑭𝑬
= 𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝟖 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟏
𝑾 𝐺 𝑚𝐸 𝑚𝑀 6.67 𝑋 10−11 𝑋 5.9 𝑋 1024 𝑋 7.9 𝑋 1022
3. Five identical charges Q are placed equidistant on a ∴ 𝑞= √ = √
1 9 𝑋 109
semicircle as shown in the figure. Another point charge [ ]
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜
q is kept at the centre of the circle of radius R. Calculate
the electrostatic force experienced by the charge q. 6.67 𝑋 5.9 𝑋 7.9 𝑋 1026
Solution :- 𝑞= √
9
▪ Let the forces acts on ‘q’ be ⃗𝐹1 , ⃗𝐹2 , ⃗𝐹3 , ⃗𝐹4 , ⃗𝐹5 𝒒 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝑪
▪ Here the magnitudes of these forces must be same. (i.e) ▪ When the distance between earth and moon is halved, the
𝐹1 = 𝐹2 = 𝐹3 = 𝐹4 = 𝐹5 = 𝐹 charge ‘q’ remains the same, because the value of charge is
̂ ̂
▪ Here ⃗⃗𝐹2 and ⃗⃗𝐹4 are resolved into two perpendicular components. (i.e.) independent of the distance.
(1) 𝐹2 cos 45° 𝑖 & 𝐹2 s𝑖𝑛 45° (− 𝑗 )
(2) 𝐹4 cos 45° 𝑖̂ & 𝐹4 sin 45° 𝑗̂
5. Draw the free body diagram for the following charges as shown in the figure (a), 7. A closed triangular box is kept in an
(b) and (c). electric field of magnitude
E = 2 × 103 N C–1 as shown in the
figure. Calculate the electric flux
through the (a) vertical rectangular
surface (b) slanted surface and (c)
entire surface.
Solution :-
(a) Vertical rectangular surface : (𝑙 = 15 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑏 = 5 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝜃 = 0°)
Solution :-
Φ𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 = 𝐸 ∮ 𝑑𝑠 cos 0°
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 𝐴 = 𝐸 𝑙 𝑏
Φ𝐸 = 2 𝑋 103 𝑋 15 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−2 = 150 𝑋 10−1
𝚽𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝑪−𝟏
(b) Slanted surface : (𝑙 = 15 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑥 ; 𝜃 = 60°)
5 5 5
sin 30 ° = ⟹ 𝑥 = = = 10 𝑐𝑚
𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30° 1
( )
2
1
Φ𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸 𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 = 𝐸 ∮ 𝑑𝑠 cos 60° = 𝐸 𝐴 [ ]
6. Consider an electron travelling with a 2
speed 𝒗𝟎 and entering into a uniform 1
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝑙𝑥
electric field ⃗𝑬 which is perpendicular 2
to 𝒗⃗⃗⃗ 𝟎 as shown in the Figure. Ignoring 2 𝑋 103 𝑋 15 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−2
Φ𝐸 =
gravity, obtain the electron’s 2
acceleration, velocity and position as 𝚽𝑬 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝑪−𝟏
functions of time. (c) Entire surface :
Solution :- ▪ In the figure electric field lines enters through the vertical rectangular
(i) Acceleration : surface and leaves through the slanted surface. Also the closed surface
▪ From Newton’s second law ; ⃗𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎 ⃗ contains no charge inside.
▪ In general the electric flux is negative if the electric field lines enter the closed
▪ Force experienced by the electron in the electric field ; 𝐹
⃗ = 𝑒𝐸
⃗
surface and positive if the electric field lines leave the closed surface. Thus the
▪ Thus 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑒𝐸 ⃗
total electric flux through entire surface is zero (i.e.) 𝚽𝑬 = − 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎
𝑒 𝐸⃗ 𝑒𝐸 8. The electrostatic potential is given as a function of x in figure (a) and (b).
𝑎 = = (−𝑗̂)
𝑚 𝑚 Calculate the corresponding electric fields in regions A, B, C and D. Plot the
𝒆𝑬 electric field as a function of x for the figure (b).
⃗ = −
𝒂 𝒋̂
𝒎
(ii) Velocity :
▪ From equation of motion ; ⃗𝑣 = ⃗⃗𝑢 + ⃗𝑎 𝑡
𝒆𝑬
⃗ = 𝒗𝟎 𝒊̂ −
𝒗 𝒕 𝒋̂
𝒎
(iii) Position :
1
▪ From equation of motion ; 𝑆 = 𝑢 ⃗ 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡2
2
𝟏 𝒆𝑬 𝟐
⃗𝑺 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 𝒊̂ − 𝒕 𝒋̂
𝟐 𝒎
Solution :- Solution :-
Figure (a) : According to the relation between E and V we have ; 𝐸= −
𝑑𝑉 𝑑 = 0.6 𝑚𝑚 = 0.6 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 ; 𝐸 = 3 𝑋 106 𝑉 𝑚−1 ; 𝑑  = 1 𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑋 10−3 𝑚
𝑑𝑥 𝑉
▪ In region - A ; 𝑑𝑉 = 5 − 8 = − 3 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 0.2 − 0 = 0.2 (a) Let ‘V’ be the required potential difference, then ; 𝐸 =
𝑑
𝑑𝑉 (−3) 30 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑉 = 𝐸 𝑑 = 3 𝑋 106 𝑋 0.6 𝑋 10−3 = 1.8 𝑋 103
∴ 𝑬𝑨 = − = − = + = +𝟏𝟓 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑽
𝑑𝑥 0.2 2
▪ In region - B ; 𝑑𝑉 = 5 − 5 = 0 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 0.4 − 0.2 = 0.2 (b) Since potential difference is directly proportional to the separation (𝑉 = 𝐸 𝑑), if
𝑑𝑉 0 separation increases, potential difference also increases.
∴ 𝑬𝑩 = − = − = 𝟎 𝑉
𝑑𝑥 0.2 (c) Let 𝑉 be the new potential difference, then ; 𝐸 =
▪ In region - C ; 𝑑𝑉 = 7 − 5 = 2 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 0.6 − 0.4 = 0.2 𝑑
𝑑𝑉 2 20 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑉 = 𝐸 𝑑 = 3 𝑋 106 𝑋 1 𝑋 10−3 = 3 𝑋 103
∴ 𝑬𝑪 = − = − = − = − 𝟏𝟎 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏 𝑽 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽
𝑑𝑥 0.2 2
▪ In region - D ; 𝑑𝑉 = 1 − 7 = − 6 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 0.8 − 0.6 = 0.2 10. A point charge of +10 μC is placed at a
𝑑𝑉 (−6) 60 distance of 20 cm from another identical
∴ 𝑬𝑫 = − = − = + = +𝟑𝟎 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏 point charge of +10 μC. A point charge of -2 μC
𝑑𝑥 0.2 2
Figure (b) : is moved from point a to b as shown in the
𝑑𝑉 30 figure. Calculate the change in potential
𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 0 = 1 ; 𝑑𝑉 = 30 − 0 = 30 ; 𝑬=− = − = −𝟑𝟎 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏
𝑑𝑥 1 energy of the system? Interpret your result.
𝑑𝑉 (−30) Solution :-
𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 1 = 1 ; 𝑑𝑉 = 0 − 30 = −30 ; 𝑬=− = − = +𝟑𝟎 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑥 = 3 − 2 = 1 ; 𝑑𝑉 = 0 − 0 = 0 ; 𝑬=− = 𝟎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉 (−30)
𝑑𝑥 = 4 − 3 = 1 ; 𝑑𝑉 = −30 − 0 = −30 ; 𝑬 = − = − = +𝟑𝟎 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑉 30
𝑑𝑥 = 5 − 4 = 1 ; 𝑑𝑉 = 0 − (−3)0 = +30 ; 𝑬 = − = − = −𝟑𝟎 𝑽 𝒎−𝟏
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑞1 = 𝑞2 = +10 𝜇𝐶 ; 𝑞 = −2 𝜇𝐶 ; 𝑟1 = 5 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑟2 = 15 𝑐𝑚
𝑟1! = √52 + 52 = √50 = 5√2 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑟2!= √152 + 52 = √250 = 5√10 𝑐𝑚
▪ Initial potential energy, when −2 𝜇𝐶 is at ‘a’
1 𝑞1 𝑞 1 𝑞2 𝑞 1 𝑞1 𝑞 𝑞2 𝑞
𝑈𝑖 = + = [ + ]
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟1 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟2 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟1 𝑟2
1 1 1
𝑈𝑖 = 𝑞1 𝑞 [ + ] [∵ 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 ]
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟1 𝑟2
1 1
𝑈𝑖 = 9 𝑋 109 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 (−2)𝑋 10−6 𝑋 [ −2
+ ]
5 𝑋 10 15 𝑋 10−2
9. A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine. 1 1 1
𝑈𝑖 = − 9 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 [ + ] 𝑋
It consists of two electrodes separated by a gap of around 5 15 10−2
0.6 mm gap as shown in the figure. To create the spark, an 3+1 4 24
𝑈𝑖 = − 9 𝑋 2 𝑋 [ ] = −18 𝑋 = −
electric field of magnitude 3 × 106 V m–1 is required. 15 15 5
(a) What potential difference must be applied to produce 𝑼𝒊 = − 𝟒. 𝟖 𝑱
the spark? (b) If the gap is increased, does the potential ▪ Final potential energy, when −2 𝜇𝐶 is at ‘b’
difference increase, decrease or remains the same? ▪ −2 𝜇𝐶 ä‹JfŸ b -æš cŸsnghJ ÏWÂ bkh¤j ä‹dG¤j M‰wš,
(c) find the potential difference if the gap is 1 mm.
1 𝑞1 𝑞 1 𝑞2 𝑞 1 𝑞1 𝑞 𝑞2 𝑞 Figure (c):
𝑈𝑓 = + = [ + ! ]
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟1! 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟2! 4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 𝑟1!1 𝑟2 ▪ Since 𝐶𝑂 , 𝐶𝑂 and 𝐶𝑂 are in parallel,
1 1 1 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂
𝑈𝑓 = 𝑞 𝑞 [ ! + !] [∵ 𝑞1 = 𝑞2 ] 𝑪𝑷 = 𝟑 𝑪𝑶
4 𝜋 𝜀𝑜 1 𝑟1 𝑟2
1 1 Figure (d):
𝑈𝑓 = 9 𝑋 109 𝑋 10 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 (−2)𝑋 10−6 𝑋 [ + ] (1) Resultant capacitors across P and Q :
5√2 𝑋 10 −2 5√10 𝑋 10−2
1 1 1
𝑈𝑓 = − 9 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 [ + ]𝑋
√2 √10 5 𝑋 10−2
1 1.023
𝑈𝑓 = − 9 𝑋 2 𝑋 [0.707 + 0.316] 𝑋 = −18 𝑋 = −18 𝑋 0.2046
5 5
𝑼𝒇 = − 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝑱
▪ The change in potential energy ;
∆ 𝑈 = 𝑈𝑓 − 𝑈𝑓 = −3.683 − (−4.8) = −3. 683 + 4.8 = +𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝑱 ≈ +𝟏. 𝟏𝟐 𝑱
Here, 𝐶1 and 𝐶3 are in series,
▪ Positive sign implies that to move the charge –2μC external work is required. 1 1 1 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 𝐶1 𝐶3
11. Calculate the resultant capacitances for each of the following combinations of = + = ⇒ 𝐶𝑆1 =
𝐶𝑆1 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶1 + 𝐶3
capacitors.
𝐶2 and 𝐶4 are in series,
1 1 1 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 𝐶2 𝐶4
= + = ⇒ 𝐶 𝑆2 =
𝐶 𝑆2 𝐶2 𝐶4 𝐶2 𝐶4 𝐶2 + 𝐶4
𝐶𝑆1 and 𝐶𝑆2 are in parallel
𝐶𝑃𝑄 = 𝐶𝑆1 + 𝐶𝑆2
𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶2 𝐶4
𝐶𝑃𝑄 = +
Solution :- 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 𝐶2 + 𝐶4
▪ Effective capacitance of capacitors in series, ( 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 ) 𝐶1 𝐶3 + ( 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 ) 𝐶2 𝐶4
1 1 1 1 𝐶𝑃𝑄 =
( 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 ) ( 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 )
= + + +⋯
𝐶𝑆 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 + 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶4 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶4 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4
𝐶𝑃𝑄 =
▪ Effective capacitance of capacitors in series, ( 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 ) ( 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 )
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶 3 + ⋯ (2) Resultant capacitors across R and S :
Figure (a) :
▪ Since 𝐶𝑂 and 𝐶𝑂 are in parallel,
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂 = 2 𝐶𝑂
▪ Also, 𝐶𝑂 and 2 𝐶𝑂 are in series,
1 1 1 3 𝟐 𝑪𝒐
= + = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑪𝑺 =
𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑂 2 𝐶𝑜 2 𝐶𝑜 𝟑
Figure (b):
▪ Since 𝐶𝑂 and 𝐶𝑂 are in parallel, Here, 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 are in series,
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂 = 2 𝐶𝑂 1 1 1 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2
= + = ⇒ 𝐶𝑆1 =
▪ Also, 2 𝐶𝑂 and 2 𝐶𝑂 are in series, 𝐶𝑆1 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
1 1 1 2 1 𝐶3 and 𝐶4 are in series,
= + = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑪𝑺 = 𝑪𝒐 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 𝐶3 𝐶4
𝐶𝑆 2 𝐶𝑂 2 𝐶𝑜 2 𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑜 1 1 1
= + = ⇒ 𝐶 𝑆2 =
𝐶 𝑆2 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶3 𝐶4 𝐶3 + 𝐶4
Thus 𝐶𝑆1 and 𝐶𝑆2 are in parallel ℎ =0+

1 𝑒𝐸 2
𝑡𝑒 =
1 𝑒𝐸 2
𝑡
𝐶𝑅𝑆 = 𝐶𝑆1 + 𝐶𝑆2 2 𝑚 2 𝑚 𝑒
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 2𝑚ℎ
𝐶𝑅𝑆 = + (𝑜𝑟) 𝑡𝑒 2 =
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 𝑒𝐸
( 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 ) 𝐶1 𝐶2 + ( 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) 𝐶3 𝐶4 2𝑚ℎ 2 𝑋 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 1 X 10−3
𝐶𝑅𝑆 = ∴ 𝑡𝑒 = √ = √
( 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) ( 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 ) 𝑒𝐸 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝑋 5 𝑋 103
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶4 + 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶4 + 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4
𝐶𝑅𝑆 = 18.2 𝑋 10−18
( 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) ( 𝐶3 + 𝐶4 )
𝒕𝒆 = √ = √2. 275 𝑋 10−18 = 1.508 𝑋 10−9 𝑠
Figure (e) : 8
𝒕𝒆 ≈ 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒏 𝒔
𝐹 𝑒𝐸
Time of flight of proton : 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑃 ; 𝑆 = h ; u = 0 ; a = =
𝑚 𝑚
1 2
𝑆=𝑢𝑡+ 𝑎𝑡
2
1 𝑒𝐸 2 1 𝑒𝐸 2
ℎ=0+ 𝑡𝑃 = 𝑡
2 𝑚 2 𝑚 𝑒
2𝑚ℎ
∴ 𝑡𝑃 2 =
Here, 𝐶0 and 𝐶0 are in series, 𝑒𝐸
1 1 1 2 𝐶𝑂
= + = ⇒ 𝐶𝑆1 = 2𝑚ℎ 2 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−27 𝑋 1 X 10−3
𝐶𝑆1 𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂 2 𝑡𝑃 = √ = √
𝑒𝐸 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝑋 5 𝑋 103
Also, 𝐶0 and 𝐶0 are in series,
1 1 1 2 𝐶𝑂
= + = ⇒ 𝐶𝑆2 = 2 𝑋 10−14
𝐶𝑆2 𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂 2 𝑡𝑃 = √ = √0.4 𝑋 10−14
5
Thus, 𝐶𝑆1 , 𝐶𝑆2 and 𝐶0 are in parallel,
𝐶𝑂 𝐶𝑂 𝑡𝑃 = √40 𝑋 10−16
𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶𝑆1 + 𝐶𝑆2 + 𝐶𝑂 = + + 𝐶𝑂 𝑡𝑃 = 6. 325 𝑋 10−8 = 63.25 𝑋 10−9 𝑠
2 2
𝑪𝑷 = 𝟐 𝑪𝑶 𝒕𝑷 ≈ 𝟔𝟑 𝒏 𝒔
12. An electron and a proton are allowed to fall through the separation between the (b) Time of flight of neutron ; 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑛 ; 𝑆 = h ; u = 0 ; a = 𝑔
plates of a parallel plate capacitor of voltage 5 V and separation distance 1
𝑆 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡2
h = 1 mm as shown in the figure. (a) Calculate the time of flight for both electron 2
and proton (b) Suppose if a neutron is allowed to fall, what is the time of flight? 1 1
ℎ=0+ 𝑔 𝑡𝑛 2 = 𝑔 𝑡𝑛 2
(c) Among the three, which one will reach the bottom first? 2 2
2ℎ
∴ 𝑡𝑛 2 =
𝑔
2ℎ 2 𝑋 1 X 10−3
𝑡𝑛 = √ = √
𝑔 10
2 𝑋 10−3
(Take mp = 1.6 × 10–27 kg, me = 9.1 × 10–31 kg and g = 10 m s–2) 𝑡𝑛 = √ = √2 𝑋 10−4 = 1. 414 𝑋 10−2
𝑉 5
10
Solution :- h = 1 mm = 1 X 10−3 𝑚 ; 𝑉 = 5 𝑉 ; 𝐸 = = −3 = 5 𝑋 103 𝑁𝐶 −1
ℎ 10 𝒕𝒏 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒎 𝒔
𝐹 𝑒𝐸
(a) Time of flight of electron ; 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 ; 𝑆 = h ; u=0 ; a= = (c) Since, 𝒕𝒆 < 𝒕𝑷 < 𝒕𝒏 , out of three, electron reach first..
𝑚 𝑚
1
𝑆 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡2
2
13. During a thunder storm, the movement (b) Potential difference across each capacitor :
of water molecules within the clouds 𝑉 9 𝑉 9
creates friction, partially causing the 𝑽𝒂 = = = 𝟑 𝑽 ; 𝑽𝒃 = = = 𝟑 𝑽
3 3 3 3
bottom part of the clouds to become 𝑉 9 𝑉 9
negatively charged. This implies that the 𝑽𝒄 = = =𝟑𝑽 ; 𝑽𝒅 = = = 𝟑 𝑽
3 3 3 3
bottom of the cloud and the ground act as (c) Energy stored in each capacitor ;
a parallel plate capacitor. If the electric 1 1
field between the cloud and ground 𝑼𝒂 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑋 8 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 32 = 36 𝑋 10−6 𝐽 = 𝟑𝟔 𝝁 𝑱
2 2
exceeds the dielectric breakdown of the 1 1
2
air (3 × 10 Vm ), lightning will occur.
6 –1 𝑼𝒃 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑉𝑏 = 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 32 = 27 𝑋 10−6 𝐽 = 𝟐𝟕 𝝁 𝑱
2 2
(a) If the bottom part of the cloud is 1000 m above the ground, determine 1 1
the electric potential difference that exists between the cloud and 𝑼𝒄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 32 = 9 𝑋 10−6 𝐽 = 𝟗 𝝁 𝑱
2
2 2
ground. 1 1
2
(b) In a typical lightning phenomenon, around 25 C of electrons are 𝑼𝒅 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑋 8 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 32 = 36 𝑋 10−6 𝐽 = 𝟑𝟔 𝝁 𝑱
2 2
transferred from cloud to ground. How much electrostatic potential 15. Capacitors P and Q have identical
energy is transferred to the ground? cross sectional areas A and
Solution :- 𝑬 = 3 𝑋 106 𝑉 𝑚−1 ; 𝑑 = 1000 𝑚 ; 𝑞 = 25 𝐶 separation d. The space between
𝑉
(a) Formula for electric field ; 𝐸 = the capacitors is filled with a
𝑑
Hence the potential difference ; 𝑉 = 𝐸 𝑑 = 3 𝑋 106 𝑋 1000 = 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑽 dielectric of dielectric constant er
(b) Since the electrostatic potential energy is the amount of work done, then as shown in the figure. Calculate the
9
𝑊 = 𝑞 𝑉 = 25 𝑋 3 𝑋 10 = 𝟕𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑱 𝟗 capacitance of capacitors P and Q.
14. For the given capacitor configuration (a) Find the Solution :-
charges on each capacitor (b) potential difference
across them (c) energy stored in each capacitor.
Solution :- 𝐶𝑎 = 8 𝜇𝐹 ; 𝐶𝑏 = 6 𝜇𝐹 ; 𝐶𝑐 = 2 𝜇𝐹 ;
𝐶𝑑 = 8 𝜇𝐹 ; 𝑉 = 9 𝑉
▪ Here, 𝐶𝑏 and 𝐶𝑐 are in parellel,
𝐶𝑏𝑐 = 𝐶𝑏 + 𝐶𝑐 = 6 + 2 = 8 𝜇 𝐹 (1) Capacitor 𝑷 : Here two capacitors are connected in parallel. They are,
▪ Effective capacitance of this series connection, 𝐴 𝐴
1 1 1 1 3 8 𝜀𝑜 [ ] 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 [ ]
= + + = (𝑜𝑟) 𝐶𝑠 = 𝜇𝐹 𝐶1 = 2 = & 𝐶2 = 2 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝐴
𝐶𝑠 8 8 8 8 3 𝑑 2𝑑 𝑑 2𝑑
▪ Net charge on this series ciruit ; ▪ Thus effective capacitance in parallel combination,
8 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 𝜺𝒐 𝑨
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑉 = 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 9 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪 𝐶𝑃 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = + = (𝟏 + 𝜺𝒓 )
3 2𝑑 2𝑑 𝟐𝒅
(a) Charges on each capacitor : (2) Capacitor 𝑸 : Here two capacitors are connected in series. They are
▪ Since 𝐶𝑎 = 𝐶𝑏𝑐 = 𝐶𝑑 , potential difference across them also equal (i.e.) 𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 2 𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 2 𝜀𝑜 𝐴
𝐶1 = = & 𝐶2 = =
𝑉 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑 = 3 = 3 𝑉 [ ]
2
[ ]
2
▪ Thus charges on each capacitor ; ▪ Thus effective capacitance in series combination,
𝒒𝒂 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑉𝑎 = 8 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 3 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪 1 1 1 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 + 𝜀𝑟
−6 −𝟔
= + = + = [ + 1] = [ ]
𝒒𝒃 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 6 𝑋 10 𝑋 3 = 𝟏𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑪 𝐶 𝑄 𝐶 1 𝐶 2 2 𝜀 𝜀
𝑟 𝑜 𝐴 2 𝜀 𝑜 𝐴 2 𝜀 𝑜 𝐴 𝜀 𝑟 2 𝜀 𝑜 𝐴 𝜀𝑟
𝒒𝒄 = 𝐶𝑐 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 2 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 3 = 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪 𝟐 𝜺𝒐 𝑨 𝜺𝒓
∴ 𝑪𝑸 = [ ]
𝒒𝒅 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑉𝑑 = 8 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 3 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑪 𝒅 𝟏 + 𝜺𝒓
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
2. Current electricity 3. A copper wire of 10–6 m2 area of cross section, carries a current of 2 A. If the
1. The following graphs represent the current versus voltage and voltage versus number of free electrons per cubic meter in the wire is 8 × 10 28, calculate the
current for the six conductors A,B,C,D,E and F. Which conductor has least current density and average drift velocity of electrons.
resistance and which has maximum resistance? Solution :- 𝐴 = 10−6 𝑚2 ; 𝐼 = 2 𝐴 ; 𝑛 = 8 𝑋 1028 ; 𝐽 = ? ; 𝑣𝑑 = ?
 Current density ;
𝐼 2
𝑱= = = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑨 𝒎−𝟐
𝐴 10−6
 Aveage drift velocity ;
𝐼 𝐽
𝑣𝑑 = =
𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝑒
2 𝑋 106 1
𝑣𝑑 = 28 −19
= 𝑋 10−3
8 𝑋 10 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10 6.4
𝒗𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
Solution :- 4. The resistance of a nichrome wire at 200C is 10 Ω. If its temperature coefficient
Figure (1) : of resistivity of nichrome is 0.004/0C, find the resistance of the wire at boiling
Δ𝑉 2
 Resistance of conductor - A ; 𝑅𝐴 = = = 0.5 Ω point of water. Comment on the result.
Δ𝐼 4
Δ𝑉 4 Solution :- 𝑇𝑜 = 0 𝐶 ; 𝑇 = 100  𝐶 ; 𝑅𝑜 = 10 Ω ; 𝑅𝑇 = ?
Resistance of conductor - B ; 𝑅𝐵 = = = 1.33 Ω
Δ𝐼 3  Resistance of the conducting wire at T 0C is,
Δ𝑉 5 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑜 [1 + 𝛼 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )]
Resistance of conductor - C ; 𝑅𝐶 = = = 2.5 Ω
Δ𝐼 2 𝑅𝑇 = 10 [ 1 + 0.004 (100 − 0)]
Figure (2) : 𝑅𝑇 = 10 [1 + 0.004 𝑋 100]
Δ𝑉 4
 Resistance of conductor - D ; 𝑅𝐷 = = =2Ω 𝑅𝑇 = 10 [ 1 + 0.4] = 10 𝑋 1.4
Δ𝐼 2
Δ𝑉 3 𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒 𝛀
Resistance of conductor - E ; 𝑅𝐸 = = = 0.75 Ω  As the temperature increases the resistance of the wire also increases.
Δ𝐼 4
Resistance of conductor - F ; 𝑅𝐹 =
Δ𝑉
=
2
= 0.4 Ω 5. The rod given in the figure is made up of two different materials. Both have
Δ𝐼 5 square cross sections of 3 mm side. The resistivity of the first material is
 Thus conductor F has least resistance (i.e.) 𝑹𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝛀 4 × 10–3 Ωm and that of second material has resistivity of 5 × 10–3 Ωm. What is
And conductor C has maximum resistance (i.e.) 𝑹𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝛀 the resistance of rod between its ends?
2. Lightning is very good example of natural current. In
typical lightning, there is 109 J energy transfer across
the potential difference of 5 × 107 V during a time
interval of 0.2 s. Using this information, estimate the Solution :- 𝐴 = 3𝑚𝑚𝑋3𝑚𝑚 = 9 𝑚𝑚2 = 9 𝑋 10−6 𝑚2 ; 𝑙1 = 25 𝑐𝑚 = 25 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
following quantities 𝑙2 = 70 𝑐𝑚 = 70 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝜌1 = 4 𝑋 10−3 ; 𝜌2 = 5 𝑋 10−3
(a) total amount of charge transferred between cloud  Resistance of first material ;
and ground (b) the current in the lightning bolt (c) the 𝜌1 𝑙1 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 25 𝑋 10−2 1000
𝑅1 = = = Ω
power delivered in 0.2 s. 𝐴 9 𝑋 10−6 9
Solution :- 𝑉 = 5 𝑋 107 𝑉 ; 𝑡 = 0.2 𝑠 ; 𝑈 = 109 𝐽  Resistance of second material ;
𝑈 109 1 𝜌2 𝑙2 5 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 70 𝑋 10−2 3500
(a) Total charge ; 𝑸 =
𝑉
= 5 𝑋 107
= 5 𝑋 102 = 0.2 𝑋 102 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑪 𝑅2 = = −6
= Ω
𝐴 9 𝑋 10 9
𝑄 20 200  Since the two materials are in series, their effective resistance,
(b) Current ; 𝑰 = 𝑡 = 0.2 = 2 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨
1000 3500 1000 + 3500 4500
𝑈 109 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = + = =
(c) Power ; 𝑷= = = 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑾 = 𝟓 𝑮 𝑾 9 9 9 9
𝑡 0.2 𝑹𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝛀
6. Three identical lamps each having a resistance R are connected to the battery of (d) Power delivered :
emf 𝝐 as shown in the figure Suddenly the switch S is closed. (a) Calculate the  When S is open,
current in the circuit when S is open 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
and closed (b) What happens to the 𝑷𝑨 = 𝑉𝐴 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
3 3𝑅 𝟗𝑹
intensities of the bulbs A,B and C. (c) 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
Calculate the voltage across the 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
3 3𝑅 𝟗𝑹
three bulbs when S is open and 𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
closed (d) Calculate the power 𝑷𝑪 = 𝑉𝐶 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
3 3𝑅 𝟗𝑹
delivered to the circuit when S is 𝝐𝟐 𝝐𝟐
Total power delivered; 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩 + 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟑 ( ) =
𝟗𝑹 𝟑𝑹
opened and closed (e) Does the
 When S is closed,
power delivered to the circuit
𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
decrease, increase or remain same? 𝑷𝑨 = 𝑉𝐴 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
Solution :- 2 2𝑅 𝟒𝑹
𝜖 𝜖 𝝐𝟐
(a) Current : 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐼 = 𝑋 =
 When S is open, all the bulbs A, B and C are in series, and hence their effective 2 2𝑅 𝟒𝑹
𝑷𝑪 = 0
resistance becomes ; 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 3 𝑅 . Thus from Ohm’s law, 𝝐𝟐 𝝐𝟐
𝜖 𝝐 Total power delivered; 𝑷𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩 + 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟐 ( )=
𝟒𝑹 𝟐𝑹
𝑰= =
𝑅𝑇 𝟑𝑹 (e) When S is suddenly closed, the power delivered to the circuit will increases.
 When S is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series and hence their effective 7. An electronics hobbyist is building a radio which requires 150 Ω in her circuit.
resistance becomes 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 = 2 𝑅 and no current flows through bulb C. But she has only 220 Ω, 79 Ω and 92 Ω resistors available. How can she connect
Thus from Ohm’s law, the available resistors to get the desired value of resistance?
𝜖 𝝐 Solution :-
𝑰= =
𝑅𝑇 𝟑𝑹  The value of equivalent resistance in series connection will be greater than each
(b) Intensity : individual resistance. Similarly the value of equivalent resistance in parallel
 When S is open, all the bulbs A, B and C are in series. Here current through all connection will be lesser than each individual resistance.
the bulbs are same. So all the bulbs glow with equal intensity.  When all the three resistors are connected in series, their effective resistance will
 When S is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series . The intensities of the be greater than 220 Ω and when all the three resistors are connected in parallel,
bulbs A and B equally increase. Bulb C will not glow since no current pass their effective resistance will be less than 79 Ω
through it.  Initially first two resistors 220 Ω and 79 Ω are connected in parallel and their
(c) Voltage (Potential difference) : effective value,
 When S is open, 1 1 1 220 + 79 299
𝜖 𝝐 = + = =
𝑽𝑨 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑋𝑅 = 𝑅𝑃 220 79 220 𝑋 79 17380
3𝑅 𝟑 17380
𝜖 𝝐 ∴ 𝑅𝑃 = = 5. 811 𝑋 101 Ω ≈ 𝟓𝟖 𝛀
𝑽𝑩 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑋𝑅 = 299
3𝑅 𝟑  Now 58 Ω and third resistor 92 Ω are connected in series its effective value,
𝜖𝜖 𝝐
𝑽𝑪 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑋𝑅 = 𝑅𝑺 = 58 + 92 = 150 Ω
3𝑅 𝟑
 When S is closed,  Thus in order to get 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝛀 resistance, 220 Ω and 79 Ω are connected in parallel
𝜖 𝝐 and this combination is connected in series with 9𝟐 𝛀
𝑽𝑨 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑋𝑅 =
2𝑅 𝟐
𝜖 𝝐
𝑽𝑩 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑋𝑅 =
2𝑅 𝟐
𝑽𝑪 = 0
8. A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 Ω resistor and a current of 0.3 A 10. A potentiometer wire has a length of 4 m and resistance of 20 Ω. It is connected
through a 7 Ω resistor. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell. in series with resistance of 2980 Ω and a cell of emf 4 V. Calculate the potential
Solution :- 𝐼1 = 0.9 𝐴 ; 𝐼2 = 0.3 𝐴 ; 𝑅1 = 2 Ω ; 𝑅2 = 7 Ω ; r = ? gradient along the wire.
 From Ohm’s law (V = I R), Solution :- 𝑙 = 4 𝑚 ; 𝑅 = 20  ; 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 2980  ; ϵ = 4 V ; 𝑉 = ?
20
𝜖 = 𝐼1 (𝑅1 + 𝑟) = 0.9 (2 + 𝑟) − − − − (1)  Resistance per unit length of the potentiometer wire, 𝑟 = = 5 Ω 𝑚−1
4
𝜖 = 𝐼2 (𝑅2 + 𝑟) = 0.3 (7 + 𝑟) − − − − (2) 𝜖 4 4
 From equation (1) and (2)  From Ohm’s law ; 𝐼 = = (20+2980) = 3000
(𝑅+ 𝑅𝑒𝑥 )
0.9 (2 + 𝑟) = 0.3 (7 + 𝑟) 𝐼=
4
= 1. 33 𝑋 10−3 𝐴
1.8 + 0.9 𝑟 = 2.1 + 0.3 𝑟 3 𝑋 103
0.9 𝑟 − 0.3 𝑟 = 2.1 − 1.8  Potential difference across the potentiometer wire
0.6 𝑟 = 0.3 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 1.33 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 20 = 26.6 𝑋 10−3 𝑉
0.3 1  Then the potential gradient along the wire
𝑟= = 2 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝛀
0.6 𝑽 = 𝐼 𝑟 = 1.33 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 5 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑽𝒎−𝟏
9. Calculate the currents in the following circuit. 11. Determine the current flowing through the galvanometer (G) as shown in the
figure.
Solution :-
 Apply Kirchoff’s current law at the junction P,
2 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 (𝑜𝑟)
𝐼2 = 2 − 𝐼1 − − − − − − (1)
 Apply Kirchoff’s voltage law to the closed loop
PQSP ,
5 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 15 𝐼2 = 0
Solution :- 5 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 15 (2 − 𝐼1 ) = 0
 Apply Kirchoff’s current law at the junction B, 5 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 30 + 15 𝐼1 = 0
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − − − − − − (1) 20 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 − 30 = 0
 Apply Kirchoff’s voltage law to the closed loop ABEFA and BCDEB, 20 𝐼1 + 10 𝐼𝑔 = 30 − − − − − − (2)
100 𝐼3 + 100 𝐼1 = 15 − − − − − − (2)  Similarly Apply Kirchoff’s voltage law to the closed loop QRSQ,
and 100 𝐼2 − 100 𝐼3 = − 9 − − − − − − (3) 10 (𝐼1 − 𝐼𝑔 ) − 10 𝐼𝑔 − 20 (𝐼2 + 𝐼𝑔 ) = 0
 Put equation (1) in (2) 10 𝐼1 − 10 𝐼𝑔 − 10 𝐼𝑔 − 20 𝐼2 − 20 𝐼𝑔 = 0
100 𝐼3 + 100( 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 ) = 15 10 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 20 𝐼2 = 0
100 𝐼3 + 100 𝐼2 + 100 𝐼3 = 15
10 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 20 (2 − 𝐼1 ) = 0
100 𝐼2 + 200 𝐼3 = 15 − − − − − − (4)
(4) − (3) ⟹ 300 𝐼3 = 24 10 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 40 + 20 𝐼1 = 0
24 8 30 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 − 40 = 0
𝐼3 = = = 0.08 𝐴 30 𝐼1 − 40 𝐼𝑔 = 40 − − − − − − (3)
300 100
 Put this in equation (3) (2)𝑋 3 ⟹ 60 𝐼1 + 30 𝐼𝑔 = 90 − − − − − − (4)
100 𝐼2 − 100 (0.08) = − 9 (3)𝑋 2 ⟹ 60 𝐼1 − 80 𝐼𝑔 = 80 − − − − − − (5)
100 𝐼2 − 8 = − 9 (4) − (5) ⟹ 110 𝐼𝑔 = 10
100 𝐼2 = − 9 + 8 = − 1 11 𝐼𝑔 = 1
1 𝟏
𝐼2 = − = − 0.01 𝐴 𝑰𝒈 = 𝑨
100 𝟏𝟏
 Then equation(1) becomes,
𝐼1 = − 0.01 + 0.08 = 0.07 𝐴
 Thus , 𝑰𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟐 = − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑨 ; 𝑰𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝑨
12. Two cells each of 5V are connected in series with a 8 Ω resistor and three Solution :-
parallel resistors of 4 Ω, 6 Ω and 12 Ω. Draw a circuit diagram for the above
arrangement. Calculate (i) the current drawn from the cells (ii) current through
each resistor
Solution :-
 Circuit diagram for the above arrangement,
14. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35

(i) The current drawn from the cells : cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point
 Here, 4, 6  and 12  all are in parallel, their effective resistance, shifts to 63 cm, what is the emf of the second cell?
1 1 1 1 3+2+1 6 1 Solution :- : 𝜖1 = 1.25 𝑉 ; 𝑙1 = 35 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑙2 = 63 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝜖2 = ?
= + + = = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑅𝑃 = 2 Ω
𝑅𝑃 4 6 12 12 12 2  The ratio of emf’s of two cells using potentiometer,
 Also, 8  and 2  are in series, their effective resistance, ‹ 𝜖1 𝑙1
𝑅𝑺 = 8 + 2 = 10  =
𝜖2 𝑙2
 Total potential difference(voltage) ; 𝑉 = 5 + 5 = 10 𝑉 𝑙2
 Then current in the circuit, 𝜖2 = 𝜖1
𝑙1
𝑉 10 63 𝑋 10−2 78.75
𝑰= = =𝟏𝑨 𝜖2 = 1.25 𝑋 =
𝑅𝑆 10 35 𝑋 10−2 35
 The potential difference across parallel combination of effective 𝝐𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝑽
resistance 𝑅𝑃 = 2 Ω is ; 𝑉𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑃 = 1 𝑋 2 = 2 𝑉
(ii) Current through each resistor :
▪ Current through 8 Ω resistor ; 𝑰 = 𝟏 𝑨
𝑉𝑃 𝟐
▪ Current through 4 Ω resistor ; 𝑰𝟏 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨
4 𝟒
𝑉𝑃 𝟐
▪ Current through 6 Ω resistor ; 𝑰𝟐 = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝑨
6 𝟔
𝑉𝑃 𝟐
▪ Current through 12 Ω resistor ; 𝑰𝟑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝑨
12 𝟏𝟐
13. Four bulbs P, Q, R, S are connected in a circuit of unknown arrangement. When
each bulb is removed one at a time and replaced, the following behavior is
observed. Draw the circuit diagram for these bulbs.
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNITISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
3. 3. A circular
Magnetism & Magnticcoil with cross-sectional area 0.1 cm2 is kept in a uniform magnetic
effect-
1. A bar magnet having a magnetic moment 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 is cut into four pieces i.e., first cut field of strength 0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and plane of the
loop is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. Calculate
into two pieces along the axis of the magnet and each piece is further cut along
(a) total torque on the coil
the axis into two pieces. Compute the magnetic moment of each piece.
(b) total force on the coil
Solution :
(c) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field. (The free
electron density for the material of the wire is 1028 m–3).
Solution : 𝑨 = 0.1 𝑐𝑚2 = 0.1 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝐵 = 0.2 𝑇 ; 𝐼 = 3 𝐴 ; 𝑛 = 1028 𝑚−3 ; 𝜃 = 0°
(a) Total torque on the coil
 Initial magnetic moment of the magnet ; 𝒑 ⃗ 𝒎 = 𝒒𝒎 ⃗𝒅 = 𝒒𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝟐𝒍 𝜏 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝐼 𝐴 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
 When it cut along the axis into four pieces, the pole strength of each piece becomes 𝜏 = 3 𝑋 0.1 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 0.2 𝑋 sin 0° [∵ sin 0° = 0]
𝑞𝑚 𝝉=𝟎
, but the magnetic length will not change. Hence magnetic moment of each piece, (b) Total force on the coil,
4
 𝑞 1 𝟏 𝐹 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 sin 𝜃
⃗𝒑𝒎 = 𝑚 ⃗𝑑 = (𝑞𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2 𝑙) = ⃗𝒑𝒎
4 2 𝟒 𝑭=𝟎 [∵ sin 0° = 0]
2. A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g m–1 suspended (c) Charge of electron ; 𝑞 = |𝑒| = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶
by two flexible wire as shown in figure. Suppose the If 𝑙 is the length of the coil, the drift velocity ; 𝑣𝑑 =
𝑙
tension in the supporting wires is zero when it is kept 𝑡

Lorentz force on each electron,
inside the magnetic field of 1 T whose direction is into the 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑞 𝑣 = 𝐵 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 [∵ 𝐼 = 𝑛 𝐴 𝑒 𝑣𝑑 ]
page. Compute the current inside the conductor and also 𝐼 𝐵𝐼
the direction of the current. Assume g = 10 m s–2 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑒 =
𝒎
𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑛𝐴
Solution : = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒈 𝒎−𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒈 𝒎−𝟏 ; 𝑩 = 𝟏 𝑻 ; 𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐 0.2 𝑋 3 0.6
𝒍 𝐹𝐵 = 28 −4
= 𝑋 10−24 = 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝑵
10 𝑋 0.1 𝑋 10 0.1
4. A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is 0.8 T.If the
bar magnet is oriented at an angle 30o with the external field experiences a
torque of 0.2 Nm. Calculate: (a) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(b) the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable
configuration to the most unstable configuration and also compute the work
done by the applied magnetic field in this case.
Solution : 𝐵 = 0.8 𝑇 ; 𝜃 = 30° ; 𝜏 = 0.2 𝑁 𝑚
(a) We know that, the torque ; 𝜏 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃
Hence magnetic moment is given by,
 Weight of the conductor due to gravity in downward direction, 𝜏 0.2 0.2 0.2 2
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚 𝑔 𝑝𝑚 = = = = =
𝐵 sin 𝜃 0.8 𝑋 sin 30° 1 0.4 4
 Magnetic Lorentz force acting perpendicular to conductor in upward direction, 0.8 𝑋
2
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐼 𝑙 𝒑𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑨 𝒎𝟐
 When the tension of the supporting wire becomes zero, we have (b) For most stable configuration ; 𝜃 = 0° and energy 𝑈𝑆
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝑔 For most unstable configuration ; 𝜃 = 180 and energy 𝑈𝑈𝑆
𝐵𝐼𝑙=𝑚𝑔
𝑚
𝑚𝑔 ( )𝑔 0.2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10
𝑰= = 𝑙 = = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒎 𝑨
𝐵𝑙 𝐵 1
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 3 MAGNITISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
 From the figure, 6. Calculate the magnetic field at the centre of a square loop which carries a current
𝑈𝑆 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 0° = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 of 1.5 A, length of each side being 50 cm.
𝐿
𝑈𝑈𝑆 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 𝜃 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 cos 180° = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 (−1) = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 Solution : 𝐿 = 50 𝑐𝑚 = 50 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝐼 = 1.5 𝐴 𝑎 = = 25𝑐𝑚 = 25 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
2
 Hence the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable 𝜙1 = 𝜙 = 45° ; 𝜙2 = 180° − 𝜙 ; 𝜃 = 45°
configuration to the most unstable configuration is,  Let the square loop is made up of four straight conductors AB, BD, DC and CA
𝑊𝐹 = 𝑈𝑈𝑆 − 𝑈𝑆 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 − (− 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 ) = 2 𝑝𝑚 𝐵  From Biot - Savart law, the magnetic field at a
𝑊𝐹 = 2 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 0.8 distance ‘a’ due to straigtht current carrying
𝑾𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑱 conductor AB is,
 Work done by the applied magnetic field, 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝐵𝐴𝐵 = [sin 𝜙1 + sin 𝜙2 ]
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑈𝑆 − 𝑈𝑈𝑆 = − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 − 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 = − 2 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 4𝜋𝑎
𝑊𝐵 = − 2 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 0.8 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 1.5
𝐵𝐴𝐵 = [sin 45° + sin 45° ]
𝑊𝐵 = − 𝟎. 𝟖 𝑱 4 𝜋 𝑋 25 𝑋 10−2
−5
5. A non - conducting sphere has a mass of 100 g and 10 𝑋 1.5
radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire with turns 5 𝐵𝐴𝐵 = [2 sin 45° ]
25
is wrapped tightly around it with each turns 1
concentric with the sphere. This sphere is placed on 𝐵𝐴𝐵 = 0. 06 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 2 𝑋 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
√2
an inclined plane such that plane of coil is parallel to  Similarly, magnetic field due to BD, DC and CA
the inclined plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T
exists in the region in vertically upward direction. 𝐵𝐵𝐷 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
Compute the current I required to rest the sphere in 𝐵𝐷𝐶 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
equilibrium. 𝐵𝐶𝐴 = 6 √2 𝑋 10−7 𝑇
Solution : 𝑀 = 100 g = 0.1 kg ; R = 20 cm =20 X 10−2 m ; N = 5 ; B = 0.5 T ; I = ?  From Fleming’s left hand rule, the magnetic field at the centre, due to all four
 Here sphere be at two types of equilibrium. They are, conductors is directed perpendicularly inwards to the plane of the paper. Hence
(i) Straight line equilibrium the total magnetic field
(ii) Rotational equilibrium 𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐵𝐷 + 𝐵𝐷𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶𝐴
 Under straight line equilibrium ; 𝑓𝑆 = 𝑀 𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − − − − − − (1) 𝐵 = 4 𝑋 6 √2 𝑋 10−7
 Torque on the sphere due to magnetic field about its centre ; 𝐵 = 24 𝑋 1.414 𝑋 10−7
𝜏 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 (anticlockwise direction) 𝐵 = 33. 936 𝑋 10−7 = 3.3936 𝑋 10−6 𝑇
Torque on the sphere due to friction about its centre ; 𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑻
𝜏 = 𝑓𝑆 𝑅 (clockwise direction)
Under rotational equilibrium ; 𝑓𝑆 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃 − − − − − − (2)
 Put equation (1) in (2)
𝑀 𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝑀 𝑔 𝑅 = 𝑝𝑚 𝐵 [∵ 𝑝𝑚 = 𝑁 𝐼 𝐴]
𝑀𝑔𝑅 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵
𝑀 𝑔 𝑅 = 𝑁 𝐼 (𝜋 𝑅2 ) 𝐵
𝑀𝑔
𝐼 =
𝑁𝜋𝑅𝐵
0.1 𝑋 10
𝐼 =
5 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 0.5
102 100
𝐼 = =
50 𝑋 𝜋 50 𝑋 𝜋
𝟐
𝑰 = 𝑨
𝝅
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INUDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
4. Electromagnetic Induction 5. A rectangular coil of area 6 cm2 having 3500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic
1. A square coil of side 30 cm with 500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field of field of 0.4 T. Initially, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the field and is
0.4 T. The plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30 o to the field. Calculate the then rotated through an angle of 180o. If the resistance of the coil is 35 Ω, find
the amount of charge flowing through the coil.
magnetic flux through the coil.
Solution : 𝐴 = 6 𝑐𝑚2 = 6 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝑁 = 3500 ; 𝐵 = 0.4 𝑇 ; 𝜃𝑖 = 90° − 90° = 0°
Solution : 𝑁 = 500 ; 𝑎 = 30 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝐴 = 𝑎2 = 900 𝑐𝑚2 = 900 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ;
𝜃𝑓 = 180° − 90° = 90° ; 𝑅 = 35Ω ; 𝑞 = ?
𝜃 = 90° − 30° = 60 ° ; 𝐵 = 0.4 T ; N Φ𝐵 = ?
 Initial magnetic flux ; 𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 0° = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴
 Total Magnetic flux through the coil,
 Final magnetic flux ; 𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃𝑓 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 180° = − 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴
𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃
𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 500 X 0.4 X 900 𝑋 10−4 cos 60°  Change in magnetic flux ; 𝑑 (𝑁 Φ𝐵 ) = 𝑁 𝐴 𝐵 − (− 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴) = 2 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴
1 1  Hence rate of change in magnetic flux (i.e.) induced emf;
𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 180000 X 10−4 X = 18 X = 𝟗 𝑾𝒃 𝑑 (𝑁 Φ𝐵 )
2 2 ∈ = = 2𝑁𝐵𝐴
2. A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a time 0.4 s. Find 𝑑𝑡
the magnitude of the emf induced in the wire. ∈ = 2 𝑋 3500 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−4 = 16800 𝑋 10−4
Solution : dΦ𝐵 = 4 𝑚𝑊𝑏 = 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑊𝑏 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4 𝑇 ; ∈ = ? ∈ = 168 𝑋 10−2 𝑉
 Magnitude of the emf induced in the wire,  Thus induced current (rate of flow of electric charge).
∈ 168 𝑋 10−2
𝑑 Φ𝐵 4 𝑋 10−3 𝒊 = = = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑨
∈= = = 𝟏𝟎 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝑽 𝑅 35
𝑑𝑡 0.4  So the amount of charge flowing through the coil,
3. The magnetic flux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a function
𝑞 = 𝑖 𝑡 = 4. 8 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 1 = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑪
of time and is given by 𝚽𝑩 = (𝟐 𝒕𝟑 + 𝟒 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟖 𝒕 + 𝟖 ) Wb. If the resistance of the
6. An induced current of 2.5 mA flows through a single conductor of resistance
coil is 5 Ω, determine the induced current through the coil at a time t = 3 second. 100 Ω. Find out the rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.
Solution : 𝑑 Φ𝐵
Solution : 𝑅 = 100  ; 𝑖 = 2.5 𝑚𝐴 = 2.5 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 ; =?
 Magnitude of the induced emf, 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 Φ𝐵 𝑑  The rate of change in magnetic flux (i.e.) induced emf

∈= = (2 𝑡 3 + 4 𝑡 2 + 8 𝑡 + 8 ) 𝒅 𝚽𝑩
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∈ = 𝑖 𝑅 = 2.5 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 100 = 250 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝑾𝒃 𝒔−𝟏
∈ = 2 𝑋 3𝑡 2 + 4 𝑋 2 𝑡 + 8 + 0 = 6 𝑡 2 + 8 𝑡 + 8 𝒅𝒕
7. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 m rotates normal to a magnetic field of
If t = 3 s , ∈ = 6 (3)2 + 8 (3) + 8 = 54 + 24 + 8 = 𝟖𝟔 𝑽
𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑻. If the induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is
 Then the induced current through the coil, 0.02 V, determine the rate of rotation of the blade.
∈ 86
𝑖= = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐 𝑨 Solution : 𝑙 = 0.4 m ; A = π 𝑙 2 = 0.16 𝜋 ; B = 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑇 ; ∈𝒎 = 0.02 𝑉 ; 𝜔 =?
𝑅 5  Maximum value of induced emf,
4. A closely wound circular coil of radius 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to the
magnetic field. When the magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in ∈𝑚 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 𝜔
∈𝑚 0.02
6 s, an emf of 44 V is induced in it. Calculate the number of turns in the coil. ∴ 𝜔= =
𝑁𝐵𝐴 1 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 0.16 𝜋
Solution : 𝑟 = 0.02 m ; dt = 6 s ; 𝑑𝐵 = 8000 − 2000 = 6000 𝑇 ; ∈ = 44 𝑉 0.02
𝜃 = 90° − 90° = 0° ; 𝑁 = ? 𝜔=
0.64 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 3.14
 Magnitude of the induced emf ; 0.02
𝑑 Φ𝐵 𝑑 𝑑𝐵 𝜔=
0.64 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 3.14
∈= 𝑁 =𝑁 (𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃) = 𝑁 𝐴 cos 𝜃 ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 0.02 𝑋 103
∈ ∈ 44 𝜔=
2.0096
∴ 𝑁= = = 𝜔 = 9.954 𝑋 10−3 𝑋103
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐵 22 6000
𝐴 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝜋 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝑋 (0.02)2 cos 0° ( ) 𝝎 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝟒 revolutions/second
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 7 6
44 𝑋 7 𝑋 6 84 840
𝑁= = = = 35 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
22 𝑋 0.0004 𝑋 1 𝑋 6000 2.4 24
8. A bicycle wheel with metal spokes of 1 m long rotates in Earth’s magnetic field. 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 200002 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 0.022
The plane of the wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal component of Earth’s Φ𝐵 = 𝑋1
0.5
field of 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑻.If the emf induced across the spokes is 31.4 mV, calculate the −7 8
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10 𝑋 4 𝑋 10 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 0.0004
rate of revolution of the wheel. Φ𝐵 = 𝑋1
0.5
Solution : 𝑙 = 1 𝑚 ; 𝐵𝐻 = 4 𝑋 10−5 𝑇 ; ∈ = 31.4 𝑚 𝑉 = 31.4 𝑋 10−3 𝑉 ; 𝜔 = ? 64 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10 −3
 Maximum value of induced emf, Φ𝐵 =

0.5
∈𝑚 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 𝜔 = 𝑁 𝐵 (𝜋 𝑙 2 )𝜔 Φ𝐵 = 128 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−3
∈𝑚 31.4 𝑋 10−3 Φ𝐵 = 1.262 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝑾𝒃
∴ 𝜔= =  Hence magnetic flux linked with each turn
𝑁 𝐵 𝜋 𝑙2 1 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 3.14 𝑋12
10 𝑋 102 1000 𝚽𝑩 1. 262
𝜔= = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑾𝒃
4 4 𝑁 20000
𝝎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 revolutions/second 12. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 mWb is
9. Determine the self-inductance of 4000 turn air-core solenoid of length 2m and linked with each turn of the coil, find the inductance of the coil.
diameter 0.04 m. Solution : 𝑁 = 200 ; 𝐼 = 0.4 𝐴 ; Φ𝐵 = 4 𝑚𝑊𝑏 = 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑊𝑏 ; 𝐿 = ?
Solution : : 𝑙 = 2 𝑚 ; 𝑑 = 0.04 𝑚 ; 𝑟 = 0.02 𝑚 ; 𝑁 = 4000 ; 𝐿 = ?  Self inductance of the coil,
 Self inductance of air core solenoid, 𝑁 Φ𝐵 200 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−3
𝐿= = = 2000 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟐 𝑯
𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝜋 𝑟 2 𝐼 0.4
𝐿= == 13. Two air core solenoids have the same length of 80 cm and same cross–sectional
𝑙 𝑙
4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 40002 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 0.02 𝑋 0.02 area 5 cm2. Find the mutual inductance between them if the number of turns in
𝐿 = the first coil is 1200 turns and that in the second coil is 400 turns.
2
𝐿 = 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 16 𝑋106 𝑋 0.02 𝑋 0.02 Solution : 𝑙 = 80 𝑐𝑚 = 80 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝐴 = 5 𝑐𝑚2 = 5 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ;
𝐿 = 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 16 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−5 𝑁1 = 1200 ; 𝑁2 = 400 ; 𝑀 = ?
𝐿 = 128 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−5  Mutual inductance between the coils,
𝐿 = 1.262 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−5 = 1.262 𝑋 10−2 𝐻 = 12.62 𝑋 10−3 𝐻 𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋1200 𝑋 400 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−4
𝑀= =
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 𝒎 𝑯 𝑙 80 𝑋 10−2
10. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 4 A. If the magnetic flux through the coil 𝑀 = 4 𝜋 𝑋15 𝑋 400 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−9 = 3.14 𝑋 12 𝑋10−5
is 6 × 10–5 Wb, find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding the 𝑀 = 37.68 𝑋10−5 𝐻 = 0.3768 𝑋 10−3 𝐻 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟖 𝒎 𝑯
coil. 14. A long solenoid having 400 turns per cm carries a current 2A. A 100 turn coil of
Solution : 𝑁 = 200 ; 𝐼 = 4 𝐴 ; Φ𝐵 = 6 𝑋 10−5 𝑊𝑏 ; 𝑈𝐵 = ? cross-sectional area 4 cm2 is placed co-axially inside the solenoid so that the
 Magnetic energy stored, coil is in the field produced by the solenoid. Find the emf induced in the coil if
1 1 𝑁 Φ𝐵 2 1 the current through the solenoid reverses its direction in 0.04 sec.
𝑈𝐵 = 𝐿 𝐼 2 = [ ] 𝐼 = 𝑁 Φ𝐵 𝐼 Solution : : 𝑛1 = 400 ; 𝑁1 = 400 𝑋 100 = 4 𝑋 104 ; 𝑁2 = 100 ;
2 2 𝐼 2
1 𝐴 = 4 𝑐𝑚2 = 4 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝐼1 = 2 𝐴 ; 𝑡 = 0.04 𝑠
𝑈𝐵 = 𝑋 200 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 4  Mutual inductance,
2
𝑈𝐵 = 100 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 4 = 2400 𝑋10−5 𝐽 𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 4 𝑋 104 𝑋 100 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−4
𝑼𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝑱 𝑀= =
𝑙 1
11. A 50 cm long solenoid has 400 turns per cm. The diameter of the solenoid is 𝑀 = 64 𝜋 𝑋 10−5 = 64 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−5
0.04 m. Find the magnetic flux linked with each turn when it carries a current 𝑀 = 200.96 𝑋 10−5 = 2.0096 𝑋 10−3
of 1 A. 𝑴 ≅ 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑯
Solution : 𝑙 = 50 𝑐𝑚 = 0.5 𝑚 ; 𝑛 = 400 ; 𝑁 = 𝑛 𝑙 = 400 𝑋 50 = 20000 ;  If the current through the solenoid is reversed its direction, the emf inuced in the
𝑑 = 0.04 𝑚 ; 𝑟 = 0.02 𝑚 ; 𝐼 = 1 𝐴 ; Φ𝐵 = ? coil is,
 Let ‘L’ be the self inductance of the solenoid, magnetic flux is, 𝑑𝐼1 2 − (−2) 4
𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝜋 𝑟 2 ∈2 = 𝑀 = 2 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 = 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋
𝑑𝑡 0.04 0.04
Φ𝐵 = 𝐿 𝐼 = 𝐼= 𝐼 ∈2 = 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 100 = 2 𝑋 10−1 𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑽
𝑙 𝑙
15. A 200 turn circular coil of radius 2 cm is placed co-axially within a long solenoid 18. A 200V/120V step-down transformer of 90% efficiency is connected to an
of 3 cm radius. If the turn density of the solenoid is 90 turns per cm, then induction stove of resistance 40 Ω. Find the current drawn by the primary of the
calculate mutual inductance of the coil and the solenoid. transformer.
Solution : 𝑟 = 2 𝑐𝑚 = 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝑁1 = 200 ; 𝑁2 = 90 𝑋100 = 9000 Solution : 𝜂 = 90 % ; 𝑉𝑃 = 200 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑆 = 120 𝑉 ; 𝑅 = 40 
 Mutual inductance of the coil and the solenoid,  Output power ; 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆
𝑉𝑆
=
𝑉𝑆2
=
1202
=
120 𝑋 120
= 360 𝑊
𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑅
𝑃𝑆
𝑅
360
40 40
𝑀= =  Thus secondary current is; 𝐼𝑆 = = = 𝟑𝑨
𝑙 𝑙 𝑉𝑆 120
4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 200 𝑋 9000 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 (2 𝑋 10−2 )2  We know, the efficiency of the transformer ; 𝜂 = 𝑆 = 𝑆 𝑆
𝑃 𝑉 𝐼
𝑀= 𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝐼 𝑃
1 90 360
𝑀 = 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 288 𝑋 10−6 = 2.839 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−6 =
𝑴 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑯 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟗 𝒎 𝑯 100 200 𝑋 𝐼𝑃
16. The solenoids S1 and S2 are wound on an iron-core of relative permeability 900.  The current drawn by the primary of the transformer
Their areas of their cross-section and their lengths are the same and are 4 cm 2 360 𝑋 100 36000
𝐼𝑃 = = = 𝟐𝑨
and 0.04 m respectively. If the number of turns in S1 is 200 and that in S2 is 800, 200 𝑋 90 18000
calculate the mutual inductance between the solenoids. If the current in 19. The 300 turn primary of a transformer has resistance 0.82 Ω and the resistance
solenoid 1 is increased form 2A to 8A in 0.04 second, calculate the induced emf of its secondary of 1200 turns is 6.2 Ω. Find the voltage across the primary if the
in solenoid 2. power output from the secondary at 1600V is 32 kW. Calculate the power losses
Solution : 𝜇𝑟 = 900 ; 𝐴 = 4 𝑐𝑚2 = 4 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝑙 = 0.04 𝑚 ; 𝑁1 = 200 ; in both coils when the transformer efficiency is 80%.
𝑁2 = 800 ; 𝑑𝐼1 = 8 − 2 = 6 𝐴 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.04 𝑠 ; 𝑀 =? ; ∈2 = ? Solution : 𝑁𝑃 = 300 ; 𝑁𝑆 = 1200 ; 𝑅𝑃 = 0.82  ; 𝑅𝑆 = 6.2  ; 𝑉𝑆 = 1600 𝑉
80
 Mutual inductance, 𝑃𝑆 = 32 𝑘𝑊 = 32 𝑋 103 𝑊 ; 𝜂 = 80 % =
𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 900 𝑋 200 𝑋 800 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−4 100
𝑀= = 𝑃𝑆 32 𝑋 103 32000
𝑙 0.04  Output power ; 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑰𝑺 = = = = 𝟐𝟎 𝑨
𝑉𝑆 1600 1600
𝑀 = 100 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 900 𝑋 200 𝑋 800 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−4 𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑃 1600 𝑋 300 4800
 Transformer equation ; = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑽𝑷 = = = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑽
𝑀 = 3.14 𝑋 576 𝑋 10−3 𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝑁𝑆 1200 12
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑆
𝑴 = 1.808 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−3 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏 𝑯  Efficiency ; 𝜂= =
𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑃
 The induced emf in solenoid 2 is,
80 32 𝑋 103
𝑑𝐼1 6 600 =
∈2 = − 𝑀 = −1.81 𝑋 = −1.81 𝑋 100 400 𝑋 𝐼𝑃
𝑑𝑡 0.04 4
∈2 = −1.81 𝑋 150 = −𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟓 𝑽 32 𝑋 103 𝑋 100 3200
𝑰𝑷 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨
17. A step-down transformer connected to main supply of 220 V is used to operate 400 𝑋 80 32
11V, 88 W lamp. Calculate (a) Voltage transformation ratio and (b) Current in  Power loss in primary coil = 𝐼𝑃 𝑅𝑃 = 100 𝑋 0.82 = 8200 𝑊 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒌𝑾
2 2
the primary.  Power loss in secondary coil = 𝐼𝑆2 𝑅𝑆 = 202 𝑋 6.2 = 2480 𝑊 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑾
Solution : 𝑉𝑃 = 220 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑆 = 11 𝑉 ; 𝑃𝑆 = 88 𝑊 ; 𝐾 = ? ; 𝐼𝑃 = ? 20. Calculate the instantaneous value at 60o, average value and RMS value of an
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃 alternating current whose peak value is 20 A.
(a) Voltage transformation ratio ; 𝐾 = = =
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑆 Solution : 𝐼𝑚 = 20 𝐴 ; 𝜔𝑡 = 60° ; 𝑖 = ? ; 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ? ; 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ?
𝑉𝑆 11 𝟏  Alternating current at any instant,
∴ 𝑲= = =
𝑉𝑃 220 𝟐𝟎 √3
(b) We know the output power ; 𝑃𝑆 = 88 𝑊 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 20 sin 60° = 20 𝑋 = 10 𝑋 1.732 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟐 𝑨
(𝑖. 𝑒) 2
𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 = 88 𝑊
 Average value of alternating current,
Hence, the secondary current ;
2 𝐼𝑚
88 88 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 0.637 𝐼𝑚 = 0.637 𝑋 20 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 𝑨
𝐼𝑆 = = =8𝐴 𝜋
𝑉𝑆 11  RMS value of alternating current,
 Thus, current in the primary 𝐼𝑚
1 4 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707 𝐼𝑚 = 0.707 𝑋 20 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝑨
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐾 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑋8= = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝑨 √2
20 10
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
5.Electro Magnetic
s- Waves 4. Let an electromagnetic wave propagate along the x - direction, the magnetic
1. Consider a parallel plate capacitor whose plates are closely spaced. Let R be the field oscillates at a frequency of 1010 Hz and has an amplitude of 10−5 T, acting
radius of the plates and the current in the wire connected to the plates is 5 A, along the y - direction. Then, compute the wavelength of the wave. Also write
calculate the displacement current through the surface passing between the down the expression for electric field in this case.
plates by directly calculating the rate of change of flux of electric field through :Solution :- 𝒇 = 1010 𝐻𝑧 ; 𝐵𝑜 = 10−5 𝑇 ; 𝜆 = ? ; ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ?
the surface. ❖ Wavelength of electromagnetic waves,
:Solution :- 𝐼𝐶 = 5 𝐴 ; 𝐼𝑑 =? 𝐶 3 𝑋 108
𝝀= = = 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎
❖ Electric flux, 𝑓 1010
❖ Expression for electric field,
Φ𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸 𝑑𝐴 cos 0°
𝐸 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑜 sin(𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡) − − − − − − − − (1)
𝜎 𝑞 ❖ We know that, the velocity of electromagnetic waves,
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸 𝐴 = 𝐴=
𝜀𝑜 𝜀𝑜 𝐸𝑜
❖ Hence displacement current, 𝐶=
𝐵𝑜
𝑑Φ𝐸 𝑑 𝑞 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑬𝒐 = 𝐵𝑜 𝐶 = 10−5 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 = 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵 𝑪−𝟏
𝐼𝑑 = 𝜀𝑜 = 𝜀𝑜 ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝜀𝑜 ❖ Angular frequency,
1 𝑑𝑞 𝝎 = 2 𝜋 𝑓 = 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1010 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏
𝐼𝑑 = 𝜀𝑜
𝜀𝑜 𝑑𝑡 ❖ And wave number,
𝑑𝑞 𝜔 6.28 𝑋 1010
𝐼𝑑 = 𝒌= = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒎−𝟏
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 3 𝑋 108
𝑰𝒅 = 𝑰𝑪 = 𝟓 𝑨 ❖ Put this in equation (1),
2. A transmitter consists of LC circuit with an inductance of 1 μH and a capacitance 𝑬 (𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒕) 𝑵 𝑪−𝟏
of 1 μF. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves it emits? ❖ Since the electric field oscillates along z -axis,
:Solution :- 𝐿 = 1 𝜇 𝐻 = 1 𝑋 10−6 𝐻 ; 𝐶 = 1 𝜇 𝐹 = 1 𝑋 10−6 𝐹 ; 𝜆 = ? ⃗⃗⃗𝑬 (𝒙, 𝒕) = 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒕) 𝒌 ̂ 𝑵 𝑪−𝟏
❖ Wavelength of electromagnetic waves,
𝐶 𝐶 5. If the relative permeability and relative permittivity of a medium are 1.0 and
𝜆= = 2.25 respectively, find the speed of the electromagnetic wave in this medium.
𝑓 1
( ) :Solution :- : 𝜇𝑟 = 1.0 ; 𝜀𝑟 = 2.25 ; 𝑣 = ?
2 𝜋 √𝐿 𝐶
❖ Refractive index of the medium,
𝜆 = 𝐶 (2 𝜋 √𝐿 𝐶)
𝜇 = √𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟
𝜆 = 3 𝑋 108 (2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 √1 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 1 𝑋 10−6 ) 𝐶
(𝑜𝑟) = √𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟
𝜆 = 3 𝑋 108 𝑋 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1 𝑋 10−6 𝑣
𝝀 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒎 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝒎 𝐶 3 𝑋 108
3. A pulse of light of duration 10−6 s is absorbed completely by a small object ∴ 𝑣= =
√𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟 √1.0 𝑋 2.25
initially at rest. If the power of the pulse is 60 × 10 −3 W, calculate the final 3 𝑋 108
momentum of the object. 𝑣=
1.5
:Solution :- 𝑡 = 10−6 𝑠 ; 𝑃 = 60 𝑋 10−3 𝑊 ; 𝑝 = ? 𝒗 = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
❖ Final momentum,
𝐸
𝑝= [ 𝐸 = 𝑚 𝐶 2 = 𝑝 𝐶]
𝐶
𝑃𝑋𝑡 𝑊 𝐸
𝑝= [𝑃 = = ]
𝐶 𝑡 𝑡
60 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10−6
𝑝=
3 𝑋 108
𝒑 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 6 RAY OPTICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
6. Ray optics 3. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue is incident
1. An object of 4 cm height is placed at 6 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius on a right-angled prism as shown in figure. The refractive
of curvature 24 cm. Find the position, height, magnification and nature of the index of the material of the prism for the above red, green
and blue colours are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47 respectively.
image.
What are the colours suffer total internal reflection?
-Solution : ℎ = 4 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑅 = −24 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑢 = −6 𝑐𝑚
-Solution : : 𝒊 = 45°; 𝑛𝑅 = 1.39 ; 𝑛𝐺 = 1.44 ; 𝑛𝐵 = 1.47
(i) Position of the image:
 Condition for total internal reflection, 𝒊 > 𝒊𝒄
 From the relation between focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R),
𝑅 − 24  From Snell’s law, 𝑛1 sin 𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin 𝑟
𝑅 = 2𝑓 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑓= = = −12 𝑐𝑚  When 𝒊 = 𝒊𝒄 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒓 = 𝟗𝟎° Hence ,
2 2 𝑛
1 1 1 𝑛1 sin 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛2 sin 90° (or) 𝑛1 sin 𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛2 (or) sin 𝑖𝑐 = 2
 From mirror equation ; = + 𝑛1
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 −1 + 2 1 1
 Here,, 𝑛1 = 𝑛 and 𝑛2 = 1 So, sin 𝑖𝑐 = (or)
∴ = − = − =− + = = 𝑛
𝑣 𝑓 𝑢 (−12) (−6) 12 6 12 12 1 1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒗 = +𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎 𝑛= = = √2 = 1.414
sin 45° 1/√2
(ii) Magnificantion :
𝑣 12  Hence, 𝑛𝑅 < 𝑛 So red colour will emerge out of the prism
 Magnification is given by ; 𝒎= − = − = +𝟐  But, 𝑛𝐺 > 𝑛 and 𝑛𝐵 > 𝑛 So green and blue undergo total internal reflection
𝑢 (−6)
(iii) Height of the image: 4. An object is placed at a certain distance from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm.
𝒉𝟏 Find the object distance if the image obtained is magnified 4 times.
 Magnification; 𝒎 = Hence height of the image ; 𝒉𝟏 = 𝑚 ℎ = 2 𝑋 4 = 𝟖 𝒄𝒎 -Solution : 𝑓 = 20 𝑐𝑚 = 20 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝑚 = 4
𝒉
 Thus the imageis erect, virtual, twice the height of object formed on right side  If u be the object distance, then magnification,
of mirror ℎ2 𝑓 𝑓
𝑚= = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑓+𝑢 =
2. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. The image ℎ1 𝑓+𝑢 𝑚
formed is three times the size of the object. Calculate two possible distances of 𝑓 20
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑢= − 𝑓= − 20 = 5 − 20 = −𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
the object from the mirror. 𝑚 4
5. Obtain the lens maker’s formula for a lens of
-Solution : 𝑓 = − 20 𝑐𝑚 = − 20 𝑋 10−2 𝑚
refractive index n2 which is separating two
 From the equation of magnification,
𝑓 𝑓 media of refractive indices n1 and n3 on the left
𝑚= (𝑜𝑟) 𝑢= 𝑓− and right respectively.
𝑓−𝑢 𝑚 -Solution :
 For real image, = −3 . Hence the distance of the object
 For the refracting surface , the light goes
(−20) 20 −60 − 20
𝑢 = (−20) − = −20 − = from n1 to n2, then
(−3) 3 3 𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2 − 𝑛1
𝟖𝟎 − = − − − − − (1)
𝒖= − 𝒄𝒎 𝑣1 𝑢 𝑅1
𝟑  For the refracting surface , the light goes from n2 to n3, then
 For virtual image, = +3 . Hence the distance of the object 𝑛3 𝑛2 𝑛3 − 𝑛2
(−20) 20 −60 + 20 − 1= − − − − − (2)
𝑢 = (−20) − = −20 + = 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅1
3 3 3  Adding equations (1) and (2)
𝟒𝟎 𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛3 𝑛2 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 𝑛3 − 𝑛2
𝒖= − 𝒄𝒎 − + − 1= +
𝟑 𝑣1 𝑢 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅1 𝑅1
𝒏𝟑 𝒏𝟏 (𝒏𝟐 − 𝒏𝟏 ) (𝒏𝟑 − 𝒏𝟐 )
− = +
𝒗 𝒖 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟏
6. A thin converging lens of refractive index 1.5 has a power of + 5.0 D. When this  From figure,
lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index n, it acts as a divergent lens of 𝐷 =𝑢+𝑣 − − − − − − (1)
focal length 100 cm. What must be the value of n? 𝑑 =𝑣−𝑢 − − − − − − (2)
-Solution : 𝑛𝑔 = 1.5 ; 𝑃𝑔 = + 5.0 𝐷 ; 𝑓 = − 100 𝑐𝑚 = − 1𝑚 ; 𝑛𝑎 = 1  (1) + (2) 𝐷+𝑑 =𝑢+𝑣+𝑣−𝑢 =2𝑣
 Power of lens placed in water, 𝐷+𝑑
1 1 𝑣=
𝑃𝑙 = = = = − 1 .0 𝐷 2
𝑓 (− 1)  (1) - (2) 𝐷−𝑑 = 𝑢+𝑣−𝑣+𝑢 = 2𝑢
 When glass lens place in air 𝐷−𝑑
𝑛𝑔 𝑢=
1 1 2
𝑃𝑔 = ( − 1) [ − ] − − − − − (1)  If ‘f’ is the focal length of convex lens,,
𝑛𝑎 𝑅1 𝑅2
 When glass lens immersed in liqiud 1 1 1 1 1 𝑢+𝑣
= − = + =
𝑛𝑔 1 1 𝑓 𝑣 (−𝑢) 𝑣 𝑢 𝑢𝑣
𝑃𝑙 = ( − 1) [ − ] − − − − − (2) 𝑢𝑣
𝑛 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑓=
𝑛𝑔 1 1 𝑛𝑔 𝑢+𝑣
(1) 𝑃𝑔 ( − 1) [ − ] ( − 1)  𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣,
𝑛𝑎 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑛𝑎
⇒ = 𝑛 = 𝑛 (𝐷 + 𝑑)(𝐷 − 𝑑)
(2) 𝑃𝑙 𝑔 1 1 𝑔 𝐷−𝑑 𝐷+𝑑 [ ]
( − 1) [ − ] ( − 1) ( )( ) 4
𝑛 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑛 2 2
1.5 𝑓= =
𝐷+𝑑 𝐷−𝑑 𝐷+𝑑+𝐷−𝑑
5.0 ( − 1) + [ ]
= 1 2 2
(𝑫 + 𝒅)(𝑫 − 𝒅)
2
(−1.0) 1.5
( − 1) 𝒇=
𝑛 𝟒𝑫
(1.5 − 1) (0.5) 𝑫𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐
−5 = = 𝒇=
1.5 1.5 𝟒𝑫
( − 1) ( − 1)
𝑛 𝑛 8. Prove that a convex mirror can only form a virtual, erect and diminished image.
1.5 (0.5)
−1 = = −0.1 -Solution :
𝑛 −5
1.5
= −0.1 + 1 = 0.9
𝑛
1 0.9 9 3
= = =
𝑛 1.5 15 5
𝟓
𝒏 =
𝟑
7. If the distance D between an object and screen is greater than 4 times the focal
length f of a convex lens, then there are two positions for which the lens forms
an enlarged image and a diminished image respectively. This method is called Figure (i):
conjugate foci method. If d is the distance between the two positions of the lens,  Position of object - At infinity
obtain the equation for focal length of the convex lens.  Position of image- At F, right side of convex mirror
-Solution :
 Size of the image - Point image
 Nature of the image = Erect, diminished and virtual image
Figure (ii):
 Position of object - Between pole (P) and infinity
 Position of image- Between Pole (P) and Focus (F) on right side of convex mirror
 Size of the image - very small
 Nature of the image = Erect, diminished and virtual image
9. A point object is placed at 20 cm from a thin plano- 7. Wave optics

convex lens of focal length 15 cm whose plane
1. The ratio of maximum and minimum intensities in an interference pattern is
surface is silvered. Locate the position and nature of
36 : 1. What is the ratio of the amplitudes of the two interfering waves?
the final image.
-Solution :- 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∶ 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 36 ∶ 1
-Solution : : 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 = 15 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝑢 = 20 𝑐𝑚
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑎1 +𝑎2 )2 𝑎1 +𝑎2 𝐼 36
 The light from’O’undergoes two refractions (1,3)  We have, = (𝑜𝑟) = √ 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ 1 = 6
𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑎1 −𝑎2 )2 𝑎1 −𝑎2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
and one reflection (2) and forms final image at ‘I’
 Hence the equivalent power of this combination,  Hence, 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 6 (𝑎1 − 𝑎2 )
𝑃𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2𝑃𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 + 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 = 6 𝑎1 − 6 𝑎2
1 2 1 𝑎2 + 6 𝑎2 = 6 𝑎1 − 𝑎1
− = + 7 𝑎2 = 5 𝑎1
𝑓𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑎1 7
1 2 1 2 1 =
− = + =− [∵ = 0] 𝑎2 5
𝑓𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 15 ∞ 15 ∞ 𝒂𝟏 ∶ 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟕 ∶ 𝟓
𝟏𝟓 2. In Young’s double slit experiment, 62 fringes are seen on a screen for sodium
∴ 𝒇𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = − 𝒄𝒎
𝟐 light of wavelength 5893 Å. If violet light of wavelength 4359 Å is used in place
1 1 1
 From mirror equation; + = of sodium light, how many fringes will be seen?
𝑣 𝑢 𝒇𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
-Solution :- 𝜆1 = 5893 A ; 𝜆2 = 4359 A ; 𝑛1 = 62
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 −8 + 3 − 5 1 𝜆𝐷
∴ = − =− − =− + = = = −  Equation of fringe width ; 𝛽 =
𝑣 𝒇𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢 15 (− 20) 15 20 60 60 12 𝑑
𝜆𝐷
𝒗 = −𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎  Hence fringe width of n-fringes , 𝑛 𝛽 = 𝑛 .Thus
𝑑
 Hence final image will form at 12 cm left side of the system. 𝜆1 𝐷 𝜆2 𝐷
10. Find the ratio of the intensities of lights with wavelengths 500 nm and 300 nm 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
𝑑 𝑑
which undergo Rayleigh scattering. 𝑛1 𝜆1 = 𝑛2 𝜆2
-Solution : 𝜆1 = 500 𝑛𝑚 = 500 𝑋10−9 𝑚 ; 𝜆2 = 300 𝑛𝑚 = 300 𝑋10−9 𝑚 𝑛1 𝜆1
1 𝑛2 =
 From Rayleigh’s scattering law, the intensity of scattered light ; 𝐼 ∝ 𝜆2
𝜆4
1 1 62 𝑋 5893 𝑋 10−10 62 𝑋 5893
 Hence, 𝐼1 ∝ and 𝐼2 ∝ 𝜆 4 𝑛2 = −10
=
𝜆14 2 4359 𝑋 10 4359
 From this, 𝒏𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟖𝟏 ≈ 𝟖𝟒
3. Light of wavelength 600 nm that falls on a pair of slits producing interference
𝐼1 𝜆24
4
300 𝑋10−9 3 4 81
= 4=( ) = ( ) = pattern on a screen in which the bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. What
𝐼2 𝜆 1 500 𝑋10 −9 5 625 must be the wavelength of another light which produces bright fringes
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑰𝟏 : 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟖𝟏: 𝟔𝟐𝟓 separated by 8.1 mm with the same apparatus?
11. Refractive index of material of the prism is 1.541. Find the critical angle? -Solution :- 𝜆1 = 600 𝑛𝑚 = 600 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝛽1 = 7.2𝑚𝑚 = 7.2 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 ;
-Solution : 𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝛽2 = 8.1 𝑚𝑚 = 8.1 𝑋 10−3 𝑚
 Let 𝑖𝐶 be the critical angle, then 𝜆𝐷
1 1  Equation of fringe width ; 𝛽= 𝑑
sin 𝑖𝐶 = = = 0.6489  Hence,
𝑛 1.541
∴ 𝒊𝑪 = sin (0.6489) = 𝟒𝟐°𝟐𝟕
−1 𝛽1
=
𝜆1
(or) 𝜆2 = 𝜆1
𝛽2
𝛽2 𝜆2 𝛽1
8.1 𝑋 10−3 4860
𝜆2 = 600 𝑋 10−9 𝑋 = 𝑋 10−9 = 675 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 = 675 𝑛𝑚
7.2 𝑋 10−3 7.2
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 7 WAVE OPTICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
4. A beam of light of wavelength 600 nm from a distant source falls on a single slit 𝐼𝑜
𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃)
1 mm wide and the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2 m 2
away. What is the distance between the first dark fringes on either side of the 𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 2
central bright fringe? 𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]2 = [ ]
2 2 2 2
-Solution :- 𝑎 = 1𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑋 10−3 𝑚 ; 𝐼𝑜 sin2 2𝜃 𝐼𝑜
𝜆 = 600 𝑛𝑚 = 600 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 ; 𝐷 = 2 𝑚 𝐼3 = [ ]= sin2 2𝜃
2 4 8
 Equation for diffraction minimum,  When sin2 2𝜃 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 , then 𝐼3 will bemaximum. (i.e.)
𝑦
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑛 𝜆 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝜆 sin2 2𝜃 = 1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 = 1 (𝑜𝑟) 2𝜃 = 90°
𝐷
 Condition for 1st minimum (n=1) ∴ 𝜽 = 𝟒𝟓°
𝑦 7. An unpolarised light of intensity 32 Wm –2 passes through three Polaroids such
𝑎 =𝜆
𝐷 that the axes of the first and the last Polaroids are at 90°. What is the angle
𝐷𝜆 2 𝑋 600 𝑋 10−9 between the axes of the first and middle Polaroids so that the emerging light
∴ 𝑦 = = = 1200 𝑋 10−6 𝑚 = 1.2 𝑋10−3 𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 1 𝑋 10−3 has an intensity of only 3 Wm–2?
 Hence distance between the first fringe on either side of the central bright fringe
-Solution :- : 𝐼𝑜 = 32 𝑊𝑚−2 ; 𝐼3 = 3 𝑊𝑚−2
𝒀 = 2 𝑦 = 2 𝑋1.2 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝒎𝒎
5. Light of wavelength of 5000 Å produces diffraction pattern of the single slit of  If the intensity of the unpolarised light is I then the intensity of polarised light will
width 2.5 μm. What is the maximum order of diffraction possible? be I/2. The other half of intensity is restricted by the polariser.
-Solution :- 𝑎 = 2.5 𝜇𝑚 = 2.5 𝑋 10−6 𝑚 ; 𝜆 = 5000 Å = 5000 𝑋 10−10 𝑚
 Equation for diffraction minimum : 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒏 𝝀
 For maximum order ; 𝜃 = 90° (𝑜𝑟) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 . Hence
𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 2.5 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 1
𝒏= = = 0.5 𝑋 101 = 𝟓
𝝀 5000 𝑋 10−10
6. I0 is the intensity of light existing between two cross Polaroids kept with their
axes perpendicular to each other. A third polaroid is introduced between them.
What must be the angle between the axes of first and the newly introduced  Intensity of incident light on 𝑃1 = 𝐼𝑜
polaroid to get the maximum light from the whole arrangement? 𝐼
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃1 ; 𝐼1 = 𝑜
-Solution :- 2
𝐼𝑜
 If the intensity of the unpolarised light is I then the intensity of polarised light will  Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃2 ; 𝐼2 = 𝐼1 cos 2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃
2
be I/2. The other half of intensity is restricted by the polariser.  Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃3 ; 𝐼3 = 𝐼2 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃)
𝐼𝑜
𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃)
2
𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 2
𝐼3 = cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃]2 = [ ]
2 2 2 2
2
𝐼𝑜 sin 2𝜃 𝐼𝑜
𝐼3 = [ ]= sin2 2𝜃
2 4 8
32
3= sin2 2𝜃
8
 Intensity of incident light on 𝑃1 = 𝐼𝑜 24 3

𝐼
Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃1 ; 𝐼1 = 𝑜 (𝑜𝑟) sin2 2𝜃 = =
2 32 4
𝐼 √3
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃2 ; 𝐼2 = 𝐼1 cos 2 𝜃 = 𝑜 cos 2 𝜃 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 =
2
2
 Intensity of emergent light from 𝑃3 ; 𝐼3 = 𝐼2 cos 2 (90 − 𝜃) √3
(𝑜𝑟) 2𝜃 = sin−1 [ ] = 60°
2
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 7 WAVE OPTICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
∴ 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎°
8. The reflected light is found to be plane polarised when an unpolarized light falls 10. A compound microscope has a magnifying power of 100 when the image is
on a denser medium at 60° with the normal. Find the angle of refraction and formed at infinity. The objective has a focal length of 0.5 cm and the tube length
critical angle of incidence for total internal reflection in the denser to rarer is 6.5 cm. What is the focal length of the eyepiece.
medium reflection. Solution :- 𝑚 = 100 ; 𝑓𝑜 = 0.5 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝐿 = 6.5 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝐷 = 25𝑐𝑚
Solution :-  When the image is formed at infinity, the real image produced by objective lens is
 The angle of incidence at which the reflected ray get completely plane polarized formed at the focus of the eyepiece, then 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑓𝑒 = 𝐿
is called angle of polarization (𝑖𝑃 ). Hence 𝒊𝑷 = 𝟔𝟎° 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑓𝑒 = 6.5 − − − − − (1)
 At polarizing angle, the angle of refraction ,
𝐫 = 90° − 𝑖𝑃 = 90° − 60° = 𝟑𝟎°
 Magnification of compound microscope ;
 From Brewster’s law, 𝑛 = tan 𝑖𝑃 = tan 60° = √3
𝑣𝑜 𝐷 𝑣𝑜 𝐷 𝑣𝑜 25
 Let 𝑖𝐶 be the critical angle, then 𝑚= 𝑋 = − [1 − ] = − [1 − ]
𝑢𝑜 𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
1 1
sin 𝑖𝐶 = = = 0.5774 𝑣𝑜 25
𝑛 √3 100 = − [1 − ]
0.5 𝑓𝑒
𝒊𝑪 = sin (0.5774) = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟔° = 𝟑𝟓°𝟏𝟔𝐈
−1
𝑣𝑜 1
9. The near point and the far point for a person are 50 cm and 500 cm, 4 = − [1 − ]
0.5 𝑓𝑒
respectively. Calculate the power of the lens the person should wear to read a 𝑣𝑜
book held in hand at 25 cm. What maximum distance is clearly visible for the 4 𝑓𝑒 = − 1 + = −1 + 2 𝑣𝑜
0.5
person with this lens on the eye? (𝑜𝑟) 2 𝑣𝑜 − 4 𝑓𝑒 = 1 − − − − − (2)
Solution :-𝑢 = −25 𝑐𝑚 = −0.25 𝑚 ; 𝑣𝑛 = −50𝑐𝑚 = −0.5 𝑚 ; 𝑣𝑓 = −500𝑐𝑚 = −5𝑚 (1)𝑋 2 ⟹ 2 𝑣𝑜 + 2 𝑓𝑒 = 13 − − − − − (3)
 Power of lens ; (3) − (2) ⟹ 6 𝑓𝑒 = 12
1 1 1 12
𝑷= = − 𝒇𝒆 = = 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
𝑓 𝑣𝑛 𝑢 6
1 1 1 1
𝑷= − =− + = −2 + 4 = 𝟐 𝑫
(−0.5) (−0.25) 0.5 0.25
 Let 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 be the maximum distance, then
1 1 1
𝑷= = −
𝑓 𝑣𝑓 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 1 1 1
𝟐= − =− −
(−5) 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
1 1 11
=− −2=−
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 5 5
5
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − = − 0.454 𝑚 = − 45.45 𝑐𝑚
11
 The maximum distance that clearly visible for the person with this lens on the eye
will be = 45.45 𝑐𝑚
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
8. Dual Nature of radiation and matter waves (ii) If 𝜆 = 0.1 𝑛𝑚 = 0.1 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 then, energy of X-ray photon,
1. How many photons per second emanate from a 50 mW laser of 640 nm? ℎ𝑐
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈=
-Solution :- 𝑃 = 50 𝑚𝑊 = 50 𝑋 10−3 𝑊 ; 𝜆 = 640 𝑛𝑚 = 640 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 𝜆
 Number of photons per second, 6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 19.878 𝑋 10−36
𝐸= =
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃𝜆 0.1 𝑋 10−9 1 𝑋 10−10
−16
𝑛𝑃 = = = = 𝐸 = 19.878 𝑋 10 𝐽
𝐸 ℎ𝜈 (ℎ 𝑐⁄𝜆) ℎ𝑐 19.878 𝑋 10−17 19.878 𝑋 102 198.78 𝑋 102
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸= 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉
50 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 640 𝑋 10−9 32000 𝑋 10−12 1.6 𝑋 10−19 1.6 16
𝑛𝑃 = −34 8
= 2
𝐸 = 12.42 𝑋 10 𝒆𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝒆𝑽
6.626 𝑋 10 𝑋 3 𝑋 10 19.878 𝑋 10−26
32000 𝑋 10 14 (iii) If 𝜆 = 10 𝑚 then, energy of radio waves,
𝑛𝑃 = = 1.610 𝑋 103 𝑋 1014 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕 ℎ𝑐
19.878 𝐸 =ℎ𝜈=
2. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy and maximum velocity of the 𝜆
photoelectrons emitted when the stopping potential is 81V for the photoelectric 6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 19.878 𝑋 10−36
𝐸= =
emission experiment. 10
−27
10
-Solution :- 𝑉𝑂 = 81 𝑉 𝐸 = 19.878 𝑋 10 𝐽
19.878 𝑋 10−27 19.878 𝑋 10−8 198.78 𝑋 10−8
 The maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons is equal to stopping potential (𝑜𝑟) 𝐸= 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉
energy. (i.e.) 1.6 𝑋 10−19 1.6 16
−8 −𝟕
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑉𝑂 𝐸 = 12.42 𝑋 10 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝒆𝑽
4. A 150 W lamp emits light of mean wavelength of 5500 Å . If the efficiency is 12%,
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝑋 81 = 129.6 𝑋 10−19
find out the number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second.
𝑲𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟕 𝑱 12
 But kinetic energy is given by -Solution :- 𝑃 = 150 𝑊 ; 𝜆 = 5500 𝐴° = 5500 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 ; 𝜂 = 12% =
100
1 2  Number of photons emitted per second,
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃𝜆
1 𝑛𝑃 = = = =
1.296 𝑋 10−17 = 𝑋 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ 𝑐
( ⁄𝜆) ℎ𝑐
2
2
2 𝑋 1.296 𝑋 10−17 2. 592 𝑋 1014 150 𝑋 5500 𝑋 10−10
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑛𝑃 =
9.1 𝑋 10−31 9.1 6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108
825000 𝑋 10−10 825 𝑋 1019
2. 592 𝑋 1014 259.2 𝑋 1012 𝑛𝑃 = = = 4.150 𝑋 101 𝑋 1019
∴ 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ = √ 19.878 𝑋 10−26 19.878
9.1 9.1 𝒏𝑷 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏  The number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second,
3. Calculate the energies of the photons associated with the following radiation: (i) 12
violet light of 413 nm (ii) X-rays of 0.1 nm (iii) radio waves of 10 m. 𝑛 = 𝜂 𝑛𝑃 = 𝑋 4.150 𝑋 1020 = 12 𝑋 4.150 𝑋 1018 = 49.8 𝑋 1018
100
-Solution :- 𝒏 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔/𝒔𝒆𝒄
(i) If 𝜆 = 413 𝑛𝑚 = 413 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 , then energy of violet light photon, 5. How many photons of frequency 1014 Hz will make up 19.86 J of energy?
ℎ𝑐 𝑈
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈= -Solution :- 𝜈 = 1014 𝐻𝑧 ; 𝑃 = = 19.86 𝐽
𝑡
𝜆  Number of photons emitted per second,
6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 19.878 𝑋 10−36 𝑃 𝑃
𝐸= = 𝑛𝑃 = =
413 𝑋 10−9 413 𝑋 10−9 𝐸 ℎ𝜈
−17
19.878 𝑋 10 19.86
𝐸= 𝐽 𝑛𝑃 =
413 6.626 𝑋10−34 𝑋 1014
−17
19.878 𝑋 10 19.878 𝑋 102 19.86 𝑋1020
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸= 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉
413 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 660.8 𝑛𝑃 =
−2 2
𝐸 = 3.008 𝑋 10 𝑋 10 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 𝒆𝑽 ≈ 𝟑 𝒆𝑽 6.626
𝒏𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎 ≈ 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎
6. What should be the velocity of the electron so that its momentum equals that of (iii) By Einstein’s photo electric equation,
4000 Å wavelength photon. 1 2
ℎ 𝜈 = 𝜙𝑂 + 𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
-Solution :- 𝑝𝑒 = 𝑝𝑃 ; 𝜆𝑃 = 4000 𝐴° = 4000 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 2
 de Broglie wavelength of photon, 1 2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜙𝑂 = ℎ 𝜈 − 𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ ℎ ℎ 2
𝜆𝑃 = = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜙𝑂 = ℎ 𝜈 − 𝑒 𝑉𝑂
𝑝𝑃 𝑝𝑒 𝑚 𝑣𝑒
𝜙𝑂 = (33.13 𝑋 10−20 ) − (1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝑋 0.8)
ℎ 6.626 𝑋10−34
∴ 𝑣𝑒 = = 𝜙𝑂 = (33.13 𝑋 10−20 ) − (1.28 𝑋 10−19 )
𝑚 𝜆𝑃 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 4000 𝑋 10−10 𝜙𝑂 = (3.313 𝑋 10−19 ) − (1.28 𝑋 10−19 )
6.626 𝑋107 6.626 𝑋104 𝜙𝑂 = (3.313 − 1.28 ) 𝑋 10−19
𝑣𝑒 = = = 1.821 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 104
9.1 𝑋 4000 36.4 𝝓𝑶 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱
𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 2.033 𝑋 10−19 20.33
7. When a light of frequency 9 X 1014 Hz is incident on a metal surface, (𝑜𝑟) 𝜙𝑂 = 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉
1.6 𝑋 10−19 16
photoelectrons are emitted with a maximum speed of 8 X10 5 ms-1. Determine (𝑜𝑟) 𝝓𝑶 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒆𝑽
the threshold frequency of the surface. (iv) Work function,
-Solution :- : 𝜈 = 9 𝑋 1014 𝐻𝑧 ; 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8 𝑋 105 𝑚 𝑠 −1 𝜙𝑂 = ℎ 𝜈𝑂
 By Einstein’s photo electric equation, 𝜙𝑂 2.033 𝑋 10−19 2.033 𝑋 1015
1 2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜈𝑂 = = =
ℎ 𝜈 = ℎ 𝜈𝑂 + 𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ 6.626 𝑋10−34 6.626
2 𝝂𝑶 = 3. 068 𝑋 10−1 𝑋 1015 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑯
1 2
(𝑜𝑟) ℎ 𝜈𝑂 = ℎ 𝜈 − 𝑚 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 (v) Net energy of the electron after it leaves the surface is nothing but its kinetic
2
1 energy which is given by,
ℎ 𝜈𝑂 = [6.626 𝑋10−34 𝑋9 𝑋 1014 ] − [ 𝑋 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 64 𝑋 1010 ] 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙𝑂
2
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.071 − 1.270
ℎ 𝜈𝑂 = [59.634 𝑋10−20 ] − [291.2 𝑋 10−21 ]
𝑲𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟏 𝒆𝑽
(𝑜𝑟) ℎ 𝜈𝑂 = [59.634 𝑋10−20 ] − [29.12 𝑋 10−20 ]
9. A 3310 Å photon liberates an electron from a material with energy 3 X 10 -19 J
ℎ 𝜈𝑂 = [59.634 − 29.12] 𝑋10−20 = 30.514 𝑋10−20 while another 5000 Å photon ejects an electron with energy 0.972 X 10-19 J from
30.514 𝑋10−20 30.514 𝑋10−20 30.514 𝑋1014 the same material. Determine the value of Planck’s constant and the threshold
∴ 𝜈𝑂 = = =
ℎ 6.626 𝑋10 −34 6.626 wavelength of the material.
𝝂𝑶 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟎𝟑 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑯𝒛 -Solution :- 𝜆1 = 3310 𝐴° = 3310 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 ; 𝐾1 = 3 X 10−19 J
−10
8. When a 6000Å light falls on the cathode of a photo cell, photoemission takes 𝜆2 = 5000 𝐴° = 5000 𝑋 10 𝑚 ; 𝐾2 = 0.972 X 10−19 J
place. If a potential of 0.8 V is required to stop emission of electron, then  By Einstein’s photo electric equation,
determine the (i) frequency of the light (ii) energy of the incident photon (iii) ℎ 𝜈 = 𝜙𝑂 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥
work function of the cathode material (iv) threshold frequency and (v) net ℎ𝑐
(𝑜𝑟) = 𝜙𝑂 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥
energy of the electron after it leaves the surface. 𝜆
-Solution :- 𝜆 = 6000 𝐴° = 6000 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 ; 𝑉𝑂 = 0.8 𝑉  For given material, work function is constant ,
(i) Frequency of light , ℎ𝑐
= 𝜙𝑂 + 𝐾1 − − − − − − (1)
𝑐 3 𝑋 108 1 𝑋 1015 𝜆1
𝜈= = = = 0.5 𝑋 1015 ℎ𝑐
𝜆 6000 𝑋 10−10 2 = 𝜙𝑂 + 𝐾2 − − − − − − (2)
𝝂 = 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟒 𝑯𝒛 𝜆2
(ii) Energy of incident photon, ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
(1) − (2) ⟹ − = 𝜙𝑂 + 𝐾1 − 𝜙𝑂 − 𝐾2
𝐸 = ℎ 𝜈 = 6.626 𝑋10−34 𝑋 5 𝑋 1014 = 33.13 𝑋 10−20 𝐽 𝜆1 𝜆2
33.13 𝑋 10−20 331.3 𝑋 10−1 1 1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸= 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉 = 20. 71 𝑋 10−1 𝑒𝑉 ℎ 𝑐 [ − ] = 𝐾1 − 𝐾2
1.6 𝑋 10−19 16 𝜆1 𝜆2
𝑬 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟏 𝒆𝑽
𝜆2 − 𝜆1 11. UV light of wavelength 1800Å is incident on a lithium surface whose threshold

ℎ𝑐 [ ] = 𝐾1 − 𝐾2
𝜆1 𝜆2 wavelength is 4965Å. Determine the maximum energy of the electron emitted.
5000 − 3310 1 -Solution :- 𝜆 = 1800 𝐴° = 1800 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 ; 𝜆𝑂 = 4965 𝐴° = 4965 𝑋 10−10 𝑚
ℎ (3𝑋108 ) [ ] = (3 − 0.972) 𝑋 10−19  By Einstein’s photo electric equation,
3310 𝑋 5000 10−10
1690 ℎ 𝜈 = 𝜙𝑂 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥
ℎ (3𝑋108 ) [ ] = 2.028 𝑋10−19
16550 𝑋 10−7 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝜈 − 𝜙𝑂
2.028 𝑋10−19 𝑋 16550 𝑋 10−7 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝜈 − ℎ 𝜈 𝑂
ℎ = ℎ 𝑐 ℎ𝑐 1 1
1690 𝑋 3𝑋108
2.028 𝑋16550 𝑋 10−34 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − =ℎ𝑐 [ − ]
ℎ = 𝜆 𝜆𝑂 𝜆 𝜆𝑂
5070 𝜆𝑂 − 𝜆
𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝑱 𝒔 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝑐 [ ]
𝜆 𝜆𝑂
 From equation (2), Work function is, 4965 − 1800 1
ℎ𝑐 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 [ ] 𝑋 −10
𝜙𝑂 = − 𝐾2 4965 𝑋 1800 10
𝜆2 3165
6.621 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3𝑋108 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 19.878 𝑋 10−19 [ ] 𝐽
𝜙𝑂 = [ ] − [0.972 𝑋 10−19 ] 8937
−19
5000 𝑋 10−10 19.878 𝑋 10 3165
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ] 𝑒𝑉
19.863 𝑋 10−19 1.6 𝑋 10 −19 8937
𝜙𝑂 = [ ] − [ 0.972 𝑋 10−19 ] 198.78 3165
5 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ] [ ] 𝑒𝑉
𝜙𝑂 = [3.972 𝑋 10−19 ] − [0.972 𝑋 10−19 ] 16 8937
12.42 𝑋 3165
𝜙𝑂 = [3.972 − 0.972 ] 𝑋 10−19 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑉
𝜙𝑂 = 3 𝑋 10−19 8937
ℎ𝑐 𝑲𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝒆𝑽 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟒 𝒆𝑽
(𝑜𝑟) = 3 𝑋 10−19 12. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is equal to
𝜆𝑂
81.9 × 10–15 J. (Given: mass of proton is 1836 times that of electron).
ℎ𝑐 6.621 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108
∴ 𝜆𝑂 = = -Solution :- 𝐾𝑃 = 81.9 X 10−15 J ; 𝑚𝑃 = 1836 𝑚𝑒
3 𝑋 10−19 3 𝑋 10−19  de Broglie wavelength of proton,
𝝀𝑶 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝟏 𝑨°
ℎ ℎ
10. At the given point of time,the earth receives energy from sun at 4 cal cm–2 min–1 𝜆𝑃 = =
Determine the number of photons received on the surface of the Earth per cm 2 √2 𝑚𝑃 𝐾𝑃 √2 (1836 𝑚𝑒 ) 𝐾𝑃
per minute. (Given : Mean wavelength of sun light = 5500 Å ) 6.621 𝑋 10−34
-Solution :- 𝑃 = 4 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑚−2 𝑚𝑖𝑛 −1 = 4 𝑋 4.2 = 16.8 𝐽 𝑐𝑚−2 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1 𝜆𝑃 =
√2 𝑋 1836 𝑋 9.1 𝑋 10−31 𝑋 81.9 X 10−15
𝜆 = 5500 𝐴° = 5500 𝑋 10−10 𝑚 6.621 𝑋 10−11
 The number of photons received on the surface of the Earth per cm2 per minute , 𝜆𝑃 =
√2 𝑋 1836 𝑋 9.1 𝑋 81.9
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃𝜆 𝜆𝑃 = 4. 005 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10−11
𝑛𝑃 = = = =
𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ 𝑐
( ⁄𝜆) ℎ𝑐 𝝀𝑷 ≈ 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒 𝒎
16.8 𝑋 5500 𝑋 10−10 13. A deuteron and an alpha particle are accelerated with the same potential. Which
𝑛𝑃 = one of the two has (i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated with it
6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 and (ii) less kinetic energy? Explain.
924 𝑋 1018
𝑛𝑃 = = 4.648 𝑋 101 𝑋1018 -Solution :- 𝑚𝑁 = 1.67 𝑋 10−27 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑒 = 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝐶
19.878
𝒏𝑷 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗  For deuteron ; 𝑚𝑑 = 2 𝑚𝑁 , 𝑞𝑑 = 𝑒
For alpha particle ; 𝑚𝛼 = 4 𝑚𝑁 , 𝑞𝛼 = 2 𝑒
(i) de Broglie wavelength of deuteron,
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝜆𝑑 = = = =
√2 𝑚𝑑 𝑞𝑑 𝑉 √2 (2 𝑚𝑁 ) 𝑒 𝑉 √4 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉 2 √𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉
de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle, 15. The ratio between the de Broglie wavelength associated with proton,
ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ accelerated through a potential of 512 V and that of alpha particle accelerated
𝜆𝛼 = = = =
√2 𝑚𝛼 𝑞𝛼 𝑉 √2 (4 𝑚𝑁 ) (2 𝑒) 𝑉 √16 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉 4 √𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉 through a potential of X volts is found to be one. Find the value of X.
ℎ -Solution :- 𝑉𝑃 = 512 𝑉 ; 𝜆𝑃 ∶ 𝜆𝛼 = 1 ; 𝑉𝛼 = 𝑋
[ ] 1
( )  For proton ; 𝑚𝑃 = 𝑚𝑁 , 𝑞𝑃 = 𝑒
𝜆𝑑 2 √𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉 4
= = 2 = =2 For alpha particle ; 𝑚𝛼 = 4 𝑚𝑁 , 𝑞𝛼 = 2 𝑒
𝜆𝛼 ℎ 1 2
[ ] ( )  de Broglie wavelength of proton,
4
4 √𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉 ℎ ℎ
𝝀𝒅 = 𝟐 𝝀𝜶 𝜆𝑃 = =
(ii) de Broglie wavelength of deuteron , √2 𝑚𝑃 𝑞𝑃 𝑉𝑃 √2 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉𝑃
ℎ ℎ ℎ de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle,
𝜆𝑑 = = = ℎ ℎ ℎ
√2 𝑚𝑑 𝐾𝑑 √2 (2 𝑚𝑁 ) 𝐾𝑑 √4 𝑚𝑁 𝐾𝑑 𝜆𝛼 = = =
ℎ 2 √2 𝑚𝛼 𝑞𝛼 𝑉𝛼 √2 (4 𝑚𝑁 ) (2 𝑒) 𝑋 √16 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑋
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜆𝑑2 = ℎ
4 𝑚𝑁 𝐾𝑑 [ ]
ℎ2 𝜆𝑃 √2 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉𝑃 ℎ √16 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑋 8𝑋
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝑑 = = = 𝑋 = √
4 𝑚𝑁 𝜆𝑑2 𝜆𝛼 ℎ √2 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑉𝑃 ℎ 𝑉𝑃
[ ]
de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle, √16 𝑚𝑁 𝑒 𝑋
ℎ ℎ ℎ 𝜆𝑃 2 8𝑋
𝜆𝛼 = = = (𝑜𝑟) ( ) =
√2 𝑚𝛼 𝐾𝛼 √2 (4 𝑚𝑁 ) 𝐾𝛼 √8 𝑚𝑁 𝐾𝛼 𝜆𝛼 𝑉𝑃
ℎ 2
𝜆𝑃 2 𝑉𝑃
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜆𝛼2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑋 = ( )
8 𝑚𝑁 𝐾𝛼 𝜆𝛼 8
ℎ2 512
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐾𝛼 = 𝑋 = (1)2
8 𝑚𝑁 𝜆𝛼2 8
ℎ2 𝑿 = 𝟔𝟒 𝑽
[ ]
𝐾𝑑 4 𝑚𝑁 𝜆𝑑2 ℎ2 8 𝑚𝑁 𝜆𝛼2 𝜆𝛼2 𝜆𝛼 2
∴ = 2 = 2 𝑋 = 2 2 = 2 ( )
𝐾𝛼 ℎ 4 𝑚 𝑁 𝜆𝑑 ℎ2 𝜆𝑑 𝜆𝑑
[ 2 ]
8 𝑚 𝑁 𝜆𝛼
𝐾𝑑 𝜆𝛼 2 1 1
∴ = 2( ) = 2𝑋 =
𝐾𝛼 2 𝜆𝛼 4 2
𝑲𝜶
𝑲𝒅 =
𝟐
14. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 81V. What is the
de Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of electromagnetic
spectrum does this wavelength correspond?
-Solution :- 𝑉 = 81 𝑉
 de Broglie wavelength of electron,
12. 27
𝜆= 𝐴
√𝑉
12. 27 12. 27
𝜆= 𝐴 = 𝐴
√81 9
𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝑨
 It lies in X -ray region of electromagnetic spectrum..
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 9 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
9. Nuclear Physics
1. Consider two hydrogen atoms HA and HB in ground state. Assume that hydrogen
atom HA is at rest and hydrogen atom HB is moving with a speed and make head-
on collision with the stationary hydrogen atom H A. After the collision, both of
them move together. What is minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving
hydrogen atom HB, such that any one of the hydrogen atoms reaches first
excitation state.
-Solution :
• The collision between atom is elastic and during elastic collision, there is no loss
in kinetic energy. (i.e.)
Total K. E before collision = Total K.E after collision
1 1 1 1
𝑚𝐴 𝑢𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑢𝐵2 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵2
2 2 2 2
• Here, 𝑚𝐴 = 𝑚𝐵 = 𝑚 ; 𝑢𝐴 = 0 ; 𝑢𝐵 = 𝑢𝑖 ; 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 = 𝑣𝑓 . Then
1 1 1
0 + 𝑚𝑢𝑖2 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 + 𝑚𝑣𝑓2
2 2 2
1 2
1 2
𝑚𝑢𝑖 = 2 ( 𝑚𝑣𝑓 )
2 2
𝐸𝑖 = 2 𝐸𝑓 − − − − − − − − − (1)
• We know that, for hydrogen atom
Energy of electron in Ground state (n=1) = −13.6 𝑒𝑉
Energy of electron in First excited state (n=2) = −3.4 𝑒𝑉
Hence first excitation energy ; 𝐸𝑓 = −3.4 − (−13.6) = 10.2 𝑒𝑉
• The minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen atom HB
𝑬𝒊 = 2 𝐸𝑓 = 2 𝑋 10.2 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒 𝒆𝑽
2. In the Bohr atom model, the frequency of transitions is given by the following
𝟏 𝟏
expression 𝝂 = 𝑹 𝒄 [ 𝟐 − 𝟐] 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒏 < 𝒎.
𝒏 𝒎
Consider the following transitions: Show that the
frequency of these transitions obey sum rule
(which is known as Ritz combination principle)
-Solution :
• For transition 3 → 2 ; 𝒎 = 𝟑 ; 𝒏 = 𝟐 . Hence
the frequency.
1 1 1 1 5𝑅𝑐
𝜈3 →2 = 𝑅 𝑐 [ 2 − 2 ] = 𝑅 𝑐 [ − ] =
2 3 4 9 36
• For transition 2 → 1 ; 𝒎 = 𝟐 ; 𝒏 = 𝟏 . Hence the
frequency
1 1 1 3𝑅𝑐
𝜈2 →1 = 𝑅 𝑐 [ 2 − 2 ] = 𝑅 𝑐 [1 − ] =
1 2 4 4
• For transition 3 → 1 ; 𝒎 = 𝟑 ; 𝒏 = 𝟏 . Hence the frequency,
1 1 1 8𝑅𝑐
𝜈3 →1 = 𝑅 𝑐 [ 2 − 2 ] = 𝑅 𝑐 [1 − ] =
1 3 9 9
• From additive law, 4. Calculate the radius of the earth if density of the earth is equal to the density of
5𝑅𝑐 3𝑅𝑐 the nucleus. [mass of earth 𝟓. 𝟗𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒈].
𝜈3 →2 + 𝜈2 →1 = + -Solution :- 𝑀𝐸 = 5.97 𝑋 1024 𝑘𝑔
36 4
5 𝑅 𝑐 + 27 𝑅 𝑐 32 𝑅 𝑐 • Given, 𝜌𝐸 = 𝜌𝑁 = 2.3 𝑋 1017 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
𝜈3 →2 + 𝜈2 →1 = =
36 36 • Density of earth,
8 𝑅𝑐 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐸
𝜈3 →2 + 𝜈2 →1 = 𝜌𝐸 = =
9 𝑉𝐸 4
𝝂𝟑 →𝟐 + 𝝂𝟐 →𝟏 = 𝝂𝟑 →𝟏 𝜋 𝑅𝐸3
3
3. (a) A hydrogen atom is excited by radiation of wavelength 97.5 nm. Find the 𝑀𝐸 𝑀𝐸
∴ 𝑅𝐸3 = =
principal quantum number of the excited state. (b) Show that the total number 4 4
𝜋 𝜌𝐸 𝜋 𝜌𝑁
of lines in emission spectrum is
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)
Compute the total number of possible 3 3
𝟐 5.97 𝑋 1024 3 𝑋 5.97 𝑋 1024
lines in emission spectrum as given in (a). 𝑅𝐸3 = =
4 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.3 𝑋 1017
-Solution : 𝜆 = 97.5 𝑛𝑚 = 97.5 𝑋 10−9 𝑚 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.3 𝑋 1017
3
(a) Energy required to excite the atom to nth level, 3 𝑋 5.97 𝑋 1024 17.91 𝑋107 179.1 𝑋106
ℎ𝑐 6.626 𝑋 10−34 𝑋 3 𝑋 108 𝑅𝐸3 = 17
= =
𝐸 =ℎ𝜈= = 𝐽 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2.3 𝑋 10 28.888 28.888
1 1
𝜆 97.5 𝑋 10−9 179.1 𝑋106 3 179.1 3
−34 8
6.626 𝑋 10 𝑋 3 𝑋 10 ∴ 𝑅𝐸 = [ ] = [ ] 𝑋 102
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸= 𝑒𝑉 21.888 21.888
97.5 𝑋 10 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19
−9
19.878 𝑋 10 2
1987.8 𝑅𝐸 = 1. 837𝑋 102 = 183.7 𝑚
𝐸= 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑉 𝑹𝑬 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝒎
156 156
𝐸 = 12.74 𝑒𝑉 5. Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy per nucleon of the 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝟒𝟕
𝑨𝒈
• For hydrogen atom, the ground state energy ; 𝐸1 = − 13.6 𝑒𝑉 nucleus. [atomic mass of Ag =107.905949 u]
• If 𝐸𝑛 be the energy of nth state, then the excitation energy -Solution :- 𝑍 = 47 ; 𝐴 = 108 ; 𝑁 = 𝐴 − 𝑍 = 61 ; 𝑀𝐻𝑔 = 107.905949
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑛 − 𝐸1 • In terms of this atomic mass unit,
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐸𝑛 = 𝐸 + 𝐸1 = 12.74 + (−13.6) = 12.74 − 13.6 the mass of the neutron = 1.008665 u,
𝐸𝑛 = − 0.86 𝑒𝑉 the mass of the proton = 1.007276 u,
• From Bohr’s postulate, the energy of hydrogen atom in nth state, the mass of the hydrogen atom = 1.007825 u
13.6 • Mass defect ,
𝐸𝑛 = − 2 𝑒𝑉
𝑛 ∆𝑚 = 𝑍 𝑚𝐻 + 𝑁𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀𝐻𝑔
2
13.6 13.6 ∆𝑚 = (47 𝑋 1.007825) + (61𝑋1.008665) − 107.905949
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑛 = − 𝑒𝑉 = − 𝑒𝑉
𝐸𝑛 (− 0.86 𝑒𝑉) ∆𝑚 = 47.367775 + 61.528565 − 107.905949
13.6 ∆𝑚 = 108.89634 − 107.905949
𝑛2 = = 15.81 ≈ 16
0.86 ∆𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟏 𝒖
∴ 𝒏=𝟒 • Binding energy,
(b) Total number of possible transitions, 𝐵𝐸 = ∆𝑚 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 0.990391 𝑋 931 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 4(4 − 1) 4 𝑋 3 12
= = = =6 𝑩𝑬 = 𝟗𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽
2 2 2 2 • Binding energy per nucleon,
Thus the possible transitions, 𝐵𝐸 922.054021
1) 4 → 3 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐸 = =
2) 4 → 2 𝐴 108
̅̅̅̅ = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟑𝟗 𝑴𝒆𝑽
𝑩𝑬
3) 4 → 1
4) 3 → 2
5) 3 → 1
6) 2 → 1
6. Half lives of two radioactive elements A and B are 20 minutes and 40 minutes (c) Mean life period,
respectively. Initially, the samples have equal number of nuclei. Calculate the 𝑇1/2 5.01
𝜏= =
ratio of decayed numbers of A and B nuclei after 80 minutes. 0.6931 0.6931
-Solution :- 𝐴
𝑇1/2 𝐵
= 20 min ; 𝑇1/2 = 40 min ; 𝑡 = 80 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟖 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
• Let the initial number of nuclei in sample A and B be = 𝑁𝑜 (d) If 𝑁𝑜 be the number of atoms present in the sample initially,
𝑡 80 𝑅𝑜 = 𝜆 𝑁𝑜
• Number of half lives for sample A ; 𝑛𝐴 = 𝐴 = =4
𝑇1/2 20 𝑅𝑜 1 𝜇 𝐶𝑖
𝑡 80 ∴ 𝑁𝑜 = =
Number of half lives for sample B ; 𝑛𝐵 = = =2 𝜆 1.601 𝑋 10−6
𝑇𝐵
1/2 40 1𝑋 10−6 𝑋 3.7 𝑋1010
• Then the number of nuclei remains undecayed in the samples after 80 minutes, 𝑁𝑜 =
1.601 𝑋 10−6
1 𝑛𝐴 1 4 𝑁𝑜 3.7 𝑋1010
𝑁𝐴 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = 𝑁𝑜 =
2 2 16 1.601
1 𝑛𝐵 1 2 𝑁𝑜 𝑵𝒐 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔
𝑁𝐵 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 = ( ) 𝑁𝑜 =
2 2 4 8. Calculate the time required for 60% of a sample of radon undergo decay.
• Thus the number of nuclei decayed in the samples after 80 minutes, Given T1/2 of radon =3.8 days
𝑁𝑜 16 𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝑜 15 𝑁𝑜 -Solution : 𝑁𝑜 = 100 % ; 𝑁 = 100 − 60 = 40 % ; 𝑇1/2 = 3.8 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝑜 − = =
16 16 16 • From law of disintegration, the amount of sample left un decayed,
𝑁𝑜 4 𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝑜 3 𝑁𝑜
𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐵 = 𝑁𝑜 − = = 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡
4 4 4 40 = 100 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡
• Hence the ratio of the number of nuclei decayed in the samples A and B , 4
15 𝑁𝑜 = 𝑒− 𝜆 𝑡
𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐴 ( ) 15 𝑁𝑜 4 5 10
16 10
= = 𝑋 =
𝑁𝑜 − 𝑁𝐵 3𝑁 16 3 𝑁𝑜 4 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑒𝜆𝑡 = = 2.5
( 𝑜) 4
4
(𝑵𝒐 − 𝑵𝑨 ) ∶ (𝑵𝒐 − 𝑵𝑩 ) = 𝟓 ∶ 𝟒 • Taking log on both sides,
7. On your birthday, you measure the activity of the sample 210Bi which has a half- 𝜆 𝑡 = log 𝑒 2.5
life of 5.01 days. The initial activity that you measure is 1μCi . (a) What is the (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 𝑡 = 2.303 𝑋 log10 2.5
1
approximate activity of the sample on your next birthday? Calculate (b) the 𝑡 = 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
decay constant (c) the mean life (d) initial number of atoms. 𝜆
1
-Solution :- 𝑇1/2 = 5.01 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ; 𝑅𝑜 = 1 𝜇 𝐶𝑖 ; 𝑡 = 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
0.6931
• Number of half-life periods, (
𝑇1/2
)
𝑡 365
𝑛= = ≈ 73 𝑇1
𝑇1/2 5.01 𝑡= 2
𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
(a) The activity of given sample after 73 half-life periods (i.e.) after 1 years 0.6931
3.8
1 𝑛 1 73 1 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.3979
𝑅 = ( ) 𝑅𝑜 = ( ) 1 𝜇 𝐶𝑖 = 73 𝜇 𝐶𝑖 0.6931
2 2 2 𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
𝑅 = 1.064 𝑋 10−22
9. Assuming that energy released by the fission of a single 𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟗𝟐 𝑼 nucleus is 200MeV,
𝑹 ≈ 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟐 𝝁 𝑪𝒊
calculate the number of fissions per second required to produce 1 watt power.
(b) Decay constant,
-Solution :-
0.6931 0.6931 0.6931
𝜆 = = 𝑑𝑎𝑦 −1 = 𝑠 −1 • Energy released per fission = 200 MeV = 200 X 106 X 1.6 X 10−19 J
𝑇1/2 5.01 5.01 𝑋 24 𝑋 60 𝑋 60
• Energy produced per second (i.e.) power = 1W = 1 J/s
0.6931 −1
𝜆 = 𝑠 • Let Number of fissions per second f = N (say)
432864
𝝀 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒔−𝟏
• Hence. • Taking log on both sides,

Energy released per fission X N = Energy produced per second (power) 100
log 𝑒 ( ) = 𝜆𝑡
200 X 106 X 1.6 X 10−19 X N = 1 17.5
1 1 100
N = = 𝑋 1013 2.303 𝑋 log10 ( )= 𝜆𝑡
6
200 X 10 X 1.6 X 10 −19 320 17.5
N = 3.125 𝑋10−3 𝑋1013 1 100
∴ 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 log10 ( )
𝑵 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑿𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒔 𝜆 17.5
10. Show that the mass of radium ( 𝟐𝟐𝟔 1
𝟖𝟖𝑹𝒂 ) with an activity of 1 curie is almost a 𝑡= 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 ( log10 100 − log10 17.5)
gram. Given T1/2 =1600 years. 0.6931
-Solution :- 𝑅 = 1 𝐶𝑖 = 3.7 𝑋 1010 disintegration/s ( )
𝑇1
• From law of disintegration, 2
𝑇1/2
dN 𝑡 = 𝑋 2.303 𝑋(2.000 − 1.2430)
= λN (or) 𝑅 = λ N 0.6931
dt 5730
R R T1/2 𝑡 = 𝑋 2.303 𝑋 0.757
N = = = 𝑋𝑅 0.6931
λ 0.6931 0.6931
(
T1/2
) 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟒 years
1600 X 365 X 24 X 60 X 60
N= X 3.7 X 1010
0.6931
N = 2.694 X 1011 X 1010
N = 2.694 X 1021 atoms
• The atomic mass of 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 is 226. Therefore, 226 g of 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝟖𝟖𝑹𝒂 contains Avogadro
number (6.02 𝑋 1023 ) of atoms.
(i.e.) mass of 6.02 𝑋 1023 atoms = 226 g
226
Hence, mass of one atom = 𝑔
6.023 X 1023
6.02 𝑋 1023
• In 1 g, the number of 𝟐𝟐𝟔
𝟖𝟖𝑹𝒂 atoms present = 235
• Hence, total mass of 2.694 X 1021 atoms with an activity of 1 𝐶𝑖 is,
226
𝑚 = 𝑋 2.694 𝑋 1021
6.023 X 1023
226 𝑋 2.694 𝑋 10−2
𝑚 =
6.023
𝑚 = 1.012 𝑋 102 𝑋 10−2 = 1.012 𝑔
𝒎 ≈𝟏𝒈
11. Charcoal pieces of tree is found from an archeological site. The carbon-14
content of this charcoal is only 17.5% that of equivalent sample of carbon from
a living tree. What is the age of tree?
-Solution :- 𝑇1 = 5730 years, 𝑁𝑜 = 100 % ; 𝑁 = 17.5 %
2
• From law of disintegration,
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑂 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
17.5 = 100 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
17.5
= 𝑒− 𝜆 𝑡
100
100
(𝑜𝑟) = 𝑒 𝜆𝑡
17.5
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 10 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
10. Electronics- 3. Assuming VCEsat = 0.2 V and β = 50, find the minimum
1. The given circuit has two ideal diodes connected as shown in figure below. base current (IB) required to drive the transistor
Calculate the current flowing through the resistance R1. given in the figure to saturation.
-Solution :- 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 3 𝑉 ; 𝑅𝐶 = 1 𝑘Ω = 1000 Ω
• From figure, 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉𝐶𝐸
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐸
𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐸 3 − 0.2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑰𝑪 = =
𝑅𝐶 1000
𝑰𝑪 = 𝟐. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑨
𝐼
• Then current gain ; 𝛽 = 𝐶 . Hence,
𝐼𝐵
-Solution :- 𝐼𝐶 2.8 𝑋 10−3
• Here diode 𝑫𝟏 is reverse biased. So it acts as open switch (OFF) and hence it does 𝑰𝑩 = = = 0.056 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 = 56 𝑋 10−6 = 𝟓𝟔 𝝁 𝑨
𝛽 50
not allows current to pass through it. 4. A transistor of α = 0.99 and VBE = 0.7 V is connected in the common emitter
• But diode 𝑫𝟐 is forward biased. So it acts as closed switch (ON) and hence it allows configuration as shown in the figure. If the transistor is in saturation region, find
current to pass through it. the value of collector current.
• From Ohm’s law, 𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑆 -Solution :-
𝑉 10 10 • If 𝛼 = 0.99 then,
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑰= = = = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑨
𝑅𝑆 (2 + 2) 4 𝛼 0.99 0.99
𝛽 = 1− 𝛼 = = = 99
2. Four silicon diodes and a 10 Ω resistor are connected as shown in figure below. 1−0.99 0.01
Each diode has a resistance of 1Ω. Find the current flows through the 10Ω • By definition. current gain,
resistor. 𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝐶 𝐼𝐶
𝛽= (𝑜𝑟) 𝑰𝑩 = =
-Solution :- 𝐼𝐵 𝛽 90
• Here diode 𝑫𝟏 & 𝑫𝟒 is reverse biased. So it • Here one thing must be remember that,
acts as open switch (OFF) and hence it does transistor in saturation region have,
not allows current to pass through it. 𝑉𝐵𝐸−𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 0.8 𝑉 and 𝑉𝐶𝐸−𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 0.2 𝑉
• But diode 𝑫𝟐 & 𝑫𝟑 is forward biased. So it • From figure, for input applying Kirchoff’s voltage law
acts as closed switch (ON) and hence it allows 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸−𝑠𝑎𝑡
current to pass through it. 1000 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 ) + 10000 𝐼𝐵 + 1000 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 ) = 12 − 0.8
• Hence the given circuit is simplified as shown. 2000 𝐼𝐶 + 12000 𝐼𝐵 = 11.2 − − − − − − (1)
• Since the barrier voltage of silicon is 0.7 V and • Similarly for output applying Kirchoff’s voltage law
hence voltage across 𝟏𝟎 𝛀 resistor, 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐸−𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑉10 = 3 − 0.7 − 0.7 = 𝟏. 𝟔 𝐕 1000 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 ) + 10000 𝐼𝐵 + 1000 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝐼𝐵 ) = 12 − 0.2
• Total resistance of the circuit, 3000 𝐼𝐶 + 2000 𝐼𝐵 = 11.8 − − − − − − (2)
𝑅𝑆 = 1 + 10 + 1 = 𝟏𝟐 𝛀 • (2) X 6  18000 𝐼𝐶 + 12000 𝐼𝐵 = 70.8 − − − − − − (3)
• Then the current through 𝟏𝟎 𝛀 resistor, • (3) - (1)  16000 𝐼𝐶 = 59.6
𝑉10 1.6 59.6
𝐼= = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝑨 𝐼𝐶 = = 3. 724 𝑋 10−3 𝐴
𝑅𝑆 12 16000
−𝟑
𝑰𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎 𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝑨
12 PHYSICS UNIT - 10 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
5. In the circuit shown in the figure, the BJT has a ̅ B = A + B using truth table.
8. Verify the given Boolean equation A + 𝑨
current gain (β) of 50. For an emitter – base Solution :-
voltage VEB = 600 mV, calculate the emitter – ̅ ̅𝑩 ̅𝑩
A B 𝑨 𝑨 𝑨+𝑨 A+B
collector voltage VEC (in volts).
Solution :- 𝑉𝐸 = 3 𝑉 ; 𝑅𝐵 = 60𝐾Ω ; 𝑅𝐶 = 500 Ω 0 0 1 0 0 0
• From figure, , 𝑉𝐸 = 𝑉𝐸𝐵 + 𝑉𝐵 0 1 1 1 1 1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝐸𝐵 1 0 0 0 1 1
60000 𝐼𝐵 = 3 − 600 𝑋 10−3 1 1 0 0 1 1
60 𝑋 103 𝐼𝐵 = 3 − 0.6 = 2.4
2.4 9. In the given figure of a voltage
𝐼𝐵 = = 0.04 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 regulator, a Zener diode of breakdown
60 𝑋 103 voltage 15V is employed. Determine the
= 40 𝑋 10−6 𝐴 = 𝟒𝟎 𝝁 𝑨
𝐼𝐶 current through the load resistance, the
• By definition, current gain 𝛽= total current and the current through
𝐼𝐵
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑰𝑪 = 𝛽 𝐼𝐵 = 50 𝑋 40 𝑋 10−6 = 2000 𝑋 10−6 𝐴 = 2 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟐 𝒎 𝑨 the diode. Use diode approximation.
• Hence, 𝑉𝐸𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐸 − 𝐼𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 3 − (2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 103 ) Solution :- 𝑉 = 25 𝑉 ; 𝑅𝑆 = 500 Ω ; 𝑉𝑍 = 15 𝑉 ; 𝑅𝐿 = 3 𝑘 Ω = 3000 Ω
𝑽𝑬𝑪 = 𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟐 𝑽 • From the figure, 𝑽𝑹𝑺 = 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑍 = 25 − 15 = 10 𝑉
6. Determine the current flowing through 3Ω and 4Ω • From Ohm’s law Current through load resistance 𝑅𝐿 ,
resistors of the circuit given below. Assume that diodes 𝑉
𝑰𝑳 = 𝐿 = 𝑍 =
𝑉 15
= 5 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 = 𝟓 𝒎 𝑨
D1 and D2 are ideal diodes. 𝑅 𝐿 𝑅 𝐿 3000
Solution :- • And, current through 𝑅𝑆 (i.e.) total current
• Here diode D1 is forward biased (closed switch) and D2 𝑽𝑹 10 1
𝑰 = 𝑅 𝑺 = 500 = 50 = 0.02 𝐴 = 20 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎 𝑨
is reverse biased (open switch) 𝑆
• So D1 conducts while D2 do not conduct the current. • If 𝑰𝒁 be the current through Zener diode, then from Kirchoff’s current law,
• For ideal diode, there is no barrier voltage (i.e.) VB = 0 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑍
(𝑜𝑟) −3 −3 −3
• Let ‘I’ be the current through D1,then by Ohm’s Kirchoff’s voltage law, 𝐼𝑍 = 𝐼 − 𝐼𝐿 = (20 𝑋 10 ) − (5 𝑋 10 ) = 15 𝑋 10 𝐴
𝟐 𝑰 + 𝟒 𝑰 = 𝟏𝟐 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟔 𝑰 = 𝟏𝟐 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑰 = 𝟐 𝑨 𝑰𝒁 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝑨
• Since D2 will not conduct, no current flows through diode D2 10. Write down Boolean equation for the output
• Thus current flowing through 3Ω and 4Ω resistors of the circuit are 0 and 2 A Y of the given circuit and give its truth table.
Respectively. Solution :-
7. Prove the following Boolean expressions using the laws and theorems of • Output of AND gate= 𝐴. 𝐵
̅ ̅
Boolean algebra. (i) (A+B) (A+𝑩) = A (ii) A(𝑨+B) = AB (iii) (A+B) (A+C) = A+BC • Output of NOR gate = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴+𝐵
Solution :- • Thus the final output of OR gate ;
̅ ̅
(i) (𝐴 + 𝐵)(𝐴 + 𝐵 ) = 𝐴 𝐴 + 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐵 ̅ ̅
[ By AND laws; 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐴 & 𝐵 𝐵 = 0] 𝒀 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
= (𝑨. 𝑩) + (𝑨 + 𝑩)
̅
= 𝐴 + 𝐴 ( 𝐵 + 𝐵) + 0 ̅
[ By OR laws ; 𝐵 + 𝐵 = 1 & A +0 =0] A B A.B A+B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨+𝑩 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝒀 = (𝑨. 𝑩) + (𝑨 + 𝑩)
= 𝐴 + 𝐴 (1) [ By AND laws ; 𝐴. 1 = 𝐴 ]
(𝑨 + 𝑩)(𝑨 + 𝑩 ̅) = 𝑨 [ By OR laws ; 𝐴 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 ] 0 0 0 0 1 1
(ii) 𝐴 ( ̅𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝐴 𝐴̅ + 𝐴 𝐵 [ By AND laws ; 𝐴 𝐴̅ = 0] 0 1 0 1 0 1
= 0+𝐴𝐵 [ By OR laws ; 0 + 𝐴 = 𝐴 ] 1 0 0 1 0 1
𝑨 (̅𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝑨 𝑩 1 1 1 1 0 1
(iii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)( 𝐴 + 𝐶) = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴 𝐶 + 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐶
=𝐴+𝐴𝐶+𝐵𝐴+𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴(1 + 𝐶 + 𝐵) + 𝐵 𝐶 [ By OR laws ; 1 + 𝐴 = 1]
= 𝐴(1) + 𝐵 𝐶
(𝑨 + 𝑩)( 𝑨 + 𝑪) = 𝑨 + 𝑩 𝑪

12th Physics Exersice Problems Solution

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12 PHYSICS UNIT - 1 ELECTROSTATICS PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

1. Electrostatics ▪ Resultant force on ‘q’ along Y- axis

Thus 𝐶𝑆1 and 𝐶𝑆2 are in parallel ℎ =0+

14. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35

tension in the supporting wires is zero when it is kept 𝑡

𝑑 Φ𝐵 𝑑  The rate of change in magnetic flux (i.e.) induced emf

 Maximum value of induced emf, Φ𝐵 =

9. A point object is placed at 20 cm from a thin plano- 7. Wave optics

𝜆2 − 𝜆1 11. UV light of wavelength 1800Å is incident on a lithium surface whose threshold

• Hence. • Taking log on both sides,

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