CAREER:

ING. SYSTEM AND COMPUTING

COURSE:

APPLIED PHYSIC

ISSUE:

Measuring instruments used in Physics

TEACHER:

Raúl Reategui Rojas

STUDENT

Jean Paul Carlos Del Pezo

CUSCO-PERU
 INDEX
DEDICATION

INTRODUCTION

Instruments used for measuring Volume.

Pipette:

Use of the Pipette:

The test tube:

Instruments Used for Measuring Electric Current

Electrometer:

Ammeter:

Voltmeter:

Multimeter:

Instruments used for speed measurement

Speedometer:

Tachometer:

Instruments used for pressure measurement.

Barometer:

Pressure gauge:

Instruments used for temperature measurement.

Thermometer:

Angle measuring instruments

Conveyor:

Goniometer:

Length measuring instrument

The Square Rule:

Caliber (Callerfoot):

Micrometer:

Odometer:

Instruments for measuring Time:

Calendar:

Chronometer:

Clock :

For weight (mass) measurements

Balance:

Bathroom scales:

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

Electronic sources:
DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to God who is always present in my life, to my parents, brothers, my wife and
especially to my son who is the driving force that drives me to move forward.

INTRODUCTION
The phenomena that occur in the world are products of different energies that flow at their origins,
some of them are predictable by man thanks to the measurement inventions that exist today, this
process has been perfected over time, the contributions of engineers, as well as physicists and
mathematicians, have been the key to the evolution of measurement.

Nature is the source of humanity's survival, studying its functioning, from this the technological
inventions that we use today have been created, among them we will highlight measurement, in
which currently the most things with considerable precision.

The measurement of objects is carried out by scientists, social life and at work, since it is the source
of no errors when doing something, as an example to build a piece of furniture, length
measurements could be used, to make measurements of weight, you can use mass measurements to
make measurements of days, time, etc.

Measuring things is not limited here on earth, it is also done in space, but in these cases
measurements are made with optical instruments, which are made up of lenses, mirrors and prisms
in order to achieve a clear image of space or places of Hard access.

In this work you can see the different measurement instruments used in physics and engineering,
specifying each one.

Instruments used for measuring Volume.

Pipette:

It is an instrument commonly found in Chemistry laboratories. It is made of glass or plastic and is

formed by a transparent tube that ends in one of its conical tips and has a graduation indicating
different volumes.

The Pipette measures volumes of liquid and is also used to transfer small volumes of liquid from
one container to another with great accuracy. Normally volumes are measured between 1 and 100
milliliters.
Use of the Pipette:
Volume measurement process:
The test tube:

It is a volumetric instrument, it can be made of glass or plastic, it is used to measure considerable

volumes with a small inaccuracy, and it is used to contain liquids.

The test tube is in the shape of a transparent tube and a few centimeters in diameter. The lower part
or support base is closed, while the upper part is open, having the shape of a beak.

Usually test tubes allow measuring volumes of 25 to 50 ml, but there are test tubes that can measure
up to 200 ml.
Glass Test Tube plastic test tube
 Glass ones normally measure more  Plastic ones are very difficult to break and
accurately. are resistant to hydrofluoric acid.
 But the presence of hydrofluoric acid  But they measure with less precision
tends to corrode it.

Instruments Used for Measuring Electric Current

Electrometer:

The electrometer is an electroscope equipped with a measurable scale , in other words the
electroscope is used to observe and the electrometer is used to measure.

But this measurement system has fallen into disuse these days and has been replaced by high-
precision electronic instruments.

One of the electrometer models consists of a metal box in which a rod that supports a very thin gold
foil or an aluminum needle is inserted, properly insulated by an insulating plug, supported in this
case in such a way that it can rotate freely. on a graduated scale.
Here is a modern precision electrometer

Ammeter:

An ammeter is an instrument for measuring electric current in amperes, which flows over a branch
of electrical circuit.

A microammeter is calibrated in millionths of an ampere and a milliammeter in thousandths of an

ampere.

To measure the current of a circuit, connect the ammeter in series and select the function or knob of
the ammeter on the appropriate scale.

Some ammeters have an inductive clamp to obtain high voltages.

Voltmeter:

A voltmeter measures the difference in voltage between two points in an electrical circuit and
therefore must be connected in parallel with the portion of the circuit from which the measurement
is to be made.

In other words, the voltmeter is used to measure electromotive force or electrical pressure and the
units are given in volts.

To perform a voltage reading, connect the voltmeter in parallel and select the volt function or knob
on the appropriate scale, this is a scale above the value you expect to measure.

Multimeter:

It is a tool that allows you to select several instruments such as: The voltmeter, ohmmeter, ammeter
and diode tester.

There are two types of multimeter, one analogous, in which the reading is provided by a needle.
The other is digital, the reading provided is on a liquid crystal display (LCD).

The latter is recommended, because it is more precise, easy to read and does not damage electronic
circuits.

Instruments used for speed measurement

Speedometer:

The speedometer is a device whose objective is to measure the speed at which a vehicle moves, it is
measured in KM/H.

Functioning:

To understand how it works we will start with the simplest case of the bicycle. It consists of a
magnet located on one of the spokes of the wheel, a coil placed at the same height as the magnet
and an electronic reader that gives the reading in Km/h.

What determines the speed is the number of times the magnet passes near the coil per unit of time.
Through the radius of the wheel, the speed with which the vehicle is moving can be calculated.

Analog speedometer digital speedometer

The analog speedometer on a car works in a It is also similar to the bicycle speedometer
similar way to that on a bicycle. since it uses an electronic meter.
Instead of calculating tire rotation they use
gears.

Tachometer:

It is a device that measures the rotation frequency of an element under dynamic operation or speeds
of surfaces and linear extensions. They are used for a wide variety of industrial uses, whether in
electric motors, combustion engines, turbines, etc.

The use of the tachometer is very useful in processes where it is desired to know and control the
rotation frequency. It allows the operator to know when there is a loss or fluctuation, which can
indicate a serious problem and will additionally allow the operator to operate the machine at safety
intervals. reliable and optimal efficiency previously established.

Instruments used for pressure measurement.

Barometer:

Instrument to measure atmospheric pressure, that is, the force per unit area exerted by the weight of
the atmosphere. As in any fluid, this force is transmitted equally in all directions. The easiest way to
measure atmospheric pressure is to observe the height of the column of liquid whose weight exactly
offsets the weight of the atmosphere. A water barometer would be too high for comfort; mercury,
however, is 13.6 times denser than water, and the column of mercury supported by normal
atmospheric pressure has a height of only 760 millimeters.

Thanks to this, meteorological changes can be safely predicted, which always lead to a variation in
said atmospheric pressure.

Barometers have a decisive use in activities such as navigation, aviation, geography, geology,
mountaineering and other adventure sports.

Modern barometers are usually electronic and transmit information digitally on liquid crystal
displays.
Pressure gauge:

Manometers are instruments used to measure the pressure of fluids (liquids and gases). The
common thing is that they determine the value of the relative pressure, although they can also be
built to measure absolute pressures.

All pressure gauges have an element that changes some property when subjected to pressure, this
change is manifested on a scale or screen calibrated directly in the corresponding pressure units.

Manometers in U tubes:

This type of manometer arose from units where pressure was characterized by a unit of length/value
of h). Followed by the nature of the liquid used, example: milliliters of water, inches of mercury,
etc.

These manometers can also measure pressures lower than atmospheric (vacuum), the difference is
that the liquid column will rise on the low pressure side.

Bourden tube manometers:

These pressure gauges have a specially shaped flattened and curved elastic metal tube known as a
Bourdon tube.
This tube tends to straighten when pressure acts inside it, so the free end of the Bourden tube moves
and this movement moves a set of levers and gears that transform it into the amplified movement of
a needle that directly indicates the pressure. of scale.

Bellows Pressure Gauges:

Bellows manometers have an elastic element in the form of a spring (like an accordion) to which
the pressure to be measured is applied. This pressure stretches the bellows and the movement of its
free end is transformed into the movement of the indicator needle.

A variant of bellows manometer is the elastic diaphragm manometer which deforms and the
deformation becomes the movement of the indicator pointer.

Instruments used for temperature measurement.

Thermometer:

A thermometer is an instrument that measures the temperature of a system quantitatively. An easy

way to do this is to find a substance that has a property that changes regularly with temperature like
mercury (Hg). Inside a glass thermometer, when heated, it expands and vice versa, when cooled, it
contracts, which is visualized with a graduated scale.

Temperature can be measured on different scales: the Celsius scale (degrees Celsius), also in some
countries the Fahrenheit scale is used.
Angle measuring instruments

Conveyor:
A protractor is a measuring instrument shaped like a semicircle or circle graduated in degrees, used
for measuring or building. The most frequent are those with a maximum of 180° and 360°.

Goniometer:

It is a measuring instrument in the shape of a semicircle or circle graduated by 180° or 360°, used to
measure or construct objects.

This instrument allows you to measure angles between two objects, such as two points on a coast,
or a star (traditionally the sun and the horizon). With this instrument, if the observer knows the
elevation of the sun and the time of day, he can determine with Precise the latitude in which it is
located, through mathematical calculations that are easy to carry out.

Length measuring instrument

The Square Rule:

It is a measuring instrument in the shape of a thin, rectangular plate that includes a graduated scale
divided into units of length, for example: Centimeters or inches.

This instrument is useful for tracing rectilinear segments with the help of a pen or pencil, and can be
rigid, semi-rigid or flexible, constructed of wood, metal, plastic, etc.

Its total length rarely exceeds a meter in length. They usually come with graduations of various
units of measurement, such as millimeters, centimeters and decimeters, although there are also those
with graduations in inches or both units.

It is widely used in technical and material studies that have to do with the use of measurements,
such as architecture, engineering, etc.

Caliber (Callerfoot):

It is an instrument for measuring dimensions of relatively small objects, from centimeters to

fractions of millimeters (1/10 millimeters, 1/20 millimeters, 1/50 millimeters). In the inch scale it
has divisions equivalent to 1/16 of an inch, and in its vernier scale of 1/128 of an inch.

The vernier or vernier scale is a second auxiliary scale that some measuring instruments have,
which allows a measurement to be appreciated with greater precision by complementing the
divisions of the ruler or main scale of the measuring instrument.

The precision of these instruments depends greatly on the quality and condition of the instrument.
There are verniers that are accurate to the thousandth of an inch (0.001), and others up to (0.0005),
the measurement is read in decimals of inches or metric units, some have both units.

Micrometer:

Also called Palmer's screw, Palmer's caliper or simply Palmer's, it is an instrument used to measure
small diameters.
Its operation is based on a micrometer screw that is used to assess the size of an object with great
precision, in a range of the order of hundredths or thousandths of a millimeter, 0.01 mm, or 0.001
mm (micron) respectively.

To proceed with the measurement, it has two ends that are mutually approximated thanks to a finely
threaded screw that has an engraved scale around its contour, which can incorporate a vernier. The
maximum length measurable with the outside micrometer is normally 25 mm, although there are
also those from 0 to 30, therefore it is necessary to have a device for each range of sizes to measure:
0-25 mm, 25-50 mm , 50-75mm.

Odometer:

It is a device that indicates the distance traveled by a vehicle on a trip.

Mechanical odometers generally consist of a series of wheels that show the numbers through a
window; in the case of automobiles they tend to come along with the speedometer.

Vehicles manufactured today have electronic odometers, which allow the value of the totals to be
manipulated by simple reprogramming. In some places, digital precision electronic odometers are
used to measure distances in a transportation service, because they are more accurate and more
visible; Tachographs are also used that graphically record the data. As an example, we mention a
European taxi, which has this device to measure the distance traveled, and based on this it calculates
the fare.

Instruments for measuring Time:

Calendar:

Instrument used to measure time, the elapsed time is measured systematically and is usually divided
into days, weeks, months, seasons and years.

Currently, most calendars have as reference the cycle that the earth describes around the sun and are
called solar calendars. In the sidereal calendar it is based on the Earth's movement with respect to
stars other than the sun.
Chronometer:

The stopwatch is similar to the watch, only it is used to measure temporal fractions of time, not only
seconds are included, but also milliseconds.

The operation is simple, just press the same button that stops it and it will start counting from 0 until
it stops. You can even measure several times with the same beginning and end, just freeze the
successive times with a different button.

Stopwatches can be activated with automatic methods, with a smaller margin of error and without
the need for an actor. Some of these systems are: cutting a light beam or detecting a transceiver.
Cycle computers also use an automatic stopwatch activated by the movement of the wheel or a
wireless laser.

Clock:
It is an instrument that is used to measure time, watches are multipurpose and are used to: know the
current time, activate an alarm at a specific time or it is also used as a stopwatch in the case of
digital ones.

Watches are present anywhere on earth and are part of life itself, since there are various models,
sizes according to requirements.

The greatest precision achieved was the atomic clock, developed by the National Standards Office
(NIST) of the USA. NIST-F1, launched in 1999, is so accurate that it has a margin of error of only
one second every 30 million years.

For weight (mass) measurements

Balance:

It is an instrument used to measure mass, it is normally placed on an earth's surface associating the
mass and the corresponding weight.

To carry out measurements, already established standards are used and these are included in the
instruments on which their precision depends, normally in a common scale the precision can vary
from kilos (with precision in grams), in industrial and/or commercial scales up to a few grams and
accurately to milligrams on laboratory scales.

The scale has evolved in recent times, bringing with it electronic scales, which give exact results on
the screen.

We can divide the uses of the scale into three:

 For home use: Which are small scales to measure culinary recipes.
 For commercial use: They are used in sale to weigh rice, fish, vegetables, fruits, etc. Normally
there are programs to calculate the total amount, entering the price.
 For laboratory uses: They are small, highly precise balances.
Bathroom scales:

They are similar to scales, they are used to weigh masses. We can find them in different sizes from
those used to weigh the weight of a person to those used to weigh heavy trucks.

Normally they have a horizontal platform on which the object to be weighed is placed.

Its uses are varied, we have them for the home, for heavy industries, for laboratories, public and/or
commercial institutions.
 CONCLUSION

All the instruments seen in this section are important for the study of physics, each one according to
its classification we can distinguish: to measure volumes, to measure mass, to measure length, to
measure temperature, to measure pressure, to measure speed, to measure time, to measure angles
and to measure electrical properties.

These have measurements, they have quantifiable measurements from negative numbers to positive
numbers, as well as temperatures that are measured in degrees from negative to positive, it is the
way to express larger and smaller quantities, each device has its own established measurement
system. and some of them can be calibrated according to requirements.

We also find measuring instruments and optical instruments, the latter being used for measurement
through devices that use lenses, prisms and mirrors, to be able to clearly see the object of study, in
which they use another type of established pattern, like the Other instruments tend to be exact, as an
example we find in road measurements, which are very common optical instruments, since it makes
it easy to measure kilometers at great distances seeing only with the sight of the device.

Of course the feasibility is approximated to thousandths, since on some occasions there may be
errors, as an example when rounding a decimal measurement, it is advisable to round to two
decimal places, but there are specific errors such as the symbol pi=3.1415926... , in this case the
number is infinite and we round it off to make it finite, which already begins an error. However, this
is not an obstacle to the development of continuous improvements, as well as the precision and
safety of the design of these instruments.

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