Session

4
Electronic Engine Control System
 Electronic Control System
Engine
In order to serve as an engine governor, the control
system performs the following functions:
•Constantly monitors engine operating conditions
• Accurately determines the position of the piston
•Delivers the optimal amount of fuel for the given operating
conditions
•Fuel delivery in an optimal piston position
• Provides multiple control modes
• Performs self-diagnoses
 Terminology
Actuator A device controlled by ECU to perform certain functions.
Analog Signal which has a continuous range of possible voltages. Usually 0 to 5 volts or 0 to 12
volts.
DOG Controller Area Network. Controller Area Network, It is the network on the vehicle
that allows communication between controllers.
Digital A signal that consists of only two voltage levels, usually 0 volts and
+5 volts.
DST Diagnostic Scan Tool. Diagnostic Analysis Tool is a program
diagnostic used to read engine parameters, check DTCs (Codes), and special
function tests.
DTCs Diagnostic Trouble Code. Diagnostic Trouble Code This is a code
which is stored in the ECU's memory when it detects a problem in the electronic
control system. There are two types of codes: Active and Stored.
ECT Engine Coolant Temperature Engine Water Temperature Sensor.
ECU Engine Control Unit. Engine Control Unit, Computer that controls the
engine fuel, air and ignition systems.
EI Electronic Injector. Electronic Injector
J1939 The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard for communication
among electronic controllers in heavy-duty vehicles.
 Terminology
MAT Manifold Air Temperature. Manifold Air Temperature Sensor
PCV Pump Control Valve, Pump Control Valve, is used to regulate the
amount of high-pressure fuel that the pump delivers.
AVG Programmable, Read-Only Memory. A computer processor that contains
engine control system calibration information.
PWM Press Width Modulation. An electronic digital signal (not analog) which consists
of a pulse generated by a fixed frequency. When an actuator is controlled by a PWM
signal, in time, the signal is increased or decreased (modulated) to increase or
decrease the output of the actuator.
RAM Random Access Memory. RAM is the portion of the computer's memory
inside the ECU changing when the engine is running and storing while the engine is off.
TPS Throttle Position Sensor. The Throttle Position sensor measures the position of the
accelerator which is controlled by the machine operator.
TWV Two-Way Valve. The TWV is energized to raise the blade spool,
allowing fuel to be injected into the cylinder.
WIF Water In Fuel (sensor). Water in Fuel Sensor sends a signal to the ECU
when water is detected in the fuel.
 PUMP CONTROL
VALVES

DEPARTUR Electronic Engine Control

ES SOLENOIDS
FUEL INJECTORS
(ECU) 8.1 L Level 9 Electronic
Fuel System
BI-DIRECTIONAL
TICKETS DIAGNOSTIC
COMMUNICATION

CRANKSHAFT
POSITION SENSOR

OIL PRESSURE

ECT SENSOR

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

WATER IN FUEL SENSOR

FUEL PRESSURE
SENSOR

TPT SENSOR

EVENT SENSOR
PST3524
 Electronic Control System
Engine
• Digital words of information sent over pairs of
conductors
• Computers send and receive digital information
• EEC's Use Digital signals to:
– Send Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)
– Engine information
– On-board Diagnostic Tests
CAN (Controller Area Network)
 High Speed Information for
Communication

• INFORMATION
• Between Controllers
• Operator Information
• On-Board Diagnostics
• DST(Diagnostic Service Tool)
• Diagnostic Measurement
ECU
“Brain” of the Electronic Engine Control System
• It uses signals from sensors to make decisions about optimal
fuel quantity and injection timing.
• CPU for computations and code storage in memory
Three types of menoria are used:
RAM – information lost when turning off the engine
ROM – non-exchangeable programmed information
EEPROM – programmed but updateable

• Provides self-diagnosis on the control system Alerts the

operator of problems using DTCs Two types of DTCs – Active
and Stored
 Sensor Locations
—Crankshaft Position Sensor
—Water in Fuel (WIF) Sensor
—Fuel Temperature Sensor
D —Oil Pressure Sensor
E—Common Rail Fuel Pressure
Sensor
F —Position Sensor
Bomb

g
G—Pump Control Valves (PCVs)
H—Water Temperature Sensor
(ECT)
I —Manifold Air Temperature
Sensor (MAT)
J —Electronic Injector (EI) wiring
connector
Electronic Engine Control
System
There are 4 parameters (Inputs) Monitored by
ECU, these have a reference of 5 Volt or
Voltage supply.

• Throttle Position
• Engine Speed Position
• Temperature
• Pressure
 Measuring the throttle position
A Three-Step Throttle uses a three-position switch for Low
Throttle, Adjustable High Throttle, High Throttle, and Non-
Adjustable High Throttle.
The switch uses three different resistors to change the ECU's
return voltage, which converts the voltage to a
specific engine speed. High Acceleration Not
Low Acceleration uses a resistor Adjustable
High Acceleration Stable
390 850rpm Adjustment Low Acceleration
ohms,
Adjustable High Acceleration -
uses a
1,300 ohm resistor, 1,600 rpm
Non-Adjustable High Acceleration uses a
Throttle Switch
Low Acceleration
3,000 ohm resistor 2,240 rpm Adjustable High Acceleration
Three steps
High Acceleration Not
Adjustable
 Measuring Engine Speed
A notch in the gear creates a change in the voltage signal read by
the inductive sensor.
This signal pattern change allows the ECU to calculate the speed
and monitor the cylinder number ready for injection.

ECU r
■4 G+ POSITION SENSOR , TO
1
1 --‘
13
1
■। । I ■ ■
।■■ 1
1
1
1

•=_____________________:
 Position Sensor
of the
Crankshaft

An inductive type sensor detects the teeth of the oil pump drive gear. Losing
two teeth is a sign that cylinder #1 is at Top Dead Time (TDC).
The ECU uses the position of the crankshaft to determine the engine speed
and specify the position of the piston in relation to the firing order.
 Position Sensor
of the bomb

An inductive type sensor detects the timing wheel notch of the

high pressure pump crankshaft.
The ECU uses this sensor to determine the engine speed and
determine when each cylinder is at its top dead center (TDC) to
deliver the correct amount of fuel to the correct electronic injector
EI, at the correct time.

Temperature Measurement
Temperature sensors have thermal resistance (sensitive variable
temperature resistors).
The resistance of the sensors decreases as the temperature to which it
is exposed increases.
The Engine Control Unit (ECU) sends 5 volts to the sensor, monitors
the voltage drop across the sensor, and compares the drop voltage
values already programmed in the ECU's memory to determine the
temperature .
 Fuel Temperature Sensor

The ECU uses this sensor as input to calculate fuel density

and adjust delivery correctly.
 Water temperature sensor

The ECU will adjust the amount of fuel delivered during

cranking to the initial ECT readings.
The ECU monitors the engine water temperature to protect the
engine.
 Air Manifold Temperature Sensor

The MAT sensor measures the air intake temperature to help the
ECU calculate the correct fuel.
The ECU also uses this input information for engine protection
purposes.
 Measuring Pressure
The pressure sensor system has three variable resistors.
As the pressure changes, the resistance of the sensor changes.
The ECU sends a 5 volt reference to the sensor, monitors the return
voltage of the cable signal and compares the voltage drop to the pre-
programmed values in the ECU's memory to determine the pressure.
ECU
 Rail Fuel Pressure Sensor

The ECU uses this sensor to monitor the fuel pressure inside the rail.
Depending on the pressure, the ECU adjusts the timing of the pump control valve
that is on the high pressure pump.
The ECU monitors the pressure that drops in the HPCR during injection. If there is
no fuel pressure drop, there will be a possible EI electronic injector failure.
 Oil pressure sensor

The ECU monitors engine oil pressure for protection purposes.

 WIF (Water in Fuel) Sensor
Fuel)

Use fuel and water resistance in the

fuel system.
Because water is a better conductor than fuel, if water is present,
the voltage will be much lower.
If a 97-16 DTC appears, drain water from the final (secondary)
fuel filter.
Electronic Engine Control System
There are four types of Components that
They can operate on an ECU. These are
called outputs or actuators. They
They typically operate at 12 Volts.
• Solenoid, Coil or Relay
• Warning Lamps
• Heater
• Engine
• Fans
• Injectors
 Pump Control Valves
(PCVs
)

1
The ECU sends an electronic
signal to the PCVs to regulate
fuel delivery to the High
Common Rail.
Pressure (HPCR).
PCV #1 is located closest to the front of the engine. If the wiring
harness connectors are not connected correctly to the PCV, the engine
will not start or crank.
Injector Harness Wiring Connector
Electronic (EI)

This connector provides voltage and a ground from

the ECUwiring
harness to thelocated inside the engine head.
 SUMMAR
Y
Pressure Sensor Pressure Limiting
'I Rail Fuel Valve

Flow
Dampener

Fuel tank Two-Way Valves

PCV's
Low
pressure
He' High
s pressure
Return
O ECU inputs

R ECU outputs

Check valve
High 1
Pressure
Supply ECU Crankshaf Event Throttle ECT MAT WIF Oil
» sensor
Pump t position Sensor Position Pressure Sensor Temperature
sensor
 SUMMARY

• ECU governor controller

• Tickets
• Departures
END OF SESSION 4