“Year of the fight against corruption and impunity”

NATIONAL POLICE OF PERU

DIRECTORATE OF STDs. PNP. PP

EDUCATION AND POLICE UNIACA. PNP
DOCTRINE

APPLICATION WORK

SUBJECT :

ISSUE : HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF WEAPONS

MEMBERS :

ORDER GRADE, SURNAMES AND NAMES GRADES

NO. ELAB. NOUN AVERAGE

LIMA PERU
2019

1
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to our teachers, for

all their teachings, thus achieving better
service to society and the State.

2
 INTRODUCTION

Without a doubt, weapons and work tools were the same thing for prehistoric man;
In those times in which he had to fight against the environment in order to survive,
he saw the need to create tools with which to defend himself and thus compensate
for his physical inferiority. He used, at first, what he found in his path, using
stones, pebbles and sharp sticks; He then tried to imitate nature by carving stones
in the shape of wedges, thereby increasing his offensive capacity. Other stones
with certain cavities were used to make rudimentary axes by simply inserting a
stick into them. Different branches that start from the same point offer the idea of a
fork; the thorns give it the punch, etc.; and thus man transforms and perfects the
weapons he uses. All of these weapons are offensive; but he also saw the need to
defend himself, which is why defensive weapons appear. The model for them is
also given by nature, in the scales of fish, the shell of turtles or the armor of
saurians.

Man also had the idea of attacking from a distance and throwing weapons
appeared; at first stones, and then arrows and darts that were thrown by hand,
increasing their range through the original use of the sling.-
The first projectiles for which there is reliable dating are eight wooden spears,
called Schöninger Speere, which are estimated to have been built 400,000 years
ago. Approximately 250,000 years ago, fire began to be used to harden the points,
and the first stones manually carved as spear points have been dated to around
80,000 BC. C. Twenty millennia later, the bow and arrows represented a revolution
in weapons technology, by multiplying the force exerted while also reducing the
muscular effort of the user. The first preserved javelin must have been used
around 42,000 BC. C. During the Paleolithic stage, darts began to be used, more
precise than arrows, and the atlatl - a weapon used as a propeller for spears - is
the oldest found around 27,000 years old.

3
 INDEX
P.

“Year of the fight against corruption and impunity”...................................................1

DEDICATION............................................................................................................ 2
This work is dedicated to our teachers, for all their teachings, thus achieving
better service to society and the State.........................................................................2
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3
Man also had the idea of attacking from a distance and throwing weapons
appeared; at first stones, and then arrows and darts that were thrown by hand,
increasing their range through the original use of the sling.- The first projectiles
for which there is reliable dating are eight wooden spears, called Schöninger
Speere, which are estimated to have been built 400,000 years ago.
Approximately 250,000 years ago, fire began to be used to harden the points,
and the first stones manually carved as spear points have been dated to around
80,000 BC. C. Twenty millennia later, the bow and arrows represented a
revolution in weapons technology, by multiplying the force exerted while also
reducing the muscular effort of the user. The first preserved javelin must have
been used around 42,000 BC. C. During the Paleolithic stage, darts began to be
used, more precise than arrows, and the atlatl - a weapon used as a propeller
for spears - is the oldest found around 27,000 years old..........................................3
INDEX...................................................................................................................... 4
P.........................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER I............................................................................................................... 4
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER I
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 HISTORY OF WEAPONS

Since man appeared on the face of the earth, being physically weak and
surrounded by a hostile environment, he was concerned with providing
himself with means of protection to survive, constantly inventing and
perfecting the weapons that gave him security and power, these being

4
made of material. rustic like stones, sticks, bones, etc. giving them shape,
later discovering metals from the “Epoque of Iron and Bronze”, where
spears, knives, axes, arrows, cuirasses, shields were made; Man was
always discovering new weapons until the appearance of gunpowder in the
12th century among belligerent countries (Greeks and Muslims), which
used it as incendiary material and only in the 15th century was it used in
projection weapons, these being weapons of fire that they called them
"Hand Crossbows", "Hand Cannons", "Hand Bombards" and/or small
cannons, because they were portable, their loading system being muzzle
loading.

Then heavy weapons appear such as the German Arquebus, the Spanish
Musket and at the same time the cartridges are innovated, reaching almost

5
perfection in 1586, having active existence for almost three centuries.

In the 19th century, the use of lead for the manufacture of projectiles
became widespread, due to its easy melting, good weight and deformation
upon impact, a time when the gun was created to be used by a single
person because it was lighter and easier to handle. , its authors apparently
being the Italians for “PISTOYA” (gunsmith city), the French for “PISTAL”
(saddle stirrup to which a holster used by horsemen was attached) and by
Bohemians who called pistol (which means pipe) to a firearm, short.

At the end of the 19th century, semi-automatism emerged, reforming both

firearms and cartridges, then machine guns appeared that, by simply
feeding and pressing the trigger, produced a continuous stream of shots,
called a burst; currently reaching technological development with a
tendency towards micro caliber with cartridges that generate speeds of
1000 m/s.

6
The Revolver was invented in 1836 by Samuel Colt (USAAA), being
innovated by him in 1860, applying a drum or cylinder with several
chambers;

In 1892, Smitth & Wesson (USAAA), included in the Universal Catalog of

Calibers, the caliber .38”Special for revolvers, for police, military service and
for athletes, replacing the Colt brand revolver, Cal. 0.38”Length; Later in
1953, the .357”Magnum caliber for revolver was registered.

In 1911, the National War Weapons Factory “FN” of Belgium, registered the
9 mm caliber in the Universal Catalog of Calibers. Luger Auto Pistol; Then
the United States of America, upon receiving and generalizing this caliber,
called it 9 mm. Parabellum (for war) which is equal to 9 x 19 mm.

Nowadays there are countless types, brands and calibers of firearms for
different uses, both for war, sports, security and personal defense, as for
example we can mention the Master Gunsmiths, designers of firearms
based on the advancement of technology, they have managed to reduce

7
 their size and weight to a minimum and their robustness is increasing,
currently they have created personalized weapons with the intention of
making them safer.

In California they have manufactured and are for sale a smart gun model,
which only fires if the watch worn by the authorized person is near the gun.
There are also other systems, such as fingerprint reading or voice
recognition, what seems clear is that these weapons are destined to
revolutionize the arms industry.

Likewise, technology and the different subsets of Artificial Intelligence will

not only serve to find us better advertisements on the Internet, translate
language instantly or cars that drive themselves. They will have a darker
“familiar”: weaponry that works autonomously.

Everything seems to indicate that we are approaching the end of traditional

wars. During Desert Storm the last “great tank battle” in history took place:

Since then, except on rare occasions such as during Operation Iraqi

Freedom, wars are for the most part a constant warfare exercise of urban
insurgency and counter-insurgency that has given rise to new types of
weaponry, tactics and strategies.

At the beginning of July, the Russian weapons manufacturer Kalashnikov

group held a presentation of its new “completely autonomous” war vehicles
and devices capable of “identifying targets and making decisions,” although
without demonstrations. Shortly after, it announced the mass production of
its new flying drones.

1.2 FIRST FIREARMS

The harquebus : it was the most important invention; It appeared in the 15th
century and became the main weapon of the infantry.

8
Musket : weapon created by the Spanish, it was a small hand cannon and
matchlock, with a caliber of 2.24 cm. Because it was heavy, in order to fire it
had to be supported on a fork and required three minutes to reload.

The scree : it was shaped like a short shotgun; It was used between the
16th and 17th centuries mainly in Catalonia (Spain). It was the weapon
preferred by bandits even though it had low power, since it was short and

9
 they could easily hide it and thus approach their victims without them
noticing the weapon.

1.3 EVOLUTION OF FIREARMS

The first ignition system used was the "fuse key", which was a system in
which the shooter had to hold the gun with one hand and use the other to
bring a fuse closer to the stove at the moment of firing, which It made the
weapon of little effectiveness.

Chinese hand cannon from the Yuan dynasty (13th century)

In the 15th century , a modification was made to this system that was
decisive in increasing the effectiveness of the weapon: the incorporation of
the serpentine, which consisted of an "S"-shaped iron arm bolted at its
center to the right side of the case. and to which a piece of wick soaked in a
solution of potassium nitrate was fixed to its upper extremity. This
mechanism was activated by causing the piece to rotate until the fuse came
into contact with the gunpowder of the hearth, which at first was located in
the center of the weapon and by the end of the 15th century it was placed
for technical reasons in a lateral position . Thus the bowl was born, a
spoon-shaped receptacle welded to the barrel and provided with a lid.

10
The coil was perfected with the creation of other similar systems that were
more complex and perfected. One of them was the spring-loaded tiller,
which used a sear (spring) to keep the fuse raised, ready to fire, which
allowed the weapons to operate faster and the first harquebuses to be built
for hunting; Another widely used system was the latch or lever, which was
preferred for military uses until the beginning of the 18th century , for two
hundred years, due to its simplicity, robustness and low price.

CHAPTER II
ANALYSIS

11
The firearm is a device intended to propel one or multiple projectiles using the
pressure generated by the combustion of a propellant . Thus, devices that launch
projectiles using a previously compressed gas are excluded from this term. Like
any weapon , its original and most common function is to cause the almost
instantaneous death or incapacitation of an animal or human; In the case of
firearms, they can do so from a certain distance, which varies depending on the
type of weapon and the circumstances (wind, humidity, etc.). Some firearms are
specifically designed to be non-lethal and cause temporary incapacitation or have
deterrent effects, serving as riot weapons; Others are intended for various uses
not linked to hunting , combat or the execution of the death penalty .

A bayonet is usually added to long firearms (such as rifles), which is a very sharp
weapon , which is used for hand-to-hand combat if it does not have bullets, which
increases the danger of these weapons. .
In ancient firearms the propellant was black powder ; On the other hand, modern
ones use smokeless gunpowder or cordite. In some cases black powder is used for
antique weapons, even today for aesthetic reasons.

The world's arsenal of weapons began in prehistoric times with simple clubs, stone
weapons, wooden spears, and simple slings . It later progressed to include bows
and arrows, Greek fire , and sophisticated blade technology, and, later still, to
encompass cannons, rifles, machine guns, tanks, battleships, warplanes, rockets
—and finally nuclear weapons .

The evolution of these weapons of multiple types help us understand the

technology used by our ancestors in different periods of history. They give us
insight into how changing social pressures and political structures influence the
development of increasingly lethal weapons of death and destruction.

Firearms are an applied consequence of the invention of gunpowder, which is

attributed to the Chinese. There are certain references to this fact regarding its
use. This historically occurred in the year 1231 at the Battle of Kuang Fen. In it,
the Chinese used gunpowder as a propelling element for their "flying arrows"

12
through a device similar to what is known today as flying canes. In this remote
nation , pyrotechnics became an art , which continued to this day.

THE FIRST FIREARMS

There are contradictions about the entry of gunpowder into the West, since Roger
Bacon ( England ) described its effects in the mid-13th century. But it was not until
1308, when the appearance of the cannons, which were called Culebrinas and
Falconetes, is historically recognized.

Light weapons only appeared in the year 1350, in Sweden (Bombardilla de

Loshult) and in 1390 Thunder Hand of Morko, from whose name hacken büsche,
hackbut ( English ), arcobuse (French), arcobugio (Italian) and arquebus, derive. in
Spanish.

Mörkö Hand Thunder 1390: Arquebus with matchlock and serpentine 15th century:
In the 15th century the first flintlock rifles began to appear (the oldest drawing of a
flintlock rifle is from 1475).

13
Before that, there was the "hand cannon" (handgonne), which was basically a
metal tube in a wooden handle with an opening for the fuse to enter. They were
used until 1520. handgonne: The most important problem for 300 years was the
way of ignition, which after doing it by hand, went through the wheel system or
"Wheellock", originating from the clock systems of Nuremberg, Germany. It
consisted of a wheel that was wound up and when the trigger was pressed it
produced sparks, which in turn ignited the gunpowder in the bowl, causing the
gunpowder to deflagrate and the subsequent firing of the weapon. It is the lighter
principle of our days. Wheellock spark system: Because this system is artisanal
and expensive, the Dutch "Snaphause" system emerged, which in Flemish means
"chicken peck", due to the way the hammer fell to produce sparks.

The "Chispa" system was born there, which in central Europe was more evolved,
with the appearance of the "Flintlock" or stone fixation, a pyrite that was placed
with a screw, which was perfected by Spain, through the "Miguelete", which It had
the operating springs on the outside, as can be seen in the figures.

14
These systems persisted and coexisted with each other, except for the wheel
system, which disappeared in the 17th century.

All of these systems were used in the Western world, with the wheel being in the
power of the feudal lords because they were expensive and luxurious, generally
adorned with precious stones and gold .

Meanwhile, in the East the matchlock system continued to be used until the mid-
19th century, in the form of harquebuses.

The musket is a derivation of the harquebus, a large-caliber weapon that, due to

its weight, used a spike or support to support it.

The year 1807 marks the beginning of a new era in lighting. It was no longer the
most important thing, with manufacturers worrying about the aiming system, which
was not given much importance, since the problem was the way of firing. The
percussion system, invented by the monk Forbery, provided the solution,
ultimately being the most practical weapons. A detonator with a small amount of
explosive, applied to the end of a small tube that communicated with the chamber,
was the practical solution.

In subsequent years, flintlock rifles were designed with a muzzle-loading system,

such as the Baker rifle (1801): Later, single-shot bolt-action rifles emerged, around
1850, such as the Comblain 2, Chassepot, Boumont, Gras, etc. .

15
In 1861, the first effective heavy machine gun was created, with 6000 shots per
minute, the Gatling gun (its mechanism is still used to this day):

16
In 1908, the first semi-automatic rifle was created, a rifle of Mexican design, the
"Fusil Mondragón":

Around the First World War, bolt-action rifles with 5-round comb ammunition
emerged, and submachine guns: Mauser Kar98k:

MP-18:

17
In 1943, the MP-44 was designed, the world's first assault rifle and the basis of all
modern weapons: MP-44:

In 1947 the AK-47 was designed, the weapon that has killed the most people in
the world AK-47: In 1961 the M-16 was created in response to the Soviet AK-47 by
the United States M-16:

Since 2002, prototypes of the XM8 have been created, a very light, relatively
economical and very effective weapon in combat, but it is still an XM8 prototype:

18
 CONCLUSIONS

A firearm is a mechanical device that propels a projectile at high speed through a

tube as a result of the expansion of gases that occur when fuel burns. Firearms
have changed, but they still rely on forcing a projectile, such as a bullet, through a
barrel.

When using a firearm, the four main rules for the safe use of firearms should
always be followed to prevent accidents:

 Always point the muzzle (or bow) in a safe direction.

 All firearms must always be handled as if they were loaded.

 Keep your finger off the trigger until you are ready to shoot.

 Be sure to look at your target and what is in front of and behind it.

The development of firearms was very slow at first and faster as each invention or
discovery was a kind of stepping stone to greater achievements. Since man, after
a long series of discoveries, was able to use gunpowder until the use of firearms
became widespread, more than three centuries passed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://es.slideshare.net/alej675/firearm

19
Catalog of Madrid harquebusiers (1687-1833) Royal Armory of Madrid.- Álvaro Soler del Campo,
2006.
- Catalog of the weapons collection of the Municipal Museum of Fine Arts of Santa Cruz de
Tenerife.
- Collecting ancient weapons.- José Miguel Echeverría, 1978
- Historical compendium of the Arcabuceros of Madrid.- Isidro Soler.- Preliminary study by Jesús E.
Casariego. Facsimile edition of the one from 1795.

20
ANNEXES

21
.

22