JAVA FULL STACK

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Java 8 & File I/O & Exception
 OUTLINE

• Exceptions
• Java 8
• Java 1/O
• Serialization
EXCEPTION IN JAVA
EXCEPTION HIERARCHY
 EXCEPTION
• An exception is an unwanted or unexpected event, which occurs during the execution of
a program i.e at run time, that disrupts the normal flow of the program’s instructions.

• Exceptions can arise due to a number of situations.

• Trying to access the 11th element of an array when the array contains of only 10

elements. ( ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException)
• Division by zero ( ArithmeticException)
• Accessing a file which is not existing ( FileNotFoundException)
• Failure of I/O operations ( IOException)
 ERROR VS. EXCEPTION
• Error — An Error indicates serious problem that a reasonable
application should not try to catch.

• Mostly Error is thrown by JVM in a scenario which is fatal and

there is no way for the application program to recover from that
error. For instance OutOfMemoryError

• Exception — Exception indicates conditions that a reasonable

application might try to catch.

• ArithmeticException — do not divide a number by 0

 TYPES OF EXCEPTION
• Checked exception

• checked by the compiler at compile time

• IOException, SQLException

• Unchecked exception

• checked by the JVM at run time

• ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, NullPointerException
 EXCEPTION HANDLING

• try-catch

• throw

• throws

• finally
 TRY-CATCH
• try/catch block can be placed within any method that you feel
can throw exceptions

• All the statements to be tried for exceptions are put in a try

block

• catch block is used to catch any exception raised from the try
block

• If exception occurs in any statement in the try block control

immediately passes to the corresponding catch block.
TRY-CATCH
 TRY-CATCH
• Order of catch is important

• catch having super class types should be defined later

than the catch clauses with subclass types

• Nested try-catch block is allowed.

• Multi catch is available since Java 7:

• eg. catch (Exception1 | Exception2 | Exception3)

 ORDER OF CATCH

• Always put smaller exceptions in front of bigger

exceptions
• Don’t put big basket in the front; you are going to
catch everything
• Don’t put small basket in the end; you will not
catch anything
 THROW
• Used to explicitly throw an exception

• Useful when we want to throw a user-defined exception.

• The syntax for throw keyword is as follows:

• throw new Throwable Instance

• eg. throw new NullPointerException();

 THROWS
• Added to the method signature to let the caller know about what
exception the called method can throw

• It is the responsibility of the caller to either handle the exception

(using try...catch mechanism) or it can also pass the exception (by
specifying throws clause in its method declaration)

• If all the methods in a program pass the exception to their callers

(including main( )), then ultimately the exception passes to the
default exception handler
 FINALLY
• finally block is executed in all circumstances

• if the exception occurs or

• it is normal return (using return keyword) from

methods

• Mandatory to execute statements like related to release

of resources, etc. can be put in a finally block
 CUSTOM EXCEPTION
• Implemented by creating a class, which is subclass of Exception or
RuntimeException

• Provide constructor as needed

• Use throw keyword to throw exception whenever you want to raise the
exception

• Can be either checked or unchecked exception

• Extend Exception class if you want to create checked exception

• Extend RuntimeException class if you want to create unchecked exception

 QUESTIONS?

• Why do we need the Custom Exception?

CUSTOM EXCEPTION
 CUSTOM EXCEPTION
• In a web application, we have to make a call to another application to
get some data. Then we receive the following response. How should
we handle it?
 WHY TWO TYPE OF
EXCEPTIONS
• Checked Exception — Those who call a method must know
about the exception so that they can handle properly.

• Unchecked Exception — Runtime Exception may happen

everywhere. Adding it to the method declaration will reduce the
program clarity.

• General Rule — If a client can reasonably be expected to

recover from an exception, make it a checked exception. If a
client cannot do anything to recover from the exception, make it
an unchecked exception.
JAVA 8 FEATURES
 Java 8
Java 8 new features:

1. Functional Interface and Lambda Expressions

2. Default and static methods in Interface
3. Java Stream API for Bulk Data Operations on
Collections
4. Optional class for null checking

…….
 Default and Static Methods

• A default method is a non-abstract method in an interface

that provides a default implementation

• Default methods allow for new functionalities to be

introduced to interfaces while at the same time
maintaining backward compatibility

• Java 8 also allows static methods to be defined in

interfaces.
 Default and Static Methods
• Default and static methods both allow implementations in interfaces

• Static methods belong only to the interface and not classes that
implement the interface

• Default methods can be overridden

 Functional Interface
• Functional Interface
• A functional interface is an interface that
contains only one abstract method. They can
have only one functionality to exhibit.
• A functional interface can have any number of
default methods.
• Runnable, Comparable are some of the
examples of functional interfaces.
 @FunctionalInterface
Annotation
@FunctionalInterface annotation is used to ensure that
the functional interface can’t have more than one
abstract method.

In case more than one abstract methods are present,

the compiler flags an ‘Unexpected
@FunctionalInterface annotation’ message.

However, it is not mandatory to use this annotation.

 Lambda Expression

• Lambda Expression
• Lambda expressions basically express instances
of functional interfaces
• lambda expressions implement the only
abstract function and therefore implement
functional interfaces
 Lambda Expression
• Syntax
• parameter -> expression body
• characteristics
• Optional type declaration
• Optional parentheses around parameter
• Optional curly braces
• Optional return keyword
Functional Interface & Lambda
Expression
 STREAM API

• Introduced in Java 8, the Stream API is used to

process collections of objects.
• A stream is a sequence of objects that supports
various methods which can be pipelined to
produce the desired result.
 STREAM API
• Main Features:
• A stream is not a data structure instead it takes input from
the Collections, Arrays or I/O channels.
• Streams don’t change the original data structure, they only
provide the result as per the pipelined methods.
• Each intermediate operation is lazily executed and returns a
stream as a result, hence various intermediate operations can
be pipelined.
• Terminal operations mark the end of the stream and return
the result.
 Intermediate Operations VS
Terminal Operations
Intermediate Operations map(), filter(), distinct(),
sorted(), limit(), skip()
Terminal Operations forEach(), toArray(),
reduce(), collect(), min(),
max(), count(), anyMatch(),
allMatch(), noneMatch(),
findFirst(), findAny()

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/?java/util/stream/Stream.html
 Intermediate Operations VS
Terminal Operations
• Main Difference:
• Intermediate operations return a Stream as a result and
terminal operations return non-stream values like primitive
or object or collection or may not return anything.
• Intermediate operations are lazily loaded. When you call
intermediate operations, they are actually not executed.
They are just stored in the memory and executed when the
terminal operation is called on the stream.
 STREAM API EXAMPLE
Consider Following Question:

return a String List, which contains the names of the employees whose
● ID >1
● Wage >= 40
And the result should be in uppercase and in Alphabetical order
For Loop Solution
Stream Solution
 Optional Class

• Optional is a container object used to contain not-null

objects. Optional object is used to represent null with
absent value.
• This class has various utility methods to facilitate code to
handle values as ‘available’ or ‘not available’ instead of
checking null values.
• You must import java.util package to use this class. It
provides methods which are used to check the presence
of value for particular variable.
 Optional Class
• Useful Methods

static <T> Optional<T> empty() Returns an empty Optional instance.

static <T> Optional<T> of(T value) Returns an Optional with the specified present non-null
value.
T get() If a value is present in this Optional, returns the value,
otherwise throws NoSuchElementException.

static <T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value) Returns an Optional describing the specified value, if
non-null, otherwise returns an empty Optional.

void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) If a value is present, it invokes the specified consumer
with the value, otherwise does nothing.

boolean isPresent() Returns true if there is a value present, otherwise false.

T orElse(T other) Returns the value if present, otherwise returns other.

T orElseGet(Supplier<? extends T> other) Returns the value if present, otherwise invokes other
and returns the result of that invocation.
Optional<T> filter(Predicate<? super <T> If a value is present and the value matches a given
predicate) predicate, it returns an Optional describing the value,
otherwise returns an empty Optional.
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Optional.html
 Optional Class Example
• Think about the following code:
Optional Class Example
Optional Class Example
 JAVA I/O
• Java I/O (Input and Output) is used to process
the input and produce the output (read and
write data). Most application need to process
some data and produce some output based on
the input.

• The java.io package contains all the classes

required for input and output operations
 STREAMS
• Java uses the concept of STREAM to make I/O operation
fast.
• A stream is a conceptually endless flow of data. We can
either read from a stream or write to a stream.
• A stream is connected to a data source or a data destination
 STREAMS

• In Java, stream can either be byte based (reading and writing bytes)
or character based (reading and writing character)
• Stream does not have concept of an index (like array) , nor can we
typically move forward and backward (like array)
• It is just a flow of data.
• Some classes like PushbackInputStream allows you to push data back
to stream again, but the functionality is limited.You can not traverse
the data at will.
 STREAMS IN JAVA
In java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All these streams are
attached with console.

• System.out: PrintStream - write the data to console, often used

from console-only programs like command line tools.

• System.in: InputStream - connected to keyboard, only for Java

Application.

• System.err: PrintStream - Similar to System.out but usually used for

print error only. Some programs will show error text in red, make
it more obvious.
 STREAMS IN JAVA
• Standard output (to Screen/Console)

• System.out: System.out.println(“Hello”);

• System.err: System.err.println(“Stop”);

• Standard input (from keyboard)

• System.in

• System.in.read();

• Java IO files are available in package java.io.*;

 STREAM DATA TYPE
• Stream has two major data type: byte and character.
• Byte Stream:
• It provides a convenient means for handling input and output of
byte - used when working with bytes or other binary objects
• The streams that are byte based are typically called “name +
stream”, e.g.: InputStream, OutputStream
• Character Stream :
• It provides a convenient means for handling input and output of
characters. Character stream uses Unicode and therefore can be
internationalized.– used when working with characters or strings.
• The streams that are character based are typically called “name +
Reader” and “name + Writer”. e.g.: InputStreamReader,
OutputStreamWriter
INPUT AND OUTPUT BYTE
STREAMS
 INPUTSTREAM

https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/i
o/InputStream.html
 INPUTSTREAM
• Most of the methods in this class will throw an IOException when an I/O error
occurs

• Some methods:

• read() — read a byte from input stream

• read(byte[] b) — read a byte array from input into b

• read(byte[]b, int n, int m) — read m bytes into b from nth byte

• close() — closes the input stream

• Read() method returns actual number of bytes that were successfully read or -1 if end of
the file is reached.
 OUTPUTSTREAM

https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/ja
va/io/OutputStream.html
 STREAMS
• OutputStream is an abstract class that defines streaming byte output.

• Most of the methods in this class return void and throw an IOException in the case of
I/O errors.

• OutputStream has following methods:

• write() — write a byte to output stream

• write(byte[] b) — write all bytes in b into output stream

• write(byte[] b, int n, int m) — write m bytes from array b from n’th

• close() — Closes the output stream

• flush() — flushes the output stream

 BUFFER
• It is a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily
store data while it is being moved from one place to another.

• This physical memory storage would be RAM (Random-access

memory) in most cases.

• You might be using it without noticing. It doesn’t has to be in

the name. BufferedInputStream,BufferedReader are using
buffers. PrintWriter also uses buffers.
 READER IN JAVA

https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/io/Reader.html
 WRITER IN JAVA

https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/11/docs/api/java.base/java/io/Writer.html
 READER & WRITER

Low-Level Reader And Writer. The Low-level

readers and writers connect directly to a data
source, similarly to memory or a file or socket.

High-level Reader And Writer. High-level readers

and writers connect to existing readers and
writers.
 FILE (JAVA.IO.FILE)
• Most of the classes defined by java.io operate on streams, the File class does
not.

• File deals directly with files and the file system. That is, the File class does not
specify how information is retrieved from or stored in files; it describes the
properties of a file itself.

• File object is used to obtain or manipulate the information associated with a

disk file, such as the permissions, time, date, and directory path, and to
navigate subdirectory hierarchies.

• We should use standard stream input/output classes to direct access for

reading and writing file data
IO METHODS ON FILE
FILE IN JAVA
 SERIALIZATION
• It is a mechanism provided in Java.
• It allows Java to convert object information into bytes that includes the
object’s data and type. The process is called serialization.
• Once serialized, object will be stored in file as byte. This file can be read by
other input streams and convert back into Java Objects. This process is called
deserialization.
• Why is this important? The process is platform independent, meaning an object
can be serialized on one platform and deserialized in another.
• In Java we have ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream. These are high
level streams that contains the methods for serializing and deserializing an
object.
 SERIALIZABLE

• A marker/tagging interface is an interface that has no

methods or constants inside it. It provides run-time type
information about objects, so the compiler and JVM have
additional information about the object. e.g. Serializable
marker interface.
• Serializability of a class is enabled by the class
implementing the java.io.Serializable interface. Classes that
do not implement this interface will not have any of their
state serialized or deserialized.
 SERIALIZATION

• Think of serialization as flatting an object

• If you are serializing an object that has primitives as
instance variables, it will be easy
• However think about how would you serialize a tree
structure? (You have to make sure when you deserialize
the stored data, you can get the correct tree back.)
• Serialization is all or nothing. You can have a graph of
objects, but if one of them fails at serialization, nothing will
be serialized.
 SERIALIZATION

• What if we do not want to serialize a variable?

• Use Keyword: transient
• Will static variable be serialized?
 DESERIALIZATION

FileInputStream —> ObjectInputStream —> objects.

Objects are of Object type. It’s developers job to cast them to a specific type.

JVM will load the class and restore the objects without calling their constructors.
Constructors will be called only for those of non-serializable classes.

Transient variables are given null or default values (0, false, etc.) for primitives.
 WHAT CAN HURT
DESERIALIZATION
• Deleting an instance variable
• Changing the declared type of an instance variable
• Changing a non-transient instance variable to
transient
• Moving a class up or down the inheritance hierarchy
• Removing “implements Serializable
• Changing an instance variable to static
 SERIALVERSIONUID
• Built-in static variable called serialVersionUID
• If you change your class, JVM will think the class is
different now and will throw exception
• You can manually write the serialVersionUID to signal the
JVM it’s OK to keep deserializing
• In the real world, very few developer does this. Usually
new classes are created and new tables are created.
QUESTIONS?