Gliapter

2
PHOTO ELECTRICITY, ENERGY LEVELS,
X-RAYS

Photon
It is a packet (quantum) of energy. The energy of a photon, Eis given by
E =hf
where h is plack's constant and fis the frequency of radiation.
Photo-electric effect:- Electrons are liberated from a metal surface when it is exposed to
electromagnetic radiation. This phenomenon is known as photo-electric effect. The number of electrons
emitted depends on the intensity of radiation but the kinetic enetgy of the electrons depends on the
frequency of radiation.
Threshold frequency (): Itis the minimum frequency at which the photo-electric emission will
OCCur.

Work-function (¢):It is the minimum amount of energy required to take a free electron out of a
metal surface against the attractive forces of surrounding positive ions.
The relation between work function and the threshold frequency is given by
=hf,
Einstein's photo-electric equation
Themaximum kinetic energy of a photo-electron is given by the equation:
; mv =h f
where Ymax is the maximum possible velocity of the photo-electron and f is the frequency of
radiation.
Einstein's equation may be also written in the following forms
; mv max =hf- hf, [:= hf,]
1
or
2
7 mmax =h (f- f,)
 203
Group E-Chapter 2 "Photo Electricity, Energy Levels, X-rays
Stopping potential
It is the value of the minimum negative p.d. which just stops the clcctrons with maximum ener8Y
from reaching the anode. If V, is the stopping potential, then
eV, = mv max

Threshold wavelength (,):- It is the maximum wavclength of radiation for photo electric
emission.

f, where c is the velocity of electro-magnetic radiation.

EXAMPLE 1. What energy is carried by one quantum of sodium light of wavelength S893 A
ih =6.62x 103*Js, c = 3.0 x 108 m/s)
Here à = 5893 Å= 5893 >x 10-10 m
Energy carried by one quantum of sodium light, E
= hf= h = 6.62x5893
10-s x3.0>x 108
x10-10
=3.36 x 10-19 J.

EXAMPLE 2. Calculate the work function in eV for sodium metal given that threshold wavelength
is 6800¢.
Here, threshold wavelength, = 6800 ¢ =6800 x 10-10 m
hc
Work function = hf,

6.62x 10 x3×10 -=2.92x 10-19 J

6800x 10l0
2.92 x 1019
= 1.81 eV.
l.6x10!9
EXAMPLE 3. Light of wavelength 4.0 x 107 mfalls on a sodium surface. What is the maximum
energy of the emitted electrons in electron volts. (The workfunction of sodium = 2.3 eV, h = 6. 62 x104
JS)
Here, à= 4.0× 10-7 m, =2.3 e = 2.3 x 1.6 x 10-19
=3.68 x 10-19 J
mu2 (maximum energy) - hf
m max
hc 6.62 x10 x3x108
3.68 × 10-19
4x10 7
=4.97 xJ0-19 3.68 x 10-19 = 1.29 x 10-19J
I.29 x10-19
0.3 eV.
1.6×1019

EXAMPLE 4. Radiation of wavelengih 180 nnm ejects photo electrons from a plate of potassium
whose work function is 2.0eV, Whatis the maximum energy of the emitted electrons? (e = 1.6 x 1019 C.
m =9 103! kg, h= 6.6 x10:34 JS)
204 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS -- PART II

Here à= 180 nm =I80 × 10°m, =2.0 cV - 2x .6 x 101" J

Max. energy of emitted clectrons
hc
m,v max
- hf

-34
6.6x10 x3x10
-2 x 1.6 x 10-19
180 x10-9
=1l x 1019- 3.2 x 10-19 -7.8 x 10-19 J.
EXAMPLE 5. Light of frequency5.0 x104 Hz liberates electronswith energy 2.31 x 16" Jfrom a
certain metallic surface. What is the wavelength of ultraviolet light which liberates electrons of energy
8.93 x 10!°Jfrom the same surface.
(c=3.0 x 10® ms', h=6.62 x 10-34 JS)
Here E, = 2.31 x 10-l9 J, f; = 5.0 x 1014 Hz
E, - 8.93 x 10-19 J, f, =?
E, = hf; - . . . . .(1)
E, =hf, -¢.......(2)
Subtracting (1) and (2)
E,- E, =h (f;- f)
E, -Ej 8.93x10-2.31x10-19
f;-f; = h 6.62 x10-34
6.62 x10-19
= 10x 1014
6.62 x10-34
or f, = 10 x 1014 + f, = 10 x 1014 + 5 x 1014 = 15 x 1014 Hz
3x108
=2,0 x 10- m.
15x10l4

EXAMPLE 6. When light of frequency 5.4 x 10 Hz is shone on to a metal surface the marimum
energy of the electrons emitted is 1.2 x 1019 J. If the same surface is illuminated with light of frequency
6.6 x 10l4 Hz the maximum energy of the electrons emitted is 2.0 x 10:! J. Use this datato calculate a
value for the Planck's constant.
Here f, 5.4 x 1014 Hz, E, = 1.2 x 10-19 J
f,=6.6 x 10!4 Hz, E, =2.0x 10-19 J
We have,
E, =hf; - . . . . )
E, = hf, -...... (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2)
E, - E-h (;- f)
0.8x10-19
E,- E 2.0x 1012x10-19 = 6.67 x 10-34 JS.
or

h-f; 6.6x 105.4 x104 1.2x10!4

 Group E
-Chapter 2 "Photo Electricity, Energy Levels, X-rays 205
EXAMPLE 7. The
uOuld have to be appliedphoto-electric
between a
work function of potassiun is 2.0 eV, what potential difference
the
prevent of potassium
collection electrons where the surfacesurface and the collecting electrode in order just to
What would he (i) the kinetic energy is
and (ii) the speed ofilluminated with radiation of wavelength 350 nm?
(e=3.x10° m/s, e = 1.6 x 10-19 the most energetic electron emitted in this case.
C, m, = 9.1 x103 kg, h =
ó=2.0 eV =2x 1.6 x 10- 19 J. 6,6 x 10 34JS)
A=350 nm =350 × 10- m
Let Vbe the required potential
difference,then
2 hc
eV= mv=hf- =
1/ hc
V= f

6.6x10-34 x3x108
1.6x10-l9 350x10-9
-2x1.6x10-!9
1
1.6x10-9-(5.6x103.2x10-)=1.5 v

ii) K.E. =2 mv max

=eV= 1.6x 10-19 x 1.5 =2.4 x 10-19 J
1
(üü) ; mv max
= 2,4 x 10-19

or 7 x9.1x 10-31 2Ymax =2.4 x 10-19

2 2x2.4x10-19
or Vmax
9.l×10-31

4.8x10!2
or Vmax
=7.3 x 10 m/s.
9.1
EXAMPLE 8. For cesium the value of work function is 1.35 eV. (a) What is the longest wavelength
Ihat can cause photo-electric emission from acesium surface? (b) What is the maximum velociv with
which photo-electrons will be emitted from a cesium surface illumninated with light of wavelength 4.0
photo cell
x1O m? (c) What potential difference will just prevent a current passing through a cesium 6.6 X 34
kg, h =
m=9 x103l
lluminated with light of wavelength 4.0 x 10 m? (e = 1.6x 1O c,
JS)
=4.0 x 10-7m
Here, ¢ = .35 eV =1.35 x l.6 x1019 J, A
hc
(work function)

hc
6.6x10-34 x3x]08 9.2 x 10- m
135 ×1.6x10-l9
206 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS PART II

(b) ; mv max
= hf

hc
or
max

2 6.6x 10 "x3xI0*-135x1.6x10 0
4.0x 10 7

9.0x101 (4.95x10 "2.15x10 )

x 2.79 x 10-19
9.0x10-1
max
=0.62 x 1012

Vmay V0.62 x10 =0.79x 106 =7.9 x 10 m/s

(c) LetV be the required pot-difference then
hc
eV =2 mv max

Or 1.6 x 10-19 V = 2.79 x 10-19

2.79x10-19
V= = 1.7 V.
1.6x10-19
EXAMPLE 9. The photo-electric threshold wavelength of tungsten is 2730 ¢. What is the work
function? What is the stopping potential if ultraviolet radiation of wavelength 1800 Å is incident on it?
(e = 1.6 x 1019 C, c = 3 x 108 m/s, h = 6.6 x 10-34 JS, m = 0.1 x1031 kg)
Here .0 = 2730 ¢=2730 x 10-10 m,
2.= 1800 ¢= 1800 × 10-10 m
hc
(work function) = hf,

6.6x10-34 x3x108
-= 7.25 x 10-19 J
2730x1o -10
7.25 x 10 -19
=4.5 eV
1.6x10-19
Let V be the stopping potential, then
hc
eV.

34
x3x10*
or 7.25 x10 19
1800×]0-10

1.6x10-19-(llx107.25x10)- 2.3 V.
 Photo Electricity, Energy Levels, X-rays 207
roup E-Chapter 2
EXAMPLE 10. If 5% of the energy supplied to an incandescentlight bulb is radiated as visible
many visible quanta are emitted per sec by a 100 W wavelength of all the
light, hoW bulh. Assume the
isible.light be 560 nm. [h =6.6 xl034 Js]

Energy radiated as visible light 100 × 100 J 5I

Let n be the number of visible quanta emittecd per sccond, then
nhe
Total energy radiated

nx6.6x10 *x3x108
Then -=S
S60x 10-9
Sx560
x 1017 =141 x 1019.
6.6x3
EXAMPLE 11. f the wavelength of the incident light is reduced from 400 nm, to 360 nm, there s a
change in the stopping potential of 0.34 V. Fnd the value of Planck's constant.
Let V, be the stopping potential when the wavelength of light is 400 nm, and V2 be the stopping
potential when the wavelength is reduced to 360 nm, then
hc
eV= (1)
400x10-9
hc
eV) = (2)
360x10-9
Subtracting (1) from (2)
1 1
e (V)-V,) = hc 360x10- 400>x10

or h=
e(V, V,)
1 1 1
X
360 400 10
1.6x10 x0.34 1.6x10 x0.34x4x10
l09 109
3x10
11 3x10 90
9 104x10
1.6+0.34x4x9x10 34
6.5 x 10-34 Js

Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom

According to Bohbr, asingle electron of mass m revolves in a circular orbit of radius r, at a velocityy.
following postulates.
around a positively charged nucleus. He assumed the by
I. The electrons can occupy only those orbits in which the angular momentum (mvr) is given
h .. (1)
mvr = n 2
where n is an integer.
208 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS - PART I

II. The atom emits or absorbs energv when the electron jumps from one orbit to another
orbit. If the
electron jumps from the orbit having cncrgy levcl E., to the orbit having lower energy level E, then
the frequency of radiation, f is given by
hf=E,- Ef. ...... (2)

Velocity of an electron inthe orbit

For the electron to be in the circular orbit, ccntripctal force - clectrostatic force between the
electron
and the nucleus.
my2
(3)

1
my² = (4)

Dividing (3) by (1)

1 2
ex
nh

e
or V= (5)
2¬,nh
Radius of the orbit
h
From (1 )r= my

12[,nh nh
m

E,n'h2
(6)
Tme

Total energy of an electron in the orbit

Total energy E = K.E. + P.E.
my² + charge of the electron xelectrostatic potential due to the nucleus

r
4Teo
e' Tme
e x
8TE, r 4TE,
4
me
or E= (7)
8e,n'h2
Frequency of radiation
level
If the electron jumps from the orbit (n = n) of energy level E, to the orbit (n = n) of energy
Ez, then, the frequency of radiation is given by
hf= E, -Ez
 Group E- Chapter 2 " Photo 209
hf=
me Electricity, Energy Levels, X-rays
or me
8e,nih?
me4
8enzh?
or hf=
8eh2
ný nË
me 4 1 1
or f=
2
&e,h n; ní (8)

Wave number and Rydgberg's constant

The wave numberof a givenwave is
defincd as the number of wavelengths in a unit lengn.
Hence wave number
4
me 1

8&chní n, 2

Ine4
The term is known as Rydgberg's constant.
&ech
Excitation potential and energy
If an atomn is in the ground state with energy E, and absorbs the energy eVË and jumps to the energY
level E,, then,
E, - E = eV,
where eV, is known as excitation energy and V, is the excitation potential.

lonisation potential and inoisation energy

ionised state (E = E)from the ground state
If an atom absorbs energy eV and is raised to the
(E= E,), then
eV= E,- Eg
V is the ionisation potential.
where eV is the ionsation energy and
E, =0
V=o
eV=- E, or does the
velocityof the electronin the 9th Bohr orbit. How many times
EXAMPLE 12, Compute the x 101" Ch= 6.6 x 10-34 JS)
orbitin lsec? (e = 1.60
erectron goaround the
k=
-
9x 10 Nn' c
(m = 9.lx 10-3! kg, 4T

1 -=9x 109
4TE

Or
4nx9xl0

For 9th orbit n =9

210 | NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS - PART II

(|.6x10 x40x9x10" 2.437 x 10 m/s

V =

2e,nh 2x9x6.6x104
Radius of the orbit r is given by
h nh
1VT = n 2
34
9x6.6x 10 1
4.2 x 10- m
2 9.lx10 s x 2.437x10
The no of times the electron goes around the orbit in 1 sec
2.437x10
=9.2 x 1012
2x4.2x10
m h=
EXAMPLE 13. Find the velocity of the electron in the 2nd orbit, (E, = 8.85 x 1o12 C'
6.62 x 1o4 Js)
V=
(1.6x10-19,2 =1.1 x 10 m/s.
2[,nh 2x8.85 x10-12 x2x6.62x10-34
EXAMPLE 14. Find the radius of first Bohr orbit in hydrogen atom. Also calculate the velocity of
the electron in this orbit. (& = 8.85 x10-12 C? N m2,h= 6.63 x 1034 Js, m =9.1 x 1031 kg)

For the lst orbitn=1

8.85x 10-12 x(6.63x1042
r= =5.3 × 10-1l m
TX9.1x10- x(1.6x10-19)²
Velocity of the electron in this orbit, v
e? (1.6x10-19 ? = 2.2 x 106 m/s.
2[, nh 2x8.85 x10-2 x1x6.63x10-34
EXAMPLE 15. Find the wavelength of the radiation emitted from ahydrogen atom when an
electron jumps from third orbit to the second orbit. (e, = 8.85 x10!2 C Nm, h = 6.63 x 1o4 Js, m=
9.1x 105 kg)
Energy level of the 3rd orbit, E
4
me

8en'h2 8h'x9
me4 me
Energy level of the 2nd orbit E,
Be,n'h2 8eh'x4
the frequency of radiation is given by
4 4
me me
hf= E,- E, =
8e2h²x9 8h'x4
 211
EnergyLevels, X-rays
GroupE- Chapter 2 Photo Eletricity,
4
me
or
hf=
&eh2
me 9-4
f=
8[;h 36
8c;ch 36

8x(8.85x 10)*x3x10 x(6.63x10")x36 7713.8 x 10 m.

9.1×10x(1.6x10)*x5
EXAMPLE 16. Find the value of Rvdgberg's constant.
Rydgberg's constant, R
me

&;ch
9.1x10 x(1.6x10)*
8x(8.85x10)* x3×10 x(6.62x1o4)³
9.1x10 x(1.6x10°) -=1.09 x 10 m-!.
8x(8.85x10")'x3x10o x(6.62x104)³
6563 A.
member of Balmer series of hydrogen atom has a wavelength of
EXAMPLE17. The first
second member.
Compute the wavelength of its series
Balmer
For the first member of
n =3, n, =2
4
me 1
f=
8e h'n nË

me
f = &eh3
C ...1.)
corresponding wavelength . 7
The
the Balmer series.
For the 2nd member of
n, =4, n, =2
4 me
me
f, = 4
8eh22 42
(2)
Corresponding wavelength A,
212 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS - PART II

Dividing (2) by (1)

me
4

me

9- 4
36 16 20
Or
4-1 36 *327
16

x 6563 = 4861.5Å.

EXAMPLE 18. The ground state of the electron in the hydrogen atom may be represented by the
energy -13.6 el and the first wo excited states -3.4 eV and-i.5 eV respectively. On a scale in which an
electron completely free of the atom is at zero energy. Use this data to calculate the ionisation potential
of the hydrogen atom and the wavelengthof three lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
(Charge of the electron = 16 xlo-19 C, speed of light in vacuum = 3.0 x 108 ms', the plank
constant = 6.6 x 1034 Js)
E, =0 E,
E, =-1.5 eV
E, -1.5eV
E, =-3.4 eV
E, =-13.6eV
E, -3.4eV
lonization potential V
is given by
eV = E-E,
E -13.6eV

[0-(-13.6)] electron volts 13.6x e

-= 13.6 V
V=

When the transition takes from E, to E,

hc
E, - E =
-34
hc 6.6x10 x3x108
=1.3 x 107 m
Or
,E- Eo [3.4(13.6)]× 1.6x10-!9
When the transition takes from E, to E,
hc 6.6x10 x3x10*
= 1,02 x 10- m
E,-E, [1.5(13.6)]x1.6x10 -19
When the transition takes from E, toE,
6.6x10 -34 x3x108
hc
=6.5 x 10 m.
E, -E [1.5(3.4)]xl.6x10 19
EXAMPLE 19. Two plane parallel electrodes 0.013 m apart have a potential difference of Vvolt
between them. Electrons of very lowenergy are injected into the region between the electrodes, which
 213
Energy Levels, X-rays
Group E- Chapter2 "Photo Electricity,
collisions with argon
argon at low pressure. lf the average distance the electrons Iravel hetween estimate the
ontains
atom is 15.6 eV,
A0 x10 m, and if the energy necessary to ionise an argon
minimum value of Vsuch thatthe electrons will cause ionisation by collision.
Here, d = 0.013 m x 10 m
disstance the collisions with argon atomsx =4.0
The average electrons travel between two
Jonisation energy E = 15.6eV = 15.6 x l.6 x 10-19 J
Let Vbe the required p.d. between two electrodes, then
Ionisation energy E = work done on the clectron between two collisions.

= Fx =eEx =ex xx
1.6x0-1 Vx4.0x10
Or 15.6 x 1.6 x 10-19 =
0.013
15.6x0.013
V= = 5070 V.
4.0x10-5
atom n ls
into collision with a hydrogenscattered with
electron of energy 20 eV comes
EXAMPLE 20. An electron is
internal energy andthe
ground state. The atom is excited into a state of higher ground state with emission of a photon J
returns to its
reduced velocity. The atom subsequently velocity of the scattered electron. (e = 1.6 xlO! C, c = 3.0
wavelength 1.216 x 10 m. Determine the
x10 ms,h= 6.626 x 1034 Js, m, = 9.lx10-3' kg)
Initial energy of the electron, E= 20 eV
= 20 x 1.6 x 10-19J
scattered electron
Let v be the velocity of the
the initial energy of the electron
energy of the scattered electron
= energy of the photon +
hc 1
20 x 1.6x 10-19 =
-+jmy²

or y²=20x1.6x1o-9 he
m

"x3x108
2 32x10-19 6.626x10
1.216x10-7
or y2 =
9.1x10-31
10-19]
2
[32 x10-!9- 16.34 x
9.1x10
or
y²=3.44 x 1012

V3.34x 10'" = 1.86 x 10° m/s.

y=
which hoc a
singly ionized helium atomn, a single electron orbits the nucleus
EXAMPLE 21. In the ion?
the firstBohr's orbit for this
Charge of 2e. What is the radius ofcircular orbit,
For the electron to be in the
my² 1 e(2e)
r 4nE, r
214 | NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS - PART II
1
my² r= 2e2 (1)

From Bohr's first postulate

h
(2)

Dividing (1)by (2)

V=
2e² 2
nh
E,nh
From (2)
1 nh E,nh nh E,n'h2
X
mv 2T 2T
mxe 2Tme
8.85x 102 xlx (6.62x 104) =2.65 x 10-11 m.
2nx9.1x10 x(1.6x10?
EXAMPLE 22. Find the radius of Litt ionin its ground state assuming Bohr's model to be valid?
For the electron to be in the circular orbit,
my² 1
e(3e)
1
or my²r= 3e2. (1)
4TE
From Bohr's first postulate
nh
mvr
27 (2)
Dividing (1)by (2)
V=
3e
2E,nh
From (2)
nh 2E, nh nh E,n'h?
r=
mv 2T 3me2 2T 3öme?
8.85x102 xlx(6.62 x10)² = 1.77 x 10-1l m
3Öx9.1x10 x(|.6x10")?
X-rays
The kinetic energy of electrons striking a target Gmv²) is given by
1
my² =eV
2
where Vis the p.d. applied across the clectrodes of the X-ray tube.
 Group E- Chapter 2 " Photo
Maximum Electricity, Energy Levels, X-rays 215
frequency
Electrons lose
and minimum wavelength of x-ray
some of or all the radiationwith
energy of an x-ray
hfmay = eV
photon (hfma) is givenenergy
by
whcn they collide the targct atoms. The maximum

Minimum wavelength nin ch

Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction

When a beam of X-rays
hich the layers ot atoms are strikes a crystal surface in 99,
flected beam of maximunm separated by a distance d, the
2d sin 0= nà intensity be obtaincd when
will
where is the glancing angle and n
reflection. is the order of

EXAMPLE 23. Calculate the energy in

015 nm. h = 6.5 x 1034 electron - volts of a quantum of X-radiation of
Js, c = 3 x 108 ms!)
Here, =0.15 nm =0.15 x 10-9 m
wavelength
E= hf= hc 6.5×10 x3x108 130x10-l7
=130 x 10-17 J =
0.15x10 1.6x10-19 -=8125 eV.
EXAMPLE 24. Electrons are accelerated from rest through apotential difference of 10000 vin an
X-ray tube. Calculate (i) the resultant energy of the electrons in eV, (ii) the maximum
minimum wavelength of the x-radiation generated. (charge energy and the
of electrons = 1.6 x 10l9 c, mass of electron
=9.11 x 1031 kg, Planck constant= 6.62 x 10-34 Js,
speed of electro magnetic radiation in
x10 ms) vacuo=3.00
Here, V = 10,000 v
The resulting energy of electron E = eV
=1.6 x 10-1 × 10000 J
1.6x10-19 x10000
eV = 10000 eV
1.6x10-19
Maximum energy of X radiation =E
= 10,000 eV = 10,000 x 1.6 x 10-1 J = l.6 x 10-l5 J
Let à be the minimum wavelength of x-radiation
hc
=E

6.62x10 x3x10
=1.24 >x 10-10 m.
E 1.6x10-15

EXAMPLE 25. Anx-ray tube works at a d.c. potential difference of 50 kv. Only 0.4% of the enerov
of the cathode ravs is converted into x-radiation and heat IS
generated in the target at a rate of 600 w
Estimate (i) the current passed into the tube, (ii) the velocity of the electrons striking target. (electron
the
mass = 9.00 x 10-31 kg, electron charge = -1.60x 10!9 C)
 216 | NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS -PART II
x 10 1. The
Let Ibe the current passed into the tube, thcn the total power of cathode rays = VI= 50
energy converted into heat = (100 - 0.4)%o of VI
99,6
l00 ×S0 x 103|
99.6
100 x 50 x 10I= 600
600 x100
I= 0.012 A
99,6x S0x10
Let v be the velocityof the clectron striking the target, then
5 my² = eV

or y² = 2e x V
Im

2e |2x1.6x10-19
V xV= -x50x 10 = 1.3 x 108 m/s.
V9.9x10-31
target of an
EXAMPLE 26. What is the minimum potential difference between the filament and the
X-rav iube if the tube is to produce X-rays of wavelength 0.05 nm.
Here = 0.05 nm =0.05 x 10 m
the target.
Let V be the required minimum potential difference between the filament and

heeV
hc 6.62 x 1034 x3x108 = 2.48 x 10 4J.
or V=
e. 1.6x10' x0.05x 10
when a
The spacing of atomic planes in a crystal is 1.l x10l0 m and
EXAMPLE 27.
first order image is
monochromatic beam of x-rays is incident on them at aglancing angle of 5.0°, aimage?
produced. Calculate the wavelength. What is the glancing angle forasecond order
d =1.l x 10-1Om, 0, = 5°
For the 1st order image n =1,
2d sin n.
2d sin , =or = 2d sin 0,
=2x 1.l x 10-10 sin 5° = 0.2 x 10-10 m
For the 2nd order image,
0.2x10-10
=0.1818
2d sin 8,=2 Aor sin 8, 1.lx10-lo

0, sin'(0.1818) = 10.5°
De-Broglie Wavelength
particle is given
All particles have wave properties. According tode-Broglie, the wavelength of the
by
h
my
 oroupt-Chapter 2 Photo Electricity, Energy Levels, X-rays 217
EXAMPLE 28. What voltage must be applied to an electron microscope to produce electrons of
yavelengih04A?
h
my

h 6.62 x104
= 1.82 x 10 m/s
mà 9.110x0.4x100
Again, ; my' = eV
9.lx101
x(1.82 x 107)2 =9.42 x 102 =942 V.
1.6x109
EXAMPLE 29. What is de-Broglie wavelength of an electron whose kinetic energy is 120 eV(h =
K62x10-4 Js, mass of the electron =9.1l x10 kg]
1
Here, K=5 my²

V= V
Momentum (p) = mv
|2K
mx m
-2 mk
V2x9.11x10 x120×1.6x109 =5.91 x10-24 kg m/s
i.(de-Broglie wavelength)
6.62x1034
-=1.12 x 10-10 m
P 5.91x1024

EXERCISE 2
necessary:
[Use thefollowing data if=9.1 x1031 kg
h=6.62 x1034 Js m
c=3 xlo ms-l e= 1.6 x 1O19C] [6.2 x 1Om)
wavelength of a photon having an energy of 2 eV.
Calculate the eV? [1.09 x 105 Hz]
metal whose work function is 4.5
1.
threshold frequency for a ultra-violet
2. What is the
kinetic energy of 3eV are ejected from a metal surface by
3. Electrons with maximum m. Determine work function, threshold wavelength and the
1.5 x 10:?
radiation of wavelength metal. (5.27 eV, 2.35 x 10 m, 3V]
potential for the surface for which
Stopping frequency 1.0 x 10!5 Hz falls on a cleaned magnesium electrons (ii)
4. Electromagnetic radiation of (1) the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
3.7 eV. Calculate
the work function is magnesium.
the threshold wavelength for
the stopping potential (iii) () 7.0 x1020 J, (i) 0.44 V(üi) 3.35 x 10 m)
surface has a threshold frequency
of 4.6 x 1014 Hz. Calculate (i) its work
photo-emissive
If a maximum velocity off the electrons emitted under the action of light of wavelength
function (ii) the potential. J) 3.05 x 1o!9 J (i) 6.4 x 10 m/s (ii) 1.2 V]
4.0 x10-7 m(iii) stopping
218 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS - PART II

Calculate (a) the

6. A metal of work function 3eV is illuminated by light of wavelength 1.5 x 10 m.
threshold frequency (b) the threshold wavelength (c) the maximum cnergy of photo-electron (d)
8.44 x 10 19 J(d) 5.3 V]
stopping potential. Ia) 7.25 x 104 Hz (b)4.14 x 10 m (c)
clectrons from a
7. A retarding potential difterence of 3.38 V is rcquircd to stop the emission of photoelectric
potassium surface by ultra-violet radiation of wavclength 2000 Å. Calculate the
threshold wavelength for potassium surface. 14.4 x10 m]
The work function of
8 A photo-electron from cesium surface has kinctic encrgy of 4.0 x 1019 J.
cesium is 1.8 eV. What is the maximum wavelcngth of light which could have ejected this electron?
(2.89 x 1 m)
9. When the wavelength of the incident light exceeds 5.6 x 10-7 m, the emission of photo-electrons from
emitted when the
a surtace ceases. What is the maximum energy in electron-volts of the electrons
surface is iradiated with light of wavelength 4.2 x 10 m? /0.74 eVI
10. The first member of Balmer series of hydrogen atom has a wavelength of 6563 A. Compute the
wavelength of its second member. [4861.5 A]
11. Calculate the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom and hence its ionisation potential.
(21.7 x 1o19 J, 13.6 V7
12. Calculate the energy required to excite the hydrogen atoms from the ground state to its first excited
state. [16.4 x 1019J]
13. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is -3.4 eV.
(a) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?
(b) What is the P. E. of the electron in this state? [(a) 3.4 eV (b) -6.8 eV]
14. Calculate the longest and the shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom.
[Rydgberg's constant-1.097x 107 m] [65634, 3646 Å]
15. A p.d. 100 K.V. is applied to an X-ray tube. Find the shortest wavelength of radiation emitted by the
tube.(12.4 x 10l2 m]
16. In an X-ray tube the electrons are accelerated with a p.d. of 50 K.V. Calculate the maximum
frequency of the X-ray produced. [1.21 x 10'9 Hz]
17. In a particular X-ray tube the anode voltage is 50 KV. What is the lower wavelength limit of the X
rays produced? [0.25 A]
18. An X-rays tube operated at 30 KV emits X-rays with a short wavelength limit of 0.4 Å. alculate
planck's constant. [6.4 x 104 Js]
19. X-rays incident on a rock-salt crystal are diffracted in the first order at an angle of 30°. If the inter
atomic distance be3 x 10-10 m, calculate the wavelength of the incident rays. [3 x 1olO m]
20. Find the wavelength of a base ball with a mass of0.15 kg and a velocity of 30 m/s. [h = 6.6 x 10 4
Js] 1.47 x 10 4 mn]
21. Find the wavelength of an electron moving at 4.8 x 10º m/s. [h =6.6 x 10 34 Js] [1.5 x 10 l0 m)