Biostatics Ass

#(1)Question
To solve this problem, we need to calculate the primary

attack rate and the secondary attack rate among family
contacts.
A. Calculating the primary attack rate:

Primary attack rate = (Number of primary cases / Total
population at risk) × 100
Given information:
- There were 7 cases of hepatitis A among 70 children
attending the child care center.
Primary attack rate = (7 / 70) × 100 = 10%
B. Calculating the secondary attack rate among family
contacts:
Secondary attack rate = (Number of secondary cases /

Number of family contacts) × 100
Given information:
- The total number of persons in the 7 affected families
was 32.
- One incubation period later, 5 family members of the 7
infected children also developed hepatitis A.
Secondary attack rate = (5 / (32 - 7)) × 100 = (5 / 25) × 100 = 20%
Therefore:
A. The primary attack rate is 10%.
B. The secondary attack rate among family contacts is
20%.
#(2) Question
To solve this problem, we need to use the concept of
permutations with repetition.
The formula for permutations with repetition is:

P = n! / (n1! * n2! * ... * nk!)
Where:
- n is the total number of items
- n1, n2, ..., nk are the number of repeated items of each
type
In this case:
- n = 10 (the total number of people)
- n1 = 4 (the number of seats)
- n2 = 6 (the number of people who don't have a seat)
Plugging in the values, we get:

P = 10! / (4! * 6!) = 210
Therefore, there are 210 ways to seat 10 people on a

bench with only 4 seats available.
#(3) Question
To solve this problem, we need to use the concept of

permutations with repetition.
The formula for permutations with repetition is:

P = n! / (n1! * n2! * ... * nk!)
Where:
- n is the total number of items
- n1, n2, ..., nk are the number of repeated items of each
type
In this case:
- n = 10 (the total number of marbles)
- n1 = 5 (the number of red marbles)
- n2 = 2 (the number of white marbles)
- n3 = 3 (the number of blue marbles)
We get, P = 10! / (5! * 2! * 3!) = 3,150
Therefore, there are 3,150 different arrangements

possible.
#(4) Question
let's present the results in a table format:
To calculate the measure of association (relative risk)

using the table:
Relative Risk (RR) = Incidence in Exposed (Breastfed) /

Incidence in Unexposed (Non-Breastfed)
Incidence of Croup in Breastfed = 2 / 100 = 0.02 or 2%

Incidence of Croup in Non-Breastfed = 5 / 50 = 0.10 or
10%
Relative Risk (RR) = 0.02 / 0.10 = 0.20
Interpretation:
The relative risk (RR) of 0.20 indicates that the risk of
developing croup is 80% lower (1 - 0.20 = 0.80 or 80%) in
the breastfed group compared to the non-breastfed
group. In other words, breastfed babies have a 20% risk
of developing croup compared to non-breastfed babies,
who have a 10% risk.
#(5) Question
let's solve this step-by-step:
Given information:
- The probability of a mother admitting to smoking during
pregnancy is 0.14 (14%).
- The sample size is 10 mothers.
- We want to find the probability of exactly 4 mothers
admitting to smoking during pregnancy.
To calculate the probability, we can use the binomial

distribution formula:
P(X = x) = (n choose x) * p^x * (1 - p)^(n - x)
Where:
- n is the sample size (10 mothers)
- x is the number of "successes" (4 mothers who
admitted to smoking)
- p is the probability of success (0.14 or 14%)
- (n choose x) is the binomial coefficient, which
represents the number of ways to choose x successes out
of n trials.
Plugging in the values:

- n = 10
-x=4
- p = 0.14
P(X = 4) = (10 choose 4) * 0.14^4 * (1 - 0.14)^(10 - 4)

P(X = 4) = (10! / (4! * 6!)) * 0.14^4 * 0.86^6
P(X = 4) = (210) * 0.0384 * 0.5776
P(X = 4) = 8.0448
Therefore, the probability that the random sample of 10

mothers will contain exactly 4 mothers who admitted to
smoking during pregnancy is approximately 0.0804 or
8.04%.
#(6) Question
a) This is a cohort study because it follows a group of

individuals over time to see how their exposure (OC use)
affects the incidence of bacteriuria. In a cohort study, the
researchers do not intervene or assign participants to
different groups; instead, they observe the natural
course of events.
b) Set up the two-by-two table
c) To calculate the risk ratio (RR), we use the formula:
d) The risk ratio of approximately 1.97 indicates that the
risk of developing bacteriuria is about 1.97 times higher
in women using oral contraceptives compared to those
not using them. This suggests a strong association
between OC use and the development of bacteriuria.

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#(1)Question

To solve this problem, we need to calculate the primary

A. Calculating the primary attack rate:

Secondary attack rate = (Number of secondary cases /

The formula for permutations with repetition is:

Plugging in the values, we get:

Therefore, there are 210 ways to seat 10 people on a

To solve this problem, we need to use the concept of

The formula for permutations with repetition is:

We get, P = 10! / (5! * 2! * 3!) = 3,150

Therefore, there are 3,150 different arrangements

To calculate the measure of association (relative risk)

Relative Risk (RR) = Incidence in Exposed (Breastfed) /

Incidence of Croup in Breastfed = 2 / 100 = 0.02 or 2%

Relative Risk (RR) = 0.02 / 0.10 = 0.20

To calculate the probability, we can use the binomial

P(X = x) = (n choose x) * p^x * (1 - p)^(n - x)

Plugging in the values:

P(X = 4) = (10 choose 4) * 0.14^4 * (1 - 0.14)^(10 - 4)

Therefore, the probability that the random sample of 10

a) This is a cohort study because it follows a group of

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