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    Effect of Forces 2 Form 3

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    Effect of force physics notes

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    Effect of Forces 2 Form 3

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    makatepanashe1
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    Effect of force physics notes

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    Effect of forces 2 form 3

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    Effect of force physics notes

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views4 pages

    Effect of Forces 2 Form 3

    Uploaded by

    makatepanashe1
    Effect of force physics notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Effect on Length: The Case of Young’s Modulus and Hooke’s Law

    • when a load is exerted on a wire, tensile stresses are applied to the ends of a wire, it undergoes
    an extension, and this produces a tensile strain.
    • The force is directly proportional to the extension produced if the proportionality limit is not
    exceeded.
    • This is called Hooke’s law.

    𝐹∝𝑥
    𝑭 = 𝒌𝒙

    Where 𝐹 is the load, 𝑥 is the extension produced and 𝑘 is Hooke’s constant which is also called the
    spring constant.

    This relationship can be expressed on a force – extension graph:

    • This relationship is true up to the limit of proportionality.


    • This is the point at which the extension of the wire or spring is no longer proportional to the
    load.
    • Beyond this point, a small force will produce a very large extension.
    • This occurs up to the elastic limit. This is the point beyond which a material will undergo
    permanent deformation.
    • If a material is extended to the elastic limit it will retain its shape when unloaded.
    • If this limit is exceeded it is deformed permanently (plastic deformation).

    Effect on Shape: The Shear Stress


    When the shape of a body is changed by the action of a force, the force is said to be a shear (twist) force
    Effect on Size: The Bulk Stress
    The volume (size) of a body can be changed by the action of a force.

    When a force changes the volume of a body, it is called a bulk stress:

    • So far, the action of a force has been limited to linear (translational) motion or change in a
    physical property (length, size and shape).
    • A resultant force (or pair of forces) can also cause rotational motion.
    • This leads us to two very important and practical effects: the moment of a force and torque of a
    couple.
    Moment of a Force
    • This is the turning effect of a force.
    • The moment of a force is defined by the equation

    𝐌𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 × 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐢𝐯𝐨𝐭

    • If there is a resultant moment, the system undergoes rotational motion, that is, it turns about
    the pivot (Fig. 3.8).

    • We encounter this effect on many occasions in our everyday lives; opening a door, rocking a
    chair and pushing a wheel barrow.
    • Our bodies are machines that use this effect as well; the hinge joints at the elbow and knee and
    the socket joints of the shoulder, pelvis and ankle all act as pivots.
    • When there is no resultant moment that acts on a system, we say it is in equilibrium.

    Principle of Moments
    For an object in equilibrium:

    the sum of the clockwise moments about any point equals the sum of the anti-clockwise moments
    about that point.

    𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 = 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤𝐰𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬


    Torque of a Couple

    A couple is a pair of equal forces acting in opposite directions that are separated by a fixed distance.

    • They cause rotational motion about the centre of the distance between them.
    • This is called the torque of the couple.
    • Torque – the turning effect of a couple.
    • It is defined by the equation:

    𝐓𝐨𝐫𝐪𝐮𝐞 = 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 × 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬

    • This effect is of great importance in the motor and mechanics fields because it effective shows
    the power of an engine.

    Equilibrium

    For a body or system to be in equilibrium (or balance) there are three conditions that must be achieved:

    1. Resultant force in any plane must be equal to zero


    2. Resultant moment or torque in any plane must be equal to zero

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