FRANK NEUMANN, IMIEU

OSMOTIC ENERGY AND ITS POTENTIAL

TO SUPPORT DECARBONISATION OF
INDUSTRY AND THE EU CRITICAL RAW
MATERIALS ACT

06 December 2023
 Who we are

► Development of demonstration projects

according to the Paris Agreement & SDG’s-
Maritime Innovations, Osmotic Energy-
Sustainable (Aviation) Transport.

► Advice and Mediation for Infrastructure

Projects-climate mitigation, innovation

► Sustainable Finance, Equity Search, advice

on voluntary carbon credit market.
BENEFITS OF
OSMOTIC ENERGY:

• ‘Base load’ and ‘dispatch’

power (complementing wind
and solar) provision,
performance constant, not
varying as solar/wind

• ‘Discrete presence’ in the

landscape, low buildings or
claiming lot of land, no high
constructions, low noise/
BENEFITS OF
OSMOTIC ENERGY:

.
• Energy generation form
related to the local
landscape, development
and maintenance by local
companies, creating local
employment

• Improving the
environmental
performance of industries
that have brine waste
streams
 INES-OSMOTIC ENERGY-
EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE FOR
OSMOTIC ENERGY

CORE ACTIVITY

‘FACILITATING THE UPSCALING OF OSMOTIC ENERGY BY EXCHANGE OF EXPERIENCES

BETWEEN PILOT PROJECTS, CO-OPERATION ON KEY CHALLENGES, FUNDING SEARCH’
AIDING THE LAB-TO-MARKET TRAJECTORY

Laboratory DEMONSTRATION PROJECT (S) MARKET (S)

OSMOTIC ENERGY PROJECTS ALREADY FINANCED BY THE
EUROPEAN UNION (OVER 80 MLN EURO 2012-2022)
Link to emerging economies/markets:
- Mediterreanean
-

- India

- Mexico

- Bangladesh
PARTNERSHIP
 COMMON CHALLENGES/ LESSONS
FOR NEW INITIATIVES

► DEALING WITH LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER PASSING THROUGH THE

SYSTEM/MEMBRANES VERY FAST –
LARGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAB PERFORMANCE & PERFORMANCE
WITH
‘REAL’ WATERS WITH HIGH FLOW RATES!,

► DIFFERENCE IN WATER COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS PER SITE/

i.e. Presence of Clay, different type of minerals and metals, temperature and
fluctuation

► HIGH QUALITY /LOW COST MEMBRANE PRODUCTION

CURRENT AND PROPOSED EU
POLICY AND REGULATION
OFFERS NEW STIMULUS FOR
LAB-TO MARKET SPURT!
► Osmotic Energy Amendments
(a.o. 275, 337, 354, 1262) to the
Renewable Energy Directive.

► REPowerEU- Enhanced
promotion of energy efficiency
and renewables

► Net-Zero Industry Act

In all Member States Osmotic
Energy ought to be further
investigated:

► What is feasible?
► What technology(ies) fits best to the
type of water resources and
industrial brines of the Member
State/ Local situation
► Identifying sites, testing and demo’s,
joint collaboration, exchanging
information on pilot projects
► INES -Report/Inventory for EU DG
GROW-Letter to DG Clima
The new phase- towards European and
international Osmotic Energy
knowledge Centre I
- FACILITATE, ACCOMPANY, RESOURCE RESEARCH
- DISCUSSING IMPLICATIONS OF POLICY/REGULATORY
CHANGES
- FOCUS ON TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, PERMITTING
ASPECTS
- JOINT FACTFINDING CONTINUED
Advisory Board Members from
Academia and industry,
infrastructure sector, emerging
economies;
Contact info and upcoming
events/Joint fact finding missions:
Mariager-Saltpower Site Visit Denmark
5-6 October Palermo Meeting- RED/Circular Economy
November-Meeting in France
• Linkedin Profile:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/inesplatform
• MORE INFORMATION:
• Info@imieu.eu
• www.osmotic-energy.eu
SALINITY GRADIENT POWER AT RIVER MO UTHS
FROM G LOBAL ASSESSMENTSTO PILOTPLANTS
Ó scar Álvarez Silva
In cooperation with Mateo Roldán, Franklin Arévalo Supported by
Sweetch Energy
June, 2023
 • Fundamentals of the assessment of
C ONTENT
SGE potential at river mouths.

• Global assessments of the potential.

• A pilot plant in C olombia.
• Present challenges.

20XX
 REALISTIC ESTIMATIONSOF THE POTENTIAL

Theoretical potential Maximum thermodynamic limit given by Gibbs free energy

Reliability Extractable Considers that the resources are not permanently available
potential

Sustainability Environmental Considers that not all resources should be

potential extractable

Efficiency Considers the mechanisms

Technical potential of
energy recovery
Salinity gradient magnitude
Variability of the salinity gradient Suitability
Site-specif i c Considers the salinity
Location of fee and draw intakes potential structure
Location of water discharge
Energy looses by water transport Water Improved Site-
Energy looses by water by pumping efficiency quality and specific potential
others
 IMPROVED SITE-SPECIFIC POTENTIAL

− ,∆ − ,
,H
η: efficiency of energy conversion device Site specific potential
CF: capacity factor
EF: environmental extraction factor
TP: theoretical potential SSP = η∗ ∗ ∗ − −
H: energy losses by water transport
P: energy losses by water pretreatment
 G LOBA Rivers 1078 Dai and Trenberth, Bodo, GRDC, and manually compiled
L DATA

Discharge [m3/s] number

0 ≤ Q <10 182

10 ≤ Q <100 510

100 ≤ Q <1,000 302

1,000 ≤ Q <5,000 59

5,000 ≤ Q <10,000 11

10,000 ≤ Q <50,000 13

Q > 100,000 1
 3
RESULTS Energy density: [M J/m ]
 =
∗
RESULTS Theoretical energy potential: [MJ] ∗
 Capacity SGE Waves Tides Winds Solar
RESULTS fEaPc=tor:∗ [%∗ ] CF
80% 40% 40% 45% 23%

Presentati
 =
∗
RESULTS Extraction factor: [%] ∗

sentation
 =
∗
RESULTS Extractable energy [MJ] ∗
 SUMMARY
Average SGE
Case
potential (GW)
Theoretical 1,432
Technical 399
Basin Average
(GW)
North Atlantic O cean 179,3
South Atlantic O cean 68,3
Arctic ocean 39,2
North Pacific Ocean 34,1
Indian ocean 32,9
Mediterranean Region 13,2
South China and Archipelagic Seas 12,2
South Pacific O cean 10,5
Baltic sea 9,1
BLUE ENERGY POTENTIAL IN C OLOMBIA
Osorio A et al. (2016). Ren.&
Sust.Energy Reviews.53, 966-
977.
Requirements for generating
SGE at river mouths:
Alvarez-Silva O. et al. (2014). Env. Science &
Tech.
Letters. 1 (10), 410-415.

High ocean salinity

High ocean and fresh water

temperature

High fresh water discharge

 SGE POTENTIAL IN C OLOMBIA

no-ENSO year El Niño year La Niña year

River mean Dry Rainy Dry Rainy Dry Rainy
n season season season season season season
Magdal 62 556 632 638 632 634 626
0
Dique 6.4 6.4 8.6 1.6 3.6 8.8 8.8
Atrato 3.8 1.4 7.4 1.4 5.4 1.6 5.6
León 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 Alvarez-Silva O. & Osorio A.F. (2015). Renewable Energy. 74, 737-
748.
A BLUE ENERGY PILOT AT THE MAG DALENA
RIVER MO UTH
Expected timeline

2030
Scale-u p
2026 Pilot pilot
100 kW 1 MW
demo
2024 Start plant
Pilot 150 W

Milestone Milestone Milestone

1 2 4
KEEP RESEARC HING

Control syst
U

Co

SGE
imp
And m
more
THANK
YOU
GRACIAS!

O scar A lvarez oalvarezs@uninonte.edu.co

Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, C olombia

In collaboration with:
M.Sc. Mateo Roldán: mroldanc@unal.edu.co
B.Sc Franklin Arévalo: fmarevalo@uninorte.edu.co

Sup p orted by: SWEETCH ENERGY

https://www.sweetch.energy/
Pressure Retarded Osmosis
 THE COMPANY

SaltPower is the world's first

commercial energy production
technology based on osmosis
At SaltPower we focus on the osmosis principle to produce clean
and CO -free energy wherever salt is dissolved or where high
saline b2rines are diluted

CONFIDENTIAL
How does it work?
Brine is pressurized to 70 bar and freshwater to a few bar. Permeate pass frem low
pressure to high pressure and dilute the brine. The excess flow at high pressure is used to
generate energy.
 Caverns are excavated by injecting water and dissolving salt

Traditional leaching pumps SaltPower Osmotic leaching pumps

Energy Energy

Process consumes energy (electricity) SaltPower process produces

for pumping operation energy while pumping
CONFIDENTIAL
Patent pending
 Commissioning of first industrial plant in March for
Nobian in Hobro, Denmark

37 CONFIDENTIAL
 REDstack
Potential of Osmotic Energy

Renewable Energy (RED)

June 2023

38
Electro-Membrane Platform Technology

Environmental batteries

Desalination Lithium mining

Hydrogen production
Nitrogen removal

Carbon capture Energy production

Benefits of Blue Energy

Complements irregular
wind and solar energy for a
Sustainable clean
energy stable electricity network ,

No CO emissions ,
2
Continuous Decrease storage
energy production
costs due to 100%
365/24/7
continuous generation

High demand No significant

responsiveness
,
environmental nor
Ecological impact
Industrial Applications of Blue Energy under
development
• IntelWatt Project – 20 Consortium Partners
• Aim – Intelligent Water Treatment for water preservation combined with simultaneous energy production and material recovery
in energy intensive industries.
• Started Q4 2020 - End date Q2 2024

• Life HyReward Project – main Project Partner Sacyr Agua

• Aim – energy reduction and increased water recovery with SWRO desalination plants
• Started Q4 2021 – End date Q4 2025

• Life Indesal Project – main Project Partner Acciona

• Aim – The project aims to develop and demonstrate a novel integrated and circular seawater desalination solution with a low
carbon footprint that produces multi-purpose desalinated water, renewable energy and resources simultaneously
• Started Q3 2022 – End date Q1 2026

Co- funded by Co-funded by the European Unioin. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily
the reflect those of the European union or CINEA. Neither the European Union nor the granthing authority can be held responsible for
European them.
Union
 IntelWatt PROJECT

Case study to valorise a brine stream

from mining activities by harvesting
salinity gradient power (SGP) by
reverse electrodialysis (RED) and
recovering deionized water by
membrane distillation (MD) in an
integrated system exploiting renewable
energy sources (solar energy).

“This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 958454”.
 LIFE HYREWARD PROJECT

Technology concept

Expected improvements

Sea water • 7-24% energy kWh/m3

Pre- • 7-24% reduction in CO2/m3
treatment
SWRO Product
• 16% more water recovery
• 15-20% pathogen reduction

Brine
Reclaimed brine
Wastewater
Effluent
WWTP RED
Discharge
 LIFE HYREWARD PROJECT

Hybrid system configurations

SW product
RO
SW product
RO
concentrate
concentrate
discharge
discharge
TWW RED
TWW RED
• Electric energy generation.
• Reduction of energy consumption.
• Electric energy generation. • Reduction of the brine discharge concentration.
• Reduction of energy consumption. • Improvement of the global water recovery of the desalination
• Reduction of the brine discharge concentration. process.
• Reduction of the seawater intake and pretreatment needs.
 LIFE INDESAL PROJECT

LIFE INDESAL aims at

demonstrating at pilot scale (10
m3/h) under real environmental
conditions. The three technologies
will be integrated in a pilot
unit (PU), fully automated and
highly equipped with online sensors
and analysers to control and
monitor the processes and enable
continuous operation for two years.

Blocks diagram of the PU system: low pressure multistage reverse osmosis (LMS RO), reverse electrodialysis
(RED) and electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM)
For more information and collaboration
Contact us at REDstack

REDstack B.V.
Email: Info@REDstack.nl Graaf Adolfstraat 35-G
8606 BT Sneek (NL)
Tel: +31 (0)515
745 582
Web:
www.REDstack.nl
Expanding the frontiers of renewable energy
 Osmotic power is liberated
when there is a salinity gradient
between two streams of water…
 Natural
Zero-emission
Osmotic Abundant
power
Permanent
X
Sovereign

Osmotic power
is next-gen electricity
Every year.In all deltas & estuaries.
Key option in the fight against climate change

Theoretical
market

Accessible

1.5
market Technical
market Gt/y
Avoided C02 emissions

257
Deltas and

30,000 TWh 15,000 TWh ~ 2,250 TWh

Estuaries

GW
Installed potential

The natural setups alone represent a huge untapped market that could have a significant impact
on tomorrow’s green electricity production capacities.
 15GW

39GW
38GW 73G W
28GW
A t a 20% extraction factor, the global potential
for natural osmotic power is 257 GW o f installed
capacity, with the main markets being located
49GW
in North America, South America, Europe, and
East Asia. 15GW

6
 This energy sourc e c a n be found in various
settings, thus diversifying its potential
implementation locations…

Target clients States/Ports Utilities Chemical Datacentres

players

>

>

>

>
Setups

Deltas Waste water Industrial Converting waste

an d streams desalinisation brines heat
estuaries
>

>
INOD®
Converting salt to generators Reversing energy
energy to salt

>
>

Clean Green
electricity hydrogen

… a nd its com mercia l a p plic ations

 Scaling an industrial company
47 8
Founded in Located in

2015 Rennes (St-Grégoire)

Employees Patents

Industrial partners Financ ial partners Institutional partners

10M€
In equity
5M€
In grants

Our objec tive 3 GW

Insta lled c a pa city in the next 10 yea rs
How does it work ?
Intake of salt and The water flows go
fresh water through our INOD®
(sea +river) stacks

Sweetc h Energy

Sweetc h Energy

> Sweetc h Energy

Sweetc h Energy

Electrodes are Ionic currents are

used to harness generated with the
the energy membrane

Brackish water is
released in the
estuary

> C lean elec tric ity

A s it mimics a natural process, osmotic energy electricity production has very

little environmental impact, as all of the water is put b a c k in the estuary where it
would mix anyways.
Moreover, the process is very smooth as it doesn’t make any noise or smoke.
Our stations, at scale, can adapt t o
their environement
Technological Revolution

Fresh Water
Salt water

INO D®
system

Nanotechnologies + Biomaterials

Allows for large-scale industrial development

of osmotic power…
Three pillar strategy

Benoit Laborie Robin Briend Antoine Ferrant

Chief Innova tion O ffic er Hea d of M a nufa c turing Hea d of A llia nc es

1 2 3

Design Manufacture Deploy

the system in order to the modules a nd sc a le-up the the tec hnology on a world-
genera te power production wide scale

P o wer ef f ic ient O s mo tic p o wer station

membrane INOD® energy system
Minimizing land-use impact

1M W = 4 0 0 m2
Installed INO D® c a pa city

m2/MWh

INOD® 0,05

Wind 99

Solar 22

Hydropower 12

Nuclear 0,7

Gas 1,8

Coal 17

Sourc e: UN EC E (2021)
2
hR
ônRei
Waste heat is the biggest source of energy of the planet

Global primary energy used

132,500 TWh / y e a r

>299 °C
23% Established markets
Worldwide
fina l energy
14% 100-299 °C
consumption

Waste Heat 42,000 TWh / year

66,500 TWh / year
Lost energy
(radiation, Mostly untapped market
friction, 63%
<100 °C
tra nsmission) No efficient technolo g y
available for electricity
generation
Sweetch Energy’s first-in-class technology can
transform low grade waste heat into premium electricity

Residential
Power Industrial
generation Commercial Transport

Low G rade
Waste Hea t

Low Sa linity
(wa ter loop)
Spec ific salinity
regenerator
(confidential)

High Sa linity
INOD®
Osmotic Genera tor

C l e a n electricity
(elec tric a l grid, elec tric a l self-co nsumption, G reen hydrogen)
 EUROPEAN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY WEEK 2023
THE POTENTIAL OF OSMOTIC ENERGY TO SUPPORT THE DECARBONISATION OF INDUSTRY AND THE HARVESTING OF CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS

Harvesting Energy And Critical Raw Materials Simultaneously

Fabrizio Vicari, PhD – Innovation

Manager

A spin-off company of the University of Palermo.

ResourSEAs: Innovation providers for brine management

ResourSEAs is a spin-off company from the Chemical Process and Plant Design group in the University of
Palermo.
EU funded projects
 The experience of Marsala (Sicily)

Marsala,
Trapani, Italy
 Piping layout – REAPower project

Brackish water
Brine intake Seawater intake well
 REAPower prototype
No performance loss
after 5 monts testing

Installed capacity: 1kW

st
1 prototype in the
world
 REAPower prototype
The REAPower pilot plant
Nominal power capacity: ~1 kW

Main Conclusions
• System scale-up from 125 cell pairs of
the first unit to the 500 cell pairs of the
second and third units did not lead to
any reduction of specific performance
indicators.

• 50% reduction in produced power using

real saline solutions.

Artificial solution Real saline

solution
Gross Power 300 150
(W)
 Multivalent Ions Issue

Concentration
[g/L]
Na 66.8
K 10.3
Mg 39.7
Cl 197.9
100% NaCl SO 44.4
4
Br 1.9

Planck- Henderson

Artificial solution Real saline

solution
Gross Power 300 150
(W)
 Multivalent Ions Issue

Monovalent Selective Extract Multivalent

Membranes VS Ions
(Expensive) (Complex)
An Introduction to SEArcularMINE
Compatibility and integration with current solar salt extraction processes

Critical and Important Raw Materials as sea-salt by product

Finding new products in

an old market!

Bittern = Aqua Madre

Leftover brine after
sodium chloride
harvesting
73
The SEArcularMINE Project

Target Extraction:
• Magnesium
• Lithium
• Trace elements
 The SEArcularMINE Project

Reverse Electrodialysis

Divalent ions free solution!!!!

 The SEArcularMINE Project

Reverse Electrodialysis

Divalent ions free solution!!!!

Project Overview
Sampling campaign and bittern analysis: relevant insights

Sosalt
Facility

78
Potential specific productivity in saltworks
Average ionic production global potential

79
Potential specific productivity in saltworks
Average ionic production global potential VS EU CRM LIST 2023

80
Potential specific productivity in saltworks
Average ionic production global potential VS EU CRM LIST 2023

81
Potential specific productivity in saltworks
Average ionic production global potential VS EU CRM LIST 2023

82
Potential specific productivity in saltworks
Average ionic production global potential VS EU CRM LIST 2023

5% global
production

83
Potential specific productivity in saltworks
Average ionic production global potential VS EU CRM LIST 2023

4,800 $/ton

92 M$/y 5% global
production

84
Potential specific productivity in saltworks
Average ionic production global potential VS EU CRM LIST 2023

Ceramic Ferrite
Magnets
The global high-power LED
market was estimated to be
$6.4 billion in 2021,
CAGR of 3.6%.

85
 Conclusions

Reverse Electrodialysis market opportunities

- The research seeks for exploitation in the market

- Industrial synergies may represent a concrete opportunity for industrialization

- Synergies with the traditional salt making industry point to potentials which
could be found also for other brines (e.g. geothermal)
 End of the presentation

Please, feel free to ask any question

Eng. Fabrizio Vicari, PhD | Innovation Manager

Via Notarbartolo n. 38 | 90144 Palermo (Italy)
Mobile: +393208253065 | www.resourseas.com
Rationale

1. Dependencies 2. Investment Needs

• USD 1.2 trillion required in clean energy technology
supply chains for global 2030 targets.
• Fit for 55 objectives require annual investments of
EUR 487 billion in the energy system in next 2 years

3. Barriers
• Global supply chain and price constraints: volatility
in international material prices, more expensive
transportation and financing, and continued supply
chain bottleneck
• Current lead times slow down production: e.g., up to
5 years for EV battery production
• Lack of skilled workforce: 180,000 skilled workers
needed in the hydrogen sector and 66,000 for solar PV
by 2030
Global market for key mass- Once in a generation opportunity to secure
manufactured net-zero technologies the EU's industrial lead in the fast-growing
to triple by 2030 with an annual value net-zero technologies sector with the Net-
of around EUR 600 billion Zero Industry Act
Technology Scope (1/2)

Net-Zero Technologies Strategic Net-Zero

• renewable energy technologies;
Technologies
• electricity and heat storage technologies;
• heat pumps;
• grid technologies;
• renewable fuels of non-biological origin
technologies;
• sustainable alternative fuels technologies;
• electrolysers and fuel cells;
• advanced technologies to produce energy from
nuclear processes with minimal waste from the
fuel cycle, small modular reactors, and related
best-in-class fuels;
• carbon capture, utilisation, and storage
technologies;
• and energy-system related energy efficiency
technologies
NZIA is about the
manufacturing of net zero
technologies
Technology Scope (2/2)
Net-Zero Technologies Strategic Net-Zero
Technologies

• Technologies that are needed to reach EU’s net zero

Critical technologies for our path towards our 2030 objectives,
objective by 2050
responsive to 3 main criteria:
1) technology readiness level ≥ 8;
• Commercially available technologies with Technology 2) contribution to decarbonisation and
Readiness Level 8 or above. competitiveness;
3) security of technology supply risks.
Value chain Scope

*
In scope are
manufacturing
facilities that
produce:
“final products,
specific components
and specific
machinery primarily
used for the
production of those
products” * Silicon metal is covered in CRMA, hence polysilicon is not in scope of NZIA.
Net-Zero Industry Act:
 • Simplification: One-stop shop, online access to info, faster permitting (12-18 months)
Net-Zero • Innovation: Regulatory Sandboxes
• Expertise and skills
Technologi
es
• Facilitated access to markets through enhanced sustainability and resilience criteria in auctions (15-
Net-Zero 30% weight of award criteria), public procurement and other public schemes
• Benchmark for manufacturing capacity of strategic net-zero technologies to reach at least 40% of EU's
Strategic annual deployment needs by 2030
Possibility to become a Strategic Net-Zero Technology Project
Technologi •

es

• Priority status and obligations for Member States to process the permits faster via shorter timelines
• Shorter permitting deadlines (9-12 months)
Strategic Net- • Overriding public interest
Zero • MS and COM to support through crowd-in private investments in net-zero strategic projects to accelerate
their implementation
Technology • Benefit from finance coordination by the Net-Zero Europe Platform

projects
Contact

Daniel.Gerber-Corredera@ec.europa.eu
Team Leader – Net Zero Industry act
DG GROW, European Commission

Net Zero Industry Act - Website

Permitting (Chapter II)

Legal, planning and investment National Competent Authority (“One-stop

certainty shop”)
• Clear scope: entire permit-granting • One authority in charge of entire process for
procedure given project
• Harmonisation & simplification of • Subsidiarity: one or more one-stop shop,
permitting rules across all MS via provided that one remains sole point of contact
Regulation for project
• Documents can be submitted electronically
• Designated authority provides info online on
permitting process, investment, funding &
business support services
• Designated authority ensures easy access to
simple dispute settlement procedures
• Member States ensure that designated authority
have sufficient staff, as well as financial, technical
and technological resources (TSI)
• Net Zero Platform best practice group re: one-
stop shop
Permitting (Chapter II)

Timelines and procedural clarity Streamlined Environmental Impact

• Shall not exceed 18 months for giga-factories, Assessments
12 months for smaller projects • Projects can request scoping study on EIA
• For expanding production lines, deadlines halved from designated authority—must be
provided within 30 days
• In exceptional cases, timelines can be extended
• EIAs bundled and carried out at the same
• Within 1 month of receiving project application, designated time Designated authority responsible for
authority shall check documents for completeness and combined assessment
provide detailed schedule
• Designated authority to respond to EIA
Priority Status for Strategic Projects within 3 months
• 12 months for strategic giga-factories, 9 months for smaller • Consultation of public 45 days. 90 days
strategic projects when risks.
• Priority treatment, including for litigation, appeals, and judicial
remedies
• May be in the overriding public interest, provided relevant
mitigating measures are met
• “Administrative silence” for individual steps
Governance – Net Zero Europe Platform (Chapter VII)

• Guide and coordinate, in particular financing, in relation to Net-zero strategic projects

• Made up of Commission and Member States to exchange information, share best practices, e.g., on
permitting procedures, skills, sustainability and resilience

• Coordinate with Member States on Clean Tech Industrial Partnerships

• Involve stakeholders from net-zero industry when necessary

• Support cross-country contacts between undertakings, including making use of the work of industrial alliances