(Note: Draw a neat labeled diagram wherever necessary)
Unit 1 - General physiology
Cell: 1. Explain the fluid mosaic model. Add a note on functions of cell membrane. (4+4) 2. Differentiate the channel protein from carrier protein. If a molecule is transported across the cell membrane by utilizing energy, what could be the name of transport? Mention its advantage and disadvantage. (4+1+3) 3. Define the transport by down hill process. Mention there types and define any 2 process with example. (2+2+4) 4. Name the 2 compartments of body fluids. Add a note on its normal value & its composition and regulation of body fluid volume. (2+2+4) 5. Write the ascending order of electrolytes on the basis of body’s requirement. Mention 2 importance of first three of that order. (2+6) 6. Define homeostasis. Explain the negative feedback mechanism with example. (2+6) 7. Define homeostasis. Explain the positive feedback mechanism with example. (2+6)
Blood: 1. Blood is a specialized connective tissue present in human body. Write about the composition of blood with their amount in percentage and pH of blood. Mention the functions of blood. (3+1+4) 2. What is the normal blood volume present in the body & normal volume of plasma. Write a note on plasma composition. Explain the plasma proteins with its normal volume, molecular weight and its function. (2+2+4) 3. Answer the following a. Define hemopoiesis. Its classification. (2) b. Draw the hierarchy of stages of erythropoiesis. (3) c. Factors influencing erythropoiesis. (3) 4. Answer the following a. Normal count of RBC in adult males, females & infants. (3) b. Diameter and thickness of RBC. (2) c. Life span of RBC. (1) d. Why the RBC is in biconcave shape? (2) 5. Add a note on chemical composition of RBC. Which organelle of RBC is absent in matured one, why so? Factors responsible for the RBC maturation. Functions of RBC. (2+2+2+2) 6. Answer the following a. Normal value of Hemoglobin in adult males, females & infants. (3) b. Functions of Hb and its fate. (2) c. Hb level of affinity to various gases. (3) 7. Define anemia, its classification. Explain the anemia due to decreased RBC formation. Add a note on polycythemia. (2+4+2) 8. Define anemia, its classification. Explain the anemia due to increased RBC destruction. Add a note on ESR and PCV with its normal value. (2+2+2+2) 9. Explain in detail about the leucocyte classification including there normal value, morphology and its function. (8) 10. What is the normal count of thrombocytes, its shape & size, normal value and life span. Add a note on platelets functions. (4+4) 11. Explain in detail about the hemostasis and mechanism of blood coagulation. (8) 12. Define the bleeding time and clotting time with its normal value. Add a note of anti-coagulants and hemophilia. (4+4) 13. Explain in detail about the ABO blood grouping system. Add a note on Landsteiner’s law and ABO incompatibility. (4+4) 14. Explain in detail about the Rh blood grouping system. Add a note on Landsteiner’s law, Rh incompatibility and erythroblastosis fetalis. (3+5) 15. What are the indications for blood transfusion. Write about the collection & storage of blood. Add a note on precautions during blood transfusion. (2+3+3) 16. What is cross matching. Add a note on major & minor cross matching and hazards of blood transfusion. (2+2+4)
Nerve: 1. Explain the structure of neuron with its coverings and myelination of axon. (8) 2. Explain in detail about the classification of neuron. (8) 3. Explain in detail about the RMP and AP. (4+4) 4. Explain in detail about the Properties of neuron. (8) 5. Define neuroglial cell, its types & functions. Add a note on propagation of nerve impulse. (2+2+4) 6. Explain in detail about the Seddon’s classification of nerve injury. Add a note on degeneration in CNS. (4+4) 7. Explain in detail about Wallerian degeneration & regeneration. (4+4)
Unit 2 - Muscle physiology
1. Classification of muscles. Add a note on features of different types of muscle. (8) 2. Properties of skeletal muscle. (8) 3. Explain in detail about the structure of skeletal muscle including there coverings and unique cell organelles. (8) 4. Explain the structure of sarcomere. Add a note on sarcotubular system. (4+4) 5. Explain in detail about the muscle proteins. Add a note on skeletal muscle functions. (6+2) 6. What is Excitation-Contraction coupling. Explain in detail about the sliding filament theory. (2+6) 7. Explain in detail about Neuro-Muscular Junction. Add a note on disease affecting it. (6+2) 8. Differentiate the isometric contraction from isotonic contraction with example. Add a note on EMG. (6+2) 9. Differentiate the red muscle fiber from white muscle fiber. Add a note on muscle atrophy. (6+2) 10. Answer the following. (4x2=8) a. Rigor mortis b. Muscular dystrophy c. Altered muscle tone d. Muscle cramp
Unit 3 - Cardiovascular system
1. Explain in detail about the structure of heart and blood vessels. (4+4) 2. Properties of cardiac muscle. (8) 3. Explain in detail about the origin & spread of cardiac impulse. (8) 4. Explain in detail about the cardiac cycle. Add a note on heart sounds. (8) 5. Define cardiac output. Explain about Regulation of cardiac output. (2+6) 6. Define stroke volume. Explain about Regulation of cardiac output. (2+6) 7. Define ESV & EDV. If Mr. X, ESV is 60mL and EDV is 125mL, what would be the cardiac output of him when his HR is 75 beats/min. Add a note on ejection fraction. (2+2+2+2) 8. Define circulatory shock. Explain in detail about the any 3 types of shock. (2+6) 9. Explain in detail about the types of circulatory shock. (8) 10. Name the types of circulatory shock. What is irreversible shock. Add a note on management of shock. (2+2+4) 11. Define pulse rate. Add a note on its regulation. (2+6) 12. Define heart rate. Add a note on its regulation. (2+6) 13. Define blood pressure. Factors influencing BP. (2+6) 14. Define blood pressure. Factors controlling BP. (2+6) 15. Explain in detail about the short term regulation of blood pressure. Add a note on hypertension. (6+2) 16. Explain in detail about the intermediate and long term regulation of blood pressure. (8) 17. Define the following. a. Systolic BP b. Diastolic BP c. Pulse Pressure d. Mean Arterial Pressure 18. Define hypertension. Add a note on its classification and management. (2+2+4) 19. Define ECG. Add a note on the waves of ECG with its applied changes. (2+6) 20. Define double circulation. Add a note on coronary circulation. (2+6) 21. Define double circulation. Add a note on cerebral circulation. (2+6)
Unit 4 - Respiratory system
1. Explain in detail about the structure and function of upper and lower respiratory tract. (4+4) 2. Structure of respiratory membrane. Add a note on factors affect the diffusion across respiratory membrane. (4+4) 3. Mechanics of breathing. (8) 4. Define dead space and its types. Add a note on respiratory pressure change. (4+4) 5. Define compliance. Add a note on compliance curve, types and factor affecting it. (2+6) 6. Define surfacant. Composition of surfactant. Functions of surfactant. (2+2+4) 7. Respiratory volumes. (8) 8. Respiratory capacities. (8) 9. Write a note on pulmonary ventilation. Add a note on principles of gas exchange. (4+4) 10. Explain in detail about transport of oxygen with oxygen dissociation curve. Add a note on Bohr’s effect. (6+2) 11. Explain in detail about transport of carbon dioxide as bicarbonate ions. Add a note on Haldane effect. (6+2) 12. Explain in detail about transport of carbon dioxide. (8) 13. Explain in detail about the neural regulation of respiration through receptor centers. (8) 14. Explain in detail about the neural regulation of respiration through peripheral receptors. (8) 15. Explain in detail about the neural regulation of respiration through higher centers. (8) 16. Explain in detail about the chemical regulation of respiration. (8) 17. Pulmonary function test. (8) 18. Physiological changes with altitude & acclimatization. (8)
Unit 5 - Exercise physiology
1. Define the following. (4x2=8) a. Basal Metabolic Rate b. Respiratory Quotient c. Oxygen debt d. Fatigue 2. Energy metabolism. (8) 3. Cardiovascular changes during exercise in various intensity. (8) 4. Respiratory changes during exercise in various intensity. (8) 5. Body temperature regulation during exercise. Add a note on endurance. (4+4) 6. Concepts of training / conditioning. (8) 7. Hormonal and metabolic changes during exercise. (8) 8. Write a note on muscle strength, power & endurance and effect of exercise on them. (4+4) 9. Physical fitness & its components. (8)
