LECTURE 3

This lecture will cover the following issues;

• World development planning
 MDGs
 SDGs
• Strategic planning and strategic planning
framework
 Concepts of development
 Two perspectives may be used to define the term
development
1. Economic perspective
 Garcia (1985), defined development as one associated
with the material wellbeing of the given society. It is
commonly thought of a sustained increase in per capital
income (GNP).
2. Sociological perspective
 According to Phillips (1970) cited in Garcia (1985)
development involves a social change. For a development
to take place in a society, all its structures (social,
economic, and political) should serve as a stimulant to
change. In this regard, development is closely related to
social change.
 Cont…

• According to Seer (1972), development

means the condition for the realization of the
human personality. The evaluation of the
term “development” should consider three
linked criteria; reduction in poverty,
unemployment and inequality.
 Cont.…
• In the context of Regional Development
Planning, the term development is defined as
the process of growth, expansion or
realization of potential and bringing resources
into full productive use. This means activities
related to development are directed towards
nation-building and socio-economic
transformations.
 Cont..
• Development planning refers to any action
influenced by the state whose purpose is to raise
the rate of economic growth above that would
take place without any conscious efforts. For the
development planning to take place, the
following conditions must be attached; the state
must do the planning, must have a dual purpose
of economic growth and structural change, and it
must be comprehensive (captures interests of all
sectors, regions and all other aspects of life).
 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
and Environmental Issues
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight
international development goals for the year 2015.
• The Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000 led
to the adoption of the United Nations Millennium
Declaration. All 191 United Nations member states at that
time, and at least 22 international organizations,
committed to helping achieve the Millennium Development
Goals by 2015.
• MDGs set concrete targets and indicators for poverty
reduction to achieve the rights outlined in the Declaration.
• MDGs emphasized three areas: human capital,
infrastructure and human rights (social, economic and
political), with the intent of increasing living standards.
 MDG: Targets and Environmental
Issues
1. To eradicate extreme poverty
• Target1: To halve, between 1990 and 2015, the
proportion of people whose income is less than
US$1 a day: The livelihood strategies and food
security of the poor often depend on the health
ecosystems and ecological services. Natural
capital accounts for 26% of the wealth of low-
income countries.
• Target2: To halve, between 1990 and 2015, the
proportion of people who suffer from hunger:
Climate change affects agricultural productivity.
 Cont..
2. To achieve Universal Primary Education
Target 3: To ensure that by 2015, children
everywhere, boys and girls alike, and will be able
to complete a full course of the primary
schooling: Water related diseases such as
diarrheal infections diminish learning potentials.
Also, clean air decreases illness to children.
 Cont..
3. To promote gender equality and empower
women
Target4: To eliminate gender disparity in primary
and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and in
all levels of education no later than 2015.
 In door and outdoor air pollution is responsible for
more than 2 mil. Premature death annually.
 Poor women are particularly vulnerable to
respiratory infections-as they have low level of
exposure indoor air pollution.
 Cont..
4. To reduce child mortality
Target5: To reduce by two-thirds, between 1990
and 2015, the under five mortality rates.
 Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause
of death in Children. Pneumonia kills more
children under the age of 5 than any other illness
 Water related diseases such as diarrhea and
cholera kill more children under 5 years of age.
 Cont..
5. To improve maternal health
Target6: To reduce by ¾, btn 1990 and 2015, the
maternal mortality ratio.
Provision of clean water reduces the incidence
of water related disease that undermine the
maternal health and contribute to maternal
mortality.
 Cont..
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other
diseases
Targets7: To have halted by 2015 and began to
reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target8: To have halted by 2015 and began to
reverse the incidence of malaria and other
major diseases
New-biodiversity derived medicines hold
promises for fighting major diseases.
 Cont..
7. To ensure environmental sustainability
Target9: To integrate the principles off sustainable
development in the country’s policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of environmental
resources.
Target10: To halve, by 2015, the proportional of
people without a sustainable access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation.
 Current trends in environmental degradation
must be reversed in order to sustain the health
and productivity of the world's ecosystems.
 Cont..
8. To develop a global partnership for development
Target12: To develop further an open, rule-based,
predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial
systems.
Target13: To address the special needs of the least
developed countries
Target14: To address the special needs of the landlocked
countries
Target15: To deal comprehensively with the debt
problems through national and international measures in
order to make debt sustainable in the long run
 Cont…
Target17: In cooperation with the pharmaceutical
companies, to provide access to affordable,
essential drugs in developing countries.
Target18: In cooperation with the private sector, to
make available the benefits of new technologies,
especially information and communication.
 Developing countries and regions are forced to
exploit their natural resources to generate
revenue and make susbstantial debt repayments.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Introduction
 The term SD first came to prominence in the World
Conservation Strategy (WCS) in 1980.
 It achieved new status with the publication of two
significant reports by the Brundtland:
 North and South: A programme for the survival and
common crisis of 1985.
 Our Common Future of 1987.
 It gained greater attention following the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.
 Gro-Herlem Brundtland first introduced the concept of
SD in 1987.
 Defn of sustainable development
 The United Nations World Commissions on
Environment and Development (WCED)
1987:1 “Our Common Future” defines SD as
follows:
“Sustainable development is a development that meets the
needs of the present generation without compromising the
ability of future generation to meet their own needs”.
 The central goal is intergenerational equity,
which implies fairness to coming generations.
 Cont..
 To achieve this goal, to WCED attempted to weave
(link) together multiple societal values to confront the
dual challenge of reducing over-consumption and
grinding poverty.
 These values are sometimes referred to as the “three
ES” of SD; environment, economy and equity.
 The WCED recognizes that the conventional economic
imperatives to maximize economic production must be
accountable to an ecological imperatives to protect the
ecosphere, and social equity imperative to minimize
human suffering.
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 From the definitions above, Manta and Berke
(1999) outline four characteristics of SD relevant
to the theory and practice of planning.
1. Reproduction: SD implies the long term ability of
a system to reproduce. Regional planners must
foresee and shape the scope of future
development, identify the existing and emerging
needs - ensure that needs will be met and that
communities will be able to reproduce and
revitalize themselves continously.
 Cont..
2. Balance among environment, economic and
social values: The plans should reflect an
appropriate balance between among the
sometimes competing, sometimes complementing
values. Achievement of the balance entails
coordination, negotiation and compromise.
3. Plans must link local to global concerns: The
local plans should acknowledge that communities
function within the context of global (and regional)
environmental, economic and social systems.
 Cont..
4. Sustainable development is a “dynamic
process” that extends from the formulation of a
plan. Sustainable planning requires that
communities pursue evolving and ever-changing
programmes of activities, including, among others,
the continuous process of evaluating the current
and emerging trends, an ongoing means of
encouraging citizen participation, updating of
plans etc.
 Cont..
 Sustainable development: is the dynamic
process in which communities anticipate and
accommodate the needs of the current and
future generations to reproduce and balance
local social, economic and ecological systems,
and link local actions to global concerns.
 THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
 The principles of SD retain an explicit connection
to local shape, scale and quality of human life
(settlement). Berke and Manta (1999) provide six
principles of SD
1. Sustainable development work in harmony
with nature:
 The land use and development activities should
support the essential cycles and the life support
of the ecosystem.
 Development activities must respect and
preserve biodiversity.
 Cont..
2. It must be a livable built environment: The location,
shape, density and quality of development should
enhance fit by creating physical spaces adapted to the
desired inhabitants activities.
3. It must be a place-based economy:
 A local economy should strive to operate within the
limits of the natural systems. It should not cause the
deterioration of the natural resource base, which
serves as a capital for future economic development.
 It should produce a built environment that meets the
local demands and aspirations.
 Cont..
4. Equity:
• A plan should recognize and improve low-
income populations' conditions, not deprive
them of basic levels of a healthy environment
and human dignity.
• Equitable access to social and economic
resources is essential for eradicating poverty
and accounting for the least advantaged
needs.
 Cont..
5. Polluters pay: The polluters (culpable interests)
that cause adverse community-wide impacts should
be required to pay, taking into account that the
polluter must bear the costs of pollution and other
harms, with due regards to the public interests.
6. Responsible regionalism: The communities
should not act in their interests and should account
for the consequences of their actions on others.
 CORE ISSUES WITHIN SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

The World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED) of 1987 pointed out six
core issues:-
1. Population and Development
• As we struggle to develop, we must consider
the impact of population growth on
sustainable development. The growth of the
population has an impact on the environment.
 Cont..

2. Food Security
• They stated that there is a substantial number
of people suffering from starvation. For the
sake of development, we must bear in mind
that people should consume food surrounding
their environment.
• The population should be assured of food
security.
 Cont..
3. Species and Ecosystem
• Argued that as we struggle to develop, we
must think about how the species of plants
and animals can be preserved.
4. Energy
• Argued that we must use environmental
friendly energy instead of relying on non-
renewable energy. The proposed source of
energy is wind energy, solar energy, etc.
 Cont..
5. Industries
• The emphasis was on the industries that put into
account environment concern in their production
and minimize the waste’s impacts.
6. Urban Challenges
• Emphasizes how to address the ever going urban
challenges the world experiences. Some of the
challenges include, poor social services in urban
areas, poor drainage and hygiene etc. As
planners, we need to bear in mind how these
issues will be handled.
 NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
i. A political system:
• There must be a sound political system that
secures effective citizen participation in decision
making. The people of the country must
participate in maintaining peace and order.
ii. Economic System:
• There must be an economic system that
maintains the productivity and profitability of the
environment and natural resources. Hence
provides a solution for tensions that arise from
disharmonious development.
 Cont.…
iii. Production System:
• There must be a production system that
respects the obligation to preserve the
ecological base for development.
• The System should think about what to
produce, to whom we produce and how we
produce.
iv. Technological system:
• There must be a technological system that
promotes the proper management of waste and
adopts environment friendly technology.
 Cont.…..
v. International System:
• There must be an international system that
fosters sustainable patterns of trade and finance.
i.e. the system of international trade that can
balance country import and export of goods.
This can be achieved by having good
international trade.
 Cont.….
vi. Administrative System:
• There must be an administrative system that is
flexible and has the capacity for self-adjustment. i.e.
the system of administration that change depending
on the situation.
vii. Socio-cultural system:
• There must be a socio-cultural system that promotes
resource access and upholding property rights. Also, it
must promote environmental awareness and ethics
for the benefits of the present and future generations.
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

• Sustainable development goals lay out an

ambitious plan of action containing 17 goals
with 169 specific targets to be achieved by
2030.
• The time frame for the implementation dates
from 2015 to 2030. It accommodates some of
the unfinished agenda of the Millennium
Development Goals (2000-2015).
 Cont.…

• The 17 sustainable development goals are

grouped into five identified areas of critical
importance, as attached in Table 1.
SDG: Priority areas (5Ps), Goals and
Sectors
STRATEGIC PLANNING AND REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
 What is a strategic planning?
• Strategic planning a systematic planning process
involving several steps that identify the existing or
current status of the association or organization,
including its mission, vision, operating values, needs
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and
goals (prioritized actions, strategies, Action plans, and
monitoring plans).
• This strategic planning is a cornerstone of every-
common-interests community. A community or
organization has to have a strategy.
 Cont.…
• Team members are many, but they include; all
stakeholders, all associations homeowners,
the Boards of Directors, Professional
managers and other numerous various
providers.
• Part of the team concept concerns the
establishing roles in an organization/firm,
project.
 Cont..
Where do we do with strategic planning?
 Strategic planning enables a development or
organization to;
• analyze the situation or context in which it is
operating (considering social, political and
economic aspects) to understand the context and
formulate a vision.
• identify the problem within the situation that the
organization believes it is well-placed to address.
 Cont.…
(iii) reflect on its value system in order to create
parameters (a frame) for its activities.
(iv) set goals for itself.
(v) formulate vision and mission statement
based on its problem analysis and identification.
(vi) analyse its strengths and weaknesses in
addressing the identified problems (SWOT
analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities
& Threats).
 Cont..
(vii) identify opportunities and threats in the
environment that may affect its work (SWOT and
PEST analysis-PEST=(Political, Economic, Social,
Technological).
(viii) prioritize what it needs.
(ix) review strategic options for achieving goals
and therefore select the most appropriate.
 PURPOSE & ROLES OF STRATEGIC PLANNING
• Set out a guideline for local development that
conforms with the standard development criteria.
• Provide a clear framework for future infrastructure
investment, both public and private.
• Coordinate between sectors in terms of scales and
location of future development.
• Assess the environmental and social impacts of
policies, programmes and specific development
proposals.
• Be prepared for regular consultations with local
governments and stakeholders.
WHO DOES WHAT IN A STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS?

Different stakeholders are involved in different

phases of planning
1. Planning process: Done by the management team of
the project/organization. These put planning on the
agenda.
2. Understanding the context: This involves getting an
external resourceful person with a broad understanding
of the general context and an internal resourceful
person with an understanding of the specific context.
Done by all staff/Board members, administrative staff/
external input.
 Phases of planning
iii. Vision planning; All about developing an
overall vision of the organization: Setup
planning team, or all staff and Board of
Directors.
iv. Mission formulation; turning the vision into
the mission statement: Done by All staff &
planning team, Board of Directors, Beneficiaries.
 Cont..
v. Situation analysis: Analyze issues that may have
impacts on the organization. All programme or
Professional people may perform this activity. It
helps to conduct SWOT Analysis or review).
vi. Strategic options and completion of the mission:
The planning team looks at the strategic options for
the organizations and then revise the mission
statement to check and recheck the validity and
reliability of the plan. This task is done by
Professional staff, Board members, External input
facilitators etc.
 Cont..
vii. Goal setting and Structure revision: Involves setting
broad overall goal or result areas of the organization and
how best to structure the organization’s work. All
Professionals, Board members, Planning Team, Senior
persons may be involved etc.
viii. Objective setting: Requires the work unit to set
specific objectives to meet an overall goal. All
professional staff, preferably within units, departments
and projects may be included.
ix. Action planning: Involves developing step by step
activities necessary to achieve objectives. This may be
undertaken by administrative staff and others.
 Cont..
xi. Implementation: Done by All Staff.
xii. Monitoring and evaluation: Done by All
Staff, Senior Staff reporting to the respective
Board; the Management Team with input for the
rest of staff.
 IDENTIFYING CRITICAL ISSUES IN A STRATEGIC
PLANNING
 A critical issue meets most or all of the following criteria:
• It should be related to a core problem.
• Affect the lives of a significant number of people either
directly or indirectly.
• It can be addressed through the competencies and
resources of the organization or project.
• It needs to be addressed if the organization is to be able to
progress in its work.
• Builds on the strengths of the organization or project and
opportunities available
• Address weaknesses in the organization or project and
assist the organization to deal with threats to its work or
existence.
 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
• A strategic framework includes the following elements;
• A clearly stated vision
• Articulated values.
• A mission and a mission statement
• The overall goal of the organization or project
• The immediate objective of the project or organization.
• The key result areas on which the organization or
project intends to focus.
• It understands the gaps between where the
organization is and where it needs to be to achieve its
goals and objectives and the forces that are likely to
help or hinder.
A strategic framework toolkit
 1. The Vision
• The vision is the starting point for any strategic
framework.
• It shapes the framework and gives the organization
or project the basis on which to answer the
following question: "Will this goal/objective or
activity helps us to contribute to our VISION?"
• An example of the vision may be:
• "We strive to contribute to a society where every citizen
has equal access to quality health care and can live in
an environment which supports quality health through
access for all to clean water, healthy food and sanitary
living conditions."
 2. Values
• Organizational values are shared values that
underpin organizations' work and the relationships
with users and stakeholders.
• They are what one believes in or is the right way of
doing things and deal with people, and how the
world ought to be organized.
• E.g. the organization values that emphases
“ doing things with the people and not doing things for
the people” then involves beneficiaries or potential
beneficiaries closely in the planning process.
 3. Mission
• An organization’s MISSION is usually
expressed in a Mission Statement.
• The Mission includes a particular way in which
organization intends to make a contribution
towards a VISION.
• A Mission Statement describes what the
organization does, with whom or for whom it
does it, and in broad terms, how it does it.
 Cont..
• A Mission Statement will have four components:
a) What the organization is or project is.
b) What the organization or project aims to do or
achieve.
c) Who the work is aimed at (the target group)
and who it is done with.
d) How it does its work in broad terms, what
methods it uses.
 Cont..
• It is generally assumed that if the overall goal is directly
related to the significant problems identified in the
problem analysis, then one’s immediate objective is
directly related to the causes of that problem.
• An example of a Mission Statement in a development
context might be this:
• “We are a church-based group, working in
grassland areas. We aim to improve the conditions in
which elderly people in our society live. We do this by
improving people over the age of 65 who have limited
resources with transport, meals and opportunity to
socialize.”
• NB: When possible, a Mission Statement gives the
geographical area in which the organization/project
work.
 3. OVERALL GOAL
• The overall goal is defined as the accumulated
benefits which beneficiaries will enjoy when
the development work is achieved or
successful, and
• Immediate objective: the project’s purpose
describes the specific situation the project or
organization hopes to bring about.
• The overall goal is directly related to the
significant problems that one has identified in
the problem analysis.
 Cont.…
• E.g. If a critical problem in a community that
people are overdrinking, and as a result, they
work less. Then the overall goal is to cut down
significantly the rate of overdrinking by, say,
50% in two years. This is a clear “overall goal.”
 4. THE IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE

• It is generally assumed that if the overall goal is

directly related to the significant problems
identified in the problem analysis, then
immediate objective is directly related to the
causes of that problem.
• E.g. If the overall objective is to reduce the rate of
overdrinking in the community to at least 50% in
two years; then one can consider this to be an
“immediate objective” since there some potential
benefits that drop in overdrinking will take place
and increase in food production will take place.
 5. KEY RESULT AREAS
• Key result areas define the outputs needed to
achieve the immediate objectives of a project or
organization.
• E.g. if the immediate objective is to reduce the rate
of overdrinking by 50% and boost food production,
then the Key Result Areas would be:
– More agricultural food production skills are given to the
villages.
– More awareness raised on the disadvantages of
overdrinking.
– More food availed to households with hard-drinking
habits.
– Small new businesses are mushrooming in the villages.
 6. INTERNAL IMPLICATIONS

• At the end of the strategic plan, it is

imperative to look at the Internal Implications
of the “Strategic Plan”.
• Many tools can be used to assess these
implications. Once a strategic plan is in place,
one is able to do the following things:
a) Structure of the organization appropriately.
b) Identify where specific changes in the
management will be required.
c) Identify potential problems as well as solutions.
d) Clarity where to next.
SOME TOOLS THAT CAN BE USED TO ASSESS INTERNAL
IMPLICATIONS

1. Environmental Scan: Assessing the context in

which an organization or project is functioning
and will function. It recognizes that no
organization is an island and that the social,
economic, political, technological and legislative
context, in which a project or organization
functions have a profound effect of these
organization and hence PEST Analysis is
essential P=Political/Psychological, E=Economic,
S=Social and, T=Technological/Ecological,
 Cont.….
2. GAP ANALYSIS: The main purpose of Gap
Analysis is to identify gaps that need to be
addressed between where the organization/project
is NOW and where it needs to be in the FUTURE. In
doing Gap Analysis, two steps are needed:
• Identify the gap between what we have NOW and
what we must have in the FUTURE.
• Identify the quantitative gaps (we need more
people, systems, physical resources etc.) and
which are qualitative (improved capacities,
methods, relationships etc.).
• It is applicable after the formulation of the vision,
mission statement, environmental scan etc.
 Cont.…
3. THE SWOT ANALYSIS: The main purpose is to identify
internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization or
project, external opportunities and threats the
organization/project face.
Best done after the environmental scan. SWOT; S=Strength,
W=Weaknesses, O=Opportunities, T=Threats.
 Strengths and weaknesses are factors that are internal
to the organization and can be addressed within the
organization.
 Opportunities and threats are external to the
organization and provide challenges to the
organization.
 SWOT Analysis is suitable for the organization
diagnosis.
 Cont..
5. STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
 The main purpose is to identify the
project/organizational key stakeholders, their
concerns and expectations, and explore how they
influence the organisations.
 A stakeholder is any person, group or institution
or structure with a potential stake into the
organization.
 This tool is useful when planning is about
partnership and best before action plan.
 Cont..
4. In case there is a need of Setting New
Objectives. This must be based on Revised
Strategy and adjusting existing organization. All
objectives need to be SMART(S=Specific,
M=Measureable, A=Agreed by everyone,
R=Realistic, T=Timebound).