Cbse 10th Social Notes

CBSE Notes
Social Science
Class 10
Geography, History, Political Science, Economics.
Geography
Chapter 1 – Resources and Development
1. Multiple choice questions.
(i) Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore?

(a) Renewable (b) Biotic (c) Flow (d) Non-renewable
Answer : Non-renewable
(ii) Under which of the following type of resources can tidal energy not be put?
(a) Replenishable (b) Human-made (c) Abiotic (d) Non-recyclable
Answer: Replenishable
(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
(a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over-irrigation (d) Overgrazing
Answer: Over-irrigation
(iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?

(a) Punjab (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (c) Haryana (d) Uttarakhand
Answer: Uttarakhand
(v) In which of the following states is black soil predominantly found?

(a) Jammu and Kashmir (b) Maharashtra (c) Rajasthan (d) Jharkhand
Answer: Maharashtra
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Answer: 3 states are
1. Maharashtra
2. Gujarat
3. Madhya Pradesh
The crop grown is cotton.
(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this
type of soil.
Answer:
The type of soil found in river deltas is Alluvial Soil.
1. It is very fertile and, therefore, good for the cultivation of crops

2. It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay
3. Alluvial soil has a good quantity of potash, lime and phosphoric acid, which is good for the growth of paddy
and sugarcane.
(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas?
Answer:
The main techniques that can be used are given below.
1. Contour ploughing
2. Terrace farming
3. Strips of grass are allowed to grow between the crops. This method is known as strip cropping.
(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Answer:
Biotic resource:
1. These are resources that are obtained from the biosphere

2. These resources have life
3. Examples are plants, animals, fish, human beings, livestock etc.
Abiotic resource:
1. These resources are composed of non-living things

2. Examples are water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy etc.
(i) Explain the land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since
1960-61.
Answer:
The use of land is determined both by physical factors, such as topography, climate, and soil types,
as well as by human factors, such as population density, technological capability, culture, traditions
etc. The pattern of the net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. It is over 80 per cent
of the total area in Punjab and Haryana and less than 10 per cent in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram,
Manipur and Andaman Nicobar Islands. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33
per cent of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952). It was
considered essential for the maintenance of the ecological balance. A part of the land is termed a
wasteland, and it is put to other non-agricultural uses like settlements, roads, railways, industry etc.
It includes rocky, arid and desert areas. Continuous use of land over a long period of time without
taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it has resulted in land degradation.
(ii) How has technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Answer:
There are various reasons for this.
1. Large-scale production led to over utilisation of resources.

2. Technological advancement led to greater exploitation of resources.
3. Improved medical and health resources led to huge consumption of resources.
Chapter 2 – Forest and Wildlife Resources

(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?
(a) Agricultural expansion. (b) Large scale developmental projects.
(c) Grazing and fuelwood collection. (d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.
Answer: Grazing and fuelwood collection
(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint forest management (b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement (d) Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries
Answer: Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries
2. Match the following animals with their category of existence.
Animals/Plants Category of existence
Black Buck Extinct
Asiatic Elephant Rare
Andaman wild pig Endangered
Himalayan Brown Bear Vulnerable
Pink Head Duck Endemic
Answer:
Animals/Plants Category of existence
Black Buck Endangered
Asiatic Elephant Vulnerable
Andaman wild pig Endemic
Himalayan Brown Bear Rare
Pink Head Duck Extinct
3. Match the following.
Reserved Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private
Forests individuals and communities
Protected Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and
Forests wildlife resources is concerned
Unclassed Forest lands are protected from any further depletion

Forests
Answer:
Reserved Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife
Forests resources is concerned
Protected Forest lands are protected from any further depletion

Forests
Unclassed Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and
Forests communities
(i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
Answer: Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms found on earth. It is a measure of variation at
the ecosystem, species and genetic level. Biodiversity is abundant in tropical areas. Tropical areas
cover 10 per cent of the earth surface, but they host 90% of the world’s species.
Contribution of biodiversity in human lives
1. Agriculture – A variety of plant species meet our needs for food.

2. Its contribution to business and industry
3. Leisurely activities
4. Ecological processes
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain
Answer:
1. Various river valley projects have affected the flora and fauna.
2. Many illegal mining projects have depleted the flora and fauna.
3. Too many development projects for leisure activities in the forests have negatively affected them.
4. Too many human activities in the forest area due to rising population and lack of space has created
human-animal conflict.
(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.
Answer:
Chipko Movement:
The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has not only successfully resisted deforestation in
several areas, but has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be
enormously successful.
Certain societies revere a particular tree which they have preserved from time immemorial. The
Mundas and the Santhals of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba
(Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees. The tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus
indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. Many people also consider peepal and
banyan trees sacred.
In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife
Protection Act. In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting habitats and are explicitly
rejecting government involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan
have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their own set
of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any
outside encroachments.
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Answer:
In India, joint forest management (JFM) programme is a good example for the involvement of local
communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. The programme has been in
formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for joint forest
management. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake protection
activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, the members
of these communities are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produces and a
share in the timber harvested by ‘successful protection’. The clear lesson from the dynamics of both
environmental destruction and reconstruction in India is that local communities everywhere have to
be involved in some kind of natural resource management. But there is still a long way to go before
local communities are at the centre stage in decision-making. Accept only those economic or
developmental activities that are people-centric, environment-friendly and economically rewarding.
Chapter 3 – Water Resources

(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water
scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.
(a) A region with high annual rainfall.
(b) A region having high annual rainfall and large population.
(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.
(d) A region having low rainfall and low population.
Answer:
(a) A region with high annual rainfall – Not suffering from water scarcity
(b) A region having high annual rainfall and large population – Suffering from water scarcity
(c) A region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted – Suffering from water scarcity
(d) A region having low rainfall and low population- Not suffering from water scarcity
(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river
projects?
(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.
(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods.
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.
Answer:
(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood
(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in
proper utilisation of water resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to
water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity
despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi Canal.
Answer:
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have resulted in
improper utilisation of water resources.
(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.
(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water
supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.
(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting popularity has declined
due to high water availability from Indira Gandhi Canal.
(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
Answer: Water can be considered as a renewable resource since there will be rains and surface
water and groundwater will get recharged continuously due to the 3 process involved in the
hydrological cycle.
The 3 processes of the hydrological cycle are
1. Evaporations
2. Condensation
3. Precipitation
(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
Answer:
Many of our cities are such examples. Thus, water scarcity may be an outcome of large and
growing population and consequent greater demands for water, and unequal access to it. A large
population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. Hence, to
facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated
areas for dry-season agriculture. Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Most farmers
have their own wells and tube-wells in their farms for irrigation to increase their productivity. This
has adversely affected water availability and food security of the people.
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.
Answer:
Advantages:
1. Irrigation
2. Electricity generation
3. Flood control
4. Water supply for industrial and domestic purposes
5. Tourist attraction
6. Inland navigation
Disadvantages:
1. The natural flow of water is affected

2. Aquatic life gets affected
3. Submergence of land in the surrounding areas
4. Ecological consequences
5. Large scale displacement of local people
(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
Answer:
In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost
all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks
could be as large as a big room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep,
4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide. The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop
rainwater harvesting system and were built inside the main house or the courtyard. They were
connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftops would
travel down the pipe and be stored in these underground ‘tankas’. The first spell of rain was usually
not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent
showers was then collected. The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall, making it
an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the
summers. Rainwater, or ‘palar pani’, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the
purest form of natural water.
(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being
carried out to conserve and store water.
Answer:
Water harvesting system is a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In

ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary
tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil
types and developed wide-ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and
floodwater in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill and
mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western
Himalayas for agriculture. ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking
water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels
to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed
storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer
and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysuru,
Karnataka, villagers have installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to
meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has
earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most
common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because Cherapunjee and Mawsynram
situated at a distance of 55 km. from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world. Yet, the state
capital Shillong faces an acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop
rainwater harvesting structure. Nearly 15-25 per cent of the total water requirement of the
household comes from rooftop water harvesting. Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has
made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory for all the houses across the state.
Chapter 4 – Agriculture
(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown
in a large area?
(a) Shifting Agriculture (b) Plantation Agriculture (c) Horticulture (d) Intensive Agriculture
Answer: Plantation agriculture
(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(a) Rice (b) Millets (c) Gram (d) Cotton
Answer: Gram
(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(a) Pulses (b) Millets (c) Jawar (d) Sesamum
Answer: Pulses
2. Answer the following questions in 30 words.
(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for
its growth.
Answer: One important beverage crop is tea.
The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-
drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free
climate all through the year. Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous
growth of tender leaves. Tea is a labour-intensive industry. It requires abundant, cheap and skilled
labour. Tea is processed within the tea garden to ensure its freshness.
(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
Answer: Rice is a major staple crop of India. It is grown in the following regions.
1. Plains of North
2. North East India
3. Coastal Areas
4. Deltaic Regions
(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the
interest of farmers.
Answer:
Various institutional reform programmes introduced by the Government are as follows:

1. MSP (Minimum Support Price)
2. Subsidy on fertilisers
3. Crop insurance
4. Establishment of Grameen banks to provide low-interest loans
(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its
consequences?
Answer:
1. Shortage of food
2. The rise in prices of food
3. Imports increase will put stress on the economy
4. Rise in Unemployment
(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural
production.
Answer: The Government of India embarked on a mission to introduce agricultural reforms to

improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s. The Green Revolution based on the use of
package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the strategies
initiated to improve a lot of Indian agriculture. But, this too led to the concentration of development
in a few selected areas. Therefore, in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development
programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms. Provision for crop
insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, the establishment of Grameen banks,
cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest
were some important steps in this direction. Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident
Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the
benefit of the farmers. Moreover, special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers
were introduced on the radio and television. The government also announces minimum support
price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers
by speculators and middlemen.
(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
Answer: Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. It was there at the time of colonisation. In the
nineteenth century, when European traders came to India, at that time too, Indian spices were
exported to different countries of the world and farmers of south India were encouraged to grow
these crops. Till today, it is one of the important items of export from India. Under globalisation,
particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. Despite being an
important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices, our agricultural products are
not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in
those countries. Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at crossroads. To make agriculture successful
and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and
small farmers.
Chapter 5 – Minerals and Energy Resources
(i) Which one of the following minerals are formed by the decomposition of rocks, leaving a
residual mass of weathered material?
(a) Coal (b) Bauxite (c ) Gold (d) Zinc
Solution: (b) Bauxite
(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand, is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
(a) Bauxite (b) Mica (c ) Iron Ore (d) Copper
Solution: (b) Mica
(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of which of the following rocks?
(a) Sedimentary Rocks (b) Metamorphic Rocks
(c ) Igneous Rocks (d) None of the above
Solution: (a) Sedimentary Rocks
(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
(a) Oil (b) Uranium (c ) Thorium (d) Coal
Solution: (c ) Thorium
(i) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.
a. Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

b. Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy
Solution:
a. Ferrous minerals are metallic minerals containing iron. For e.g., iron ore, manganese, nickel,
cobalt, etc.
While non-ferrous minerals are also metallic, they do not contain iron. For e.g., gold, copper, zinc,
etc.
b. Conventional sources of energy include firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas
and electricity (both hydel and thermal).
While non-conventional sources of energy are solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic
energy.
(ii) What is a mineral?
Solution: Minerals can be defined as homogenous, naturally occurring substances with a definable
internal structure. Minerals are found in varied forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to
the softest talc.
(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Solution: In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals can occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or
joints. The smaller deposits are called veins, and the larger ones are called lodes.
(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Solution: Mineral deposits form only one per cent of the earth’s crust. We need to conserve mineral
resources because the geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of
replenishment are very low in comparison to the current rate of consumption.
(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India
Solution: In India, coal can be found in rock series of two main geological ages:
a. Gondwana (200 million years old)

b. Tertiary deposits (55 million years old)
The major resources of Gondwana coal are located in:
a. Damodar Valley (West Bengal – Jharkhand) – Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coalfields.
b. Godavari valley
c. Mahanadi valley
d. Son valley
e. Wardha valley
Tertiary coal occurs in the northeastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland.
(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Solution: Solar energy has a bright future in India because we are a tropical country with enormous
possibilities for tapping solar energy. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote
areas. India’s largest solar power plant is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is
used to sterilise milk cans. It is expected that the use of solar energy will be able to minimise the
dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn, will contribute to
environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
Solar energy is a non-conventional source of energy which is also renewable. Use of solar energy
will not only be good for the environment, but it will also reduce our dependence on oil and gas.
Chapter 6 – Manufacturing Industries
(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.
a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Sugar (d) Jute
Solution: (b) Cement
(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?
a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c ) TATA Steel (d) MNCC
Solution: (b) SAIL
(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c ) Jute (d) Steel
Solution: (a) Aluminium
(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc?
a) Steel (b) Electronic (c ) Aluminium (d) Information Technology
Solution: (b) Electronic
2. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?

Solution: Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw
materials to produce more valuable products. For example, paper is manufactured from wood,
sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.
(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
Solution: Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:
1. Availability of raw materials

2. Closeness to market
3. Availability of power
For example, the jute textile industry is concentrated in West Bengal as the jute-producing areas lie
in the Hugli basin, and there is cheap water transport for the transportation and processing of jute.
(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
Solution: Three human factors for the location of an industry are the following:
1. Labour
2. Capital
3. Closeness to cities
E.g., the jute textile industry in West Bengal gets cheap labour from the adjoining states, and
Kolkata is a large urban centre for banking, insurance and port facilities.
(iv) What are the basic industries? Give an example.
Solution: Basic or key industries are the industries which supply their product or raw materials to
manufacture other goods.
For example, iron and steel industries provide iron and steel to other industries as raw materials.
(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement.
Solution: Important raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are the following:
1. Limestone
2. Silica
3. Alumina
4. Gypsum
3. Write the answers to the following questions in 120 words.
(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the
industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
Solution: Integrated steel plants are large and handle everything in one complex – from putting
together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping.
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, and use steel scrap and sponge iron. They
have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given
specifications.
The challenges faced by the steel industry are given below:
1. High cost and limited availability of coking coal

2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy
4. Poor infrastructure
Recent developments such as liberalisation and foreign direct investment (FDI) have given a boost
to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs.
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
Solution: Industries are responsible for four types of pollution:
1. Air
2. Water
3. Land
4. Noise
Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide and airborne particulate matter.
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into
water bodies. Paper, refineries and tanneries are the main culprits.
Soil and water pollution are closely related. The dumping of waste makes the soil useless for
agricultural activities. The pollutants then reach the groundwater through the soil and contaminate it.
Noise pollution is caused by industrial machinery and construction activities.

(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
Solution: The steps that can be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industries are
given below:
1. Adopting the latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment to improve energy efficiency.
2. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
3. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smokestacks to factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
4. Using silencers for noise-generating equipment.
5. Minimising water usage by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
6. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
7. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial
effluents can be done in three phases:
a. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.
b. Secondary treatment by biological process
c. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves the recycling of
wastewater.
Chapter 7 – Lifelines of National Economy

A. Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor?
a. Mumbai and Nagpur

b. Silcher and Purbandar
c. Mumbai and Kolkata
d. Nagpur and Siliguri
Solution: (b) Silcher and Purbander
B. Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
a. Railways
b. Roadways
c. Pipelines
d. Waterways
Solution: (c ) Pipelines
C. Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline?
a. Madhya Pradesh
b. Maharashtra
c. Gujarat
d. Uttar Pradesh
Solution: (b) Maharashtra

D. Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well-protected port along
the east coast?
a. Chennai
b. Paradip
c. Tuticorin
d. Vishakhapatnam
Solution: (d) Vishakhapatnam
E. Which one of the following is the most important mode of transportation in India?
a. Pipeline
b. Railways
c. Roadways
d. Airways
Solution: (b) Railways
F. Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more
countries?
a. Internal trade
b. International trade
c. External trade
d. Local trade
Solution: (b ) International Trade
a. State any three merits of roadways.
Solution: Three merits of roadways are
1. The construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines.
2. Road transport is economical in the transportation of a few persons and a relatively smaller amount of
goods over short distances.
3. Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.
b. Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transportation?
Solution: Rail transport is the most convenient means of transportation in the northern plains, as
there are level stretches of land with high population density and rich agricultural resources.
c. What is the significance of the border roads?
Solution: Border roads are of strategic importance, and these roads in the bordering areas of the
country have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic
development of these areas.
d. What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Solution: The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as a trade.
Trade between countries is called international trade.
Local trade is carried out within cities, towns and villages of a country.
a. Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation
and its economy?
Solution: The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its
economy because they are the prerequisites for fast development. Today, India is well-linked with
the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality.
Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, cinema, television and the internet have been
contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways.
Along with trade, these different means of transport and communication have enriched our life and
added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.
b.Write a note on the changing nature of international trade in the last fifteen years.
Solution: Trade between countries is known as international trade. International trade has
undergone a vast change in the last fifteen years. The exchange of goods and commodities has
been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. For e.g., India has emerged as a
software giant at the international level, and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export
of information technology.
International trade also depends on the relationship between the countries and other external
factors like duties and tariffs on the transportation of goods. In the last fifteen years, different trade
blocks have emerged, which have changed how international trade was conducted previously.
------
History
Chapter 1 – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
1. Write a note on:
a. Guiseppe Mazzini
Answer: During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for
the unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ for the
dissemination of his goals.
b. Count Camillo de Cavour
Answer:
1. Led the movement to unify Italy

2. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
3. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance engineered by Cavour, Sardini-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the
Austrian forces in 1859.
c. The Greek war of independence
Answer:
1. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary
nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks, which began in 1821.
2. Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to
support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
3. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans,
who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
4. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
d. Frankfurt parliament
Answer:
1. It was an all-German National assembly formed by middle-class professionals, businessmen and

prosperous artisans belonging to different German regions.
2. It was convened on 18 May 1848.
3. It was disbanded on 31 May 1849 as it lost support.
e. The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer:
1. Women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national
unification. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a
nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
2. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political
meetings and demonstrations.
2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity
among the French people?
Answer:
1. The ideas of ‘La Patrie’ (the fatherland) and ‘Le Citoyen’ (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united
community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
3. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
4. A centralised administrative system was put in place, and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within
its territory.
5. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished, and a uniform system of weights and measures was
adopted.
6. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the
common language of the nation.
7. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate
the peoples of Europe from despotism. In other words, to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.
3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they
were portrayed?
Answer:
Female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation.
1. Marianne, a popular Christian name – underlined the idea of a people’s nation.

2. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the
cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of
unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
3. The image of Marianne was marked on coins and stamps.
Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a
crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer:
1. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving
political domination over Europe. This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came
to be unified as nation-states.
2. Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of German Confederation, but their plans were
not materialised due to actions of large landowners called Junkers of Prussia. Three wars over seven
years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in a Prussian victory. In Jan 1871, Prussian King William I
was proclaimed German emperor.
3. Importance was given to modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in
the territories ruled by him?
Answer:
The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all the privileges
based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. This Code was
exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and
Germany, Napoleon simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new
businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in
particular, began to realise that uniform law, standardised weights and measures, and a common
national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region
to another.
Discuss:
1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social
and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer:
1. In the year 1848, parallel to the revolts of the poor, another revolution was underway. Led by the
educated middle classes, the unemployed, the starving peasants and workers in many European
countries experienced this revolution of the liberals. Events of February 1848 in France had brought about
the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
2. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy,
Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their
demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
3. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state
on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.
4. The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in
which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own
political associations, founded newspapers and had taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in
Europe.
Answer:
Language: Language played a very important role. After the Russian occupation, the Polish
language was forced out of schools, and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. The
Clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for
Church gatherings and all religious instructions. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of
struggle against Russian dominance.
Romanticism: It was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist
sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science,
and focussed instead on emotions, intuition and mystic feelings. They tried to portray a common
cultural past as the basis of a nation.
Folk poetry, folk dance, folk songs: The true spirit of the nation was popularised through the
above means. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was an essential part of
nation-building.
3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth
century.
Answer: Focus countries – Germany and Italy.
Germany
1. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving
political domination over Europe. This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came
to be unified as nation-states.
2. Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German Confederation, but their plans
were not materialised due to actions of large landowners called the ‘Junkers of Prussia’. Three wars over
seven years with Austria, Denmark, and France ended in a Prussian victory. In Jan 1871, the Prussian
King William I was proclaimed German emperor.
3. Importance was given to modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.
Italy
1. During the 1830s, Mazzini sought to unify Italy. He had formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’, and it
had failed. Hence, the responsibility fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II, to
unify Italian states through war.
2. Austrian forces were defeated in 1859. Apart from Sardinia-Piedmont, a large number of volunteers had
joined the cause under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi. In 1860, they marched to South Italy and
managed to defeat Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of Italy.
4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer:
1. Formation of the nation-state was not due to sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-
drawn-out process.
2. The primary identities of people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such as English, Welsh,
Scot or Irish.
3. The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain. Scottish people were forbidden from speaking their Gaelic language and from wearing their
national dress. Many were driven out of their homeland.
4. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801. This was achieved by the English helping the
Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over the Catholics.
5. The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God save our Noble
King) and the English language were actively promoted, and the older nations survived only as
subordinate partners in this union.
5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer:
1. It was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania,
Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The people of the
region were broadly known as Slavs.
2. A large part was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Gradually, independence was declared from
them.
3. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with disintegration of the Ottoman
Empire, made this region very explosive.
Chapter 2 – Nationalism in India
Write in brief.
1. Explain
a. Why the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
Answer:
1. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.
2. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups
together.
3. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently. Their experiences were varied, and their
notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these
groups together within one movement. But unity did not emerge without conflict.
b. How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
Answer: War created a new political and economic situation.
1. The war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing
taxes. Custom duties were increased, and income tax was introduced.
2. Forced recruitment in villages caused widespread anger.
3. Crops failed; this resulted in an acute shortage of food.
4. 12 to 13 million people died due to famines and epidemics.
c. Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Answer:
1. Rowlatt Act was introduced in 1919.

2. This act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial Legislative Council, although it was completely
opposed by Indian members.
3. It had given the government enormous powers to repress political activities.
4. It allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
d. Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed to be properly
trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.
2. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
Answer: The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was
not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi
could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the
oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth instead of
being forced to accept the truth through the use of violence. Through this struggle, the truth was
bound to triumph ultimately. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite
all Indians.
3. Write a newspaper report on
a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Answer: On 13 April, the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place. On that day, a large
crowd was gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Some came to protest against the
government’s new repressive measures. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Being
from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. Dyer
entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. His
objective, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ in the minds of satyagrahis. The
incident brought a feeling of terror and awe among people.
b) The Simon Commission
Answer: When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go
back, Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the
demonstrations. In an effort to win them over, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929 a
vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future and a Round Table Conference to
discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in
Chapter 1.
Answer:
Germania:
1. Symbol of Germany
2. The image was painted by Philip Veit in 1848.
3. Carrying a sword in one hand and flag in another hand
4. Germania is wearing a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
Bharat Mata:
1. Symbol of India
2. Painted by Abanindranath Tagore in 1905
3. Bharat is standing with a Trishul, standing beside a lion and elephant, symbols of power and authority.
Discuss
1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921.
Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined
the movement.
Answer: Below is the list of different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement and
their struggles.
Middle-class Participation in Cities
Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers
resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most
provinces, except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering
the council was one way of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had
access to. The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign
goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, and foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires.
The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to
Rs 57 crore. In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread and people began discarding imported clothes and
wearing only Indian ones, the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms increased. But this
movement in the cities gradually slowed down for various reasons. Khadi cloth was often more
expensive than mass-produced mill cloth, and poor people could not afford to buy it. Similarly, the
boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative
Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British ones. These
were slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools, and
lawyers joined back work in courts.
Peasants and Tribals
In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an
indentured labourer. The movement there was against talukdars and landlords who demanded
exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses from peasants. Peasants had to do begar and
work at landlords’ farms without payment. As tenants, they had no security of tenure, being regularly
evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The peasant movement demanded
a reduction of revenue, the abolition of begar and a social boycott of oppressive landlords. In many
places, ‘nai-dhobi bandhs’ were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of
barbers and washermen.
Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of swaraj in yet another
way. In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in
the early 1920s – not a form of struggle that Congress could approve. In other forest regions, the
colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to
graze their cattle or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This enraged the hill people. Not only were their
livelihoods affected, but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied. When the
government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted.
Workers in the Plantations
Workers, too, had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. For
plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined
space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they
had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave
the tea gardens without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission. When they
heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the
plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be
given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the
way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against
colonialism.
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. On 31
January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of
general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.
The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging so that all classes within Indian society could
identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring
of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the
poor alike, and it was one of the essential food items. Mahatma Gandhi revealed the tax on salt and
the government monopoly over its production, the most oppressive face of British rule.
Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The
march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of
Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma
Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to
peacefully defy the British. On 6 April, he reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling seawater.
Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated
in front of government salt factories. As the movement spread, foreign clothes were boycotted, and
liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chowkidar taxes, village officials
resigned, and in many places, forest people violated forest laws – going into Reserved Forests to
collect wood and graze cattle.
3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what
the experience meant to your life.
Answer: Students are advised to put themselves in the shoes of women and share the experience.
4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in
1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding
separate electorates for Dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand,
Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down
the process of their integration into society. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position, and
the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates if Muslims were
assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to the population
in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab). Negotiations over the question of
representation continued, but all hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928
disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.
Chapter 3 – The Making of a Global World
1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place in the
seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Solution: The following are examples of cross-cultural exchanges from Asia and the Americas:
a. The Silk Route (Asia): The Silk Route is a good example of cross-cultural trade and connectivity
between distant parts of the world. The name ‘Silk Route’ points to the importance of Westbound
Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries almost
certainly travelled this route to Asia, as did early Muslim preachers a few centuries later.
b. Food from the Americas: The food that is part of our staple diet today, like potatoes, soya,
groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes etc., were not known to our ancestors until
the accidental discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus.
These food items only made it to Europe and the rest of the world after the monumental discovery
of the new continent.
2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the
colonisation of the Americas.
Solutions: The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the
Americas. The reason was that the native Americans were not immune to the diseases that the
European settlers brought with them. The Europeans were, to a certain extent, immune to the
effects of diseases like smallpox due to centuries of exposure. However, the native Americans had
no such defence against this disease, as they were isolated from diseases native to the old world.
At times, settlers deliberately practised biological warfare on the natives by giving items laced with
smallpox germs as ‘gifts of friendship’. The disease was far more effective in wiping out entire tribes
and communities without having to resort to firearms.
3. Write a note to explain the effect of the following:
a. The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.

b. The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
c. The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War.
d. The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
e. The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Solution:
a. The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws was due to pressure from the landed groups,
who were unhappy with the high price of food and the cheap inflow of agricultural products from Australia
and America. As a result, many English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities.
Some went overseas. This indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanisation, a prerequisite of
industrial growth.
b. Rinderpest (a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague) arrived in Africa in the late 1880s. It had a terrifying
impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy. It started in East Africa and soon spread to other
parts of the continent. Within five years, it reached the Cape of Good Hope (Africa’s Southernmost tip), by
which it had killed 90 % of the cattle population in that part of Africa. It spread through infected cattle
imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa. Using this situation to
their advantage, colonising nations conquered and subdued Africa by monopolising scarce cattle
resources to force Africans into the labour market. The Africans were forced to work for a wage due to the
loss of their livelihood because of the effect of Rinderpest.
c. The First World War was the first modern industrial war. It saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft,
chemical weapons etc., on a massive scale. To fight such a war, millions of soldiers had to be recruited
from around the world and moved to the frontlines on large ships and trains. The scale of death and
destruction was unlike any other conflict in the modern era. Most of the killed and maimed were men of
working age; the deaths and injuries of these men drastically reduced the able-bodied workforce in
Europe. With fewer members within the family, household incomes declined after the war. Thus, women
stepped in to do the jobs that were earlier done by men. It increased the role of women and led to a
demand for equal status in society. It made the feminist movement even stronger.
d. In the nineteenth century, colonial India had become an exporter of agricultural goods and an importer of
manufactures. The impact of the Great Depression on India was felt, especially in the agricultural sector. It
was evident that the Indian economy was closely becoming integrated into the global economy. India was
a British colony and exported agricultural goods and imported manufactured goods. As international prices
crashed, so did the prices in India. Wheat prices in India fell by 50 % between 1928 and 1934.
e. Wages were relatively low in Asian countries like China. Thus, they became lucrative destinations for
investment by foreign MNCs competing to dominate world markets. The relocation of industry to low-wage
countries stimulated world trade and capital flow.
The impact of MNC’s decision to relocate production to Asian Countries was as follows:
a. It provided a cheap source of labour for MNCs.
b. It stimulated world trade and increased capital inflow in Asian countries.
c. The local population had a greater choice of goods and services along with prospects of greater
employment opportunities for them.
4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Solution:
1. Improved transportation systems: Improved transportation systems helped the food items get delivered on
time to the markets without any harm. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food
cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
2. Refrigerated ships: The development of refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods over
long distances. Animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point – in America, Australia or New
Zealand – and then transported to Europe as frozen meat. This reduced shipping costs and lowered meat
prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could add meat to their diet, which was monotonous with only bread
and potatoes.
5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Solution: In order to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world, the
post-war international economic system was established. To execute the same, the United Nations
Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire,
USA. The Bretton Woods Conference established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal
with external surpluses and shortages in its member nations. The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (popularly known as the World Bank) was set up for financial
post-war reconstruction, and it started its financial operations in 1947.
Under the agreement, currencies were pegged to the price of gold, and the US dollar was seen as a
reserve currency linked to the price of gold. Decision-making authority was given to the Western
industrial powers. The US was given the right to veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions. The
Bretton Woods System was based on fixed exchange rates. The Bretton Woods System opened an
era of unique growth of trade and income for the Western industrial nations and Japan.
6. Imagine that you are indentured Indian labour in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details
in the chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings
Solution: Dear Ma and Pa,
My work as an indentured labourer in Jamaica is far from a walk in the park. Through this letter, I
want to tell you about my life here.
When the contractor hired me, he was quite economical with the truth about the living and working
conditions. To say nothing of the kind of work and place of work.
We have very few rights, with the contractor living up to the behaviour standards expected of them
in the Caribbean – extremely harsh. He treats us like animals since we are a minority and thus easy
targets for his wrath. Accidents are common in the sugar plantations in Jamaica. One time, I saw a
worker burnt alive when the liquid sugar we were boiling accidentally spilt on him. Since he cannot
work with his third-degree burns, the contractor saw it fit to throw him out without any due wages
paid. We don’t have any rights to speak or to express our dissatisfaction about the working
conditions. And if we do, we will face the overseer’s whips.
Whenever I do not attend my work, I am liable to be in jail. There is a lot of work at the plantations
with a heavy workload and less time to finish it all.
In case of unsatisfactory work, my wages are cut. If there is hell on earth, it certainly is this. I know
my writing will cause you anguish but rest assured, there is talk of new laws underway to protect
labourers like us. Thus, this situation will pass soon.
7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within the international economic
exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write
a short account of it.
Solution: The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are
trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments. These can be explained as the
trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations.
1. The flow of trade (trade in goods, e.g. cloth or wheat)
India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return for
gold and silver from Europe.
Fine cotton was produced in India and was exported to Europe. With industrialisation, British cotton
manufacturing began to expand, and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton
imports and protect local industries. As a result of the tariffs that were imposed on cloth imports, the
inflow of fine Indian Cotton began to decline.
2. The flow of labour (the migration of people in search of employment)
In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and factories abroad, in
huge numbers, in the nineteenth century. This was an instrument of colonial domination by the
British. Indentured labourers were hired under contacts who promised return travel to India after
they had worked five years on their employer’s plantation. The living conditions were harsh, and the
labourers had little protection from the law or from it as they had few rights.
3. The movement of capital (investments)
Britain took generous loans from the USA to finance the World War. Since India was an English
colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too. Food and other crops for the world
market required capital. Large plantations could borrow it from banks and markets.
8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Solution: The Great Depression was a result of many factors. Some of them are
1. Agriculture overproduction was a major problem. As a result, agricultural prices fell. As prices fell, so did
agricultural incomes. This increased the volume of goods in the market. The situation got worsened in the
market. Prices fell further. Farm produce began to rot due to the lack of buyers.
2. Prosperity in the USA during the 1920s created a cycle of higher employment and incomes. It led to a rise
in consumption and demand. More investment and more employment created tendencies of speculation,
which led to the Great Depression of 1929 up to the mid-1930s. The stock market crashed in 1929. It
created panic among investors and depositors, who stopped investing and depositing. As a result, it
created a cycle of depreciation.
3. The withdrawal of US loans affected the rest of the world in many different ways. In Europe, it led to the
failure of the major banks and the collapse of major currencies such as the British pound sterling. Some of
the banks closed down when people withdrew all their assets, leaving them unable to invest. Some banks
called back loans taken from them at the same dollar rate in spite of the falling value of the dollar.
9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a
reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Solution: After the Second World War, many parts of the world were still under European colonial
rule, and it took over two decades for the colonies in Asia and Africa to become free independent
nations. When they became free, they faced many other problems, such as poverty, lack of
resources, etc. Economies and societies were handicapped for being under colonial rule for long
periods.
As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of Western empires.
The policy of the Bretton Woods twins tilted more in favour of the developed nations of the Western
world. Now, ironically, as newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their
populations out of poverty, they came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by
the former colonial powers.
Therefore, these colonies organised themselves as a group – the Group of 77 (or G-77) – to
demand a new international economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO, they meant a system that would
give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for
raw materials, and better access to their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
Chapter 4 – The Age of Industrialisation

1. Explain the following:
a. Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.

b. In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and
artisans within the villages.
c. The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
d. The East India Company appointed ‘gomasthas’ to supervise weavers in India.
Solution:
a. James Hargreaves designed the Spinning Jenny in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning
process and reduced the demand for labour. By the use of this machine, a single worker could turn
a number of spindles and spin several threads at a time. Due to this, many weavers lost their
employment. The fearful prospect of unemployment drew women workers, who depended on
hand-spinning, to attack the new machines.
b. World trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and 18th centuries. The acquisition of
colonies was also responsible for the increase in demand. The producers in the towns failed to
produce the required quantity of cloth. The producers could not expand the production in the towns
because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were the associations of producers
that restricted the entry of new people into the trade. The rulers granted different guilds the
monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products.
c. The European companies were gaining power by securing a variety of concessions from the local
courts. It was very difficult for the Indian merchants and traders to face the competition as most of
the European countries had huge resources. Some of the European companies got the monopoly
rights to trade.
All this resulted in the decline of Surat Port by the end of the eighteenth century. In the last years of
the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat was 16 million. By the
1740s, it had slumped to 3 million. With the passage of time, Surat and Hooghly decayed, while
Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) grew.
a. The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and
establish more direct control over the weavers. It appointed a paid servant called Gomastha to supervise
weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
2. Write True or False against each statement.
a. At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in
the technologically advanced industrial sector.
b. The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
c. The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
d. The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Solution:
a. False
b. True
c. False
d. True
3. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.

Solution: Even before factories began to appear on the landscape of England and Europe, there
was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories.
Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation or the precursor
to industrialisation. During this period, most of the goods were hand manufactured by trained crafts-
persons for the international market.
4. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over
machines?
Solution: In the 19th century, some European industrialists preferred hand labour over machines
because
a. New technologies and machines were expensive and untested. So, the producers and the industrialists
were cautious about using them.
b. Machines often broke down, and repairing them was an expensive affair.
c. Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. As a result, there was a
large pool of labourers available for cheap labour.
d. In seasonal industries, where production fluctuated with the seasons, industrialists usually preferred hand
labour, employing workers only for the season when it was needed.
e. The variety of products required in the market could not be produced by the machines available at that
time. In the mid-nineteenth century, in Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes
were produced; these required human skills and not mechanical technology.
5. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from
Indian weavers?
Solution: The East India Company adopted various steps to ensure regular supplies of cotton and
silk textiles.
a. They established political power to assert a monopoly on the right to trade.

b. The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and
establish direct control over the weavers. It appointed paid servants called the ‘Gomasthas’ to supervise
weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
c. It prevented the company weavers from dealing with other buyers. Once an order was placed, the weavers
were given loans to purchase the raw material. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they
produced to the Gomasthas only. They could not take it to any other trader.
d. They developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and
ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk goods. This system forced the sale at a price dictated by the
company. By giving the weavers a loan, the company tied the weavers with them.
6. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopedia on Britain and the
history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire.
Solution: The following inventions in 18th-century England (given in chronological order) are
important milestones in the history of cotton.
a. James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764. This improved spinning work significantly.
b. John Key invented the ‘Flying Shuttle’ in 1769, which boosted the weaving process.
c. Richard Arkwright improved the ‘Spinning Jenny’ in 1769 so that it could be run by water power. He called
it the ‘Water Frame’.
d. In 1776, Samuel Crompton invented the ‘Mule’, which combined the advantages of both the ‘Water Frame’
and the ‘Spinning Jenny’.
e. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, which used steam power for both spinning and
weaving.
f. Eli Whitney (in the USA) invented the ‘Cotton Gin’ in 1793, which solved the problem of removing seeds
from cotton fibres. This could separate the seeds from the fibres 300 times faster than by hand. Later on,
Arkwright created a complete cotton mill where all the textile manufacturing processes could be completed
under one roof and management.
g. The use of steam power played a very significant role in running cotton mills. Production of textiles
increased in a very short time and with less manual labour. At the beginning of the 19th century, there
were near about 321 steam engines in England, out of which 80 were in use in cotton textile mills.
h. The East India Company appointed ‘Gomasthas’, the paid servants of the company, to supervise weavers,
collect supplies and judge and inspect the quality of textiles. The Gomasthas were the link between the
East India Company and the weavers. The company arranged loans to the weavers to purchase raw
materials for weaving the cloth.
7. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Solution: Industrial production in India increased during the First World War due to the
following reasons:
a. The British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army; thus, Manchester’s imports
to India declined.
b. With the decline in imports suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
c. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs also, such as Jute bags, cloth
for the uniform of soldiers, tents, and leather boots.
d. New factories were set up, and old ones organised multiple shifts; during the war years, Indian industries
boomed.
e. Overall, the First World War gave a boost to Indian industries.
Chapter 5 – Print Culture and the Modern World

Q.1 Give reason for the following:
a. Woodblock print only came to Europe after 1295.

b. Martin Luther was in favour of print and spoke out in praise of it.
c. The Roman Catholic Church began keeping an Index of prohibited books from the mid-sixteenth
century
d. Gandhi said the fight for Swaraj is a fight for the liberty of speech, liberty of the press, and freedom
of association.
Solution: (a) Marco Polo, the Italian explorer, visited China and learnt the technology of woodblock
printing. When he returned to Italy in 1295, he brought this knowledge back with him. Gradually this
knowledge spread from Italy to other parts of Europe.
(b) In 1517, Martin Luther, the religious reformer, wrote ninety-five theses that criticised the corrupt
practices of the Catholic Church and pasted these on the church door in Wittenberg. Very soon,
thousands of copies of Luther’s theses were printed, spreading his ideas among people. Martin
Luther was deeply moved to realize the power of printing, which brought about the reformation
movement and the eventual birth of Protestantism.
(c) Print and popular literature encouraged many distinctive interpretations of religious faiths and
ideas. In the 16th century, Manocchio, a roller in Italy, began to read books available readily in his
locality. He gave a new interpretation of the Bible and formulated a view of God and creation that
enraged the Roman Catholic Church. As a result, Manocchio was hauled up twice and ultimately
executed when the Roman Catholic Church began its inquisition.
(d) Mahatma Gandhi said these words in 1922 during the Non-cooperation Movement (1920-22).
According to him, without the liberty of speech, the liberty of the press and freedom of association,
no nation can even survive. If the country was to get free from foreign domination, then these
liberties were quite important.
Q.2 Write short notes on what you know about:
a. The Gutenberg Press

b. Erasmus’s idea of the printed book
c. The Vernacular Press Act
Solution: (a) The Gutenberg Press was the first printing press of Europe. It was invented by
Johannes Gutenberg of Strasbourg. He grew up in a large agricultural estate and had knowledge
and experience in operating olive and wine presses. He invented the printing press around the year
1448, with the Bible being the first book to be printed.
(b) Erasmus, the Latin scholar, was not happy with the printing of books because he was afraid that
this would lead to the circulation of books with rebellious ideas. He felt that although a few books
may give useful information, the majority of books may just be irrelevant or illogical, through which
scandalous or irreligious ideas will spread, ultimately leading to incitement of rebellion.
(c) The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 by the British government in India. This act
provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular
press. If a vernacular paper published any seditious material, the paper was banned, and its printing
machinery was seized and destroyed.
Q.3 What did the spread of print culture in the nineteenth century India mean to:
a. Women
b. The poor
c. Reformers
Solution: (a) Women: Women became as important as readers and writers. Reading habits
improved among them. With an increase in literacy, women took a great interest in reading and
writing. Many journals started emphasizing the importance of women’s education. Many magazines
and books were especially published for women. The print culture gave women some amount of
freedom to read and develop their own views on various issues, especially those related to women.
(b) The Poor: As the literacy rate improved in Europe as well as in India, printed material, especially
for entertainment, began to reach even the poor. In England, ‘penny magazines’ were carried by
peddlers and sold for a penny so that even poor people could buy them. Those who could not read
could listen to the stories and folklore. These stories and folklore could be read out to them by
others. Books could be hired for a nominal fee from some book owners. Even in India, very cheap
small books were brought to the market in 19th-century Madras towns, which allowed poor people
to have access to print culture.
(c) Reformers: Reformers used newspapers, journals and books to highlight the social evils
prevailing in the society. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published the ‘Sambad Kaumudi’ to highlight the
plight of widows. From the 1860s, many Bengali women writers like Kailashbashini Debi wrote
books highlighting the experiences of women, about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in
ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour and treated unjustly by the menfolk they served.
Discuss
Q.1 Why did some people in the eighteenth century Europe think that culture would bring
enlightenment and end despotism?
Solution:
a. With the spreading of new ideas after the coming of print culture, the ideas of scientists and philosophers
became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and
published.
b. Books as a medium of progress by the eighteenth century: Books became a medium of spreading
progress and enlightenment, which could change society and the world. It was also believed that the
books could liberate society from despotism and tyranny.
c. Writings of scholars: The writings of thinkers such as Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Paine and Voltaire
were also widely printed and could gain popularity. Thus, their ideas about science, rationality and
reasoning found their way into popular literature.
d. Scientific discoveries: Maps and more accurate scientific diagrams were widely printed when scientists like
Issac Newton began to publish their discoveries. They could influence a much wider circle of scientifically-
minded readers.
Q.2 Why did some people fear the effect of easily available printed books? Choose one
example from Europe and one from India.
Solution: Some people, especially from the upper class, feared the effect of easily available printed
books due to the spread of literacy among the common people. They feared that they might lose
their position or authorities. Some people thought that it might lead to the spread of rebellions and
irreligious thoughts.
Example:
(i) In Europe, the Roman Catholic Church tried to curb printed books through the Index of Prohibited
Books.
(ii) In India, the Vernacular Press Act imposed restrictions on Indian press and various local
newspapers.
Q.3 What were the effects of the spread of print culture for poor people in nineteenth-century
India?
Solution: Public libraries were set up in the early twentieth century, expanding access to books.
These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns and, at times, in prosperous villages. For
rich local patrons, setting up a library was a way of acquiring prestige.
From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination were written about in many printed
tracts and essays.
Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of
the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871). In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra
and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras (better known as Periyar) wrote powerfully on caste, and
their writings were read by people all over India. Local protest movements and sects also created a
lot of popular journals and tracts, criticising ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.
At the very least, it made pooer people aware of their rights and their place in society and Print
media showed the way in which they can improve their lot in life.
Q.4 Explain how the print culture assisted in the growth of nationalism in India.
Solution: Print culture assisted in the growth of nationalism in India in the following ways:
a. By the end of the 19th century, a large number of newspapers in Indian vernacular languages were
published, making it easier to circumvent the language barriers among the various ethnic groups of
Indians.
b. These newspapers published articles written by national leaders. Their ideas were communicated to the
masses through these newspapers.
c. The people of different communities and places were thus connected by print media. Newspapers
conveyed news from one place to another, creating a pan-Indian identity.
d. The nationalist newspapers exposed the colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. As these
were written in spoken languages of various regions, the common man could easily understand the
content.
e. For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balagangadhar Tilak wrote articles
sympathising with them. He was arrested, which provoked protest among the masses.
Thus, it is clear that print culture assisted the growth of nationalism in India.
----
Political Science (Civics)
Chapter 1 – Power Sharing
1. What are the different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies? Give an example
of each of these.
Answer. There are different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies. They are given below:
a. Horizontal distribution of power – Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the
legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: India
b. The federal division of power – Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general
government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example: India
(Union Government and State Governments)
c. Community government – Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as religious and
linguistic groups. Example: Belgium
d. Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements – Such competition ensures that
power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that
represent different ideologies and social groups.
2. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power-sharing with an example from
the Indian context.
Answer. While prudential reasons stress that power-sharing will bring out better outcomes. In India,
the power is shared horizontally among various organs of government. The Legislature, Executive
and Judiciary are responsible for administering India. Reservation is applicable in India, where
various sections are given benefits over others to avoid conflicts.
Moral reasons emphasise the very act of power-sharing as valuable. In India, citizens are conferred
with fundamental rights and directive principles of state policies are implied in the government.
3. After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do
you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words. Thomman – Power sharing is
necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions. Mathayi –
Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions. Ouseph – Every
society needs some form of power-sharing, even if it is small or does not have social
divisions.
Answer. Ouseph’s conclusion is the right one. Every state should have some or other form of
power-sharing. Power-sharing ensures an optimum balance between different sections of society.
The chances of conflict lessen, and so does the injustice. Hence, power-sharing becomes the value
of democracy. Also, power-sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order
4. The Mayor of Merchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on
speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that the ban would help all non-Dutch
speakers integrate into this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with
the spirit of Belgium’s power-sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer. The measure of the Mayor of Merchtem to ban French-speaking in the town’s schools
near Brussels is unfair. It does not keep with Belgium’s power-sharing arrangement. Power-sharing
helps maintain a balance between different sections of society. In Belgium, there is a need to
maintain the power-sharing between the Dutch and the French to avoid civil unrest. Banning the
French will promote the tendency of civil unrest. To promote peace among different communities,
the Mayor should promote a bilingual education system in the town’s schools.
5. Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power
sharing offered in this. “We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream
of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj
establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a
democracy – in the hands of the people. Giving power to Panchayats is also a way to reduce
corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning
and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater
control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati
Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”
Answer. The prudential reason in the given passage is – “Giving power to Panchayats is also a way
to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency.”
6. Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power-sharing. Identify
those which are in favour of power-sharing and select the answer using the codes given
below. Power-sharing:
A. reduces conflict among different communities

B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness
C. delays the decision-making process
D. accommodates diversities
E. increases instability and divisiveness
F. promotes people’s participation in government
G. undermines the unity of a country
(a) A B D F
(b) A C E F
(c) A B D G
(d) B C D G
Answer.
(a) A B D F
7. Consider the following statements about power-sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri
Lanka.
A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority
French-speaking community.
B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-
speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power-sharing to protect their culture,
language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from a unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible
division of the country on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
(a) A, B, C and D
(b) A, B and D
(c) C and D
(d) B, C and D
Answer.
(d) B, C and D
8. Match List I (forms of power-sharing) with List II (forms of government) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below in the lists.
List I List II
1. Power shared among different organs of government A. Community government
2. Power shared among governments at different levels B. Separation of powers
3. Power shared by different social groups C. Coalition government
4. Power shared by two or more political parties D. Federal government
Answer.
List I List II
1. Power shared among different organs of government Separation of powers
2. Power shared among governments at different levels Federal government
3. Power shared by different social groups Community government
4. Power shared by two or more political parties Coalition government

9. Consider the following two statements on power-sharing and select the answer using the
codes given below.
A). Power-sharing is good for democracy.
B). It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
Which of these statements are true and false?
(a) A is true, but B is false
(b) Both A and B are true
(c) Both A and B are false
(d) A is false, but B is true
Answer.
(b) Both A and B are true
Chapter 2 – Federalism
1. Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim,
Chhattisgarh and Goa.
Answer.
Green – Sikkim
Blue – Manipur
Orange – Chhattisgarh
Red – Goa
2. Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political
map of the world.
Answer.
1. South Africa
2. Pakistan
3. Australia
3. Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature
that is different from that of Belgium.
Answer. A feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to that of Belgium – There is
power-sharing between the union government and state government.
A feature in the practice of federalism in India that is different from that of Belgium – India has no
community government in practice, while Belgium has one.
4. What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one?
Explain with an example.
Answer.
Federal Form Unitary Form
There is a sharing of power between union and state The power is centralised with the union
government. government, and there is no role of state
governments.
Example – India (India is a federal country with union Example – Sri Lanka (The national
government at the centre and state governments at the state government has all the powers.)
level and Panchayati Raj at the local level.)
5. State any two differences between the local government before and after the constitutional
amendment in 1992.
Answer.
Local Government Pre-1992 Local Government Post Constitutional Amendment 1992
Elections to these local Now, it is constitutionally mandated to hold regular elections to local
governments were not held government bodies
regularly
Local governments did not have The State governments are required to share some powers and
any powers or resources of their revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies
own. from state to state.
6. Fill in the blanks:
Since the United States is a ___________________ type of federation, all the constituent
States have equal powers and States are ______________vis-à-vis the federal government.
But India is a _____________________ type of federation and some States have more power
than others. In India, the ____________ government has more powers.
Answer. Since the United States is a coming together type of the federation, all the constituent
States have equal powers and States are strong vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is
a holding together type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India,
the central government has more powers.
7. Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an
example to support any of these positions.
Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity.
Arman: the Language-based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their
language.
Harish: This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other
languages.
Answer. The policy of accommodation mentioned by Sangeeta is a correct reaction to the language
policy followed in India. Due to this policy, India stands in unity with states having different
languages. Had India not followed the policy of accommodation, several states could have
proposed separation from the country.
8. The distinguishing feature of a federal government is:
a. The national government gives some powers to the provincial governments.

b. Power is distributed among the legislature, executive and judiciary.
c. Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.
d. Governmental power is divided between different levels of government
Answer. d. Governmental power is divided between different levels of government

9. A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them
under the Union, State and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below.
A. Defence
B. Police
C. Agriculture
D. Education
E. Banking
F. Forests
G. Communications
H. Trade
I. Marriages
Union List
State List
Concurrent List
Answer.
Union List Defence Communications Banking
State List Police Agriculture Trade
Concurrent List Education Forests Marriages
10. Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of
the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of
the following pairs is not correctly matched?
State government State List
Central government Union List
Central and State governments Concurrent List
Local governments Residuary powers
Answer.
Local governments Residuary powers
11. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists:
List-I List-II
Union of India Prime Minister

State Sarpanch
Municipal Corporation Governor
Gram Panchayat Mayor
Answer.
List-I List-II
Union of India Prime Minister
State Governor
Municipal Corporation Mayor
Gram Panchayat Sarpanch
12. Consider the following two statements.
A. In a federation, the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.
B. India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the
Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.
C. Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
D. India is no longer a federation because some powers of the States have been devolved to the local
government bodies.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a. A, B and C
b. A, C and D
c. A and B only
d. B and C only
Answer. (c) A and B only
Chapter 3 – Gender, Religion and Caste

1. Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in
India.
Answer. The women in India are discriminated or disadvantaged in the following ways:
a. Literacy – The literacy rate for women is 65.46 per cent, against 82.14 per cent for men. This shows that
since independence, the gap between the ratio of men and women with respect to literacy still cannot be
filled.
b. Higher education – When you compare the percentage of boys and girls opting for higher studies after
school, it is lower for girls as they tend to drop out after schools. This is because parents do not wish to
spend their resources on a girl’s education, which is quite expected in boys’ cases.
c. Highly paid jobs – The percentage of women working in high-paying jobs is still smaller than that of men.
On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet, much of her
work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
d. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 states that equal wages should be paid for equal work. However, in
almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema to factories and fields, women are paid less than men,
even when both do exactly the same work.
e. Sex-ratio – Sex Ratio of India is 107.48, i.e., 107.48 males per 100 females in 2019.
2. State different forms of communal politics with one example each.
Answer. The different forms of communal politics are:
a. Communalism takes the form of religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and a belief in
the superiority of one’s religion over other religions. E.g., militant religious groups.
b. The quest for political dominance of one religion over another in a community. It takes a form of
majoritarianism. For example, rift between political parties based on religion.
c. Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. Example – During
elections, hate speeches come to the surface, revealing the communalism.
d. Communal violence is another form of communalism in politics. For example, riots on the basis of religious
sentiments.
3. State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.
Answer. According to the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), the following evidence reflects
the present caste inequalities in India:
a. The average economic status (measured by criteria like monthly consumption expenditure) of caste
groups still follows the old hierarchy – the ‘upper’ castes are best off, the Dalits and Adivasis are worse off,
and the backward classes are in between.
b. Although every caste has some poor members, the proportion living in extreme poverty (below the official
‘poverty line’) is much higher for the lowest castes and much lower for the upper castes, with the backward
classes once again in between.
4. State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Answer. The two reasons that say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India are as
follows:
a. In India, no parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every candidate and
party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.
b. No party wins the votes of all the voters of caste or community. When people say that caste is a ‘vote
bank’ of one party, it usually means that a large proportion of the voters from that caste vote for that party.
5. What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?

Answer. There are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local
bodies. Women’s organisations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least
one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women. A bill with this proposal has
been pending before the Parliament for more than a decade. But there is no consensus over this
issue among all the political parties. The bill has not been passed.
6. Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
Answer.
a. The fundamental right to the freedom of religion clearly states that one has a right to practise, profess and
propagate any religion.
b. Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of religion is one of the tenets of the constitution under the
fundamental right to equality.
7. When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to:
a. Biological differences between men and women

b. Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women
c. Unequal child sex ratio
d. Absence of voting rights for women in democracies
Answer. (b) Unequal roles assigned by society to men and women
8. In India, seats are reserved for women in
a. Lok Sabha
b. State legislative assemblies
c. Cabinets
d. Panchayati Raj bodies
Answer. (d) Panchayati Raj bodies
9. Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal

politics is based on the belief that:
A. One religion is superior to that of others.

B. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.
C. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
D. State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others. Which
of the statements is/are correct?
a. A, B, C, and D
b. A, B, and D
c. A and C
d. B and D
Answer. (c) A and C
10. Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong? It
a. prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

b. gives official status to one religion.
c. provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion.
d. ensures equality of citizens within religious communities.
Answer. (b) gives official status to one religion.
11. Social divisions based on _________ are peculiar to India.
Answer.
Social divisions based on caste are peculiar to India.
12. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the
Lists:
List I List II
1. A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men A. Communalist
2. A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community B. Feminist
3. A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community C. Secularist
4. A person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs D. Castiest
1 2 3 4
(a) B C A D
(b) B A D C
(c) D C A B
(d) C A B D
Answer.
(b) B A D C
Chapter 4 – Political Parties

1. State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.
Answer. The functions performed by the political parties are as follows:
a. They contest elections.

b. They introduce various policies and programmes for the people.
c. They play an important role in decision-making to legislate and execute.
d. These parties, when successful in elections, form and run the government.
e. These parties, if they lose, become the opposition parties and play the role of criticising the government.
f. The parties mould the public’s opinion on various issues. They can help them form an opinion and can
also influence them to alter their opinion.
g. These parties help the citizenry access the government’s policies and acts.
2. What are the various challenges faced by political parties?

Answer. There are some challenges that political parties have to face, and they are:
a. The lack of internal democracy – If there is a concentration of power in the hands of one or only a few
ministers in the party, it gives space to internal conflicts.
b. The dynastic succession – This has been in the political parties from time immemorial. The leader of the
party sets a lineage, and one after another, a dynastic succession keeps taking place, which affects the
chances of other ministers in the party to gauge an effective position in the party.
c. Money and muscle power – The participation of smaller regional parties is lesser due to the growing
prominence of muscle and money power. These powers can mostly be seen during the election period,
where parties’ rich candidates can gain more votes using both of these.
3. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well.
Answer. The various reforms that a political party can take are as follows:
a. A provision within a political party to tackle internal conflicts.

b. The 1/3rd representation in the party should be given to women candidates.
c. The parties should not promote candidates having criminal records.
d. State funding during elections should be promoted so that candidates coming from poor backgrounds
stand an equal chance to win.
4. What is a political party?
Answer. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold
power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for society, with a view to
promoting the collective good.
5. What are the characteristics of a political party?
Answer. The political party has the following characteristics:
a. They have members who share the same interests in policies and programmes.
b. They seek to introduce policies which are for the welfare of the citizens.
c. There are three components – leader, active members and followers.
6. A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government is called a _____________________.
Answer. A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government is called a political party.
7. Match List-I (organisations and struggles) with List-II and select the correct answer using
the codes given below the lists.
List-I List-II
1. Congress Party A. National Democratic Alliance
2. Bharatiya Janata Party B. State party
3. Communist Party of India (Marxist) C. United Progressive Alliance
4. Telugu Desam Party D. Left Front
1 2 3 4
(a) C A B D
(b) C D A B
(c) C A D B
(d) D C A B
Answer.
1 2 3 4
(c) C A D B
8. Who among the following is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party?
A. Kanshi Ram
B. Sahu Maharaj
C. B.R. Ambedkar
D. Jotiba Phule
Answer. A. Kanshi Ram
9. What is the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party?

A. Bahujan Samaj
B. Revolutionary democracy
C. Integral humanism
D. Modernity
Answer. C. Integral humanism
10. Consider the following statements on parties.
A. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the people.

B. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving top-party leaders.
C. Parties are not necessary to run governments.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
a. A, B, and C
b. A and B
c. B and C
d. A and C
Answer. (b) A and B
Chapter 5 – Outcomes of Democracy

1. How does democracy produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate government?
Answer. The government can be accountable by framing and developing various laws and policies
in which citizens can hold the government responsible if any of those policies and laws are not
implemented or are held against the welfare of the citizens.
The government can be responsible when people start taking action when the government becomes
insensitive about their aspirations. People can hold protests, carry out campaigns and organise
rallies and force the government to respond to them. A democratic government is a legitimate
government, as it is elected by citizens and enjoys the confidence and trust of the citizens.
2. What are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities?
Answer. Social diversities can be accommodated by focusing on all the communities of the society.
The majority and minority communities should be given equal attention. Democracy is not the rule of
the majority. In democratic countries, both the majority and minority work together to achieve
progress and development of the nation. It is equally important to understand that the rule of the
majority is not expressed in terms of religion or languages. Any person or group may become a
majority in a democracy.
3. Give arguments to support or oppose the following assertions:
a. Industrialised countries can afford democracy but the poor need dictatorship to become rich.
b. Democracy can’t reduce inequality of incomes between different citizens.
c. The government in poor countries should spend less on poverty reduction, health, education and
spend more on industries and infrastructure.
d. In a democracy, all citizens have one vote, which means that there is an absence of any
domination and conflict.
Answer.
a. Industrialised countries can afford democracy, but the poor need dictatorship to become rich – There is no
relationship between democracy and the wealth of the nation. The economic development of the nation is
dependent upon the resources, the policies and the openness of the government to attract investment. If
the dictatorship could have brought wealth in the nation, countries like Nigeria would be having all rich
people, which is not the case in reality.
b. Yes, democracy cannot reduce income inequality as there are sectional communities which have different
professions. Income equality is not a value of democracy as democracy brings social and political equality.
People have the right to vote and can access fundamental rights, but income is self-generated, and that
depends on their ability to work.
c. The statement is untrue. For any country to be developed, the focus should be on human resources. The
country is made up of its people, and if the citizens are uneducated, ill and under-sufficient, the country
cannot grow. The human development report in itself judges the development of the country by the
education and health of the citizen along with the income. Hence, it is important for a country to invest in
health and education infrastructure.
d. The statement is partly true. Yes, democracy offers one vote to each of its citizens. However, it is not a
fool-proof system that does not invite any conflicts. Take the example of India, which has a diverse
diaspora. The social divisions in the society are reflected in the form of riots, protests and strikes. Hence,
no democracy can eliminate social divisions.
4. Identify the challenges to democracy in the following descriptions. Also, suggest

policy/institutional mechanism to deepen democracy in the given situations:
a) Following a High Court directive, a temple in Orissa that had separate entry doors for
Dalits and non-Dalits allowed entry for all from the same door.
Answer: The biggest challenge to democracy, in this case, is if such practices continue in the
country, there is a threat that discrimination based on caste, colour and creed cannot be eliminated.
If people indulge in such practices, legal action can be taken against them. The Constitution clearly
states that discrimination of any kind will be considered a crime and a big threat to the peace of the
country. In such cases, serious actions must be taken against the people so that the communal
harmony of the country does not gets disturbed.
b) A large number of farmers are committing suicide in different states of India.
Answer: A large number of farmers are committing suicides in different states of India because of
the economic inequality in the country. Farmers in villages grow crops on a small piece of land, and
if the weather conditions do not stay stable, the farmer has to suffer serious loss. He is further
unable to repay the loan taken from the moneylender or the bank and gets overburdened by the
loan. These cases have increased in the country over the past few years, and the poor farmers take
such severe steps like committing suicide. The government should provide these farmers with
cheap fertilizers and seeds and provide them with better irrigation methods.
c) Following allegation of killing of three civilians in Gandwara in a fake encounter by Jammu
and Kashmir police, an enquiry has been ordered.
Answer: Allegations of killing three civilians in Gandwara by the Jammu and Kashmir police in a
fake encounter raises questions on the police force of the state. The challenge here is to control the
power of the police and other authoritative officials.
5. In the context of democracies, which of the following ideas is correct – democracies have
successfully eliminated?
A. conflicts among people

B. economic inequalities among people
C. differences of opinion about how marginalised sections are to be treated
D. the idea of political inequality
Answer. D. the idea of political inequality
6. In the context of assessing democracy which among the following is odd one out?
Democracies need to ensure:
A. free and fair elections

B. the dignity of the individual
C. majority rule
D. equal treatment before the law
Answer. C. Majority rule
7. Studies on political and social inequalities in democracy show that
A. democracy and development go together.

B. inequalities exist in democracies.
C. inequalities do not exist under a dictatorship.
D. dictatorship is better than democracy.
Answer. B. inequalities exist in democracies.
----
Economics
Chapter 1 -Development
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by
a. its per capita income

b. its average literacy level
c. health status of its people
d. all of the above
Answer: d. all of the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human
development than India?
a. Bangladesh
b. Sri Lanka
c. Nepal
d. Pakistan
Answer: b. Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these
families is Rs. 5000. If the income of three families is Rs. 4,000, Rs. 7,000 and Rs. 3,000,
respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
a. Rs. 7,500
b. Rs. 3,000
c. Rs. 2,000
d. Rs. 6,000
Answer: d. Rs. 6,000
(4000+7000+3000+x) ÷ 4 = 5000
14000+x = 5000 × 4
x = 20000-14000
x = 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What
are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer: World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different countries. The per capita
income is calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country. For
the year 2017, the countries with a per capita income of US $12,056 per annum were declared rich
countries, and the countries with a per capita income of US $ 955 or less are called low-income
countries.
The limitations of the criterion are
1. Other important factors, including literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and healthcare, are ignored while
classifying the countries.
2. Information about the unequal distribution of income is not mentioned by the World Bank
3. The economy of the country cannot determine the development of the country.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different
from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World Bank because
UNDP compares countries based on the educational level of the people, their health status and per
capita income. This is in contrast with the method used by the World Bank because it only
calculates the per capita income for measuring development.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own
examples related to development.
Answer: Different countries have different populations, so calculating the average helps in getting
an estimated answer which can be used to compare different things at different levels. There are
limitations in calculating averages because we cannot know the difference in the income of the
people and the unfair distribution of income in a country or state.
For example, if we calculate the per capita income of two countries, A and B, with 5 people each,
the salary of five people in country A is Rs.23,000, Rs.22,000, Rs.23,500, Rs.28,000 and
Rs.25,000, and the income of people living in country B is Rs.1,50,000, Rs. 22,000, Rs.50,000,
Rs.4,000, Rs.2,500. The average income of country A will be Rs.24,300, and that of country B will
be Rs.45,700. This proves that the average of country B is higher than that of country A, and yet
there is a disparity in the income distribution between country B, and the income is evenly
distributed in country A.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than
Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to
compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer: Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than
Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to
compare states. This is true because the literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc.,
are better in Kerala in comparison to Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by
calculating the average income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be
the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer: The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum,
crude oil and natural gas. The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using solar energy and
wind energy as sources of various energy forms. This is because the current usage of energy
sources may result in the loss of natural resources for future generations.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer: Sustainable development refers to using natural resources in a manner that they can be
used by the present and future generations. The issue of sustainability is important for development
because if natural resources are not used carefully, they may not be available for future
generations. The depletion of resources of a country may ultimately result in a lack of development
of the country.
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the
greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of
development? Discuss.
Answer: Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country but is also dependent
on resources that are available for the people of a country to use. The statement, “The Earth has
enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”,
is completely relevant in terms of the development of a country because natural resources are non-
renewable resources. It is the responsibility of the people to use them to meet their needs and not to
satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used wisely now, future generations may not be able
to use them for their needs, which will result in the downfall of the development of a country.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around
you.
Answer: A few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe around us are
1. Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles

2. Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water bodies
3. Deforestation
4. Mining
5. Soil erosion
The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming, the melting of glaciers,
and worsening atmospheric conditions.
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is
at the bottom.
Answer: As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all four categories. It has the highest Gross National
Income, Life Expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above and HDI
rank in the world. Nepal has the lowest Gross National Income among the given countries. Pakistan
has the least Life Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world among the given
countries. The mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above are the lowest for Myanmar
and Nepal.
13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is
below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year
2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
State Male Female
Kerala 8.5 10
17 21
Karnataka
28 28
Madhya Pradesh
All States 20 23
a. Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
Answer: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional level of people in
Madhya Pradesh.
a. Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is
argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer: One-fifth of the population in the country is undernourished even though it is argued that
there is enough food in the country because of the following reasons:
1. The disparity in the distribution of food grains by the Public Distribution System (PDS).
2. Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
3. Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of which people cannot afford the
basic necessity of food.
4. There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed-price stores.
Chapter 2 – Sectors of the Indian Economy

1. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
a. Employment in the service sector _________ increased to the same extent as production. (has /
has not)
b. Workers in the _________ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
c. Most of the workers in the _________ sector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised)
d. A _________ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
e. Cotton is a _________ product and cloth is a _________ product. [natural /manufactured]
f. The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are_________ [independent /
interdependent]
Answer a: has not

Answer b: tertiary
Answer c: organised
Answer d: large
Answer e: natural and manufactured
Answer f: interdependent
2. Choose the most appropriate answer.
a. The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
1. employment conditions
2. the nature of economic activity
3. ownership of enterprises
4. number of workers employed in the enterprise
Answer: 3. ownership of enterprises
b. Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in
_________ sector.
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. information technology
Answer: 1. primary
c. GDP is the total value of _________ produced during a particular year.
1. all goods and services

2. all final goods and services
3. all intermediate goods and services
4. all intermediate and final goods and services
Answer: 2. all final goods and services

d. In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between _________ per cent.
1. 20 to 30
2. 30 to 40
3. 50 to 60
4. 60 to 70
Answer: 3. 50 to 60
3. Match the following:
Problems faced by farming sector Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land (a) Setting up agro-based mills
2. Low prices for crops (b) Cooperative marketing societies
3. Debt burden (c) Procurement of food grains by

government
4. No job in the off season (d) Construction of canals by the

government
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon (e) Banks to provide credit with low
after harvest interest
Answer:
Problems faced by farming sector Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land (d) Construction of canals by the

government
2. Low prices for crops (c) Procurement of food grains by

government
3. Debt burden (e) Banks to provide credit with low
interest
4. No job in the off season (a) Setting up agro-based mills
5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after (b) Cooperative marketing societies
harvest
4. Find the odd one out and say why.

(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
Answer: Tourist Guide is the odd one out because he or she is appointed by the Government
Department but tailor, dhobi and potter own their private work.
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
Answer: The Vegetable vendor is the odd one out because he works in the primary sector, while
jobs of teacher, lawyer and doctor come under the tertiary sector.
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
Answer: Cobbler is the odd one out because he works in the private sector while the postman,
soldier and police constable work for the public sector or the organised sector.
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio
Answer: Jet Airways is the odd one out because it is owned by a private company and MTNL,
Indian Railways, Air India and All India Radio are owned by the Government of India
5. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the
following.
Place of Work Nature of Percentage of working

Employment People
In offices and factories registered with the Organised 15

government
Own shops, office, clinics in 15

marketplaces with formal license
People working on the street, 20

construction workers, domestic workers
Working in small workshops

usually not registered with the government
Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?
Answer:
Place of Work Nature of Percentage of working

Employment People
In offices and factories registered with the government Organised 15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal Organised 15

license
People working on the street, construction workers, Unorganised 20
domestic workers
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the Unorganised 50

government
The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector are 70% (50+20)
6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary
is useful? Explain how.
Answer: The classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful, as it
helps to classify the different occupations that are taken up by the people in the country and how
much each sector contributes to the growth of the country. It is also important because it helps in
asserting that which sector contributes the most in the GDP and which sector has the scope to
employ more people and increase the National Income.
7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on
employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer: Employment and GDP are two of the most important factors in the development of a
country. Employment and GDP are used to calculate the overall productivity and National income of
a country. If a country has a high employment rate, its GDP, National Income and per capita income
will automatically increase. Hence, these are the two things which have been given major emphasis
in this chapter. Other issues which should be examined are as follows:
1. Health care facilities

2. Education
3. Poverty
4. Food Production
5. Nourishment
8. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In
what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.
Answer: The activities performed by human beings for a living are classified into three sectors:
primary, secondary and tertiary. When we see people around us, we can classify their employment
sector in either of the three classifications. Activities like cleaning, agriculture, selling vegetables are
examples of the primary sector. Manufacturing of goods is an example of the secondary sector.
Teaching, mining, banking, transportation are all examples of the tertiary sector.
9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer: The are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors are
called tertiary activities. These activities are different from the primary and secondary sector
activities. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for
the production process. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector
would need to be transported by trucks or trains and then sold in wholesale and retail shops. These
transportation facilities and shopkeepers come under the tertiary sector. They do not produce goods
but play a very important role in selling and bringing those goods to the market.
10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each
from the urban and rural areas.
Answer: The situation of underemployment, where people are apparently working but all of them
are made to work less than their potential is called disguised unemployment. In this case, the
person considers himself employed but is actually not working. In rural areas, where agriculture is
the main source of income, this kind of unemployment can be seen often. If a piece of land requires
only three people to work on it and instead five people are working on it, then the two extra people
are said to be in a situation of disguised unemployment. In urban areas, disguised unemployment is
seen when painters, plumbers, electricians are unable to find work on a daily basis and work way
less than their potential.
11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer: Open unemployment is when a person is willing to work, is educated but is unable to get a
job and work. This kind of unemployment is visible. On the other hand, disguised unemployment is
when a person is apparently working but is made to work less than his or her potential. This kind of
employment is quite evident in villages where people working in farms consider themselves
employed but are actually working less than their potential.
12.“Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.”
Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: No, this is not correct. The tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of
the Indian Economy. In the year 2003, the tertiary sector replaced the primary sector as the most
producing sector in the country. A few reasons to support this are given below:
1. The primary and secondary sectors can only flourish if the tertiary sector is there to support them.
2. The tertiary sector adds up a lot to the National income of the country.
3. Education, which is the basis of everything, comes under the tertiary sector. A person working as a
teacher comes under the tertiary sector.
4. This sector provides the maximum employment opportunities to the people in the country.
13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer: Service sector in India employs two different types of people. These people are:
1. Highly Skilled labour, which includes teachers, bankers, IT officials, etc. These people are permanently
employed.
2. Less Skilled Labour, which includes vendors, electricians, plumbers, etc. These people are not
permanently employed.
14. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give
reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units, which are largely
outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.
Jobs here are low paid and not regular. Hence, it is correct to say that workers are exploited in the
unorganised sector because more work is taken from them in comparison to what they are paid.
They have no provisions for extra pay for overtime and no medical benefits. The biggest problem in
working in this sector is that there is no job security.
15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer: On the basis of the employment conditions, the economy can be classified into two
sectors:
1. Organised Sector: Enterprises registered under the Government of India, who have an employee-friendly
environment and are provided with various facilities including high wages.
2. Unorganised Sector: Small and scattered units which are temporary. The employees in this sector are paid
less.
16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised
sectors.
Answer: In the organised sector, the employees are given higher wages, medical facilities, a
healthy working environment and their jobs are permanent. They are not liable to look for a new
source of income each day. In the unorganised sector, the wages are low, the employees are
exploited, no extra income for extra time is given, no medical facilities are provided and the work
environment is unhealthy.
17. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer: The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was introduced with an aim to
ensure guaranteed 100 days of employment in a year to all those who are in need of work. It also
states that in the case of employment not being provided under this act, employment wages will be
given to those left unemployed. Additional employment opportunities need to be created for people
in villages and smaller towns.
18. Using examples from your area, compare and contrast the activities and functions of
private and public sectors.
Answer: In the private sector, the assets and industries are owned by individuals and in the public
sector, industries and enterprises are owned by the Government. Private sector works to earn
profits and the public sector works to provide facilities to the public and to earn profits. The common
examples of the public sector that we can see around us are Government Banks, Post Offices,
municipal hospitals and Indian railways. The common examples of the private sector that we can
see around us are IT companies, malls and multiplexes, etc.
19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.
Well-Managed Organisation Badly-Managed Organisation
Public Sector
Private Sector
Answer: Students must answer this question based on their own observations.
20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has
taken them up.
Answer: The public sector activities are set for the betterment of the public itself. The reason the
government has taken up the public sector is so that proper facilities can be provided to the people
of the country. Banks, transport, irrigation, electricity, water and all the basic things that are
necessary for people, come under the public sector. Providing these facilities to its citizens is the
responsibility of the Government.
21. Explain how the public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer: The public sector is the sector that comes under the government of India. The reason for
the government to take responsibility for this sector is because the basic necessities of people
including water, electricity, irrigation, all fall under this category. If these departments are left
unattended, it will result in the downfall of the economy of a country because the growth of the
country would stop. The economic development of a country depends upon the development of the
people and if people are deprived of the basic necessities, the country’s economic development
would be affected. Government encourages small and large industries to flourish and provides
employment under this section.
22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues : wages,
safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer: The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units, which are largely
outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these are not followed.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection:
Wages: The income of workers in the unorganised sector is not fixed and they are barely able to
meet the needs to lead a decent livelihood. Hence proper and fixed wages should be given to these
workers so that they can grow and contribute to the growth of the country. For example – a painter
only gets paid the wages for the days he works and on the other days, he is jobless and is able to
earn nothing.
Safety: No safety is provided to the workers working in the unorganised sector. There is no job
security and anyone can be fired and removed from their work as per the requirement of the
labourers. For example – A labour working in the construction of a building is left with no work once
the construction is complete and has no guarantee of getting work again.
Health: Health is a very important factor for the growth and development of the country. The
unorganised sector is given no medical security and if any accident occurs while they are working,
the employer is not responsible for their health. For example – there is no sick leave for labourers
working on daily wages.
23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked
in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000
million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data
as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the
city?
Answer:
Total Workers in Total Income of Income generated by Income generated by

Workers Unorganised Sector City (1997-1998) organised sector unorganised sector
15,00,000 11,00,000 60,000 million 32,000 million 28,000 million
The table clearly shows that the income generated in unorganised sector is close to 50% of the total
income of Ahmedabad. In order to increase employment opportunities for the people more
industries should be set up, proper education must be provided to all and proper facilities under the
public sector must be provided to all.
24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:
Year Primary Secondary Tertiary
2000 52,000 48,500 1,33,500
2013 8,00,500 10,74,000 38,68,000
(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?
Answer:
(i) In 2000, primary sector = 22.22%, secondary sector = 20.73%, tertiary sector = 57.04% And In
2013, primary sector = 13.94%, secondary sector = 18.70%, tertiary sector = 67.36% (ii)
(iii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has increased by
10%, while that of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown by about
2% in the last 13 years.
Chapter 3 – Money and Credit

1. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower.
Explain.
Answer: In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Credit
involves a certain amount of loan that is taken by a borrower from a lender at a high-interest rate. In
case there is a failure, and the borrower faces loss, then they further fall into the trap of credit. This
is known as a debt trap. The borrower has to repay the credit along with interest applied by the
lender, and they further fall into the trap of credit, increasing the problems for the borrower. The
borrower also has to sell a part of their land to repay the loan.
2. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an
example of your own.
Answer: ‘Double coincidence of wants’ is when whatever a person desires to sell is exactly what
the other wishes to buy. In a barter system, where goods are directly exchanged without the use of
money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. Money solved the problem of double
coincidence of wants because, after the introduction of money, people could use money as an
intermediate to buy or sell things, and no specific buyer or seller was required to exchange
products. For example, a trader wishes to sell 10 sacks full of rice and expects to get it in exchange
for five sacks of cereal. Finding a suitable buyer to sell the sacks of rice in exchange for cereals
would be very tough. However, the money will solve this problem, and the trader can sell the sacks
of rice to someone who needs it and, in return, buy cereals from the money they get from the buyer
of rice.
3. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need
money?
Answer: Banks mediate between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are
in need of funds (the borrowers) by lending money to people who are in need. People can open
accounts in banks, and banks make use of that money to fulfil the loan requirements of the people.
A higher interest rate is charged for the borrower, and that profit is given to the depositor as interest
for offering deposits.
4. Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
Answer: “Reserve Bank of India” and “Guaranteed by the Central Government” is written on the top
of a 10 rupee note. Currency in India is issued by the central bank of the country; in the case of
India, the Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of the country. The currency is issued on behalf
of the Central Government, and these two are the only authorities which are responsible for issuing
currency in India.
5. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer: Formal sources of credit are the Government authorised organisations that are eligible to
lend money to people. It is important to expand formal sources of credit in India because the
informal sources are not registered and lend money to people at very high-interest rates, which is
unfair and must not be practised. If formal sources of credit are increased, people will be able to
borrow money at lesser interest rates and will not be liable to do any extra work for the borrower.
Especially in India, if formal sources of credit are increased, people will be able to take loans and
use them for the development of the country.
6. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer: The Self Help Groups (SHGs) have been set up in India with an aim to help the rural poor,
especially women. A typical Self Help Group comprises 15-20 people from the same neighbourhood
who save some money from their daily wages and collect them together. People can borrow money
from these groups during an emergency or when they are in need. They charge a minimum rate of
interest from the borrowers. Once the SHG has managed to save a defined amount of money, they
are also eligible to take loans from banks. The main purpose of introducing these Self Help Groups
was to increase small-scale employment opportunities for the rural people so that they could start
small businesses to earn a livelihood.
7. What are the reasons why banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Answer: The reasons why banks might not be willing to lend money to certain borrowers are given
below:
1. Some people fail to provide the required set of documents to get a loan.
2. Irregular wages and no fixed job is also one reason because it increases the chances of non-repayment of
loans.
3. Certain borrowers are added to the list of NPAs.
4. There is a high risk in approving loans to entrepreneurs.
8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks? Why is
this necessary?
Answer: The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of India, and all the other public sector
banks work under the supervision of the Reserve Bank of India. It manages the functioning of the
banks in the following ways:
1. It monitors the bank in maintaining the cash balance.

2. Loans are not just given to profit-making organisations but also to small cultivators and small-scale
industries.
3. RBI maintains a periodic report of other banks regarding the amount loaned to people.
4. It also keeps a regular check on the interest rates set for loans in public sector banks.
9. Analyse the role of credit for development.
Answer: Credit is one of the major aspects of the development of a country. Affordable credit plays
a very important role in the country’s development. People need loans for different reasons, and to
meet this requirement, credit is very important. In India, a major part of the population is engaged in
agricultural activities; credit plays a very crucial role in agricultural activities. People can borrow
money and use modern farming methods to grow crops which are more reliable than the traditional
methods of growing crops. Apart from this, there are small-scale industries, businesses and various
other sectors where credit can help people and ultimately result in the development of the country.
10. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether
to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Answer: Manav wants to set up a small business. He needs to keep the below-mentioned things in
mind while deciding whether to borrow money from a bank or money lender:
1. He needs to compare the interest rate charged by both the bank and the moneylender. Whoever charges
less should be his option.
2. He needs to analyse whether he has all the eligible documents required by the banks to get his loan
approved.
3. How he wishes to repay the lender.
11. In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers who need credit for cultivation.
a. Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?

Answer: Banks might be unwilling to lend money to small farmers because there are high risks. If
the harvest gets ruined, there is a possibility that they might not be able to receive the instalments
on time. Also, proper documentation is required to get a loan from the bank, which might not be
available to small-scale farmers.
b. What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow?
Answer: Small farmers can move to informal sources of credit if they are not borrowing money from
a bank. These informal sources of credit include moneylenders, agricultural traders, etc.
c. Explain with an example of how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small
farmer.
Answer: When a small-scale farmer borrows money from a bank, they have to repay the amount at
a fixed rate of interest. For example, if a farmer borrows money from the bank and, during the
harvest season, their crops are ruined, then they shall not be able to repay the amount loaned to
them by the bank and will further fall into the debt trap.
d. Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Answer: Small farmers can get cheap credit from formal sources of credit like banks.
12. Fill in the blanks:
a. Majority of the credit needs of the _________________households are met from informal sources.
b. ___________________costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden.
c. __________________ issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government.
d. Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on __________.
e. _______________ is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to
the lender.
Answer a: Poor
Answer b: High
Answer c: Reserve Bank of India
Answer d: Deposits
Answer e: Collateral
13. Choose the most appropriate answer.
1.
1. In an SHG, most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by
a. Bank
b. Members
c. Non-government organisation
Answer: b. Members
2.
2. Formal sources of credit do not include
a. Banks
b. Cooperatives
c. Employers
Answer: c. Employers
Chapter 4 – Globalisation and the Indian Economy
1. What do you understand by globalisation? Explain in your own words.
Answer: Globalisation is defined as the integration between countries through foreign trade and
foreign investments by multinational corporations (MNCs). An increase in foreign trade, migration of
people from one country to another, the flow of capital finance from one country to another and
private and public investments from foreign countries all together contribute to globalisation.
2. What were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the
Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?
Answer: The main reason for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian
government was to protect the producers and small industrialists of our country from foreign
competition.
But later, it was accepted by the government that foreign competition would encourage Indian
industrialists to improve the quality of their products, and that removing these barriers would
increase trade and the quality of products produced in the country.
3. How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?
Answer: Flexibility in labour law helps companies because it helps to attract foreign investments.
Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly for short periods when
there is intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.
However, still not satisfied, foreign companies are demanding more flexibility in labour laws. The
competition in the market is increasing each day, and if the Government does not allow flexibility
with these laws, foreign companies will not be able to reach their desired profit levels.
4. What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control, production in other
countries?
Answer: MNCs set up and control production by investing a huge amount of money in a country’s
economy. It sets up production units close to the market so that they get cheaper labour. To
increase production, MNCs collaborate with some local companies as the production rate would
rapidly increase. In most cases, the MNCs buy local companies and expand their production. The
other way in which they control production is by placing orders for production with small and local
producers. They help production using technology and heavy machinery, which makes the work
more efficient and productive.
5. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and
investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?
Answer: Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment
because MNCs can set up industries in small and developing nations, which are less expensive and
can earn them more profit. The labour cost and manufacturing costs decrease, and this decrease in
cost results in an increase in profit. Also, setting up factories and industries in developed countries
increases competition. The developing countries should, in turn, ask for a fair removal of trade
barriers in order to protect their own industries.
6. “The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
Answer: The impact of globalisation has not been uniform because only developed countries have
gained profits due to globalisation. The developing countries are only a source of setting industries
and getting cheaper labour, and the entire profits are earned by the developed countries. Small
industries and companies in developing countries have constantly been facing challenges in terms
of earning profits and bringing their goods to the market.
7. How has liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Answer: The liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process
because it has helped remove trade barriers. It has made foreign trade and investment easier. The
choices of the buyers have also expanded, as now they get to choose products manufactured by
not only domestic companies but also foreign companies. Competition among traders has resulted
in the lower price of products. Liberalisation has spread globalisation as the decision-making power
of export and import now lies with the businessmen themselves.
8. How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across countries? Explain with an
example other than those given here.
Answer: Foreign trade has led to the integration of markets across countries. Because of foreign
trade, the producers are now able to compete and export their goods to the markets of other
countries. Opportunities are provided not just for the seller but also for the buyer to get goods
outside their own country. Their choices have expanded as now they get to choose products
manufactured by not only domestic companies but also foreign companies.
The price of these goods has decreased because of the competition in the market. Producers from
different countries are now able to compete not just with the competitors in their own country but
with those across the world. The Indian market today is not flooded with goods made in India but
goods from all across the world at affordable prices.
9. Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world would be like
twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer: Globalisation will continue in the future as well. Twenty years from now, the production of
goods will be more efficient, competition in the market will increase, advancement in every field will
be evident, and the quality and quantity of goods produced will also increase. Small industries and
entrepreneurs will increase as more opportunities are provided to them.
10. Supposing you find two people arguing: One is saying globalisation has hurt our
country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop. How
would you respond to these arguments?
Answer: Globalisation has various advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of increased
globalisation include improved trade opportunities and an increase in the number of employed
because of large-scale industries. The profit market has increased, and imports and exports have
increased in the nation’s economy. People can buy goods that are made across the world at lower
prices.
The disadvantages of globalisation include a disproportionate increase in the income of the rich and
a corresponding decrease in the income of the poor because the small-scale local industrialists are
unable to earn much profit. Thereby increasing income inequality.
11. Fill in the blanks.
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely
associated with the process of ______________. Markets in India are selling goods produced
in many other countries. This means there is increasing ______________ with other
countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be
produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are investing in India because _____________
___________________________________________ . While consumers have more choices in
the market, the effect of rising _______________ and ______________has meant greater
_________________among the producers.
Answer: Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is
closely associated with the process of globalisation. Markets in India are selling goods produced in
many other countries. This means there is increasing trade with other countries. Moreover, the
rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are
investing in India Because of the cheaper production costs. While consumers have more choices
in the market, the effect of rising demand and purchasing power has meant
greater competition among the producers.
(i) MNCs buy at cheap rates from small (a) Automobiles producers
(ii) Quotas and taxes on imports are used to regulate trade items (b) Garments, footwear, sports
(iii) Indian companies who have invested abroad (c) Call centres
(iv) IT has helped in spreading of production of services (d) Tata Motors, Infosys,
Ranbaxy
(v) Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for (e) Trade barriers
production
Answer:
(i) MNCs buy at cheap rates from small producers (b) Garments, footwear, sports
items
(ii) Quotas and taxes on imports are used to regulate trade (e) Trade barriers
(iii) Indian companies who have invested abroad (d) Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy
(iv) IT has helped in spreading of production of services (c) Call centres
(v) Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for (a) Automobiles producers
production
13. Choose the most appropriate option.
1. The past two decades of globalisation have seen rapid movements in
a. goods, services and people between countries.

b. goods, services and investments between countries.
c. goods, investments and people between countries.
Answer: c. goods, services and investments between countries
2. The most common route for investments by MNCs in countries around the world is to
a. set up new factories.
b. buy existing local companies.
c. form partnerships with local companies.
Answer: c. buy existing local companies
3. Globalisation has led to improvement in living conditions
a. of all the people

b. of people in developed countries
c. of workers in the developing countries
d. none of the above
Answer: d. none of the above
Chapter 5 – Consumer Rights

1. Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer: Rules and regulations are required in the marketplace for the protection of the consumer.
Buyers can be misled by the seller, and in case of any complaint against the shopkeeper, the blame
is put on the buyer. The sellers tend to hold no responsibility for the goods once sold. Hence, to
protect consumers from such incidents, rules and regulations are required in the marketplace. For
example, if a person buys a product and checks the expiry date after paying for the product, the
shopkeeper must restore the expired product. If no rules were maintained, then the shopkeeper
might refuse to compensate for the product.
2. What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution.
Answer: The consumer movement arose out of the dissatisfaction of the consumers. The factors
that gave birth to the consumer movement in India are as follows:
1. There was no legal system available to consumers to protect them from exploitation in the marketplace.
2. It was started because of the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against
unethical and unfair trade practices.
3. Rampant food shortages.
4. Black marketing.
5. Adulteration of food and edible oil.
Till the mid-1970s, consumer organisations were busy writing articles and holding exhibitions to
arouse consciousness among consumers. There has been an upsurge in the number of consumer
groups since the 1980s. Currently, there are about 700 consumer organisations in India working in
the field of consumer protection. Greater awareness among the consumers about their rights also
led to a gradual transition from a predominantly sellers’ market to a buyers’ market.
These movements have also influenced the government to work for the protection of the consumer,
and the Consumer Protection Act was passed in 1986 to safeguard the interest of the consumers.
3. Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples.
Answer: The consumer must be conscious while buying or trading anything in the market so that
they are not being cheated or exploited in the marketplace and charged wrongly for the goods.
For example, a person must always check the expiry and manufacturing date of the product before
paying for it and must complain about the shopkeeper in the consumer forum if any expired product
is found in the shop.
Another example that proves that consumer consciousness is that a consumer must always ask for
a computerised bill for the goods they buy. This is because if a consumer has been provided with
the wrong product, the consumer forum demands a bill that acts as proof that the product given by
the shopkeeper is wrong.
4. Mention a few factors which cause the exploitation of consumers.
Answer: A few factors that cause the exploitation of consumers are as follows:
1. The most important factor is the lack of awareness. People do not ask for proper bills while buying
products, which ultimately results in the exploitation of the consumer if the product bought is defective.
2. There is no proper monitoring of rules and regulations.
3. Consumer ignores small losses and does not complain about them, which makes the seller more ignorant.
4. Lack of consumer consciousness. A consumer must always check the MRP, expiry date and
manufacturing date and then buy a product.
5. What is the rationale behind the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986?
Answer: The rationale behind the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1986 was to set up a
department solely responsible for handling the complaints raised by the consumer and a separate
department for the Central and state governments. Its main aim was to address the problems of
consumers who reach the consumer courts for exploitation in the marketplace.
6. Describe some of your duties as consumers if you visit a shopping complex in your
locality.
Answer: Some of our duties as consumers are given below:
1. Always ask for a proper bill.

2. Check the MRP and do not pay more than the market price.
3. Check the expiry and manufacture date before buying any good from the market.
4. If you see any rule or regulation under the marketplace laws being exploited, immediately report the
consumer courts.
5. Do not leave a small amount of disparity unattended. This may make the shopkeeper liable to continue the
disparity for the other consumers as well.
7. Suppose you buy a bottle of honey and a biscuit packet. Which logo or mark you will have
to look for and why?
Answer: If you buy a bottle of honey or a packet of biscuits, look for the Agmark and the ISI mark
before buying them. It is because these symbols specify that the products have been made by
Government authorised companies.
8. What legal measures were taken by the government to empower consumers in India?
Answer: The legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers are as mentioned
below.
1. The Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) was passed by the Government for the security of consumers and
to prevent them from exploitation at the market level.
2. The Right to Information Act was passed in the year 2005 so that the people of the country could be made
aware of the functioning of the Government.
3. A consumer court was set up for people where cases against any disparity with the consumer were raised.
9. Mention some of the rights of consumers and write a few sentences on each.
Answer: A few rights of the consumers include:
1. Right to Information – The RTI Act was passed in 2005 with the aim of making every citizen of the country
aware of the functioning of the Government.
2. Right to Choose – Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender
and nature of service, has the right to choose whether to continue to receive the service. No customer can
be denied the right to choose what they want to buy.
3. Right to Seek Redressal – Consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and
exploitation. If any damage is done to a consumer, they have the right to get compensation depending on
the degree of damage.
4. Right to Represent – This act gives the right of the consumer to present before the consumer court and
present their case of disparity in the form of law.
10. By what means can the consumers express their solidarity?

Answer: Consumers can express their solidarity by organising themselves in small groups that can
fight against exploitative trade policies. Such groups get financial aid from the government to fight
the case against the shopkeeper.
11. Critically examine the progress of the consumer movement in India.
Answer: The consumer movement in India has progressed rapidly over the past few years. The
consumer rights that have been passed by the Government of the country have managed the
people to become more aware and fight for their rights in the consumer courts. The Consumer
Protection Act (COPRA) passed by the government made it easier for people to complain about any
wrong practice performed by the shopkeeper or seller of the product. The public has become more
aware, and proper actions are taken against any ill practice in the marketplace.
(i) Availing details of ingredients of a (a) Right to safety

product
(ii) Agmark (b) Dealing with consumer cases
(iii) Accident due to faulty engine in a (c) Certification of edible oil and cereals
scooter
(iv) District Consumer Court (d) Agency that develops standards for goods and
services
(v) Consumers International (e) Right to information
(vi) Bureau of Indian Standards (f) Global-level institution of consumer welfare

organisations
Answer:
(i) Availing details of ingredients of a (e) Right to information

product
(ii) Agmark (c) Certification of edible oil and cereals
(iii) Accident due to faulty engine in a (a) Right to safety

scooter
(iv) District Consumer Court (b) Dealing with consumer cases
(v) Consumers International (f) Global-level institution of consumer welfare organisations
(vi) Bureau of Indian Standards (d) The agency that develops standards for goods and
services
13. Say True or False.
(i) COPRA applies only to goods.

Answer: False
(ii) India is one of the many countries in the world which has exclusive courts for consumer
redressal.
Answer: True
(iii) When a consumer feels that he has been exploited, he must file a case in the District
Consumer Court.
Answer: True
(iv) It is worthwhile to move to consumer courts only if the damages incurred are of high
value.
Answer: True
(v) Hallmark is the certification maintained for the standardisation of jewellery.
Answer: True
(vi) The consumer redressal process is very simple and quick.
Answer: False
(vii) A consumer has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of the damage.
Answer: True
*****

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CBSE Notes

(i) Which one of the following types of resource is iron ore?

(iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?

(v) In which of the following states is black soil predominantly found?

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

1. It is very fertile and, therefore, good for the cultivation of crops

1. These are resources that are obtained from the biosphere

1. These resources are composed of non-living things

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

1. Large-scale production led to over utilisation of resources.

Chapter 2 – Forest and Wildlife Resources

Animals/Plants Category of existence

Black Buck Extinct

Asiatic Elephant Rare

Andaman wild pig Endangered

Himalayan Brown Bear Vulnerable

Pink Head Duck Endemic

Animals/Plants Category of existence

Black Buck Endangered

Asiatic Elephant Vulnerable

Andaman wild pig Endemic

Himalayan Brown Bear Rare

Pink Head Duck Extinct

3. Match the following.

Unclassed Forest lands are protected from any further depletion

Protected Forest lands are protected from any further depletion

(i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?

Contribution of biodiversity in human lives

1. Agriculture – A variety of plant species meet our needs for food.

5. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

Chapter 3 – Water Resources

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

1. The natural flow of water is affected

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

Water harvesting system is a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In

Answer: Plantation agriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Rice (b) Millets (c) Gram (d) Cotton

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

(a) Pulses (b) Millets (c) Jawar (d) Sesamum

2. Answer the following questions in 30 words.

Answer: One important beverage crop is tea.

Various institutional reform programmes introduced by the Government are as follows:

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

Answer: The Government of India embarked on a mission to introduce agricultural reforms to

(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

(a) Coal (b) Bauxite (c ) Gold (d) Zinc

Solution: (b) Bauxite

(a) Bauxite (b) Mica (c ) Iron Ore (d) Copper

Solution: (b) Mica

(a) Sedimentary Rocks (b) Metamorphic Rocks

(c ) Igneous Rocks (d) None of the above

Solution: (a) Sedimentary Rocks

(a) Oil (b) Uranium (c ) Thorium (d) Coal

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words.

a. Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?