KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY 1

MODULE 1

BASIC CONCEPT OF FORESTRY

Welcome to our module. The module contains instructional materials and activities
that you should complete.

You must complete each module's learning outcomes through a series of learning
activities. Do the activities on your own. Answer the post-evaluation at the end of the
learning activity.

Don’t hesitate to ask your instructor for assistance if you have questions.

COURSE : INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY

MODULE TITLE : BASIC CONCEPT OF FORESTRY

SUGGESTED DURATION : 4 Hours

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

The final expectations for the student are as follows:

 Define and understand what is forest and forestry

 Enumerate and discuss the factors affecting forestry as a system
 Enumerate and differentiate forests according to different classifications
 Make a compilation of the Philippine forest types, world forest types, and
anthropogenic causes of forest destruction.

WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW?

PRE-TEST
Let's test your knowledge of FOREST AND FORESTRY. Answer the questions
independently without opening the module topic.

FALSE or TRUE. If the statement is true, type TRUE; if not, type FALSE. Place your
answer in the space provided before each number.

______1. Seedling is a planting material with a 1-4 cm stem diameter.

______2. Molave forest is dominated by tough and durable wood species of trees.

______3. Molave forests can be next to beach-type forests according to elevation.

______4. Ex-situ refers to organisms being brought outside their natural habitat with
similar environmental conditions intended for protection, care and maintenance,
scientific research, and education.

DISCUSSION:
 In 5-10 sentences, differentiate Forest from Forestry.
 There are 6 Philippine forest types. Describe and classify the forest type that you
have in your place.

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LET US STUDY:

BASIC CONCEPT OF FORESTRY

This module covers the technical definition, parts, attributes, types, and classification
of the forest. It also includes features and subsystems of forestry and the varieties of
trees. Forest destruction by anthropogenic factors was also enumerated.

The 7,107 islands that make up the 300,000 square kilometers (30 million
hectares) that the Philippines occupy, with 298,170 square kilometers of land
and 1,830 square kilometers of ocean.

The United Nations says According to the FAO, the Philippines has a 25.7%
forest cover, or roughly 7,665,000 ha. About 11.2% of the total area is
covered with primary forest, the most diverse and carbon-dense type of
forest., or 861,000 ha. There were 352,000 acres of planted forests in the
Philippines.

The Philippines lost an average of 54,750 ha, or 0.83% per year, in forest
cover between 1990 and 2010. The Philippines added 1.095,000 acres, or
16.7%, of forest cover between 1990 and 2010.

In 2010, the Philippines had 13.2 million ha of natural forest, extending over 62% of
its land area. In 2020, it lost 46,800 ha of natural forest, equivalent to 27.4Mt of CO₂
emissions. (https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/PHL/)

The Philippines' forests contain 663 million metric tons of carbon in living forest
biomass. World Conservation Monitoring Center state that around 1196 species of
reptiles, birds, mammals, and amphibians have been identified in the Philippines. Of
them, 14.7% are threatened and 45.8% are endemic, which means they don't occur
in any other countries.The Philippines is home to at least 8931 species of vascular
plants, of which 39.2% are endemic. 5.1% of the Philippines is protected under IUCN
categories I-V (https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Philippines.htm)

What is FOREST?

It refers to a vast tract of land dominated by trees.

It is a piece of land with a tree crown cover (or similar stocking level) of more than
10% and a surface area of more than 0.5 hectares. At maturity in situ, the trees
should grow to a minimum height of 5 meters. It consists of either confined forest
formations with a large percentage of the ground covered by trees of different stories
and undergrowth or open formations with a continuous vegetation cover where the
tree crown cover is over 10%. The term "forest" refers to young natural stands as
well as all plantations made for forestry purposes that have attained a crown density
of more than 10% or a tree height of 5 meters. (FAO. 2000. Rome-based Global
Forest Resource Assessment)

Stand refers to a collection of trees uniform in species composition and growth

structure.

A tree is a tall, woody perennial plant with side branches that generally has a single,
upright main stem and can reach heights of many feet.

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 KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY 3

PARTS OF A FOREST

1. Canopy- the topmost layer

of a forest's vegetation,
which is made up of
treetops that resemble a
ceiling.
2. Understorey - the layer of
small trees and bushes
below the level of the taller
trees in a forest
3. Forest floor - the ground at
the bottom of a forest

https://8billiontrees.com/trees/13-awesome-and-interesting-facts-about-the-amazon-rainforest /

ATTRIBUTES OF A FOREST

 Plant vegetation dominated by trees

 Able to provide food to a man
 Able to produce wood and other timber and non-timber products
 Able to provide shelter to wildlife
 It has a unique environment distinct from its surrounding
 Able to provide services and other amenities

FEATURES OF FORESTRY

1. Production time in forestry is relatively long

2. Forest resources are known to be renewable, but their renewable is very
sensitive to man and site degrading activity
3. Forest provides many services such as protection, production, and amenities

SUBSYSTEM OF FORESTRY

 Forestry production is the responsibility of forest management, specifically on

the growing forest product: timber, rattan, nipa, water, and other commodities.
 Forest utilization is the main focus or responsibility of forest product
engineering, which deals with forest products like lumber, plywood, particle
board, pulp and paper, post and piles, railroad ties, and fiberboard.
 Forest conservation is the work of the extension and education division which is
about conservation and awareness of the sustainability of producing goods and
services from the forest

FOREST FORMATION/ TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Mangrove forest is a forest in the sea, occurring along tidal flats and tide-
washed beaches where conditions are favorable. The common, abundant tree
species are those under the family Rhizophoraceae.
2. Beach type occurs on Sandy beaches just above the limits of the high tides.
3. Dipterocarp is found on all types of topography from immediately behind the
beach type up to 1,000 meters altitude. Best developed on well-watered plains
and lower slopes of higher mountains. Dipterocarp species are the most
important commercial trees in the country.

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 KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY 4

4. Molave is typically found

on low limestone hills with
shallow or scanty soil. It is
open with large trees, but
few and far apart, and the
intervening spaces are
filled with small trees or a
jungle of sprawling,
climbing, small or erect
bamboos.
5. Mossy forest is at a high
elevation. Its vegetation
consists of a thick growth
of more or less dwarfed
trees, characteristically decorated with a luxuriant growth of mosses.
6. Pine forest is found in North- Central Luzon and Mindoro at elevations ranging
from 500 to 1000 meters. Some pines are still found up to 2,700 meters in
elevation, interspersed with mossy forests. The native pine species of the
Philippines are Benguet pine and Mindoro pine.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF FOREST

Forest according to the manner of establishment- method of renewal of forest

1. Forestation- establishment of forest on an area previously forested or not

forested
2. Reforestation- establishment of forest on an area previously forested
3. Afforestation- establishment of forest on a site not previously forested

Forest according to the source of planting materials- mode of production

1. High Forest – originated from seeds

2. Low Forest – originated from vegetation bodies (ex. cuttings/grafting/budding)

Forest according to age classification

1. Even-aged –consist of trees nearly of the same age classes. The age disparity
between the oldest and youngest trees shouldn't be greater than 20% of the
rotation's length.
2. Un-even aged – consists of trees of different aged classes.

Forest according to the world's major division

1. Tropical Hardwood Forest

 comprises approximately 50% of the entire forest area in the world
 the annual rainfall is well distributed
 Humidity is always high, usually 86% or more.
 Highly satisfied
 The tropical rainforest is the most highly developed and complex form/type of
Tropical Hardwood Forest.

2. The Temperate Hardwood Forest

 Typically, with one well-defined canopy level, winter leaves fall and few lianas
and epiphytes.

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 KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY 5

 It is characterized by the warmer portion of the temperate zones having well-

distributed rainfall
 In terms of composition– there are only a few species; Fagaceae, oaks,
chestnuts, and beaches.

3. Coniferous Forest
 Typical forest on the colder parts of the North Temperate Zones, running
Northward to the latitude where the mean July temperature falls to about
10oC.

Forest according to Age composition

1. Old growth – virgin forest

2. Young growth – after logging or forest fire

Forest according to species Composition

1. Pure species
2. Mixed species

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

Trees according to Crown Classes

1. Dominant
2. Co-dominant
3. Intermediate
4. Overtopped

Trees According to Sizes

 Seedling 1-4 cm. stem diameter
 sapling 5-10 cm. dbh
 pole 10-40 cm. dbh
 standard 40-60 cm. dbh
 veteran above 60 cm. dbh

HUMAN IMPACTS ON FORESTS

a. Patch agriculture- conversion of forest to crops

b. Warfare boats and siege equipment construction
c. Grass and fire for food production
d. Permanent loss of forest
e. Soil loss and nutrient depletion
f. Deforestation to support metal production

Reference:

FAO. 1993. The Challenge of Sustainable Forest Management. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100
Rome, Italy. ISBN 92-5-103370-6. Retrieved at
http://www.fao.org/3/t0829e/T0829E00.htm#Contents

Tamesis, F. undated. Philippine Forests and Forestry. Retrieved at

http://www.fao.org/3/x5347e/x5347e06.htm

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Weber, LM. et al. 2019. Tree. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved at

Https://Www.Britannica.Com/Plant/Tree

https://prezi.com/qsitjtjg_-wj/different-types-of-forest-in-the-philippines/

http://www.uky.edu/~jmlhot2/courses/for350/Stand%20Descriptions%20and
%20Supporting%20Material_UT%20Clatterbuck.pdf

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 KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY 7

PERFORMANCE TASK:

Activity 1: Compilation of the world’s forest types

What to do:
 Search and take pictures of the world’s forest types on the internet.
 Below each picture, provide the following information:
a. Descriptions/characteristics/ecological importance of the ecosystem.
b. Species and importance/significance of the present species
c. Reference

Activity 2: Compilation of Six (6) forest types in the Philippines

What to do:
 From the internet, search and take pictures of the six (6) forest types in the
Philippines.
 Below each picture, provide the following information:
a. Descriptions/characteristics/ecological importance of the forest types.
b. Wildlife species and the importance/significance of the present species
c. Reference

Activity 3: Human activity that contributes to the destruction of forest

What to do:
 Search and take pictures of human activity contributing to forest destruction from
the internet.
 Below each picture, provide the following information:
a. Discuss the cause and effect of human activity on forest destruction.
b. Reference

General guidelines:
 Use short bond paper (11” x 8.5”)
 Uniform size of pictures (4” x 6”) -avoid distorting the pictures
 Font: Aerial
 Font size: title #16, text #12
 Margin: 1” to all sides
 Use short bond paper as the front page indicating the module number, module
title, subject & section, and name.
 No points shall be given to students with similar output.
 Submit your output at the end of the month when the module is posted.

Criteria (Point System) Very good (5) Good (3) Poor (1)
Quality of picture used for presentation
Correctness of description or characteristics
presented
Correctness in citing references
Timeliness of submission
Originality

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 KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY 8

LET US SEE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

POST-TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the letter among the choices in SET B that best
describes the statement in SET A. Place your answer in the space provided before
each number. Letter only.

SET A

_______1. Afforestation is the establishment of a forest on an area previously

forested. At elevations ranging from 500 to 2000 meters above sea level, you can
find Pine forests.

_______2. Mangrove-type forest occurs on sandy beaches just above the limits of
the high tides. A canopy is the uppermost layer of vegetation in a forest consisting of
the tops of trees forming a kind of ceiling.

_______3. A co-dominant tree refers to a plant with a crown that can receive full
sunlight on top but partially on both sides. Temperate Hardwood Forest is a typical
forest in the colder parts of the North Temperate Zones.

_______4. Dipterocarp forest is considered the most complex and diverse forest type
in the Philippines. Co-dominant refers to a tree with a crown that can receive full
sunlight on top and both sides.

_______5. Even-aged stand or forest consists of trees nearly of the same age
classes. In-situ refers to organisms being brought outside their natural habitat with
similar environmental conditions intended for protection, care, maintenance, scientific
research, and education.

_______6. Family Moraceae are a good source of tannin. Forest can able to provide
environmental services and other amenities.

_______7. Forest can able to provide food to man. Forest protection is the work of
the extension and education division which is about conservation and awareness of
the sustainability of producing goods and services from the forest.

_______8. A forest is made up of either tight forest formations with several different
levels of trees and a significant amount of undergrowth or open formations with a
continuous vegetation cover and a tree crown cover of above 10%. Forest canopy
refers to the ground at the bottom of a forest.

SET B

a. 1st statement is correct, while 2nd statement is false

b. 1st statement is false while 2nd statement is correct
c. All statement is correct
d. All statement is false

LECTURE GUIDE IN THE INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY