Respiration in Plants: Chapter-14

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 18

IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
CHAPTER-14 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. All living organisms need energy for carrying out daily life activities, like absorption,IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
transport, movement, reproduction or even breathing.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. The process of breathing is very much connected to the process of release of energy from food. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. All the energy required for ‘life’ processes is obtained by oxidation of ‘food’. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. Only green plants and cyanobacteria can prepare their own food by the process ofIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
photosynthesis. They trap light energy and convert it into chemical energy that is stored in
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
the bonds of carbohydrates like glucose, sucrose and starch. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. In green plants not all cells, tissues and organs photosynthesise. The cells containingIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
chloroplasts, that are most often located in the superficial layers, carry out photosynthesis.IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. Hence, even in green plants all other organs, tissues and cells that are non-green, need foodIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
for oxidation. Hence, food has to be translocated to all non-green parts. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. Animals are heterotrophic, i.e., they obtain food from plants directly (herbivores) orIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
indirectly (carnivores). IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
08. Saprophytes like fungi are dependent on dead and decaying matter. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
09. All the food that is respired for life processes ultimately comes from photosynthesis. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
10. This chapter deals with cellular respiration or the mechanism of breakdown of food materialsIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
within the cell to release energy, and the trapping of this energy for synthesis of ATP. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
11. Photosynthesis, takes place within the chloroplasts (in the eukaryotes), whereas theIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
breakdown of complex molecules to yield energy takes place in the cytoplasm and in theIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
mitochondria (also only in eukaryotes). IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
12. The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells,IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
leading to release of considerable amount of energy is called respiration. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
13. The compounds that are oxidised during this process are known as respiratory substrates. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
14. Usually carbohydrates are oxidised to release energy but proteins, fats and even organicIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
acids can be used as respiratory substances in some plants, under certain conditions.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
15. During oxidation within a cell, all the energy contained in respiratory substrates is notIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
released free into the cell or in a single step. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
16. It is released in a series of slow step-wise reactions controlled by enzymes. It is trapped asIIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
chemical energy in the form of ATP.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 101


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 17. The energy released by oxidation in respiration is not used directly but is used to synthesise
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ATP, which is broken down whenever and wherever energy needs to be utilised. Hence,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 18. This energy trapped in ATP is utilised in various energy-requiring processes of the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB organisms, and the carbon skeleton produced (by catabolism) during respiration is used
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB as precursors (starting material) for biosynthesis of other molecules in the cell (by
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB anabolism). Various respiratory intermediates are used up in biosynthesis so amphibolic
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB process.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB For.eg. PGAL, Pyruvate, Alpha-ketoglutarate etc are the carbon skeleton produced
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB during respiration is used as precursor for biosynthesis of glycerol, alanine, glutamate
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB respectively.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Importance of Respiration: The energy released during respiration is used for the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB various metabolic processes (biological process). Several chemical substances are
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB formed in this process which are important for cellular components. CO2 released
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB in this process maintains a balance in the atmosphere. It converts the stored (static
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
potential energy) into more useful (kinetic) form.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Types of Respiration: They are classified on the basis of kind of respiratory Substrate
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB & involvement of oxygen
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Floating respiration Protoplasmic respiration:
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB • Common mode of respiration • Rare & occurs during stawrvation
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB • Continues throughout the life of cell & • Can not be continued for long & lib-
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB • keep cells healthy erates toxic products like NH3 that kill
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB • Substrate utilized- carbohydrate & fats cell.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB • Deplete protoplasm of its structural &
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB functional proteins
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB • Substrate is usually one i.e. prote
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
102
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Aerobic respiration  Anaerobic respiration IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Oxidation of glucose takes place  Oxidation of glucose takes place IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
completely partially IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 The end product of this respiration H2O  The end product of this respiration CO2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
& CO2 (Inorganic) & lactic acid or alcohol (organic) IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Oxidation of one molecule of glucose  Partial oxidation of one molecule of IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
yields 38 ATP glucose yields 2 ATP IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 This process takes place in  This process takes place in cytoplasm IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
mitochondria and cytoplasm of cell of cell IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Occurs in the cells of all higher animals  Occurs in fungi, bacteria, germinating IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
and plants. seeds & several endoparasites
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 DO PLANTS BREATHE? IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. Plants require oxygen for respiration to occur and they also give out carbon dioxide. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. Hence, plants have systems in place that ensure the availability of oxygen. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. Plants, unlike animals, have no specialised organs for gaseous exchange but they have IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
stomata and lenticels for this purpose. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. There are several reasons why plants can get along without respiratory organs. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. First, each plant part takes care of its own gas-exchange needs. There is very little transport IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
of gases from one plant part to another. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. Second, plants do not present great demands for gas exchange. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. Roots, stems and leaves respire at rates far lower than animals do. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
08. Only during photosynthesis large volumes of gases are exchanged and each leaf is well IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
adapted to take care of its own needs during these periods. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
09. When cells photosynthesise, availability of oxygen is not a problem in these cells since IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
oxygen is released within the cell. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
10. Third, the distance that gases must diffuse even in large, bulky plants is not great. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
11. Each living cell in a plant is located quite close to the surface of the plant. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
12. In stems, the ‘living’ cells are organised in thin layers inside and beneath the bark.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
13. They also have openings called lenticels. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
14. The cells in the interior are dead and provide only mechanical support. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
15. Most cells of a plant have at least a part of their surface in contact with air. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
16. This is also facilitated by the loose packing of parenchyma cells in leaves, stems and
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
roots, which provide an interconnected network of air spaces. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
17. The complete combustion of glucose, which produces CO2 and H2O as end products, IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
yields energy most of which is given out as heat. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
18. If this energy is to be useful to the cell, it should be able to utilise it to synthesise other IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
molecules that the cell requires. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
19. The strategy that the plant cell uses is to catabolise the glucose molecule in such a way IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
that not all the liberated energy goes out as heat. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 103


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
20. The key is to oxidise glucose not in one step but in several small steps enabling some steps
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB to be just large enough such that the energy released can be coupled to ATP synthesis.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 21. During the process of respiration, oxygen is utilised and carbon dioxide, water and
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB energy are released as products.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
22. The combustion reaction requires oxygen.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 23. The first cells on this planet lived in an atmosphere that lacked oxygen.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 24. Even among present-day living organisms, we know of several that are adapted to anaerobic
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB conditions.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 25. Some of these organisms are facultative anaerobes, while in others the requirement for
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB anaerobic condition is obligate.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 26. In any case, all living organisms retain the enzymatic machinery to partially oxidise
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB glucose without the help of oxygen.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 27. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called glycolysis.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 28. The term glycolysis has originated from the Greek words, glycos for sugar and lysis for
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB splitting.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 29. Glycolysis was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof and J. Parnas. It is often
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB referred to as the EMP pathway.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 30. Glycolysis is present in all living organisms. In anaerobic organisms, it is the only process
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB in respiration.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 31. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 32. In this process, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB acid.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 33. In plants, this glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the end product of photosynthesis
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB or from storage carbohydrates.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 34. Sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by the enzyme, invertase and these two
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic pathway.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 35. Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-6-phosphate by the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB activity of the enzyme hexokinase.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 36. This phosphorylated form of glucose then isomerises to produce fructose-6-phosphate.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 37. Subsequent steps of metabolism of glucose and fructose are same.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 38. In glycolysis, a chain of ten reactions, under the control of different enzymes, takes place
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB to produce pyruvate from glucose.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 39. In glycolysis, ATP is utilised at two steps: first in the conversion of glucose into glucose
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 6-phosphate and second in the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 6-diphosphate.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 40. The fructose 1, 6-diphosphate is split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phospho-
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB glyceraldehyde (PGAL).
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 41. When 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) is converted to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB (DPGA). Then NADH + H+ is formed from NAD+.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 42. Two redox-equivalents are removed (in the form of two hydrogen atoms) from PGAL and
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB transferred to a molecule of NAD+.

104
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
43. PGAL is oxidised and with inorganic phosphate to get converted into DPGA.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
44. The conversion of DPGA to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), is also an energy yielding IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
process. This energy is trapped by the formation of ATP. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
45. Another ATP is synthesised during the conversion of PEP to pyruvic acid. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
46. Pyruvic acid is the key product of glycolysis. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
47. The metabolic fate of pyruvic acid depends on the cellular needs. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
48. There are three major ways in which different cells handle pyruvic acid produced by IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
glycolysis. These are lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation and aerobic IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
respiration. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
49. Fermentation takes place under anaerobic conditions in many prokaryotes and unicellular IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
eukaryotes. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
50. For the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O there is different pathway called IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Krebs’ cycle. This is also called as aerobic respiration. This requires O2 supply. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 In glycolysis, neither consumption of oxygen nor liberation of CO2 take place. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Table : Glycolytic pathway IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Preparatory phase (Energy spending) & Cleavage IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
i) Phosphorylation Glucose IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
ATP 1 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Hexokinase IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Mg2+
ADP IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Glucose-6 phosphate
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
ii) Isomerisation IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
iii) Phosphorylation. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
iv) Lysis IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
v) Isomerisation IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
5 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 105


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Pay off phase (Energy conserving)
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 6
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB vi) Oxidation
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 7
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB vii) Substrate level
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB phosphorylation
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB
8
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB viii) Isomerisation
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 9
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ix) Dehydration
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 10
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Substrate level
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB x) phosphorylation
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
106
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Fermentation : IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. In fermentation, e.g., yeast, the incomplete IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
oxidation of glucose is achieved under
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
ethanol IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. The enzymes, pyruvic acid decarboxylase
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyse these IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
reactions. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. Organisms like some bacteria produce lactic IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
acid from pyruvic acid. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. In animal cells also, like muscles during IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
exercise, when oxygen is inadequate for IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
cellular respiration pyruvic acid is reduced
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. The reducing agent is NADH + H+ which is IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
reoxidised to NAD+ in both the processes. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. In both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
not much energy is released; less than seven per cent of the energy in glucose is released IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
and not all of it is trapped as high energy bonds of ATP. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. Also, the processes are hazardous – either acid or alcohol is produced. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
08. Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of alcohol reaches about 13 per IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
cent. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Alcoholic fermentation takes place in two steps. In the first step, pyruvic acid is IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
decarboxylated resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde and CO2. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
2CH3COCOOH Pyruvate decarboxylase 2CH3CHO + 2CO2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Pyruvic acid Acetaldehyde
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced to alcohol by 2NADH + 2H + IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
2CH CHO + 2NADH.2H+ Alcohol 2C2H5OH + 2NAD+ IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Dehydrogenase IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Acetaldehyde Ethyl alcohol
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
] The overall equation is as follows: IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
6H12O6 Zymase 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP
C
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Complex IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 107


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ] Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvic acid formed at the end of glycolysis is
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB converted to lactic acid by homofermentative lactic acid bacteria. (Lactobacillus
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB lacti).
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB CH3COCOOH + NADH + H+ Lactic acid dehydrogenase C3 H6O3 + 2NAD
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Pyruvic acid
Lactic acid
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB AEROBIC RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 01. Aerobic respiration is a process in which there is a complete oxidation of organic substances
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB in the presence of oxygen and releases CO2, water and a large amount of energy present in
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB the substrate.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 02. This type of respiration is most common in higher organisms.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 03. In eukaryotes these steps take place within the mitochondria and this requires O2.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 04. The aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria. The final product of glycolysis,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 05. The crucial events in aerobic respiration are: The complete oxidation of pyruvate by the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB stepwise removal of all the hydrogen atoms, leaving three molecules of CO2.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 06. The passing on of the electrons removed as part of the hydrogen atoms to molecular O2
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB with simultaneous synthesis of ATP.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 07. The first process takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria while the second process is
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 08. Pyruvate, which is formed by the glycolytic catabolism of carbohydrates in the cytosol,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB after it enters mitochondrial matrix undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by a complex set
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB of reactions catalysed by pyruvic dehydrogenase.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 09. The reactions catalysed by pyruvic dehydrogenase require the participation of several
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB coenzymes, including NAD+ and Coenzyme A.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD+ Mg
2+
Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Pyruvate
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB dehydrogenase
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 10. During this process, two molecules of NADH are produced from the metabolism of two
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB molecules of pyruvic acid (produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis).
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 11. The acetyl CoA then enters a cyclic pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, more commonly
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB called as Krebs’ cycle after the scientist Hans Krebs who first elucidated it.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle :
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 01. The TCA cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl group with oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB and water to yield citric acid.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 02. The reaction is catalysed by the enzyme citrate synthase and a molecule of CoA is
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB released.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 03. Citrate is then isomerised to isocitrate.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 04. It is then followed by two successive steps of decarboxylation, leading to the formation of
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
108
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
α-ketoglutaric acid and then succinyl-CoA. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. In the remaining steps of citric acid cycle, succinyl-CoA is oxidised to OAA allowing the IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
cycle to continue. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. During the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid a molecule of GTP is synthesised.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
This is a substrate level phosphorylation. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. In a coupled reaction GTP is converted to GDP with the simultaneous synthesis of ATP IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
from ADP. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
08. There are three points in the cycle where NAD+ is reduced to NADH+ H+ and one point IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
where FAD+ is reduced to FADH2. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
09. The continued oxidation of acetic acid via the TCA cycle requires the continued IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
replenishment of oxaloacetic acid, the first member of the cycle. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
10. It also requires regeneration of NAD+ and FAD+ from NADH and FADH2 respectively. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
11. The summary equation for this phase of respiration may be written as follows: IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Pyruvic acid + 3NAD+ +FAD++3H2O + ADP+Pi IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Mytochondrial Matrix 3CO2+ 4NADH2+ FADH2+ ATP IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 109


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 12. Glucose has been broken down to release CO2 and eight molecules of NADH + H+; two
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
of FADH2 have been synthesised besides just two molecules of ATP.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
110
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 The cycle is also called as Citric Acid Cycle because of the formation of citric acid in the IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
first step of this cycle) or TCA cycle (because first compound formed has three carboxyl IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
groups). IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 The Krebs’ cycle involves two decarboxylation and four dehydrogenation reactions. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Electron Transport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation : IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. The next step in the respiratory process are to release and utilise the energy stored in IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
NADH+ H+ and FADH2. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. This is accomplished when they are oxidised through the electron transport system and the IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
electrons are passed on to O2 resulting in the formation of H2O. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another, IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
is called the electron transport system (ETS). It is present in the inner mitochondrial
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
membrane. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. Electrons from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix during Citric acid cycle are IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
oxidised by an NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) and electrons are then transferred to IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
ubiquinone located within the inner membrane.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. Ubiquinone also receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 (complex II) that is generated IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
during oxidation of succinate in the citric acid cycle. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. The reduced ubiquinone (ubiquinol) is then oxidised with the transfer of electrons to IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
cytochrome c via cytochrome bc1 complex (complex III). IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the outer surface of the inner membrane. It IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
acts as a mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between complex III and IV. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
08. Complex IV refers to cytochrome c oxidase complex containing cytochromes a and a3, IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
and two copper centres. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
09. When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex I to IV in the electron IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
transport chain, they are coupled to ATP synthase (complex V) for the production of ATP
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
from ADP and inorganic phosphate. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
10. The number of ATP molecules synthesised depends on the nature of the electron donor. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
11. Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to 3 molecules of ATP, while that of one IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
molecule of FADH2 produces 2 molecules of ATP.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
12. Although the aerobic process of respiration takes place only in the presence of oxygen, the IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
role of oxygen is limited to the terminal stage of the process. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
13. The presence of oxygen is vital, since it drives the whole process by removing hydrogen IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
from the system. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
14. Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor and terminal electron acceptor. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
15. Unlike photophosphorylation where it is the light energy that is utilised for the production IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
of proton gradient required for phosphorylation, in respiration it is the energy of oxidation- IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
reduction utilised for the same process. It is for this reason that the process is called oxidative IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
phosphorylation. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 111


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 16. Energy liberated during the electron transport system is used in synthesising ATP with the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
help of ATP synthase (complex V).
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 17. This complex consists of two major components, F0 and F1.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 18. The F headpiece is a peripheral
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 1
membrane protein complex and
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB contains the site for synthesis of ATP
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 19. F is an integral membrane protein
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 0
complex that forms the channel through
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB which protons cross the inner membrane.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 20. The passage of protons through the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB channel is coupled to the catalytic site of
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB the F1 component for the production of
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ATP.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 21. For each ATP produced, 2H+ passes
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB through F0 from the intermembrane
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB space to the matrix down the electrochemical proton gradient.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB THE RESPIRATORY
IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB
IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB
BALANCE SHEET
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 01. It is possible to make calculations of
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB the net gain of ATP for every glucose
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB molecule oxidised; but in reality this can
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB remain only a theoretical exercise.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 02. These calculations can be made only
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB on certain assumptions that: There is a
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB sequential, orderly pathway functioning,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB with one substrate forming the next and
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB with glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB pathway following one after another.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 03. The NADH synthesised in glycolysis
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB is transferred into the mitochondria and
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB undergoes oxidative phosphorylation.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 04. None of the intermediates in the pathway
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB are utilised to synthesise any other
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB compound.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 05. Only glucose is being respired. No other
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB alternative substrates are entering in the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB pathway at any of the intermediary stages.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
112
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. But this kind of assumptions are not really valid in a living system. All pathways work IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
simultaneously and do not take place one after another; substrates enter the pathways
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
and are withdrawn from it as and when necessary; ATP is utilised as and when needed; IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
enzymatic rates are controlled by multiple means. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Table: ATP molecules produced during respiration IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Number of ATP IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Stage of respiration Source
molecule produced IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Glycolysis Substrate level 02 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Phosphorylation IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Oxidative Phosphorylation - 06 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
2-molecules of NADH2
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Pyruvic acid to Oxidative Phosphorylation 06
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
acetyl-CoA 2 molecules of NADH2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Substrate level
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Phosphorylation IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Citric acid cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation 18 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
6 NADH2 & 04 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
2FADH2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Total yield of ATP molecules 38 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. Hence, there can be a net gain of 38 ATP molecules during aerobic respiration of one IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
molecule of glucose. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
08. On comparison of fermentation and aerobic respiration, fermentation accounts for only a IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
partial breakdown of glucose whereas in aerobic respiration it is completely degraded to IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
CO2 and H2O. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
09. In fermentation there is a net gain of only two molecules of ATP for each molecule of IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
glucose degraded to pyruvic acid whereas many more molecules of ATP are generated IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
under aerobic conditions. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
10. NADH is oxidised to NAD+ rather slowly in fermentation, however the reaction is very IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
vigorous in case of aerobic respiration. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
AMPHIBOLIC PATHWAY IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. Glucose is the favoured substrate for respiration. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. All carbohydrates are usually first converted into glucose before they are used for IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
respiration. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. Other substrates can also be respired, but then they do not enter the respiratory pathway at IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
the first step. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. Fats would need to be broken down into glycerol and fatty acids first. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. If fatty acids were to be respired they would first be degraded to acetyl CoA and enter the IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
pathway. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. Glycerol would enter the pathway after being converted to PGAL. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 113


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 07. The proteins would be degraded by proteases and the individual amino acids (after
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB deamination) depending on their structure would enter the pathway at some stage within
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB the Krebs’ cycle or even as pyruvate or acetyl CoA.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 08. Since respiration involves breakdown of substrates, the respiratory process has traditionally
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB been considered a catabolic process and the respiratory pathway as a catabolic pathway.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 09. There are points in the respiratory pathway different substrates would enter if they were
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB to be respired and used to derive energy. These very compounds that would be withdrawn
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB from the respiratory pathway for the synthesis of the said substrates.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 10. Hence, fatty acids would be broken down to acetyl CoA before entering the respiratory
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB pathway when it is used as a substrate.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 11. But when the organism needs to synthesise fatty acids, acetyl CoA would be withdrawn
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB from the respiratory pathway for it.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 12. Hence, the respiratory pathway comes into the picture both during breakdown and synthesis
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB of fatty acids.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 13. Similarly, during breakdown and synthesis of protein too, respiratory intermediates form
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB the link.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
14. Breaking down processes within the living organism is catabolism and synthesis is
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB anabolism.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 15. Because the respiratory pathway is involved in both anabolism and catabolism, it would
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB hence be better to consider the respiratory pathway as an amphibolic pathway rather than
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB as a catabolic one.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
114
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
01. We know, during aerobic respiration, O2 is consumed and CO2 is released. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
02. The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
called the respiratory quotient (R.Q.) or respiratory ratio. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Volume of CO2 Evolved IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
R.Q.= IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Volume of O2 Consumed IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
03. The respiratory quotient depends upon the type of respiratory substrate used during IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
respiration. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
04. When carbohydrates are used as substrate and are completely oxidised, the R.Q. will be 1, IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
because equal amounts of CO2 and O2 are evolved and consumed, respectively, as shown IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
in the equation: IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
C6H12O6+6O2 6O2+6H20 + Energy IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
6CO2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
R.Q. = =1 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
6CO2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
05. When fats are used in respiration, the R.Q. is less than 1. E.g., a fatty acid, tripalmitin: IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
2(C51H98O6) + 14502 102CO2+ 98H2O+ Energy IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Tripalmitin IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
102CO2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
R.Q.= = 0.7 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
145O2
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
06. When proteins are used as respiratory substrates the ratio would be about 0.9. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
07. In living organisms respiratory substances are often more than one. Pure proteins or fats IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
are never used as respiratory substrates. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 In fleshy plants (i.e., members of Cactaceae and Crassulaceae) the organic acids (such as IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
malic acid, oxalic acid, etc.) are produced during night are oxidised during day time. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 Organic acids contain high proportion of oxygen as compared to carbohydrates, therefore,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
less oxygen is absorbed than CO2 liberated. The R.Q. value is more than unity. E.g., the IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
R.Q. value is 4 for oxalic acid 1.33 for malic acid and for citric acid it is 1.3. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 In the absence of oxygen, tissue respires anaerobically. Thus, CO2 liberation takes place IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
without any utilisation of oxygen. E.g.,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
C6H12O6 2C6H5OH +2CO2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Glucose
2CO2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
R.Q. = = (infinite)
0O2 IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
 What is the RQ value for Succulents (Opuntia) plant? IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Succulent plant does not evolve CO2 during night (when their stomata are open) IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 115


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB as CO2 is used in carbon fixation (CAM) thus RQ is zero. Incomplete oxidation of
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB carbohydrate take place in succulent plants forming malate without evolving CO2 so
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
the RQ is zero.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  RQ value more than unity (RQ > 1):
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB When respiratory substrates are organic acids. Succulent plants form organic acids
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB during the night which are completely oxidized during the day. Organic acids are rich
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB in oxygen & therefore require less O2 during respiration but release more CO2.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB C4H6O5 + 3 O2 4 CO2 + 3 H2O
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Malic acid
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB RQ = 4/3 = 1.33
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Highest R.Q., oxalic acid = 4
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB ELECTRON SHUTTLES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  During glycolysis, two molecules of NADH2 are produced in cytoplasm & they have
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB to go inside the mitochondria for production of ATP through ETS.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  The mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH2.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Hence, a special carrier system known as electron shuttle is present in inner
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB mitochondrial membrane which transports electrons from NADH2 to the electron
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB carriers inside the mitochondria.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Shuttle system is only present in eukaryotes, as prokaryotes does not have membrane
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB bounded cell organelle.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Electron shuttles are of two types in eukaryotes:
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 1) Malate Aspartate Shuttle
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 2) Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 1) Malate-Aspartate Shuttle:
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB The electrons & hydrogen of NADH2 are transferred to malate which enter into the
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB matrix of mitochondria. Malate and NAD react to form NADH2 & Oxaloacetic acid.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB Oxaloacetic acid cannot cross mitochondrial membrane. Hence it is ammonified
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB to form aspartic acid which passes from matrix to the cytoplasm. If this shuttle is
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB effective, then 38 ATPs are formed from one glucose molecule. (2 Glycolytic NADH2
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB = 6ATP). It is more efficient & present in heart, liver & kidney cells.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
116
NEET NOTES
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
2) Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle: IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
It is less efficient and present in skeletal muscles and brain cells or most eukaryotic
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
cells. In this NADH2 transfers electrons to FAD of mitochondria. Dihydroxyacetone IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
phosphate (DHAP) and NADH2 react to form Glycerol-Phosphate in cytoplasm. IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Glycerol-Phosphate goes to outer surface of inner membrane of mitochondria, where IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
it reacts with FAD to form FADH2 and DHAP. FADH2 enters the electron system to IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
form 2 ATP. DHAP gets transferred to cytosol. In the presence of this shuttle, 36 ATP IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
are produced from one glucose molecule. (2 Glycolytic NADH2 = 4 ATP) IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
Note: When which shuttle will be functional, depends on the tissue and the species.
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB

NEET NOTES 117


IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB RESPIRATION
IIB IIB IIB IN PLANTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB IMPORTANT POINTS
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  α-Ketoglutaric acid is first dicarboxylic acid formed during Krebs cycle
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Yeast poison themselves to death when alcohol concentration reaches to 13% in an
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB alcoholic fermentation
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  The percentage of energy released in fermentation = < 7%
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Pasteur effect: A change from anaerobic to aerobic condition decreases the rate of
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB sugar breakdown & CO2 evolution
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  PFK is inhibited by high levels of ATP, low pH levels and high levels of citrate,
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Its activity is inhibited by ATP (–ve modulator) and stimulated by ADP (+ve modulator).
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Universal hydrogen acceptor “NAD”
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Climacteric respiration: means sudden increase in rate of respiration during ripening
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB of fruit e.g. apple, banana
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Role of ATP as an intermediate energy transforming compound between energy
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB releasing & energy consuming reaction
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  Acetyl CoA also called active acetate
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB  ETC inhibitors:
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB A) Dinitrophenol: prevent synthesis of ATP from ADP because it directs electron from
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB UQ to O2. Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an uncoupler that makes the inner mitochondrial
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB membrane leaky to protons. It was used until 1938 as a weight-loss drug
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB B) Cynide : prevents flow of electrons from cyt a3 to O2
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB 
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
IIB IIB IIB IIB IIB
118
NEET NOTES

You might also like