Department of Computer Engineering Microprocessor Laboratory (2019 course)

Experiments No:01
Name of Student……………………………………………….. Roll No.:…… Batch:…….

Subject:MPL Department :Computer Engg. Class: SE COMP (Div-A/B)

Viva Dated Sign of

Correctness Timely
Write-up Documentation Total Subject
Program Submission
Teacher

4 4 4 4 4 20

Date of Performance:..................................... Date of Completion:....................................

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Title: Numbers from user and store them in an array and display the accepted numbers.

Problem Statement: Write an X86/64 ALP to accept five 64 bit Hexadecimal numbers from user
and store them in an array and display the accepted numbers.

Objective:
● To understand assembly language programming instruction set
To understand different assembler directives with example
● To apply instruction set for implementing X86/64 bit assembly language programs

Outcomes: On completion of this practical ,students will be able to

C218.1: Understand and apply various addressing modes and instruction set to implement
assembly language programs

Hardware Requirement: NA
Software Requirement: OS:Ubuntu Assembler: NASM version 2.10.07 Linker: ld

Theory Contents :
Introduction to Assembly Language Programming:
Each personal computer has a microprocessor that manages the computer's arithmetical, logical
and control activities. Each family of processors has its own set of instructions for handling

SNJB’s LS KBJ COE Chandwad

Department of Computer Engineering Microprocessor Laboratory (2019 course)

various operations like getting input from the keyboard, displaying information on screen and
performing various other jobs. These set of instructions are called 'machine language instruction'.
Processor understands only machine language instructions which are strings of 1s and 0s.
However machine language is too obscure and complex for using in software development. So the
low level assembly language is designed for a specific family of processors that represents various
instructions in symbolic code and a more understandable form. Assembly language is a low-level
programming language for a computer, or other programmable device specific to particular
computer architecture in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally
portable across multiple systems. Assembly language is converted into executable machine code
by a utility program referred to as an assembler like NASM, MASM etc.

Advantages of Assembly Language

 An understanding of assembly language provides knowledge of:
 Interface of programs with OS, processor and BIOS;
 Representation of data in memory and other external devices;
 How processor accesses and executes instruction;
 How instructions accesses and process data;
 How a program access external devices.
Other advantages of using assembly language are:
 It requires less memory and execution time;
 It allows hardware-specific complex jobs in an easier way;
 It is suitable for time-critical jobs;

ALP Step By Step:

Installing NASM:
If you select "Development Tools" while installed Linux, you may NASM installed along with the
Linux operating system and you do not need to download and install it separately. For checking
whether you already have NASM installed, take the following steps:
 Open a Linux terminal.
 Type whereis nasm and press ENTER.
 If it is already installed then a line like, nasm: /usr/bin/nasm appears. Otherwise, you will see
Just nasm:, then you need to install NASM.

To install NASM take the following steps:

SNJB’s LS KBJ COE Chandwad

Department of Computer Engineering Microprocessor Laboratory (2019 course)

Open Terminal and run below commands:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nasm

Assembly Basic Syntax:

An assembly program can be divided into three sections:
 The data section
 The bss section
 The text section

The order in which these sections fall in your program really isn’t important, but by convention
the.data section comes first, followed by the .bss section, and then the .text section.

The .data Section

The .data section contains data definitions of initialized data items. Initialized data is data that has
a value before the program begins running. These values are part of the executable file. They are
loaded into memory when the executable file is loaded into memory for execution. You don’t have
to load them with their values, and no machine cycles are used in their creation beyond what it
takes to load the program as a whole into memory. The important thing to remember about the
.data section is that the more initialized data items you define, the larger the executable file will
be, and the longer it will take to load it from disk into memory when you run it.

The .bss Section

Not all data items need to have values before the program begins running. When you’re reading
data from a disk file, for example, you need to have a place for the data to go after it comes in
from disk.
Data buffers like that are defined in the .bss section of your program. You set aside some number
of bytes for a buffer and give the buffer a name, but you don’t say what values are to be present in
the buffer. There’s a crucial difference between data items defined in the .data section and data
items defined in the .bss section: data items in the .data section add to the size of your executable
file. Data items in the .bss section do not.

The .text Section

SNJB’s LS KBJ COE Chandwad

Department of Computer Engineering Microprocessor Laboratory (2019 course)

The actual machine instructions that make up your program go into the .text section. Ordinarily,
no data items are defined in .text. The .text section contains symbols called labels that identify
locations in the program code for jumps and calls, but beyond your instruction mnemonics, that’s
about it.
All global labels must be declared in the .text section, or the labels cannot be ‘‘seen’’ outside your
program by the Linux linker or the Linux loader. Let’s look at the labels issue a little more closely.

Labels
A label is a sort of bookmark, describing a place in the program code and giving it a name that’s
easier to remember than a naked memory address. Labels are used to indicate the places where
jump instructions should jump to, and they give names to callable assembly language procedures.
Here are the most important things to know about labels:
 Labels must begin with a letter, or else with an underscore, period, or question mark. These
last
three have special meanings to the assembler, so don’t use them until you know how NASM
interprets them.
 Labels must be followed by a colon when they are defined. This is basically what tells NASM
that the identifier being defined is a label. NASM will punt if no colon is there and will not flag
an error, but the colon nails it, and prevents a mistyped instruction mnemonic from being
mistaken for a label. Use the colon!
 Labels are case sensitive. So yikes:, Yikes:, and YIKES: are three completely different labels.

Assembly Language Statements

Assembly language programs consist of three types of statements:

 Executable instructions or instructions
 Assembler directives or pseudo-ops
 Macros

Syntax of Assembly Language Statements

[label] mnemonic [operands] [;comment]

LIST OF INTERRRUPTS USED: NA

SNJB’s LS KBJ COE Chandwad

Department of Computer Engineering Microprocessor Laboratory (2019 course)

LIST OF ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES USED: EQU,DB

LIST OF MACROS USED: NA

LIST OF PROCEDURES USED: NA

ALGORITHM:

INPUT: ARRAY

OUTPUT: ARRAY

STEP 1: Start.

STEP 2: Initialize the data segment.

STEP 3: Display msg1 “Accept array from user. “

STEP 4: Initialize counter to 05 and rbx as 00

STEP 5: Store element in array.

STEP 6: Move rdx by 17.

STEP 7: Add 17 to rbx.

STEP 8: Decrement Counter.

STEP 9: Jump to step 5 until counter value is not zero.

STEP 9: Display msg2.

STEP 10: Initialize counter to 05 and rbx as 00

STEP 11: Display element of array.

STEP 12: Move rdx by 17.

STEP 13: Add 17 to rbx.

STEP 14: Decrement Counter.

STEP 15: Jump to step 11 until counter value is not zero.

STEP 16: Stop

SNJB’s LS KBJ COE Chandwad

Department of Computer Engineering Microprocessor Laboratory (2019 course)

FLOWCHART:

Assignment Questions:

1. Explain macro and its use?

2. Explain the difference between 32bit and 64bit processors?

3. Explain steps of running an ALP program?

SNJB’s LS KBJ COE Chandwad

Department of Computer Engineering Microprocessor Laboratory (2019 course)

4. What is MASM ,TASM,NASM?

Conclusion:

Hence we accept number from user and display from user.

MPL Practical Oral Question Bank

Sr B Questions Oral 1 Oral 2 Remark

No L (improve
ment)

1 1 What is macro and its definition?

2 2
Explain the difference between 32bit and 64bit
processors?
3 1 Explain steps of running an ALP program?

4 2 What is MASM ,TASM,NASM?

5 1 What is the data section,text section and bss

section?

Sign of Student

SNJB’s LS KBJ COE Chandwad