MENHIR

• A single, large upright

DOLMEN
monolith
• Serves a religious Tomb of standing stones
purpose usually capped with a large
• Sometimes arrange horizontal slab
in parallel row,
reaching several
miles & consisting
thousands of stone
A
s
i
n
g
l
CROMLECH e
• Enclosure formed by huge ,
stones planted on the ground TUMULUS or PASSAGE l
in circular form GRAVE a
r
• A Dominant Tomb type g
Stonehenge, England (2800 – 1500 BC)
• Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic • s Corridor type leading to e
monuments i an underground chamber u
• Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-
shaped ring with open end facing east n p
• Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from g r
Wales 200 km away
• Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on l i
land with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, e g
raised upright into pits, capped with lintels Genuine h
architecture - it defines exterior space
,
• A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's l t
path during sunrise on Midsummer Day a m
r o
A
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS g n
s
Mostly had one room e o
i
The development of more complex civilizations led to u l
n
division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping, p i
g
socializing r t
l
In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to i h
e
transform building methods and increase population g S
,
density, houses show little difference from primitive ones h e
l
t r
a
m v
D r
o e
o g
Beehive Hut n s
m e
o a
Trullo
i - dry walled roughu stone shelter with corbelled r
l
n
roof p
i e
a r
t l
n i
Natural or Artificial Caves h i
t g
S g
t h
e i
o t
r o
m m
v u
b o
e s
t n
s p
y o
a u
p l
r r
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C t
l o
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i s
r S
g e
Wigwam or Tepee r e
i constructed of hard- S
Iglooi - Innuit (Eskimo) house
r
o
o
d snow blocks built vup spirally
packed
• Conical tent with wooden poles as framework o e
u m
Nigerian hut - with mud walls sand roof of palm leaves e
• Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door r s
p t
Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs i a
u i
n r
r m
s e
p e
i l
o s
d i
s a
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e r
 Bouleuterion

The Greek Council

house which is a
covered meeting place
Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on for the democratically-
a reed platform to prevent settlement elected council is called:
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber
and palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for
livestock

Temenos Prytaneion
The building that serves
The sacred enclosure as a senate house for the
found in the highest chief dignitaries of the
part of a Greek city is city and as a palace where
called: distinguished visitors and
citizens might be
entertained.

Great Temple of Tomb of Agamemnon

Ammon, Karnak
The Grandest of all Egyptian
temples, was not built upon The Tomb of Atreus, a noted
one complete plan but owes its example of the tholos type
size, disposition and of tomb is also known as:
magnificence to the work of
many Kings. Built from the
XIIth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic
period.

Garden Oasis
Trajan’s Column
Often enclosed and
secluded from the street,
The memorial column built whose high density and
in the form of tall Doric variety of planting conveys
order and made entirely of a garden image. It
marble is; sometimes included
flower planters and a
water feature and usually
supplies a variety of
seating possibilities.
Letchworth Cavea

It is the first developed The seats that rose

Garden City where it is a on tiers and founded
combination of on natural rocks in a
landscaping, informal Greek theater is
street layouts, and main called:
axis focusing on town
center.

Decorated style
Palau Guell

It is the third phase of

English-Gothic designed Antonio Gaudi.
Architecture where
elaborated ornamental
vaulting, and
refinement of
stonecutting
techniques.

Prairie style
International
Finance Center
The style of
Architecture that
was used in this The structure that was
structure? located in Southeast
Asia.

Grundtvig Church The Great Temple of

Abu-Simbel

The religious structure

that was designed by The Great Temple of
Arch. P.V. Jensen- Klint Ramses, Abu Simbel,
Egypt
 PALACES
Kings celebrated their
ZIGGURATS victories, wealth and power by
building large palaces
• Religious buildings
built next to temples DWELLINGS
• On top was a small • Known as Megaron
• Entrance at end rather than
temple
Palace Platform at Persepolis on the long sides
• Ruins still exist • Portico - colonnaded space
Development: • 50 years to build forming an entrance or
• Archaic ziggurat • People from all over the vestibule, with a roof
• Two or Three-staged ziggurat empire were involved in its supported on one side by
• Seven-staged ziggurat during the construction columns
Ziggurat at Ur Assyrian period • Suited to climate of Anatolian
2000 BC • Variety of architectural
styles plateau

Common ornaments:

Avenue of
sphinxes:

rows of monsters
(body of lion, head of
man, hawk, ram)
leading to monuments

MASTABAS
• Rectangular flat-
topped funerary
mound, with battered
side, covering a burial
chamber below
ground
Parts:
• Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, • First type of Egyptian
second was a false door for spirits tomb
• Column Hall
• Offering Chapel • Developed from small
• Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm which • Serdab (contains statue of deceased) and inconspicuous to
echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were symbols of • Offering room with Stelae (stone with huge an imposing
fertility as well name of deceased inscribed)
• Offering table
• The shaft represented bundle of stems • Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin

Step Pyramid of
Zoser, Saqqara
• World's first
large-scale
monument in
stone
• Designed by
Imhotep
Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
 • Most magnificent of pyramids
• Equilateral sides face cardinal
points
• Forms a world-famous building
group
• Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
• Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or
Khafre)
• Pyramid of Mykerinos
(Menkaura)
• The Great Sphinx shows King Tombs of the Kings,
Pyramids at Gizeh Chepren as a man-lion Tombs at Beni Hasan
protecting his country Thebes

Typical temple:
pylons, court, Great Temple of Ammon,
hypostyle hall, Karnak, Thebes
sanctuary, chapels all
enclosed by high • Grandest temple and
girdle wall the work of many
Avenue of sphinxes kings
and obelisks fronting
pylons
Temple of Khons

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel

• Example of rock-cut
temple
• Constructed by
Rameses II
• Entrance forecourt
leads to imposing
pylon with 4 rock-cut
colossal statues of
Mammisi Temple Rameses sitting over
Temple of Ammon, Luxor Became the prototype of the 20 m high
Greek Doric temples

TOMBS
• rock-cut or chamber tombs Palace of King Minos,
- “tholos” tomb Treasury of Knossos
Atreus, Mycenae Palace at Tyrins Lion Gate, Mycenae
Temple of Hera, Paestum Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

The Parthenon, Acropolis Temple of Artemis Ephesus

TEMENOS

Enclosure
designated as a
sacred land
Entire groups of
buildings laid out
symmetrically and
orderly

The Erectheion, Acropolis Acropolis at Pergamon

 The Acropolis, Athens 10
structures form a world-
famous building group:

• Propylaea
• Pinacotheca
• Statue of Athena AGORA STOA
Promachos
• Erectheion
• Parthenon
• Temple of Nike Apteros
• Old Temple of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY
HALL

THEATER or Mosaics
ODEION Thousands of small stones or
glass tiles set in mortar to form
Carved or hollowed a pattern
out of the hillside Showed pictures of roman life
Acoustically-efficient Opus Incertum - small stones,
Theater of Epidauros
loose pattern resembling
STADIUM or polygonal walling
HIPPODROME Opus Quadratum - rectangular
PROPYLAEA PALAESTRA blocks, with or without mortar
and GYMNASIUM NAVAL joints
BUILDING TOMBS/ Opus Reticulatum - net-like
MAUSOLEUM
effect, with fine joints running
diagonally

FORUM
• Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE CIRCULAR TEMPLE crossing the town in a grid pattern
Maison Caree, Nimes The Pantheon. Rome • In the town center was an open space called the
forum
• Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops

BASILICAS
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna