7.

FOREST AND BIO-RESERVES

Forests:
 National Forest Research centre located in Uttarkhand, Dehradun. It is renamed
as Indhira Gandhi National forest Research centre.
 Regional forest Research centre located in Allahabad
 In 1894, first forest policy in India Introduced by Britishers to project foress in
India
 After Independence, in 1952 first forest policy was introduced.
 In 1980, 2nd forest policy is introduced in India
 In 1988, 1st forest Act introduced in India
 In 1976, social forest protection program started
 March 21st observed as forest’s day
 1st week of march celebrate as “vanmahotsavam”
 According to forests policies 33.33% of forests reserves shouls be maintain.
 In mountain Regions 60%, plane regions-40%
 In 2nd forest policy it is changed to in mountain regions 66% in plane regions
34% forests reserves should maintain
 Highest forests reserves in India-Madhyapradesh
 Least forests reserves in India-Haryana
 Highest forest reserves UT-Andaman & Nicobar
 Least forest reserves in UT D&H
 Higest density of forests reserves in India is Arunachal pradesh.
 Mr. champion and seth divides on the basis of Rainfall and temperature. Divided
entire forest into 5types
1) Evergreen forests
2) Desidous forests
3) Thorn forests
4) Tidal forests
5) Mountain forests
1) Evergreen Forests:
 Rainfall :
220-440cm
Temperature 24o
height of the trees-60m
 Major wood available in this forest1. Mahagani,2. Eboni, 3.Rosewood and
4.sinwa.
 Wood available in this forest is so strong, so it can use fire sticks.
 highest consumption of fire sticks in India is Karnataka
Note: In 2016, Vichakurahalli (Karnataka) recorded as 100% smokeless village.
 Evergreen forest spread in North east states, , western ghats region, Andaman
nocobar islands
2) Desiduous Forests:
 Deciduous forest divided into two types.
1) Arid-deciduous forests
Temperature:26 to 27
Rainfall:70 to 220cm
Height:26 to 60 m
2) Semi-Arid Deciduous
 Major wood available in this forests,1. Teak,2. sal, 3.Bamboo,4. sandal, 5.Red
sandal, 6.cane,7. Halda.
1) Teak: Teak using in making of furniture
 Highest production of Teak in India-Madhy Pradesh
2) Sal: Sal using in Railway sleepers
 Highest production of sal is in madhya pradesh
3) Bamboo: Bamboo is known as poor man’s teak
 Poor man’s fridge-Pot
 Poor man’s apple-guava
 Poor man’s cow-goat
 Poor man’s food-Jawar, maize
 Poor man’s kathakali-Quthamthullar
4) Sandal: Highest sandal production is in Karnataka
 Sandal is using in cosmtics
5) Red sandal: Highest Red sandal production in AP (Chittoor and Kadapa
 Red sandal is using in making of musical instrument such as Guitar, voilin,
veena, etc and medicines
6) Cane: cane using in making of furniture.
 Highest production is in madhyapradesh
 In Telangana-Adilabad
7) Halda: Halda is using in making of combs and Toys
Note: Most economic fores in India-Desidous forests
Thorn Forests:
 It grows in less than 70cm of Rainfall Region. Its needs 27 o temperature. Trees
can grow 40m ogf height
 Wood available in this forest neem, sennaricuted, Thumma, sandra.
Neem: Neem production is more in AP, Telangana
 Neem is using in medicines and cosmotics
Venna ariculeter: Using in cleaning of leather.
 Grass products which is available in this forests Bunny, Sukul, Elephanta, Rusa,
villovillo
 Bunny, Sukul, Elephanta using in Rocks
 Villo villo using in Air coolers
 Rusa, its a performed grass which is available only in Nizamabad. It is using in
perfumes.
4) Tidal Forests:
 Tidal forests can grown in coastal Regions
 Major wood available in this forests mada trees, Ponna, boddu ponna,
Rhisophera
 All these wood is light weight wood. So it can be using in making of boats.
5) Mountain Forests:

 Hieght of trees in mountain forests more than 60m. due to mountain Region soils
contained with humus. (self-composed)
 If the height of the mountains is 3000m
 Arid desiduous forests can grow.
 Less than 3000m of height arid evergreen forest can grow.
1. Subtropical Desues forest
1000m
sal, Bamboo
2. Subtropical Evergreen forest
1000-1500m
Edri, Mahgani
Tropical Evergreen forest 1600-3000m
wallnet, oke thamalla,
D.Alpjine-300n-fine, far, birch
 Trees available in this forest of cricket bats
 Malabar is using in making of hockey sticks
BioReserves:
 In 1972, to protect animals in India project wild animal protection act introduced
to protect different kind of Animals.
Project Tiger
 In 1973, Tiger announced as National Animal of India. Before 1973, Lion is our
National animal.
 No. of tiger in India-2226
 Highest no of tigers in India-Karnataka
 Density of tigers are more in-Madhyapradesh
 so, madhyapradesh is known as “Tiger state of India”
 First Tiger Reserve in India-Pench tiger reserve
 Largest Tiger reserve in Asia-Rajeergandhi tiger reserve (AP)
 Ambassadar for save tiger program-M.s. dhoni
 In India, there are 676 lions are living highest no of lions in gujarat state.
 Ghir national park in Gujarat which is protecting Asian lions.
Protect Elephant
 Indian heritage Animal-Elephant
 To protect elephant in 1994, protect elephant program started.
 Govt of India started to make awarness for protecting elephants “Gaja to praja”
 Chittor national park which is located in Nepal every year conducts miss
elephant compositions.
Note:
 In 2008, Guage River announced as National river of India
 In 2016 to clean Ganga- “Namami Ganga”
 Program started, ministry started for cleaning of Ganga present Ganga cleaning
minister uma Bharathi
 To protect crocodiles in India operation crocodile program started.
 There are 2 types of crocodiles protected by India
1. Gharial-salt water oriented crocodiles living in odisha
2. Bitarmika-Which are living in mp in fresh water.
Note: National Acquatic animal of India-Dolphin
 Most intelligent animal after human-dolhin
 In india, famous dolphin tribe-su-su
 Which is living in Ganga coast region, Uttarpradesh
Operatopn Turtle
 Which is started in 1974, to protect tortoise
Note: Longest living animal in the world-Tortoise
 Famous Tortoise tribe in India which are coming from Galapagas islands-Alive
Ridlay, tortoise
Note: Hornobile festival hosted by Nagland highest
hornbills are living in Andaman & Nicobar Islands
 Turtle festival host by Tamilnadu
 May 23rd observed as international turtle day
Bioreserve
 Boundaries announced by Parliament
 Hunting banned in this REGION
 Animal move freely
 1st Bioreserve in India-Nilgiri Bio-Reserve) Tamilnadu
National Park
 Restricted boundaries are located
 Animal cannot move freely even here hunting is banned
 1st national park-Uttarakand
Sancheries
 For the protection of Birds, sancheris started.
 Birds can move freely
 1st sanchery in India-Salim Ali Sanchery in India (Fater of orithology) Goa.
Bio-Reserves in India
1. J&K-Dachigam National Park-Protecting snow leopard.
2. Himachal Pradesh-Rohla national park-which is protecting snow leopard
3. Uttarkhand-First national park in India-Heri which was started in 1935.
In 1976, it is renamed as Jimcorbets National Park. (Valley of flowers)
4. UttarPradesh- Chandrika National park
5. Bihar-Valmiki National park
6. Asom-Kaziranga National park-Protecting single horn Rhinosorous.
Orange, manas, garampani national parks
7. WestBengal-Padmaja naidu National Park
8. Odisha- Nandancanan-Protecting white tigers
9. AndhraPradesh-RajivGandhi Tiger Reserve
10.Telangana-Kaval Tiger Reserve (Adilabad)
11.Tamilnadu-Roka National park-which is protecting snakes
Vandandhanagal National park
12.Kerala-Periyar National park-protecting elephant
13.Karnataka-Rangan Thinttu National Park
Bannirgattu National Park, Bird sancheru
14.Goa-Salem Ali Bird Sanchery
 15.Maharshtra-Borewilli National Park-Protecting Barking Deers
16.Gujarat-Ghir National Park-Protecting Asian lions
17.MadhyaPradesh- Pench National Park-Chambal Reserve
18.Andaman&Nicobar-Mahatma Gandhi
19.Lakshadweep-Pitti National Park
20.Rajastan- Rana Thambor National Park
-Sariska National Park
-Bharatpur Gana Sanchery
Note. Sariska which is announced as Black zone from Asom kaziranga national
park, tiger are migrating to sariska national park.
 Smallest National Park in India-Pench
 Largest Tiger Reserve in India-Rajiv Gandhi Reserve
Other Riserves
ARP-Namdhana
CHGR-Indhravati
JRKND-Fakmar
KRTK-Bandhipur
Bilingiri Ranganadha
KRI-Parambikulam
MP-Kanna
-Sanjaydubri
MH-Tadobha
-Banyadri
MJRM-Damfa
Odisha-Simlal
TN-Annamalai
WB-Sunder bans, Busksa
Bio-Reserves

TN-Neligiri
UKND-Nandadevi
MGLA-Nocrek
WB-Sunderbans
TN-Mannarsindh
A&N-Great Nicobar
Odisha-Simpial
ARP-Dinan-dibong
 MP-Panchamarhi
SKM-Kanchanganga
GJRT-Kach
AP-Shesha chalam

8. MINERALS & INDUSTRIES

National Mineral Research Centre : Dhanbadh (Jarkhand)
 IBM-Indial Beuro of mines which invent minerals in India-Pune
 NMDC-National mineral Development corparation Headquarters-Hyderabad
 In India highest resource of mineral located Rajasthan, 2nd is Andhra Pradesh.
 AP is known as Ratnagarbha.
 Chotanagpur is known as Mineral Heartland of India
 There are 4types of minerals available in India
1. Metals - Iron, branch, copper, silver, gold.
2. Non-metals- Lime stone, Granite, rocksalt, diamonds.
3. Fuel- Coal, petroluem, Natural Gas.
4. Nuclear- Uranium, Thorium, Zircanium.
Uranium: Raw material of uranium is called Pitchblend
 Uranium using in production of Nuclear Power
 Highest uranium reserves found in Australia
In India, Recently we found uranium reserves in Kadapa dist Thummalpalle
Nalgonda dist, Lambapur
 France has highest nuclear power production capcity (70%)
 India has 3% of nuclear power capacity
 In india, Recently started different nuclear powe plants.
1) Kudamkulam-Tamilnadu-with help of Russia
2) Haripur-Westbengal
3) Jaithapur-Maharashtra-with the help of France
4) Kowada-Srikakulam
 First Nuclear Reactor in India-Tarapur, Maharashtra with the help of govt of
India, It was started in 1969.
 First Nuclear power plant in India-Apsara-Maharashtra
Note: Due to effect Tsunami in 2011,March-11 Funeshima Nuclear Power Plant
effected to Radiation
Thorium: Highest Reserves of Thorium are in (Odisha) 1. Jharkand
2. Odisha
 Rawmaterial of Thorium is called monozyle
Zircanium: Rawmaterial of zircannium is called zircan
 highest reserves of Zircanium are in Odisha and 2nd Jharkhand.
2. Fuel:
Coal: Purity of the coal declared by percentage of the india.
 In India, there are four types of carbon oriented coals available
1) Anthresite-Purest coal in India
2) Bitumanis-Highest reserve of Bitumanis coal available in India
3) Lignite-It is available only in India in the region of Tamilnadu niveli
4) Peut- Reserve of peut are available in the form of Rust.
State Mine
JRKND Zooriya
 CHGR Coabra
WB Ranigunj
ODISHAThakier
MH- Vardha vally
JG- TG Singareni
MP- Singrowli
UP- Singrowli
 Highest Reserve of coal are available in Jhrakand.
2. Godavari valley region
 Coal comes under sedimentary rocks
ii) Petroleum: In India has different kind of petroleum retinery centres.
 1st Petroleum retinery center in India-makum (Asom). But it was closed.
 Digbae oil and petroleum refinery center started in Asom state.
 This is the first oil refinery center India
 Remaining oil refinery centers
1. Makum - Asom
2. Ankaleshwar - Gujarat
3. Madhura -Uttarpradesh
4. Zamnagar - Guarat
5. KG Basin -AP
 Larges oil refinary center in India in govt sector madhura.
 Largest oil refinery center private sector -Zamnagar
 Oldest oil refinary center in India-Digbae
 OPEC countries (Organisation of Petroleum export countries) has largest resource
of crude oil and this is the largest exporter of crude oil in the world.
iii) Natural gas: Where the resource of petroleum available in those regions
natural gas reserves are available.
 1. Digbae-Asom
2. Ankaleshwar-Gujarat
3. Zamnagar-Gujarat
4. Maduara-UP
5. KG Barin-AP
Note: To provide natural gas through pipe lines HPJ pipe line was developed from
gujarat to Delhi
3. Non-Metals:
i) Limestone: Limestone reserves are using in making of cement.
 Highest reserve of limestone are available in Karnataka.
 In AP, Kadapa, Kurnool has highest limestone Reserves.
 In Telangana, Nalgonda has highest limestone reserves.
ii) Mercury: Highest reserve of mercury in the world are in Italy
 In India, Ind chotanagapur region has some of mercury reserves.
 Mercury is using in thermodynamics and Barometers
Note: Falling of mercury level represents-Toofan
iii) Diamonds: Diamonds are using in ornaments
 Highest diamond reserves are in the world in south africa-Kimabrli
 In India-Madyapradesh-Panna has highest diamonf Reserves.
 AP, Ananthpur-Vajrakarur has highest diaomond reserves
iv) Metals:
i) Iron
 Highest Iron are reserves in India are in Jarkhand, Chotanagpur region.
 On the basis Fe% from deivided into 4types Hematite-60%, Magnitude-50-60%,
Liyonite-40-50%, Sidolite-30-40%, India’s 1st mine-Singbum (JRKND)
In Telangana highest Iron reserves are available in kammam dist Bayyaram &
Palvancha
Note: Govt of Telangana planning to establish iron and steel Industry in Palvancha
region with the support of sail steel authority of India limited)
 First Iron reserve found in westbengal, Ranigunj in 1774.
 Copper: Highest copper reserve in India found in Andhra pradesh
 Oldest copper mine-Shamine-Nellore Dist
Silver: Highest silver reserve found in Rajasthan.
 In India valley civilization we use to export silver to persia mesapotanian
Gold: Highest silver reserves in India are in Karnataka state.
 In AndhraPradesh, Ananthapur Ramnagar, Karnataka-Colar mines
 In the world south africa has highest gold reserves
Industries:
 There are different kind of industries located in India on the basis of minerals, on
the basis of investment
 On basis of minerals, entire Industries divided into 4types.
1) Agriculture industries-Textile, jute, Tabacco, Sugarcane, Ricemills
2) Forest based industries-Paper, silk, match box
3) Mineral based Industries-Iron and steel Industry, cement Industry, Fertilizer
industry
4) Automobile Industries-Cars, 2-wheelers, Bicycles
 On the basis of Investment, Industries divided into 5types.
 1) micro Industry-Ivestment upto 25lakhs
2) Small scale Industry-Investment upto 5crore
3) medium scale industry-Investment upt 10crores
4) Large scale industry-Investment upto 100crores
5) Mega industry-Investment upto 200crores employbility for 1000members
1) Agriculture based Industry
i) Textile:
 Highest no of people depends on Textile Industries.
 Oldest Industry in India Textile Industry
 First textile Industry in India started in surath(Gujarat) by the permission of
Jahangir.
 In 1880, in Portglasier by the permission of Faruksiyal
 Modern textile industry started
 Due to witter lands these Idustries are shiffted from eastal coast to westal coast.
 Ahmadabad region which is in westal coast are famous for textile industries in
India
 Ahmadabad is known as manchestar of India
 Koimbatore is known as machestar of south
 Kanpur is known as manchestar of North
 Manchester of AP-vishaka
 Manchestar of the world-Osaka Japan
 Mumbai is known as cotton police of India.
 As per 2017, highest no oftextile Indutries are located in Maharshtra.
 Highest wool Industries are located in Punjab, Lectiyana.
 Highest no of wool industries in micro-Industries level are inJ&K
ii) Jute: Highest no of jute indutriest located in Bangladesh
 In India, Highest no of Jute Industries located west bengal
 Jute known as golden peach
iii) Tobacco:
 Highest no of tobacco Industries are located ubahawana
 Highest production of Tobacco in India in AP
 So AP, known as Hawana in India
 First Tobacco Industries in AP-VST (1938) Vajin sultan Tobacco
iv) Sugarcane: Higest no of sugarcan Industries are in Maharshtra
 First sugar factory in India started by Dutch people in Bihar-Champaram (1904)
Note: All the Industries in the India started by Britishers except sugarcane Industry.
 Sugarcane Industry started by Dutch people
Forest based Industry:
i) Paper
 Largest forest based Industry in India paper Industry
 First paper industry in India started by Britishers in Westbengal
 This is the largest paper industry in India which started place of west bengal
paper mill, Madhya pradesh, nepanagapr
 In Andhrapradesh, 1st paper industy Rajamundry paper mill
 In Telangana, 1st paper mill- Siripur kagajnagar paper mill, Adialabad
 Latest production which is more in Arunachal pradesh
Match box industries:
 Largest matchbox Industry in India established in Tamilnady, shivakashi
 In Telangana, warangal has highest no of match box Industries,
 In AP, East Godavari, Visakapatnam
iii) Silk: Karnataka is in 1st place in production of silk.
 In Telangana, Gadwal, pochempalli, sirisilla which are famous for silk Industries
 In AP Dharmavaram, Ponduru
3. Mineral based Industries:
i) Iron and steel Industries:
 First Iron and steel industry in India started in 1907 in Jharkand sakchi
 Name of Iron and steel Industry-TISCO
(Tata Iron and steel company) on the memory of Jemsgadje Tata, sakchi renamed
as Jemshadpur.
 This is the largest Iron and steel Industry in private sector
 In 2nd 5year plan, 3large scale, Iron and steel industries started in India
1) In 1955-56 Rurkela, Iron steel company with the help of west Germany in
odisha it was started.
2) In 1959-Bilai-Chatigarh-with the help of VSSR
3) In 1960-Durgapur-In Westbengal with help of England started
4) In 1964-bokarb-with the help of USSR in Jarkhand it was started
5) In 1980-Selum-Iron & steel Industry started (Tamilnadu). It is providing Raw
material to mint coins in India
6) 1991-RINL- (Rhastriya Ispath nigam limited) -Vishaka
 Hindal- (Hindustan Aluminium Company)
 INDALCO- (India Aluminium company)
 BALCO- (Barath Aluminium company)
ii) Cement:
 First cement Industry in India started in 1904 in Madras
 Highest no of cement Industries are located in Tamilnadu
 In AP, Kurnool dist has highest no of cement industries
 In Telangana, Nalgonda has highest no of cement Industries
iii) Fertilizer:
 Highest no of fertilizer industries are located in Tamilnadu. In AP Godavari,
Nagarjuna, Coramandal Fertilizer Industries are located in East Godavari
 In Telangana, Ramagundam fertilizer company
iv) Automobile Industries
 Maruthi Udyog limited is in Gurgar, Haryana.
Note; In 2016, Japan adopt technology of maruthi
 Nano cars plant which is located in Gujarat sanadh
 Wokesvagon: Cars plan which located in Maharshtra, Nagpur
 Highest no of 2wheeler Industries located in maharashtra
 Higest no of Bicycle Industries-Punjab, Luthiuna
 Hindustan shipyard which (produces) manufacturing boats and ships
 Mumbai, Mujjandors shipping manufacturing company is located. This is the
largest shipping manufacturing company in India
 kolkata shipping construction company. This is called gateway of east India
Note: Highest no of Rice mills are located in Telangana. In Telangana, Nalgonda Dist
has highest no of Rice mills
 AP is known as Hawana of India on the basis of tobacco production AP is known
as Ratnagarba on the basis of minerals
 Karnataka state is known as coffe state of India
 Kerala is known as spice garden of India
Metals
 Manganese
 South Africa
 Production China
 India, Odisha, Production Maharastra
 Bauxite-Production Odisha, Maharashtra
 Copper Madhya pradesh, Jarkand
 Chromite: Odisha, Karnataka
Non Metalic
 Mica -Andhra pradesh(production AP)
Graphite-production Jharkand
 Phospate: MP, Rajstastan
 Barytes: AP, TS-Khammam
Important Monuments in India

Name Place Built by

Ajanta - Ellora Caves Aurangabad (Mah.) Gupta rulers
Aram Bagh Agra (UP) Babur
Agra Fort Agra (UP) Akbar
Akbar’s Mausoleum Sikandra (UP) Akbar
Itmod - ud - daula Fort Agra (UP) Noorjahan
Anand Bhawan Allahabad (UP) Motilal Nehru
Bada Imambara Lucknow (UP) Asaf-ud-daula
Bharatpur Fort Bharatpur (Raj.) Raja Surajmal Singh
Bibi Ka Maqbara Aurangabad (Mah.) Aurongzeb
Char - Minor Hyderabad (AP) Quli Qutub Shah
Charar - e - Sharif Jammu & Kashmir Zainul Abedin
Chhota Imambara Lucknow (UP) Muhammad Ali Shah
Dargah Ajmer Sharif Ajmer (Raj.) Sultan Shyasuddin
Dilwara’s Jain Temple Mount Abu (Raj.) Siddharaja
Deewan - e - Khas Agra Fort (UP) Shahjahan
Adhai Din Ka Jhopra Ajmer (Raj.) Qutubuddin Aibak
Elephanfa’s cave Mumbai (Mah.) Rashtrakuta rulers
Fatehpur Sikri Agra (UP) Akbar
Ferozshah Kotla Delhi Ferozshah Tughlaq
Golghar Patna (Bih.) British Government
Gateway of India Mumbai (Mah.) British Government
Hauz Khas Delhi Alauddin Khilji
Hawa Mahal Jaipur (Raj.) Maharaja Pratap Singh
Humayun’s Tomb Delhi Hymayun’s wife
Jama Masjid Agra (UP) Shahjahan
Jama Masjid Delhi Shahjahan
Jagannath Temple Puri (Ori.) Anantvarmun Ganga
Jantar - Mantar Delhi Sawai Jai Singh
Jaigarh Fort Jaipur (Raj.) Sawai Jai Singh
Jim Corbett Park Nainital (Uttar.) Sir Malcom Hqilley
Jodhpur Fort Jodhpur (Raj.) Rao Jodhoji
Kanheri’s Fort Mumbai (Mah.) Buddhists
Khirki Masjid Delhi Ghyasuddin Tughlaq
Lai Bagh Bangalore (Kar.) Hyder Ali
Lakshmi Narayan Temple Delhi Birla Family
Makka Masjid Hyderabad (AP) Quli Qutub Shah
Moti Masjid Agra Fort (UP) Shahjahan
Moti Masjid Delhi Fort Aurangzeb
Nahargarh Fort Jaipur (Raj.) Sawai Jai Singh
Nishat Garden Srinagar (J & K) Asaf Ali
Parana Qila Delhi Shershah Suri
Pathar Ki Masjid Patna (Bih.) Pervez Shah
President House Delhi British Government

Qutub Minor Delhi Qutubuddin Aibak

Red Fort Delhi Shahjahan

Safdar Jung Tomb Delhi Shuja-ud-daula
Sabarmati Ashram Ahmadabad (Guj.) Mahatma Gandhi
Shantiniketan West Bengal Rabindra Nath Tagore
Shish Mahal Agra (UP) Shahjahan
Shalimar Garden Srinagar (J & K) Jahangir
Shershah’s Tomb Sasaram (Bih.) Shershah’s son
Saint George Fort Chennai (TN) East India Company
Sati Burj Mathura (UP) Raja Bhagwan Das
Sun Temple Konark (Ori.) Narsimhadeva
Swarna Mandir (Golden Temple) Amritsar (Pun.) Guru Ramdas
Taj Mahal Agra (UP) Shahjahan
Bellure Math Kolkata (WB) Swami Vivekanand
Victoria Memorial Kolkata (WB) British Government
Vishnupad Temple Gaya (Bih.) Rani Ahiliabai
Viiaya Stambha Chittorgarh (Raj.) Maharana Kumbha

POPULATION OF INDIA

 India has a long and rich tradition of conducting Census taking. The earliest
references of census taking in the country are found in Kautilya’s
‘Arthashastra’ (321-296 BC) and later in the writings ofAbdul Fazl’s in ‘Ain-e-
Akbari’ during the days of Emperor Akbar.
 However, the first systematic and modern population Census, in its present
scientific form was conducted non- synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in the
country. The first synchronous censusin India was conducted in the Year
1881.

 The Census 2011 was the fifteenth Census in this series as reckoned from
1872 and the seventh since independence. The successful conduct of Census
without any break since 1872 makes the Indian census unique and unparalleled
in the world.

 The 15th Indian census was conducted in two phases, house listing and
population enumeration.

 House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of information
about all buildings. Information for National Population Register was also
collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique
identification number to all registered Indians by Unique Identification Authority
of India.

 The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 to 28

February 2011.

 Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time
biometric information was collected.

 The motto of census 2011 was ‘Our Census, Our future’.

 Spread across 35 states and union territories, the Census covered 640 districts,
5767 tehsils, 7742 towns and more than 6 lac villages.

 2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935 towns and 6,40,867 villages,
classifying the population according to gender, religion,
education andoccupation.

 The cost of the exercise was approximately 2,200 crore – this comes to less than
$ 0.5 per person, well below the estimated world average of $4.6 per person.

 Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering India’s
vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the manpower involved.

 Information on castes was included in the census

 Census data was collected in 16 languages and training manual was prepared
in18 languages.

 Shri C.Chandramouli is the Registrar General and commissioner of 2011 Indian

census.

1. Census 2011 was the seventh census after independence and fifteenth census overall
 2. Motto of Census – ‘Our Census, Our Future’
3. Total population of India reached 121 crores (1.21 billion)
4. Total number of males were 62.31 crores and females were 58.74 crores
5. Percentage of population growth during the decade was 17.7%
6. Population density (per sq. km.) was 382 persons
7. Sex ratio was 943 females/1000 males
8. Child sex ratio was 919 females/1000 males
9. State with highest sex ratio – Kerala (1084 females/1000 males)
10. District with highest sex ratio – Mahe, Puducherry (1176 females/1000 males)
11. City with highest sex ratio – Kozikhode, Kerala (1093 females/1000 males)
12. UT with highest sex ratio – Puducherry (1029 females/1000 males)
13. State with lowest sex ratio – Haryana (877 females/1000 males)
14. District with lowest sex ratio – Daman, Daman and Diu (533 females/1000 males)
15. City with lowest sex ratio –Vapi, Gujarat (734 females/1000 males)
16. UT with lowest sex ratio – Lakshadweep (946 females/1000 males)
17. Literacy rate was 73%. Male literacy – 80.9% and Female literacy – 64.6%
18. State with highest literacy – Kerala (93.91%)
19. District with highest literacy – Serchhip, Mizoram (98.76%)
20. City with highest literacy – Aizwal, Mizoram (98.80%)
21. UT with highest literacy – Lakshadweep (98.80%)
22. State with lowest literacy – Bihar (63.82%)
23. District with lowest literacy – Alirajpur, MP (37.22%)
24. City with lowest literacy – Rampur, UP (60.74%)
25. UT with lowest literacy – Dadar and Nagar Haveli (76.24%)
26. Most populous state – Uttar Pradesh (19.96 crore)
27. Most populous district – Thane, Maharashtra (1.11 crore)
28. Most populous city – Mumbai (1.25 crore)
29. Least populous state – Sikkim (6,07,688)
30. Least populous district – Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh (7,948)
31. Least populous city – Nagda, UP (100,036)
32. State with highest urban population – Maharashtra
33. State with lowest urban population – Sikkim
34. State with highest rural population – Uttar Pradesh
35. State with lowest urban population – Sikkim
36. Number of districts – 640
37. State with highest density of population – Bihar (1102)
38. State with lowest density of population – Arunachal Pradesh (17)
39. State with highest fertility rate – Meghalaya
40. 2011 Census Commissioner of India – C. Chandramouli

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Energy sources

Energy sources dived in to two types

1. Conventional energy
2. Non conventional energy
Conventional energy :

Thermal power, nuclear power,

Highest power production in the world thermal power

Highest power production in india thermal power

Highest power production in the world thermal power

In thermal power production maharstara is in 1st place

State stps

Up rehand

Dhadri

Singrouli

Mp vindyachal

Chgr corbha

Ap simhadhri

Bhr kahalgav

Orissa thalcher

Wb farakka

State umpp

Mp sasan

Gjrt mundhra

Mh girya

Ap krishnapatnam

First natural gas electricity vijjeswaram

Nuclear power:
Maharastara: tarapur nuclear power plant started in 1969

Rajastan-ravathbhata

Tamilnadu-kalpakkam

Up-narora

Gujarath-kakrapara

Karnataka –kaiga

Hydro electricity:

Hp-nadhfazecri

Bacranangal-pnb

Indirasagar-mp

Mahatmagandhi-jarkand

Solar energy:

First solar plant in india kalyanpur(up)

Largest power producer of solar in india tamilnadu