Question - Unit 1 Answers

What do you mean by one way slab? The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two
and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its
geometry.
Explain about deflection of Beams as per IS:456. The deflection limits as per IS 456:2000. a). The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage and
measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs, and all other horizontal members, should not normally exceed span/250

Explain about parameters used to define one way or two way slab. If L/b the ratio is greater than or equal to 2 then it is considered a one-way slab. If L/b the ratio is less than 2 then it is considered a two-
way slab. In one way, slab bending moment occurs only in a shorter span direction.
Explain about short term deflection. Short-term deflection refers to the immediate deflection after casting and application of partial or full service loads, while the long-term
deflection occurs over a long period of time largely due to shrinkage and creep of the materials
How can you check deflection of a Beam? Generally, we calculate deflection by taking the double integral of the Bending Moment Equation means M(x) divided by the product of E and
I (i.e. Young's Modulus and Moment of Inertia). The unit of deflection, or displacement, will be a length unit and normally we measure it in a
millimetre.
What is a Continuous Beam? Explain with sketch. A continuous beam, i.e. a beam that has more than two supports, is statically indeterminate. The reactions in the supports of a continuous
beam cannot be obtained with the equations of static equilibrium only. For the calculation of the reactions in the supports each section is
considered as an independent beam
Which beam will show less deflection and why between simply supported beam and continuous beam. For a given load the deflection of a continuous beam is smaller (usually much smaller) than what it would be for a simply supported beam of
the same section and span due to the addition of end restraint(s) and their influence on the curvature distribution

Explain about extreme stresses in the beam? The major stresses induced due to bending are normal stresses of tension and compression. But the state of stress within the beam
includes shear stresses due to the shear force in addition to the major normal stresses due to bending although the former are generally of
smaller order when compared to the latter
What are the parameters to controll deflection in a beam? The principal material parameters that influence concrete deflection are modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, creep, and shrinkage.

Explain about deflection of Cantilever Beam as per IS:456. he deflection limit for cantilever beams set by most design codes is L/180 for live load and L/90 for combined dead & live load. The maximum
span depends on the material of the beam (wood, steel or concrete).
A steel cantilever beam of 6m long carries 2 point loads 15KN at the free end and 25KN at the distance of 2.5m from the free end. To determine the
deflection at free end I = 1.3x108mm4. E = 2x105 N/mm2
A simply supported Beam is loaded with point load 'W' at center. If MI is 'I' and span is 'l' find out slope at support. WL/4
A steel cantilever beam of 6m long carries 2 point loads 15KN at the free end and 25KN at the distance of 2.5m from the free end. To determine the
slope at free end I = 1.3x108mm4. E = 2x105 N/mm2
A simply supported Beam is loaded with point load 'W' at center. If MI is 'I' and span is 'l' find out deflection at center.
Explain about over hang beam with sketch. If the end portion of a beam extends beyond the support, then the beam is known as overhanging beam. Overhanging may be on one of the
supports or on both the sides. In the case of an overhanging beam, the bending moment is positive between the supports, whereas the
bending moment is negative for the overhanging portion. At the same point on the beam, the bending moment is zero or changes sign from
positive to negative value or vice versa. This point where the bending moment changes sign is called as the point of contraflexure or point of
inflexion.

Question -Unit 2 Answers

What do you mean by hair cracks in RC structures? Hairline cracks are commonly observed in freshly placed concrete and their occurrence is owed to the phenomenon of plastic shrinkage. As
the name implies, these cracks are very small- about 0.003 inches (0.08mm) in width and can be very shallow.
Explain about creep cracks. time-dependent deformation due to sustained load. the creep originates in the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) of hardened Portland cement
paste. It is caused by slips due to bond ruptures, with bond restorations at adjacent sites. The C-S-H is strongly hydrophilic, and has a
colloidal microstructure disordered from a few nanometers up.
What do you mean by contraction cracks? Cracks formed within the first two or three weeks after casting caused by restraint to early thermal movements. The reaction between
cement and water generates heat.
What do you mean by thermal cracks? Thermal cracks appear when the restraint results in tensile stresses that exceed the in-place concrete tensile strength. Cracking due to
temperature can occur in concrete members that are not considered mass concrete.
Which crack is dangerous in a Beam? The vertical and oblique cracks of reinforced concrete beams are typical load cracks, which will endanger the safe use of the structure.

What do you mean by expansion joint? A concrete expansion joint – or control joint – is a gap which allows the concrete to expand and contract as/when the temperature changes.
It forms a break between the concrete and other parts of a structure to allow movement without causing stress, which can lead to cracking.

Explain about stress developed due to rise of temperature. Thermal stress is the stress produced by any change in the temperature of the material. Thermal stress is induced in a body when the
temperature of the body is raised or lowered and the body is not allowed to expand or contract freely. Thermal stress includes both heat and
cold stress.
Explain about shrinkage stress. Concrete shrinks as moisture is lost to the environment or by self-desiccation. As concrete shrinks, tensile stresses will be developed in the
structure due to restraints from adjunct materials or connected members. The stresses may exceed the tensile strength and cause concrete
to crack.
What is desirable to stop expansion stresses? You can provide shrinkage strips at required intervals and avoid expansion joints
Explain about deflection of Cantilever Beam as per IS:456. The deflection limit for cantilever beams set by most design codes is L/180 for live load and L/90 for combined dead & live load. The
maximum span depends on the material of the beam (wood, steel or concrete).
Explain about types of cracks in RC structures. Four types of cracks developed in reinforced concrete column are diagonal cracks, horizontal cracks, splitting cracks, corrosion cracks. Plastic
shrinkage cracks
Crazing & Crusting Cracks
Settling cracks
Expansion cracks
Heaving cracks
Overloading cracks
Corrosion of Reinforcement
Explain about Factors affecting crack width in beams. It was found from a statistical analysis of the collected data that the factors that significantly affect crack width are construction season,
coarse aggregate type, amount of steel, and time of crack occurrence. Thus, hot weather placement produced much wider cracks than cool
weather placement.
A simply supported rectangular beam 300 mm x 500 mm, having an effective span of 6 m, is subjected to UDL o 16 KN/m, inclusive of its self weight.
The beam is reinforced with 3 bars of 20 mm diameter, at an effective cover of 50 mm. Assuming M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. Calculate the surface
Crack with at the following locations. a) At a point ‘A ‘directly under a bar on tension face
A simply supported rectangular beam 300 mm x 500 mm, having an effective span of 6 m, is subjected to UDL o 16 KN/m, inclusive of its self weight.
The beam is reinforced with 3 bars of 20 mm diameter, at an effective cover of 50 mm. Assuming M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. Calculate the surface
Crack with at the following locations. b) At the bottom corner ‘B ‘of the beam
A simply supported rectangular beam 300 mm x 500 mm, having an effective span of 6 m, is subjected to UDL o 16 KN/m, inclusive of its self weight.
The beam is reinforced with 3 bars of 20 mm diameter, at an effective cover of 50 mm. Assuming M20 concrete and Fe415 steel. Calculate the surface
Crack with at the following locations. c) At a point ‘C ‘distant 2(d-x)/3 from N.A, where crack width is likely to be maximum.

Question - Unit 3 Answers

What do you mean by one way slab? The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two
and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its
geometry.
Explain about deflection of Beams as per IS:456. The deflection limits as per IS 456:2000. a). The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage and
measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs, and all other horizontal members, should not normally exceed span/250

Explain about parameters used to define one way or two way slab. If L/b the ratio is greater than or equal to 2 then it is considered a one-way slab. If L/b the ratio is less than 2 then it is considered a two-
way slab. In one way, slab bending moment occurs only in a shorter span direction.
Explain about redistribution of Moments. The increased load increases the moment in the less stressed sections of the beam; hence due to this, further plastic hinges are formed.
This process of shift of application of moment in the beam is termed as moment redistribution in a beam.
What is point of contra flexure? Explain with sketch. A point of contraflexure is a point where the curvature of the beam changes sign. It is sometimes referred to as a point of inflexion and will
be shown later to occur at the point, or points, on the beam where the B.M. is zero
Is there any point of contra flexure in simply supported Beam? Explain with sketch. we can see there are 3 contra flexure points.
Explain about conditions for moments redistribution. It is worth mentioning that the redistribution of moment is possible if the section forming the plastic hinge has the ability to rotate at
constant moment, which depends on the amount of reinforcement actually provided at that section. The section must be under-reinforced
and should have sufficient ductility.
Explain about extreme stresses in the beam? The major stresses induced due to bending are normal stresses of tension and compression. But the state of stress within the beam
includes shear stresses due to the shear force in addition to the major normal stresses due to bending although the former are generally of
smaller order when compared to the latter
Explain redistribution of moments in fixed beam. The increased load increases the moment in the less stressed sections of the beam; hence due to this, further plastic hinges are formed.
This process of shift of application of moment in the beam is termed as moment redistribution in a beam.
Explain about deflection of Cantilever Beam as per IS:456. The deflection limit for cantilever beams set by most design codes is L/180 for live load and L/90 for combined dead & live load. The
maximum span depends on the material of the beam (wood, steel or concrete).
Explain Moment redistribution for a two-span continuous beam. The increased load increases the moment in the less stressed sections of the beam; hence due to this, further plastic hinges are formed. This
process of shift of application of moment in the beam is termed as moment redistribution in a beam
Draw and explain Final shape of redistributed bending moment diagram for a two-span continuous beam.
Explain about Advantages and disadvantages of moment redistribution. 1) It gives a more realistic picture of the actual load carrying capacity of the indeterminate structure. 2) Structures designed considering the
redistribution of moment (though limited) would result in economy as the actual load capacity is higher than that we determine from any
elastic analysis
Advantages and disadvantages of moment redistribution. 1) It gives a more realistic picture of the actual load carrying capacity of the indeterminate structure. 2) Structures designed considering the
redistribution of moment (though limited) would result in economy as the actual load capacity is higher than that we determine from any
elastic analysis
Explain Moment-curvature (M - ψ), Relation of reinforced concrete sections. the relationship between moment and curvature is linear, and with increasing curvature, the moment also increases. And then after cracking
the concrete in the tensile zone, the moment-curvature relationship gradually becomes non-linear to reach the peak point and maximum
moment.

Question - Unit 4 Answers

Explain about Flat Slab. A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have beams and girders, and the loads are transferred directly to the
supporting concrete columns. The flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the
simplest of structural shapes
What do you mean by one way slab? The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two
and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its
geometry
What do you mean by Two way slab? Two-way slabs are slabs that are supported on four sides. In two-way slabs, the load will be carried in both directions, thus main
reinforcement is provided in both directions for two-way slabs. The slabs are considered as spanning two-way when the longer to shorter
span length is less than a ratio of two.
Explai about Drop with sketch. Drop panels are the rectangular portion provided above the column and below the slab in order to restrict slab from getting sheared and
undergo rupture
What is column strip? Column Strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25L1 or 0.25L2, whichever is less, where L1 and L2 are length and width of the panel.
The remaining middle portion which is bound by the column strips is called the middle strip
What is middle strip? Column Strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25L1 or 0.25L2, whichever is less, where L1 and L2 are length and width of the panel.
The remaining middle portion which is bound by the column strips is called the middle strip
Explain about Drop panel. The drop panel is defined as the slab's thickened part above the supporting column. These drop panels act as a perfect solution to increase
the shear strength of the flat slab. Similarly, the flat slab with drop panels increases the negative moment capacity of the structure

Explain about minimum thickness of Flat slab. Flat slabs must be at least 125 millimetres thick to comply with the requirements of IS 456:2000
Explain about cl. No 31 of IS:456-2000 for Flat slabs. As per cl.31 of IS456-2000, the span by depth ratio of two way slab is applicable for flat slabs and the values can be (l/d)modified by 0.9 for
flat slabs with drops Take l/d as 32 for HYSD bars
Explain about the methods of design of flat slab? A flat slab is a one-way or two-way system with thickenings in the slab at the columns and load bearing walls called 'drop panels'. Drop
panels act as T-beams over the supports. They increase the shear capacity and the stiffness of the floor system under vertical loads, thus
increasing the economical span range.
What is Matrix analysis method for Beams? There are two general approaches to the matrix analysis of structures: the stiffness matrix method and the flexibility matrix method. The
stiffness method is also known as the displacement or equilibrium method. It obtains the solution of a structure by determining the
displacements at its joints
Explain about Flexibility method (Force transformation matrix) for fixed and continuous beams. In the flexibility matrix method of analysis, the values of redundant forces necessary to ensure geometric continuity of structure are
determined by using relation (displacement at release due to applied loading = Dp; flexibility matrix = F; redundant forces on released
structure = XR)
Explain about Flexibility method (Element flexibility matrix) for fixed and continuous beams. It is called the flexibility method because flexibilities appear in the equations of compatibility. Another name for the method is the force
method because forces are the unknown quantities in equations of compatibility
Explain about Reduced stiffness method for beams. In this method, the stiffness of linear parts of structures is condensed at joints interconnected with nonlinear parts. Both mentioned
methods need high computational effort in solving the problems of infinite nonlinearities, such as frame analysis.
Explain about Stiffness method for grids.

Question - Unit 5 Answers

What do you mean by one way slab? The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two
and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams, because of its
geometry.
Explain about deflection of Beams as per IS:456. The deflection limits as per IS 456:2000. a). The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage and
measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs, and all other horizontal members, should not normally exceed span/250

Explain about parameters used to define one way or two way slab. If L/b the ratio is greater than or equal to 2 then it is considered a one-way slab. If L/b the ratio is less than 2 then it is considered a two-
way slab. In one way, slab bending moment occurs only in a shorter span direction.
Explain about short term deflection. Short-term deflection refers to the immediate deflection after casting and application of partial or full service loads, while the long-term
deflection occurs over a long period of time largely due to shrinkage and creep of the materials
How can you check deflection of a Beam? Generally, we calculate deflection by taking the double integral of the Bending Moment Equation means M(x) divided by the product of E and
I (i.e. Young's Modulus and Moment of Inertia). The unit of deflection, or displacement, will be a length unit and normally we measure it in a
millimetre.
What is a Continuous Beam? Explain with sketch. A continuous beam, i.e. a beam that has more than two supports, is statically indeterminate. The reactions in the supports of a continuous
beam cannot be obtained with the equations of static equilibrium only. For the calculation of the reactions in the supports each section is
considered as an independent beam
Which beam will show less deflection and why between simply supported beam and continuous beam. For a given load the deflection of a continuous beam is smaller (usually much smaller) than what it would be for a simply supported beam of
the same section and span due to the addition of end restraint(s) and their influence on the curvature distribution

Explain about extreme stresses in the beam? The major stresses induced due to bending are normal stresses of tension and compression. But the state of stress within the beam
includes shear stresses due to the shear force in addition to the major normal stresses due to bending although the former are generally of
smaller order when compared to the latter
What are the parameters to controll deflection in a beam? The principal material parameters that influence concrete deflection are modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, creep, and shrinkage.

Explain about deflection of Cantilever Beam as per IS:456. he deflection limit for cantilever beams set by most design codes is L/180 for live load and L/90 for combined dead & live load. The maximum
span depends on the material of the beam (wood, steel or concrete).
A steel cantilever beam of 6m long carries 2 point loads 15KN at the free end and 25KN at the distance of 2.5m from the free end. To determine the
deflection at free end I = 1.3x108mm4. E = 2x105 N/mm2
A simply supported Beam is loaded with point load 'W' at center. If MI is 'I' and span is 'l' find out slope at support. WL/4
A steel cantilever beam of 6m long carries 2 point loads 15KN at the free end and 25KN at the distance of 2.5m from the free end. To determine the
slope at free end I = 1.3x108mm4. E = 2x105 N/mm2
A simply supported Beam is loaded with point load 'W' at center. If MI is 'I' and span is 'l' find out deflection at center.
Explain about over hang beam with sketch. If the end portion of a beam extends beyond the support, then the beam is known as overhanging beam. Overhanging may be on one of the
supports or on both the sides. In the case of an overhanging beam, the bending moment is positive between the supports, whereas the
bending moment is negative for the overhanging portion. At the same point on the beam, the bending moment is zero or changes sign from
positive to negative value or vice versa. This point where the bending moment changes sign is called as the point of contraflexure or point of
inflexion.