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What is agribusiness?

Presentation · April 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23776.33285

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Najibullah Hassanzoy
Kabul University
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INTRODUCTION TO
AGRIBUSINESS

CHAPTER-1
1. FROM FARMING TO AGRIBUSINESS
• What do you imagine when you hear the word
‘agriculture’? Farmers producing animals and
crops or seed, weed, and feed or cows, sows, and
plows.
• Agriculture is changing from mere farming to a
technology oriented industry comprising of
production, agriscience, and agribusiness.
• In Afghanistan, this change is planned to happen.

Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 1

 2. DEFINITIONS OF AGRIBUSINESS
• The term ‘agribusiness’ was coined by two Harvard
Economists, Johan Davis and Ray Goldberg in 1957.
• They defined agribusiness as "the sum total of all
operations involved in the manufacture and
distribution of farm supplies; production operations
on the farm; and the storage, processing and
distribution of farm commodities and items made
from them.”
• Agribusiness actually includes all enterprises derived
‘from’ and ‘around’ agricultural production.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 2
• Ewell Roy (1980) defined agribusiness as the “the
coordinating science of supplying agricultural
production inputs, and subsequently producing,
processing and distribution food and fiber.”
• Agribusiness is concisely defined as “a generic
term that refers to the various businesses involved
in food and fiber production (including farming),
seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery,
wholesale and distribution, processing, marketing,
and retail sales.”
• The definition of agribusiness also includes agro-
services and international trade.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 3
3. AGRIBUSINESS IS SCIENCE OR ART?
• As a field of study, agribusiness is both an art and a
science of managing an agricultural business
enterprise.
• As an Art: agribusiness puts together the various
skills of an individual or organization, in running a
profitable venture.
• As a Science: risk-taking is backed up by an
objective gathering and analysis of data and
information. Agribusiness consists of a body of
knowledge, which is borrowed from various
disciplines.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 4
 4. IS FARMING AN AGRIBUSINESS?
• Some people exclude farming of food and fiber from
the definition of agribusiness.
• A farmer (production agriculturalist) must make
decisions, develop plans, and solve problems, all of
which require business-related skills.
• A typical farmer manages interest, taxes, repair, and
replace of equipment, fertilizers, wages, fuel,
electricity, and many other items.
• Farm management deals with business aspects of
farming.
• Hence, farming is also an important agribusiness.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 5
 5. AGRIBUSINESS MANAGEMENT
• Management is a built-in function of agribusiness.
• Management is essentially a decision-making
process based on information and experience, in
order to achieve desired goals and objectives.
• Agribusiness management therefore is a dynamic
decision-making process revolving around an
agricultural business enterprise.
• The term ‘agribusiness management’ refers to the
management of any firm involved in the food and
fiber production and marketing system.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 6
6. AGRIBUSINESS IS COMPRISED OF
THREE SUB-SECTORS

Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 7

 7. THE SYSTEM OF AGRIBUSINESS
Agribusiness as a system consists of five sub-systems:
1) The Inputs Subsystem: This is the first subsystem
from which all other agribusiness subsystems
emanate. Here, all inputs (e.g. fertilizers, seeds,
machineries, etc.) are manufactured, imported or
distributed.
2) The Production Subsystem: Inputs are directly
used for the production of an agricultural
commodity as end-product in itself or as a raw
material for the production of other products.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 8
3) The Processing Subsystem: The commodities from the
production subsystem are transformed into various
products. The levels of transformation depend upon the
level of processing, which can be as simple as washing
and grading to as complex as chemical alteration.
4) The Marketing Subsystem: This subsystem is
concerned with the transfer of goods from source to end-
user. It includes all handling procedures and
infrastructures that move the commodities from one
point to another. The marketing subsystem may take the
following routes: (1) transfer of agricultural inputs from
manufacturers to farm input users; (2) transfer of
commodities from production site to processing site; (3)
transfer of commodities from processing site to end-
consumers.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 9
5) The Support Subsystem: consists of all the key
players that provide services, however, optional, but
crucial to the success of an agribusiness venture.
These services are provided by institutions such as
government agencies, commercial associations,
credit and financing, research organizations and
cooperatives.
• The government plays an important role in providing
a policy environment that is favorable to agribusiness
enterprises such as policies on prices, imports,
exports and general trading.
• All the subsystems are strongly interrelated, and the
coordination among them is a necessary for success
of agribusiness. Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management)
10
A SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF THE WORKING
OF AGRIBUSINESS SYSTEM

Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 11

 8. THE CORE INDUSTRIES OF
AGRIBUSINESS
• Agribusiness involves (1) inputs—seeds, fertilizer,
financing, equipment—that are used in production; (2)
intermediate activities— grading, storage, processing,
packaging, distribution, pricing, marketing; and (3)
final consumption activities—restaurants, groceries.
• The input supply industries, production agriculture,
and value added activities are considered the
agribusiness core industries.
• Similarly, these core industries use the material and
services of certain ancillary industries which are
considered agribusiness support industries.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 12
 EXAMPLE OF CORE AND SUPPORTING INDUSTRIES

Source: Agribusiness: Principles of Management (Book)

Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 13

9.THE FOOD SYSTEM
• A food system encompasses the ecosystems and all
of the activities required for the production,
processing, transportation and consumption of
food, including the inputs needed and outputs
generated by each of these activities.
• The food production and marketing system
encompasses all the economic activities that
support farm production and the conversion of raw
farm products to consumable goods.
• The nature of food and agricultural systems vary
widely across the globe.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 14
• Within the food system, value chains are composed of
the full range of farms and enterprises, and their
value-adding activities, which produce agricultural
raw materials and transform them into food products
that are sold to final consumers.
• Transformation of the food system is the result of the
demand “pull” factors of urbanization and dietary
changes, and the supply “push” factors of farming
intensification and factor market development.
• A primary requirement for being a successful
agribusiness manager is a solid understanding of this
food production and marketing system.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 15
 10. STAGES IN TRANSFORMATION
OF FOOD SYSTEM
• The first stage occurs in rural areas and is usually
focused on cereals with small-scale, fragmented off-
farm components.
• The second stage involves a proliferation in rural
areas of small-scale off-farm enterprises linked to the
supply chain, along with product diversification.
• In the third stage, these off-farm activities migrate
to local towns, while activities in rural areas become
more diversified and eventually more capital-
intensive and mechanized, with a reduction in off-
farm operations except for immediate handling.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 16
11. THREE PRIMARY SECTORS OF THE
FOOD SYSTEM
1. Food sector: this is the sector in which food
processing, marketing, and distribution occurs.
2. Production agriculture sector: here the
purchased inputs, natural resources, and
managerial talent are combined to produce crop
and livestock products.
3. Input supply sector: this sector is responsible for
providing the thousands of different inputs — both
products and services — to production agriculture.
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 17
A Simplified Presentation of the Food System.
Source: Agribusiness Management (Book)
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management) 18
 12. NEW DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS IN
AGRIBUSINESS
1. Trade barriers
2. Food safety specifications
3. Good agricultural practices (social and environmental
sustainability)
4. Genetically Modified Organisms (biotechnology)
5. Organic products
6. Evolution of imports and exports for agricultural and food
products
7. Productivity evolution
8. Comparative costs
9. Changing demographics and population growth
10. Changing demands in diet, wardrobes, etc.
11. Changing technological and regulatory settings
12. Increasing international competition
19
Dr. Hassanzoy (Agribusiness Management)
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