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Question 1:
Problem: Determine the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis for the complete combustion of octane (C8H18C_8H_{18}C8H18) with theoretical air. Assume complete combustion and use the following reaction: C8H18+252O2→8CO2+9H2OC_8H_{18} + \frac{25}{2} O_2 \rightarrow 8 CO_2 + 9 H_2OC8H18 +225O2→8CO2+9H2O
o Molar mass of C8H18C_8H_{18}C8H18: 12×8+1×18=114 g/mol12 \times 8 + 1 \times 18
= 114 \, \text{g/mol}12×8+1×18=114g/mol
o Molar mass of O2O_2O2: 32 g/mol32 \, \text{g/mol}32g/mol
o Molar mass of air (approximate, 21% O2O_2O2 and 79% N2N_2N2): 28.97 g/mol28.97 \, \text{g/mol}28.97g/mol
3. Stoichiometric Air Requirement: 252 mol of O2 per mol of C8H18\frac{25}{2} \, \text{mol of }
O_2 \text{ per mol of } C_8H_{18}225mol of O2 per mol of C8H18
4. Mass of Oxygen Required: 252×32 g/mol=400 g\frac{25}{2} \times 32 \, \text{g/mol} = 400 \, \
text{g}225×32g/mol=400g
5. Mass of Air Required: Mass of air=400 g of O20.21≈1905 g\text{Mass of air} = \frac{400 \, \
text{g of } O_2}{0.21} \approx 1905 \, \text{g}Mass of air=0.21400g of O2≈1905g
6. Air-Fuel Ratio (mass basis): AFR=Mass of airMass of fuel=1905114≈16.7\text{AFR} = \frac{\
text{Mass of air}}{\text{Mass of fuel}} = \frac{1905}{114} \approx 16.7AFR=Mass of fuelMass of air=1141905≈16.7
Answer:
Air-Fuel Ratio (mass basis), AFR≈16.7\text{AFR} \approx 16.7AFR≈16.7
Question 2:
Problem: For a hydrocarbon fuel with a chemical formula CxHyC_xH_yCxHy, derive the general formula for the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFR) by mass.
right) O_2 \rightarrow x CO_2 + \frac{y}{2} H_2OCxHy+(x+4y)O2→xCO2+2yH2O
2. Molar Masses: o Molar mass of CxHyC_xH_yCxHy: 12x+y g/mol12x + y \, \text{g/mol}12x+yg/mol
o Molar mass of O2O_2O2: 32 g/mol32 \, \text{g/mol}32g/mol
o Molar mass of air: 28.97 g/mol28.97 \, \text{g/mol}28.97g/mol
3. Stoichiometric Air Requirement: x+y4 mol of O2 per mol of CxHyx + \frac{y}{4} \, \text{mol of } O_2 \text{ per mol of } C_xH_yx+4ymol of O2 per mol of CxHy
4. Mass of Oxygen Required: (x+y4)×32 g/mol\left( x + \frac{y}{4} \right) \times 32 \, \text{g/mol}
(x+4y)×32g/mol
5. Mass of Air Required: Mass of air=(x+y4)×320.21\text{Mass of air} = \frac{\left( x + \frac{y}{4} \
right) \times 32}{0.21}Mass of air=0.21(x+4y)×32
6. Air-Fuel Ratio (mass basis):
AFR=Mass of airMass of fuel=(x+y4)×320.2112x+y=32(x+y4)0.21(12x+y)\text{AFR} = \frac{\ text{Mass of air}}{\text{Mass of fuel}} = \frac{\frac{\left( x + \frac{y}{4} \right) \times 32}{0.21}} {12x + y} = \frac{32 \left( x + \frac{y}{4} \right)}{0.21 (12x + y)}AFR=Mass of fuelMass of air =12x+y0.21(x+4y)×32=0.21(12x+y)32(x+4y)
Answer:
General formula for stoichiometric AFR (mass basis): AFR=32(x+y4)0.21(12x+y)\text{AFR} = \
frac{32 \left( x + \frac{y}{4} \right)}{0.21 (12x + y)}AFR=0.21(12x+y)32(x+4y)
Question 3:
Problem: A natural gas mixture consists of 95% methane (CH₄) and 5% ethane (C₂H₆) by volume. Determine the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio (AFR) on a mass basis for this mixture.
