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Unit 2 - Cloud Computing - www

Cloud computing (Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya)

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Subject Name: Cloud Computing (IT 702

[B]) UNIT- II

Syllabus: Cloud services- SAAS, PAAS, IAAS, cloud design and implementation using SOA, conceptual cloud
model, cloud stack, computing on demand, Information life cycle management, cloud analytics,
information security, virtual desktop infrastructure, and storage cloud.

CLOUD SERVICE- SAAS, PAAS, IAAS

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Figure 2.1: Cloud service models

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
It is a computing infrastructure managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it
helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.

Characteristics of IaaS

• Resources are available as a service

• Services are highly scalable
• Dynamic and flexible
• GUI and API-based access
• Automated administrative tasks

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run and manage the

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applications.

Characteristics of PaaS

• Accessible to various users via the same development application.

• Integrates with web services and databases.
• Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per the
organization's need.
• Support multiple languages and frameworks.
• Provides ability to "Auto-scale".

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is software in which the applications are hosted by a cloud
service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet connection and web
browser.

Characteristics of SaaS

• Managed from a central location

• Hosted on a remote server
• Accessible over the internet
• Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied automatically.
• The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

CLOUD DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION USING SOA

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a style of software design where services are provided to the other
components by application components, through a communication protocol over a network. Its principles
are independent of vendors and other technologies.

In service oriented architecture, a number of services communicate with each other, in one of two ways:
through passing data or through two or more services coordinating an activity. This is just one definition of
Service-Oriented Architecture.

Service-Oriented Architecture Layers

SOA architecture is viewed as five horizontal layers. These are described below:

• Consumer Interface Layer: These are GUI based apps for end users accessing the applications.
• Business Process Layer: These are business-use cases in terms of application.
• Services Layer: These are whole-enterprise, in service inventory.
• Service Component Layer: These are used to build the services, such as functional and technical
libraries.
• Operational Systems Layer: It contains the data model.

Here lies the protocol stack of SOA showing each protocol along with their relationship among each
protocol. These components are often programmed to comply with SCA (Service Component Architecture),
a language that has broader but not universal industry support.

These components are written in BPEL (Business Process Execution Languages), Java, C#, XML and can
apply to C++ or FORTRAN or other modern multi-purpose languages such as Python, PP or Ruby. With this,
SOA has extended the life of many all-time famous applications.

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Figure 2.2: Service-Oriented Architecture

Implementing Service-Oriented Architecture

When it comes to implementing service-oriented architecture (SOA), there is a wide range of technologies
that can be used, depending on what your end goal is and what you are trying to accomplish.
Typically, Service-Oriented Architecture is implemented with web services, which makes the “functional
building blocks accessible over standard internet protocols.”

An example of a web service standard is SOAP, which stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. In a
nutshell, SOAP is a messaging protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the
implementation of web services in computer networks. Although SOAP wasn’t well-received at first, since
2003 it has gained more popularity and is becoming more widely used and accepted. Other options for
implementing Service-Oriented Architecture include Jini, COBRA or REST.

It’s important to note that architectures can operate independently of specific technologies, which means
they can be implemented in a variety of ways, including messaging, such as ActiveMQ, Apache Thrift and
SORCER.

Advantages of SOA
With high-tech engineering and enterprise point of view, various offers are provided by SOA which proved
to be beneficial. These are:

• Language Neutral Integration: Regardless of the developing language used, the system offers and
invoke services through a common mechanism. Programming language neutralization is one of the
key benefits of SOA's integration approach.
• Component Reuse: Once an organization built an application component and offered it as a service,
the rest of the organization can utilize that service.
• Organizational Agility: SOA defines building blocks of capabilities provided by software and it offers
some service(s) that meet some organizational requirement which can be recombined and
integrated rapidly.
• Leveraging Existing System: This is one of the major use of SOA which is to classify elements or
functions of existing applications and make them available to the organizations or enterprise.

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CONCEPTUAL CLOUD MODEL

Public Cloud
Public cloud is a model wherein public and organizations can access the cloud infrastructure however, the
owner is a third-party cloud service provider. The real concept of cloud hosting is represented by the public
cloud deployment model. Google is an example of this model.

This model provides many clients with the required services and infrastructure. This model is available on a
pay-per-user license policy or free-of-charge basis depending on the vendor. The public cloud deployment
model is suitable for business requirements. The reason is, in business, load spike management is a
necessity. Load spike is a term used in software. The different characteristics of load spikes are balancing
request for network connection, hosting SaaS applications and utilizing the available temporary
infrastructures to develop and test applications and managing user-consumed applications.

If the user-consumed applications are not managed, large investments in infrastructure would be required
from businesses. CAPital EXpenditure or CAPEX and OPerational EXpenditure or OPEX is decreased using
this model.

Private Cloud
In this model, hosting is built and maintained specifically for each client, which ensures data security. The
necessary infrastructure can be on-site or at a third-party location. Private Cloud can be a cloud residing
within an organization, or it can be hosted in another data-center leasing organization. If it is hosted in
another data-center leasing organizations or hosted by cloud provider, it is termed as Virtual Private Cloud
or VPC.

Private cloud is not cost efficient, however, the advantage of this model is the level of security it offers.
When adopting the cloud, data security becomes a point of concern for many organizations. A secure-
access VPN or the physical location within a client’s firewall system addresses the security concerns. This
model is also adopted by organizations which need applications or data to adhere to various regulatory
standards like SOX, HIPAA, or SAS70.

These standards mandate the management of data, for privacy and audits that govern the corporation.
Many SaaS applications like SugarCRM give their customers choice where they can keep the data on their
premise to assure data privacy. Another choice available is of virtual private cloud which is offered by
Amazon. The major advantage of Private cloud is the total cost of ownership with respect to hardware and
other components remains with the organization.

Community Cloud
In this model, many organizations share the infrastructure offered by cloud. The policy and compliance
considerations are the same throughout. This requires various organizations to co-operate. This model is
shared by a bigger group, which decreases the cost further in comparison to private cloud. A community
cloud is used for management of data and applications. This is beneficial for many government
departments on a state-level who need to access the same data.

Hybrid Cloud
This model enables different businesses to utilize the secured applications and data hosting available on a
private cloud. However, businesses continue to get cost benefits as the shared applications and data are
kept on a public cloud. This model has benefits of both private and public cloud. If the present private
cloud infrastructure is unable to manage the load spikes, and needs a back-up to support the load, this is
called cloud bursting, which is also managed by this model.

A migration of workloads between private and public clouds is assisted without inconveniencing the user.

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Application Programming Interfaces or APIs are exposed by several PaaS deployments. This can be
combined with the internal or private cloud hosted applications without compromising on the security
features. The two examples of this model are force.com and Microsoft Azure. Hybrid cloud is more secure
since here the customer can maintain highly sensitive data with their servers and less sensitive data with
the cloud service provider’s server.

CLOUD STACK

Figure 2.3: Cloud Computing Stack

The 6 layers of the Cloud Computing Stack (from top to bottom) are:

• Clients are computer hardware and/or computer software which rely on The Cloud for application
delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and which are in either case
essentially useless without it.
• Services (Web Service) are software systems designed to support interoperable machine-to-
machine interaction over a network which may be accessed by other cloud computing components,
software (e.g. Software plus services) or end users directly.
• Application leverages The Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the need to install and
run the application on the customer’s own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software
maintenance, ongoing operation, and support.
• Platform (Platform as a service) (the delivery of a computing platform and/or solution stack as a
service) facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and
managing the underlying hardware and software layers.
• Storage is the delivery of data storage as a service (including database-like services), often billed on
a utility computing basis (e.g. per gigabyte per month).
• Infrastructure (Infrastructure as a service) is the delivery of computer infrastructure (typically a
platform virtualization environment) as a service.

COMPUTING ON-DEMAND
On-demand computing is a business computing model in which computing resources are made available to
the user on an “as needed” basis. Rather than all at once, on-demand computing allows cloud hosting
companies to provide their clients with access to computing resources as they become necessary.

Advantages of On-Demand Computing

The on-demand computing model was developed to overcome the common challenge that enterprises
encountered of not being able to meet unpredictable, fluctuating computing demands in an efficient
manner. Businesses today need to be agile and need the ability to scale resources easily and quickly based
on rapidly changing market needs.
Because an enterprise’s demand for computing resources can vary dramatically from one period of time to
another, maintaining sufficient resources to meet peak requirements can be costly. However, with on-
demand computing, companies can cut costs by maintaining minimal computing resources until they run
into the need to increase them, meanwhile only paying for what they use.

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Industry experts predict on-demand computing to soon be the most widely used computing model for
enterprises. In fact, IBM’s vice-president of technology and strategy stated, “The technology is at a point
where we can start to move into an era of on-demand computing”.

The manufacturing industry is seeking on demand cloud-based services in order to increase efficiency from
a supply chain, distribution, and services standpoint. Here are just a few of the ways that cloud computing
is revolutionizing the manufacturing industry:
• Capturing and applying company-wide data through the use of analytics, business intelligence and
rules engines.
• Piloting and quickly moving to a full launch of supplier portals and collaboration platforms,
complete with quality management dashboards and workflows.
• Accelerating new product development and introduction strategies to attain time-to-market
objectives.
• Managing indirect and direct channel sales from a single cloud platform that tracks sales results at
the individual, group, and divisional level.
• Automating customer service, support and common order status inquiries online.
• Increasing reliance on two-tier ERP strategies to gain greater efficiencies in material planning and
supplier management, as well as to reduce logistics costs.

INFORMATION LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

Information lifecycle management (ILM) refers to strategies for administering storage systems on
computing devices. Information life cycle management (ILM) is a comprehensive approach to managing
the flow of an information system's data and associated metadata from creation and initial storage to the
time when it becomes obsolete and is deleted.

Unlike earlier approaches to data storage management, ILM involves all aspects of dealing with data,
starting with user practices, rather than just automating storage procedures, as for example, hierarchical
storage management (HSM) does. Also in contrast to older systems, ILM enables more complex criteria for
storage management than data age and frequency of access.

ILM uses more complex criteria than data file type, age and access frequency. ILM products automate data
management by organizing data and automating data migration into tiers categorized by policy criteria.

ILM is based on three storage strategies, as follows:

• Policy: Determined by business goals and drivers. Storage and information policies are shaped by
executive and managerial determinations of IT governance and management, service level
agreements (SLA), change control processes and system availability and recovery time
requirements in the event of unexpected events, such as accidents or disasters.
• Operational: Includes data backup and recovery, like data restoration and system restarts
archiving (long-term data retention) and other daily processes and procedures for storage
management.
• Infrastructure: Includes logical and physical architectures, such as simulated and physical hard drive
partitions applications and corresponding storage platforms related to required production, testing
and development data storage security and data centre capacities and limitations.

ILM's path management feature is used facilitate stored application data retrieval and allow user
specification of policies that define data values according to different times, rates and lifespan. For
example, ILM systems allow users to search for various types of stored data file instances, such as
customer IDs.

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Unforeseen circumstances occur outside of normal business operations and cannot be automated. An
example is a legal hold, also known as a litigation hold or legal freeze, which requires data administrators
to cease normal ILM data flow continuation.

CLOUD ANALYTICS
Cloud analytics is the use of remote public or private computing resources known as the cloud to analyze
data on demand. Cloud computing analytics helps streamline the business intelligence process of
gathering, integrating, analyzing and presenting insights to enhance business decision making.

Cloud analytics working

Cloud analytics works by allowing a business to use the advanced data analytics tools available on cloud
analytics platforms to analyze vast quantities of data. Cloud analytics offerings are typically offered as a
subscription or pay on a volume of data or query basis. Cloud analytics has proven to be a faster way to
gain business-critical insight for decision making.

Advantages of cloud analytics

Advantages of cloud analytics include helping businesses more efficiently process and report data findings,
enhance collaboration and provide decision-makers faster access to business intelligence.

• Scalability & agility: Scalability, in volume of users and data, is one of the advantages of cloud
analytics. Cloud computing can enable the abilities to add data storage and data analysis capacity as
needed. In this way, businesses can most efficiently scale the storing, processing and leveraging of
data through insights that reflect changing market conditions.

• Unified approach to data: Cloud analytics can provide a unified approach to data, allowing fast
access to necessary business data by your organization’s decision-makers. That includes access to
different types of data, as well as data from different sources. You can rapidly explore, test and
evaluate data to find strategic insights that advance the enterprise.

• Breaks down silos: When a business takes advantage of cloud analytics, it can effectively achieve
cross-organizational integration of data. Leveraging data from different parts of your organization
through a cloud analytics solution can deliver daily insights. These insights can be a competitive
advantage that propels your business forward. Data stored and analyzed in the cloud also makes it
easier for employees of all types to quickly access data and share insights, supporting effective
communication, collaboration, and decision making.

• Find answers and draw insights quicker: A cloud analytics platform allows businesses to better
integrate and analyze data quickly to identify intelligent insights for actionable decisions at the
moment of relevance.

• Encourage more collaboration: When businesses use a cloud analytics platform, they gain a central
place to access data and connect to shared information whenever necessary or proactively
delivered. This shared connection and fast access to data enhance collaboration throughout the
enterprise.

• Increase data security and governance: A cloud-based analytics platform can provide a single and
secure access point to data. Also, a cloud analytics platform improves data governance by giving
you more granular access controls for who has access to what data and audit capabilities to
understand who accessed what data.

INFORMATION SECURITY
Information Security remains a key concern in terms of legal or competition, as large amounts of data

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stored on the cloud tend to be sensitive and prone to cyber attacks.

Ensuring Information Security is a significant issue because enterprises lose control over their data in cloud
environments. As privacy threats come from inside and outside, it is imperative to maintain data
protection, not only from external adversaries but also from malicious insiders.

Pillars of Information Security

Handling critical enterprise data on the cloud seemed like a difficult proposition, as the penalty for breach
is severe. This further led organizations to consider four key measures for security in cloud analytics.

• Incident Logging and Monitoring: It is imperative to monitor the data infrastructure for threats
while subjecting the same to penetration tests. The changes observed in the environment must be
logged and reviewed periodically.

• Data Classification: Some data fields are highly sensitive and create the need for categorization in
terms of encryption and access-level requirements. These requirements involve the encryption of
data fields at rest and/or during transit. The diversity of business requirements further necessitates
the logical and/or physical segregation of the data, to prevent accidental access or contamination.

• Third-Party Audits: The value of audits carried out by third parties cannot be overstated. This is
because, despite their best intentions, enterprises can develop collective myopia when testing is
avoided. The audit reports are standardized according to the industry guidelines.

• Access Control: In order to regulate access, movement, and manipulation of the data, technical
controls and policies are required to be in place. These controls can further vary on the basis of the
access profile, application programmer and data analyst.

VIRTUAL DESKTOP INFRASTRUCTURE

Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) is defined as the hosting of desktop environments on a central server.
It is a form of desktop virtualization, as the specific desktop images run within virtual machines (VMs) and
are delivered to end clients over a network.

Virtual desktop infrastructure working

In all VDI deployments, the following characteristics apply:

• The virtual desktops live within VMs on a centralized server

• Each virtual desktop includes an operating system image, typically Microsoft Windows
• The VMs are host-based, meaning multiple instances of them can housed on the same server within
the data centre
• End clients must be constantly connected to the centrally managed server in order to maintain
access to the virtualized desktops it’s hosting
• The VDI implementation’s connection broker finds a virtual desktop within the resource pool for
each client to connect to upon its successful access of the VDI environment
• Meanwhile, a hypervisor creates, runs and manages the various host machine VMs that
encapsulate the individual virtual desktop environments

Benefits and limitations of VDI

VDI supports enhanced user mobility and remote access, as a standardized desktop can be reached from
almost any approved and compatible endpoint in any location. For workers who are frequently on the go
and need to pull up a virtual desktop containing a full range of virtual apps and data, VDI is like having an
office available on-demand. In that regard, it fits right into their digital workspace workflows that already

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feature similar, regular consumption of cloud, web and mobile apps across multiple contexts, especially if
it’s persistent VDI.

STORAGE CLOUD
Cloud storage is a cloud computing model that stores data on the Internet through a cloud computing
provider who manages and operates data storage as a service. It’s delivered on demand with just-in-time
capacity and costs, and eliminates buying and managing your own data storage infrastructure. This gives
agility, global scale and durability, with “anytime, anywhere” data access.

Cloud Storage Working

Cloud storage is purchased from a third party cloud vendor who owns and operates data storage capacity
and delivers it over the Internet in a pay-as-you-go model. These cloud storage vendors manage capacity,
security and durability to make data accessible to your applications all around the world.
Applications access cloud storage through traditional storage protocols or directly via an API. Many
vendors offer complementary services designed to help collect, manage, secure and analyze data at
massive scale.

Benefits of Cloud Storage

• Total Cost of Ownership: With cloud storage, there is no hardware to purchase, storage to
provision, or capital being used for "someday" scenarios. You can add or remove capacity on
demand, quickly change performance and retention characteristics, and only pay for storage that
you actually use. Less frequently accessed data can even be automatically moved to lower cost tiers
in accordance with auditable rules, driving economies of scale.
• Time to Deployment: When development teams are ready to execute, infrastructure should never
slow them down. Cloud storage allows IT to quickly deliver the exact amount of storage needed,
right when it's needed. This allows IT to focus on solving complex application problems instead of
having to manage storage systems.
• Information Management: Centralizing storage in the cloud creates a tremendous leverage point
for new use cases. By using cloud storage lifecycle management policies, you can perform powerful
information management tasks including automated tiering or locking down data in support of
compliance requirements.

Cloud Storage Requirements

• Durability: Data should be redundantly stored, ideally across multiple facilities and multiple devices
in each facility. Natural disasters, human error, or mechanical faults should not result in data loss.
• Availability: All data should be available when needed, but there is a difference between production
data and archives. The ideal cloud storage will deliver the right balance of retrieval times and cost.
• Security: All data is ideally encrypted, both at rest and in transit. Permissions and access controls
should work just as well in the cloud as they do for on premises storage.

Types of Cloud Storage

There are three types of cloud data storage: object storage, file storage, and block storage. Each offers
their own advantages and has their own use cases:
• Object Storage - Applications developed in the cloud often take advantage of object storage's vast
scalability and metadata characteristics. Object storage solutions like Amazon Simple Storage
Service (S3) are ideal for building modern applications from scratch that require scale and flexibility,
and can also be used to import existing data stores for analytics, backup, or archive.
• File Storage - Some applications need to access shared files and require a file system. This type of
storage is often supported with a Network Attached Storage (NAS) server. File storage solutions like
Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) are ideal for use cases like large content repositories, development
environments, media stores, or user home directories.

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• Block Storage - Other enterprise applications like databases or ERP systems often require
dedicated, low latency storage for each host. This is analogous to direct-attached storage (DAS) or a
Storage Area Network (SAN). Block-based cloud storage solutions like Amazon Elastic Block Store
(EBS) are provisioned with each virtual server and offer the ultra low latency required for high
performance workloads.

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