V Semester Diploma Examination-December-2023

FARM MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT (20AT51I)

MODEL ANSWERS

SECTION-I

1 a) Advantages of farm mechanization

1.Time lines of operation

2.It saves labour

3.It reduces health hazard

4.It reduces drudgery

5.Increases in Farm revenue

6.It encourages large scale Farming

7. Increase in output

8.It saves time

9.Use of less human labour

10.Improvement in quality of products.

b) Disadvantages of farm mechanization

1.High cost

2.Displacement of workers

3.Compaction of soil.

4.Causes environmental pollution.

5.Degradation of landscape.

6.Destruction of soil structure

7.Few crops can be mechanized

8.Damage to crop

9.Inadequate spare parts

10.High cost of maintenance.

b) Importance of Horticulture crops

Horticulture crops perform a crucial role in the enhancement of the Indian economy by
creating jobs, producing raw materials for food industries, and gaining high profits for foreign
investors. Some features of horticulture crops are:

They are prosperous in proteins, nutrients, minerals, flavour, aroma, and dietary
fibres. They incorporate fitness-benefiting medicines and compounds.
This vegetation can be cultivated in poor-quality soil or wasteland.

These plants have comparatively greater manufacturing per unit area when compared to field
crops.

These crops possess national and international demand.

c) List of Tractors Makers in India:

1. Mahindra and Mahindra

2. Tafe

3. Standard

4. Sonauka

5. John and Deer

6. Escort

7. Farmtrac

8. Swaraj Tractors

9. HMT Tractors

10. Eicher

11. New Holland

12. Kubota

13. Force Motors

14. Preet Tractors

15. Hindustan Tractors.

2 a) Farm equipment in India:

1)Tractors

2)Combine harvesters

3)Seed drills

4)Harrows

5)Threshers

6)Sprayers

7)Cultivators

8)Ploughs

9)Sprinkler systems

10)Trolleys and Trailers

b) Different components in a wheel type tractor:

c) Advantages of Green Manure:

Cost-effective

These are a good source of macronutrients.

Improves soil fertility.

Reduces soil erosion and leaching.

Improves the physical properties of the soil and aerates the soil.

Improves the water and nutrient holding capacity of the soil.

It can be transported easily.

Methane gas is evolved as the by-product of manure that can be used for cooking and heating
purposes.

The crops grown on the land treated with manure produces healthy crops.

SECTION-II

3. a) Given = 5 meters

S = 30 km/hr

E=70%

TFC=S*W/10 =5*30/10 =15 ha/hr

EFC=S*W*E/10*100 =10.5 ha/hr

b) List of factors to be considered to calculate cost of operation for ploughing agriculture

land

Fixed cost calculations:

a) Depreciation

b) Interest

c)Taxes
d) Insurance

e) Housing cost
 Variable cost calculation:

a) Repair & Maintenance cost.

b) Fuel cost.

c) Lubricating cost.

d) Operator cost.

Fixed cost calculations:

a) Depreciation: It is the decrease in the value of the Tractor or Implement due to usage e.,

wear and tear.

Depreciation D = C-S / LXH

Where, C-Capital cost in Rs

S-Scrap or salvage value in Rs

L-Life of the tractor or implement in years

H-No. of working hours per year.

b) Interest: The interest is calculated for the capital investment considering the salvage value.

I=C+S/H x i

Where, i- Rate of interest in percentage

c) Taxes: Taxes paid towards the tractor or the implement is considered as 1 % of the
capital cost.

Taxes= CX0.01/H ------- Rs/hr

d) Insurance: The insurance is considered as 1 % of the capital cost only for the prime
movers.

Insurance=CX0.01/H ------- Rs/hr

e) Housing cost: The housing cost is also considered as 1 % of the capital cost.

Housing cost=CX0.01/H ------- Rs/hr

Variable cost calculation:

a) Repair and maintenance Cost: It is taken as 6 % capital cost for calculation purpose. =C

X0.06/H ------Rs/hr
 b) Fuel cost: The cost of fuel is calculated by considering the present cost and the
average fuel consumption.(Ltr/hr).

c) Lubricant cost:The cost of lubricant is considered as 30% of the fuel.

d) Operator cost: This is calculated consider the wages of the operator for a day of 8 hrs of
work.

4 a) List of different methods to calculate depreciation

1.Straight-line Depreciation

2.Declining Balance Depreciation

3.Units of Production Depreciation

4.Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits Depreciation

5.Double Declining Balance Depreciation

b) Given:

Purchase cost of the tractor = ₹7,00,000

• Tractor life = 10 years

Estimated working hours per year = 500 hours

Scrap value = ₹70,000

First, calculate the depreciation per year:

 Depreciation per year = (Purchase cost - Scrap value)/Tractor life

Depreciation per year = (7,00,000-70,000)/10 = 6,30,000/10 = ₹63,000

Next, determine the annual operating expenses (excluding depreciation):

Since the estimated working hours per year is 500:

Let's assume an hourly operating cost:

Hourly operating cost = Depreciation per year/Estimated working hours per year

Hourly operating cost = 63,000/500 = 126 per hour

Now, to calculate the total operating cost per year:

Total operating cost per year = Depreciation per year + (Hourly operating cost ×Estimated
working hours per year)

Total operating cost per year = 63,000+ (126×500) = 63,000 +63,000 = ₹1,26,000

Therefore, the annual operating cost of the tractor (excluding fuel, maintenance, and other
variable costs) is ₹1,26,000.

SECTION-III

5. a) Classify the tractor according to their applications.

(a) Utility tractors It is a specific purpose field tractor and is designed for ploughing driving
any other equipment through its P.T.O. drive. It is not being manufactured at present in the
country.

(b) All purpose tractor It is designed in such a way that it can meet practically all the
demands for agricultural purposes such as ploughing, harrowing, levelling, pulling, seed
drill, operating threshers, and pumps through its P.T.O. These are provided with three-point
linkages.
(c) Orchard type tractors These are special types of tractors used in orchards. These are made
very high in height so that driver while sitting on the seat, the operations on the trees could
be performed. No part of the tractor is protruded outside so that tractor can go easily in
between trees safely.

(d) Garden tractors - These tractors are in the range of 1 to 10 hp and are very small
in construction. These are mostly used for kitchen or vegetable gardens.

(e) Rotary Tillers These are walking type of tractors and are used in small fields or on
hills where fields are very small and are at different levels where ordinary tractors cannot
work efficiently. Tined blades are fitted to the tillers to prepare the seedbeds quite
effectively by pulverizing the soil. These are also used in rice fields for puddling and
other operations.

(f) Earth Moving tractors These tractors are heavy in weight and strongly built available both
is tract and tyre type. These are used for earth moving work on dams, quarries and other
constructional works.

b) Double reduction drives are used in tractors to increase the torque applied to the wheels
while reducing the rotational speed. By having two sets of reduction gears, a double reduction
drive system allows the engine's power to be efficiently transmitted to the wheels. This setup
enables tractors to manage varying loads, navigate rough terrains, and perform heavy-duty
tasks such as ploughing or towing more effectively by providing greater torque at lower
speeds.

c)
6. a) Draft Control mechanism in a tractor

Under this system of control, the implement is set for a particular draft (drawbar pull) rather
than depth. In varied soil conditions the implement automatically takes more or less depth to
maintain the predetermined draft. Most of the indigenous tractors possess a draft-control system
in addition to the position control. The inclusion of the draft-control system on tractors
facilitates in transferring the weight of the implement and soil resistance to the driving wheels,
which helps in reducing wheel slippage. The draft-control system works in the way shown in
Fig. The plough is connected to the top and bottom links of the tractor. The lifting of the
implements is done through the cylinder rock shaft and lift arm. Whenever any soil resistance
increases on the implements, the implement tries to turn around the cross shaft and compresses
the top link. The compression force on the spring when the draft exceeds the predetermined
 limit is transfer- red to the control valve through a spring and links. This moves the control
valve to "raise" position and ultimately lift the implement slowly. As soon as the implement
lifts, the soil forces decrease, expanding the draft spring, which ultimately brings the spool
valve to lower position. Thus, the implement is always running under a specific draft condition
which has been once set by the operator as per the requirement.

b) Functions and components of electrical system in a tractor Functions of

electrical system for a conventional

off-road vehicle are:

1. Engine starting
2. Lighting (work and safety)
3. Sensing, display, and control
4. Air conditioning/Ventilation
5. Accessory may include windscreen wiping, entertainment systems, radio, etc.

Components of an Electrical System:

An electrical system of a tractor consists of the following

parts/system, which are explained below:

1. Battery

2. Charging System

3. Regulating systems

4. Starting system
5. Relays and fuses

SECTION-IV

7. a) Role of power tiller in agriculture:

A power tiller a two – wheeled agricultural implement fitted rotary tiller which gives a smooth
resistance to all farm activities in fact it has multiple uses & advantage. Power tiller helps in
preparing the soil, sowing seeds, planting seeds, adding & spraying the fertilizers , herbicides &
water . In addition to it also helps in pumping water harvesting , threshing & transporting crops .
A power tiller is ideal where the land side is small .In hilly regions in India, where only terrace
farming is possible farmers have to find power tillers to be extraordinarily useful. Thus in uphill
terrain also it is indeed a wise choice.

b) Different manufacturers of power tillers in India:

1.VST Shakti Power Tillers

2.Bull Agro Power Tillers
3.Kubota Power Tillers
4.KMW Kirloskar Power Tillers
5.Kranti Power Tillers
6.KAMCO Limited Power Tillers
7.Southern Agro Engines Power Tillers
c) Disc plough

Main parts of disc plough: Main parts of disc plough are shown in Fig. 25.7 and are as under:

(1) hitch bolt (2) disc scraper (3) disc (4) disc hub (5) rear furrow wheel (6) frame (7) lift crank.

These types of ploughs are attached to the tractor by three point linkage and can be lowered -1 or
raised by hydraulic system of tractor. These ploughs have land wheel at rear end to absorb side
thrust and hold the plough straight. In tractor where there is a provision of depth and draft control;
depth is controlled by hydraulic system while in ordinary tractor depth is controlled by depth
wheel. Frame of the disc plough is made up of square steel sections having hitching arrangement
made at front end. Discs are carried on two taper roller bearings to absorb side thrust, each service
grease should be filled with grease gun.
8) a) Benefits of puddle in the field of paddy:

Puddling is an important process in the field of paddy. It is compulsory to do this process,

when transplanting is done with the help of machine.

In this process, plough the field properly with the help of MB Plow, then left the field for 24
hours after filing water to maintain the moisture in the field. After this, use puddle machine in
the field. Move this machine once in the direction of field length then slant direction.

The benefits of puddling for rice are to control weeds, increase nutrient availability & easy
transplanting. Weed control and water conservation are the most important benefit of
puddling in rice.

By puddling, weeds are buried in the soft soil. Puddling, decreases the water loss by percolation
to a large extent.

Puddling should be done before two weeks of transplanting. Before puddling, bund which are
about 30 cm high should be made around the field. (Bund should be made about 30 cm high
around the field) before puddling. It also increases the fertility of soil for next crop. Due to
puddling, crop yield becomes high.

b) Beater type thresher

c) Seed drill

Seed drills are available as plain single seed drill and combined. Seed cum fertilizer drills one such
seed cum fertilizer drill is shown in Fig.. These are again classified as tractor mounted or trailing
type. Out of which trailing type is most commonly used: its front end is supported on the tractors
hitch while machine is mounted on two cage wheels as shown out of these two cage wheels one
wheel drives the seed dropping mechanism with the help of suitable chain and gear. The size of
seed drill is determined by the number of furrow openers and the distances at which these are set
apart. A drill size 12-18 would mean it has 12 furrow openers each 18 cm fixed apart.

Construction and operation: Seed drill has a seed box made out of steel sheet. While in
combine seed cum fertilizer drill machine in that case there is another box attached by the side of
seed box which contains fertilizer. At the base of seed drill, seed dropping mechanism which is
mostly of fluted roll type is fitted, fluted drive shaft, which is square gets its drive from the cage
wheel through set of chain and sprocket from one of the hubs on which drive sprocket is fitted.
When the feed roll turns in the shaft it forces the grain out over the gate from where it falls into
the flexible seed tube

SECTION-V

9) a) Food Waste is a Massive Market Inefficiency and an Environmental Threat:

Between 33 percent to 50 percent of all foods produced globally is never eaten, and the value of
this wasted food is more than $1 trillion. To put that in perspective, US food waste represents 1.3
percent of total GDP. Food waste is a massive market inefficiency, the kind of which does not
persist in other industries.

Meanwhile 800 million people go to bed hungry every night. Each and every one of them could
be fed on less than a quarter of the food that is wasted in the US, UK, and Europe each year.

Because we have a globalized food supply system, demand for food in the West can drive up the
price of food grown for export in developing countries, as well as displace crops needed to feed
native populations.

Moreover, hunger is not just a problem that's happening "somewhere else" in the UK, for
example, over 1 million people accessed a food bank last year, while in the US, 40 million
Americans live in food poverty.

Food waste is bad for the environment, too. It takes a land mass larger than China to grow food
that ultimately goes uneaten - land that has been deforested, species that have been driven to
extinction, indigenous populations that have been moved, soil that has been degraded all to
produce food that is then just thrown away. In addition, food that is never eaten accounts for 25
percent of all fresh water consumption globally.

Not only are all of the resources that went into creating the uneaten food wasted (land, water,
labor, energy, manufacturing, and packaging), but when food waste goes to the landfill, which is
where the vast majority of it ends up, it decomposes without access to oxygen and creates
methane, which is 23 times more deadly than carbon dioxide.

Every which way you look at it, food waste is a major culprit in destroying our planet: If food
waste were a nation, it would be the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the
US.

b) IOT based smart farming

Internet of Things Smart technology enables new digital agriculture. Today technology has
become a necessity to meet current challenges and several sectors are using the latest
technologies to automate their tasks. Advanced agriculture, based on Internet of Things
technologies, is envisioned to enable producers and farmers to reduce waste and improve
productivity by optimizing the usage of fertilizers to boost the efficiency of plants. It gives better
control to the farmers for their livestock, growing crops, cutting costs, and resources.

It is a high-tech system to grow crop cleanly and sustainably for the masses. It is the application
 of modern Information and Communication Technologies in agriculture.

It is a high-tech system to grow crop cleanly and sustainably for the masses. It is the application
of modern Information and Communication Technologies in agriculture.

c)Benefits of smart farming

1. Increased Efficiency
2. Data-Driven Decision Making
3. Cost Reduction
4. Environmental Sustainability
5. Improved Crop Quality
6. Remote Monitoring and Control

10) a) Applications of drone in agriculture:

1. Crop Monitoring
2. Precision Agriculture
3. Field Mapping and Surveying
4. Planting:
5. Livestock Monitoring
6. Weather and Environmental Monitoring
7. Crop Dusting
8. Damage Assessment
9. Ripeness Detection
10. Surveillance against Theft and Poaching

b) Benefits of cultured meat:

1. Environmental Impact
2. Animal Welfare
3. Food Security
4. Health
5. Customization
6. Reduced Foodborne Disease
7. Conservation
8. Cultural Acceptance

c) Role of SaaS in Agriculture:

SaaS-based agriculture has emerged as a potential method that can revolutionize the agriculture
sector with cutting-edge software solutions. By digitizing the agricultural supply chains, this
smart
farming method is driving the management of farm finances and operations towards excellence.
 SaaS in agriculture can make farming sustainable, supply chains efficient, and bring
transparency and traceability into food chains across the world.

The growing food safety concerns across the world are threatening the health of individuals with
increased possibilities of food-borne illnesses. With varying weather conditions and growing
crop diseases, it has become inevitable for agribusinesses to manage their farms with data-
driven decisions. Along with taking care of these factors, handling farm finances is also
emerging as one of the major challenges for agribusinesses.

SaaS- based agriculture can help in capturing pertinent farm data and provide actionable insights
to manage all your farm resources perfectly.

SaaS in agriculture can help in strengthening the financial stability of farmers with the adoption
of smart farm analytics. It can help agribusinesses to leverage the benefits of cloud computing in
agriculture and carry out farm practices with intelligent decision-making. With high- quality
traceability offerings, Saas in farming can also help in making agricultural supply chains more
efficient and resilient.

There are many reasons to implement a smart agriculture solution into commercial and local
farming. In a world where the internet of things is accelerating adoption of data gathering and
automation, an important industry such as agriculture can surely benefit.

Monitoring and collecting data for soil moisture, air temperature, air humidity and sunlight
intensity across multiple fields will improve efficiency of water usage and crop yield of large
and local farms. As the world population increases, farming and food production will have to
increase with it. Low cost sensors, data insights and IoT Platforms will enable this increase in
efficiency and production. Here are some benefits of implementing a smart agriculture solution.

Challenges of cloud computing in agriculture:

1. Maintenance & Supervision by third party, so data security is

insecure.

2. Indirect administrator accountability.

3. Farmer is unknown for cloud computing technology.

4. Less physical control.

5. Attraction to hackers.
6. Need on the network connectivity.
7. Requires a constant Internet connection.

8. Platform facility is not easily available for farmers.

9. Farmers training necessary for this technology.

10. Does not work well with low-speed connections.

11. It runs the risk of security.

Raghavendra P Tungal

Selection Grade Lecturer/AT

Maratha Mandal Polytechnic
(Govt. Aided)
Belagavi Ph:9448347483
 V Semester Diploma Examination DEC -2023

FARM MACHINERYAND EQUIPMENT

Scheme of valuation

SECTION-I

1. a) For Each Advantage -1mark 5x1 = 5Marks

For Each Disadvantage-1mark 5x1 =5Marks (5+5)=10Marks

b) For correct answer -5marks = 5Marks

c) For each correct point-1mark 1x5 = 5Marks

2. a) For each correct point-1mark 1x5 = 5Marks

b) For sketch-5marks, for each label-1mark(1x5=5marks) 5+5 = 10Marks

c) For each correct point-1mark 1x5= 5Marks

SECTION-II

3. a) For TFC-5marks, For EFC-5marks 5+5 = 10Marks

b) For listing methods-5marks, For explaination-5marks 5+5=10Marks
4. a) For listing names-5marks, explaination-5marks 5+5= 10Marks
b) For each step-5marks, for correct answer-5marks 5+5=10Marks

SECTION-III

5. a) For each Classification-1marks, 1x5= 5Marks

b) for correct answer-5marks =5Marks

c) For each correct point-2marks 2x5 = 10Marks

6. a) Sketch-5marks, Explanation-5marks 5+5 = 10Marks

b) For each function-1mark 1x5=5Marks for each component-1mark 1x5=5Marks
(5+5) =10Marks
 SECTION-IV

7. a) For correct answer-5marks =5Marks

b) for each correct point-1mark 1x5 = 5Marks

c) Sketch-5, Construction-5 5+5 = 10Marks

8. a) For correct answer-5marks = 5Marks

b) Sketch-3marks, label-2marks 3+2 = 5Marks

c) Sketch-5marks, Construction/explaination-5marks 5+5 = 10Marks

SECTION-V

9 a)For correct answer-10marks =10Marks

b For correct answer-5marks =5Marks

c) For each point-1mark 1x5=5Marks

10. a)For each point-1mark 1x5=5marks

b) For each correct point-1mark 1x5=5marks

c) Role of Saas Explanation-5, Any five Challenges-5 5+5 = 10Marks