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A brief History of Tunneling
 Prehistoric cave construction

 Roman Catacombs, constructed early 100 A.D (used by early Christian people) e.G crypts cut
into the rocks.
 Mining
 Tunneling
 Natural caverns, occur all natural especially in limestone. Natural erosion
AT 19556 people used to use fire to hear the rocks and face and water to cool the rock and cause
fracture. It was a long process in order to complete in what we do nowadays.
Early 19th century, most the work was done by and the first tunnel was built. The material was
up with rocks
1827 the oldest American tunnel, probably built with bricks
Thames Tunnel 1843, The first sub aqueous toggle designed by Marc Brunnel. 1200 ft long and
37 ft high and 23 wide. The shield face was dived into
frames. 13 feet below bed of river at times. During its construction died 7 men. The
construction was in soil underneath the river.
Hoosac Tunnel 1854, in North of Massachusetts. It is one of the important tunnels. The duration
of the project was 22 years. The construction started up with hand drills, then steam drills and
then air drills. The blasting started with the black powder, then used nitroglycerine. Most like
the first tunnel to use the electricity for blasting.
St. Claire River Tunnel 1888. Used a shield for protection during the excavation, so the workers
were protected at all time. It was build using an erector arm for primary lining installation
Penn station NYC 19710. 6 tunnels each 2.5 miles long. The tunnel was initially lined with cast
iron. And ultimately lined with a non-reinforcement concrete. Constructed with shields. The
tunnel. The tunnel mined from both ends and shield met at the middle. The surveys were very
accurate. The survey was done 6 times. The construction was done in1910. The tunnel is used
up to today as a commuter service.
Tunneling Philosophy
Tunnel provide a means of traveling from one location to another. Also, tunnel provides moving
underground utilities such, electrical, ITS, sewer, water main and other from one place to
another.
The usage is universal, it can be used by pedestrian, trains, car and trucks and boats. It is very
safer and take less time for travelers to get their destination.
In order to build a tunnel is very important in determining the size, shape. Also it is necessary to
consider the geology that will be encountered and groundwater will be found. IT is very
important the location where the tunnel will be constructed.
Siting Considerations
To determine the shape of tunnels fall on means usage, which can be circular, egg shaped,
horseshoe and rectangular and the most common shape of tunnels are circulars. Also horse
shoe tunnels are important to have a flat surface for a roadway or rail line.
Important factor to be considered above near the work sites for the tunnel.
Environmentally, there can be several things which will impact the neighbors. These include
noise, dust, blasting, and vibration and work time frame, shaft location or portal locations as
well. Work schedule ( 24 hrs, 8hrs or weekend etc)
Examples, under a cemetery, or under a plant which makes sensitive instruments can have a
negative effect on the residents and business
Environmental considerations
The location of tunnel placement can be a critical feature, if the tunnel is located near to
sensitive vibration or noise
Construction next to historic structures can also be detrimental. It possible during excavation
the settlement can be around the historic structures and it can be a negative impact.
All these things have to be considered selecting alignment,
Access to the site and to utilities for the construction must be considered. Are they utilities are
available like sewer, electricity, roadway. The best way to see the entire spectrum is going to the
site itself to see how all these things fit together
Typical staging area ( 2nd Avenue)
The staging area is where all necessary equipment is stores, protecting residents, pedestrian and
the environmental ( like trees)
Tunneling Terminology
The diagram show the typical tunnel sections

Ivert, could be circular or flat, it is the bottom part of the tunnel
Lining, is what lines the inside the soil or rock that you are mining through
Spring line, if you have a circular tunnel, it is at the center, horizontal. On both sides you have
the springline and goes right through the center of the tunnel.
Crown is at the very top of tunnel. It is circular at very peak of tunnel
Inside lining: intrados ( inside) and extrados ( outside)
Heading, is the face of the tunnel that is being excavated, like tunnel boring machine
Muck is the terminology of removing excavated material subjected to removal from shaft,
portal. It can be soil or rocks.
Typical tunnel section, it goes into to shaft area, concrete lining cast in place unrein forcing.
Bench eventually will move forward.
Shafts has generally lining concrete casting

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A brief History of Tunneling

 Prehistoric cave construction

Typical staging area ( 2nd Avenue)

The diagram show the typical tunnel sections

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