TopicwiseQuestions

SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES (c) The emitted electrons have zero energy.

1. The charge of an electron was discovered by: () The emitted electrons have energy equal to energy of
photons of incident light.
(a) J.J. Thomson (b) Neil Bohr
() Millikan
11. In photoelectric effect, the kinetic energy of photoelectrons
(c) Chadwick increases linearly with
2. Which has highest specific charge? (a) Wavelength of incident light
(a) Na (A = 23) (b) Mg? (A = 24) (b) Frequency of incident light
(c) A|³* (A = 27) (d) Si (A = 28) (c) Velocity of incident light
(d) Atomic mass of the element
3. Which of the following properties ofatom could be explained 12. The value of Rydberg constant is:
correctly by Thomson model of atom? (a) 109, 677 cm (b) 19876 cm
(a) Overall neutrality of atom (c) 108769 cm ! (d) 108976 cm-!
(b) Spectra of hydrogen atom 13. What is the lowest energy of the spectral line emitted by the
(c) Position of electrons, protons and neutrons in atom. hydrogen atom in the Lyman series?
(d) Stability of atom
(a) shR,e
36
(b 4hR,e
3
(c) 3hRe (d) 7hR,e
4 144
ATOMIC MODELS
14. The scientist who proposed the atomic model based on the
4. The ratio of charge and mass would be greater for:
(b) Electron
quantisation of energy for the first time is:
(a) Proton
(a) Max Planck (b) Neil Bohr
(c) Neutron (d) a-particle (d) Heisenberg
(c) De-Broglie
5. (,,Ge?, 4Se) and (,,S" S2) are the examples of 15. The kinetic energy of electron is 3.0 x 10 25 J. The wave
(a) Isotopes and isobars length of the electron is
(b) Isobars and isotones (a) 7965¢ (b) 4625¢ (c) 91Å (d) 8967¢
(c) Isotones and isotopes
16. A 100 watt bulb emits monochromatic light of wavelength
(d) Isobars and isotopes 400nm. Calculate the number of photons emitted per second
6. The lightest particle is: by the bulb.
(a) a-particle (b) Positron (c) Proton (d) Neutron (a) 20.12 x 1020 s (b) 2.012 x 1020 s
(c) 4.969 x 10-19 s-1 (d) 49.69 x10-19 s-!
DEVELOPMENTS LEADING TO THE BOHR'S
MODEL OF ATOM BOHR'S MODEL FOR HYDROGEN ATOM
7. Which pair is of isoelectronic species? 17. The wave number for the longest wavelength transition in
(a) Kt, CE, Na (b) K*, Ct,Ca?* the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen is
(c) Fe, AI*, K* (d) Fet, Cu, y3+ (a) 15.2 x 10 m-! (b) 13.6 x 10°m!
(c) 1.5 x 10m! (d) 1.3 x10m-!
8. The Wavelength (in Å) of an emission line obtained for
Li during a electronic transition from n, = 2 to n, = 1 is: 18. The ratio of the energies of two different radiations whose
(R= Rydberg constant) frequencies are 3 x 10!4 Hz and 5 x 1014 Hz is
(a) 3R/4 (b) 27RJ4 (c) 4/3R () 4/27R (a) 3: 5 (b) 5:3 (c) 3:1 (d) 5:1
9. Splitting of spectral lines under the influence of magnetic 19. If the wavelength of green light is about 5000¢, then the
field is called: frequency of its wave is
(b) Stark effect (a) 16 x 10!4 sec-! (b) 16x 10-14 sec-1
(a) Zeeman effect
(d) None of these (c) 6 x 10!4 sec (d) 6 x 10-14 sec-l
(c) Photoelectric effect
10. A metal surface is exposed to solar radiations 20. What is the energy of photons that corresponds to a wave
(a) The emitted electrons have energy less than a maximum number of 2.5 x 10 Scm
value of energy depending upon the frequency of the (a) 2.5 x 10-2erg
incident radiation.
(b) S.1 x 10erg
(b) The emitted electrons have energy less than the
maximum value of energy depending upon intensity of (c) 4.96 x 102lerg
incident radiations. (a) 8.5 x 10erg
21. The frequency of a wave light is 1.0 x 10° sec , The wave 32. Aspecies having only one electron has ionization energy of
length for this wave is I1810 kJ mol. The number of protons in its nucleus will
(a) 3 x 10 cm (b) 3 x 10 cm be:
(c) 6 x 10 cm (d) 6 x 10 cm (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
22. Suppose 1017J of energy is needed by the interior of human 33. When the electron of a hydrogen atom jump from n=4 to
eye to see an object. How many photons of green light n=Istate,the number of diferent spectral line emitted are:
(2 = 550nm) are needed to generate this minimum amount (a) 15 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 3
of energy? 34. The wave number of the spectral line in the emission
(a) 14 (b) 28 (c) 39 (d) 42 spectrum of hydrogen will be cqual to 8/9 times the rydberg
23. The wavelength of a spectral line emitted by hydrogen atom constant if the electron jumps from:
16 (a) n=3 to n= 1 (b) n= 10to n = 1
in the Lyman Series is cm. What is the value ofn2?
15R (c) n=9 to n= | (d) n=2 to n= 1
(R= Rydberg constant) 35. The radius of the first Bohr orbit of the H-atom is r. Then, the
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1 radius of the first orbit of Li² will be:
24. The energy of an electron present in Bohr's second orbit of (a) r/9 (b) r/3
hydrogen atom is (c) 3r (d) 9r
(a) -1312J atom (b) -328kJ mol-! 36. In which one of the following, the number of protons is
(c) -328J mol! (d) -164J mol! greater than the number of neutrons but number of protons
is less than the number of clectrons?
25. The emission spectrum of hydrogen discovered first and the
region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which it belongs, (a) D,0" (b) SO,
respectively are (c) H,0 (d) OH
(a) Lyman, Ultraviolet (b) Lyman, Visible 37. The energy ratio of a photon of wavelength 3000¢ and
(c) Balmer, Ultravoilet (d) Balmer, Visible 6000Å is:
(a) 1:1 (b) 2:1 (c) 1:2 (d) I:4
26. The velocity of electron in second shell ofhydrogen atom is:
(a) 10.94 x 10° m/sec (b) 18.88 x 10 m/sec 38. Bohr's model can explain:
(c) 1.88 x 10 m/sec (d) 1.094 x 10 m/sec (a) The solar spectrum
27. For which of the following species, Bohr's theory not (6) Spectrum of hydrogen molecule
applicable? (c) Spectrum of any atom or ion containing one electron
(a) Be (b) Li2+ (c) He? (d) H only
28. If the first ionisation energy of H atom is 13.6 eV, then the (d) Spectrum of hydrogen atom only
second ionisation energy of He atom is: 39. The first line emission of hydrogen atom spectrum in the
(a) 27.2 eV (b) 40.8 eV Balmer species appcars at:
(c) S4.4 eV (d) 108.8 eV (a) 5R/36 cm (b) 3R/4 cm
(C) 7R/144 cm l (d) 9R/400 cm!
29. When the electrons of hydrogen atom return to L-shell
from shell of higher energy, we get a series of lines in the 40. The radius of 2nd Bohr's orbit of hydrogen atom is:
spectrum. This series is called: (a) 0.053 nm (b) 0.106 nm
(a) Balmer series (c) 0.2116 nm (d) 0.4256 nm
(6) Lyman series 41. The maximum energy possessed by an electron in when it is
(c) Brackett series present:
() Pascher series (a) In nucleus

30. The nitride ion in lithium nitride is composed of: (b) In ground energy state
(a) 7-protons + 10 electrons (c) In | excited state
(b) 10-protons + 10 electrons (d) At infinite distance from the nucleus
(c) 7-protons + 7 electrons 42. Which one of the following transition have minimum
(d) 10-protons + 7 electrons wavelength?
31. In which one of the following pairs, the two species are (a) n, n, (b) n,’ n,
both isoelectronic and isotopic? (Atomic number: Cr = 24, (c) n, ’ n, (d) n, ’ n,
Ar= 18, K= 19, Mg = 12, Fe = 26, Na = ||) 43. Select the pair where both species have same radius?
(a) 24Mg? and Ar (b) 3°K' and 40K (a) r,He' and r, H (b) r,Be and r,H
(c) 24Mg?+ and 2'Mg (d) 2'Na and 24Na' (c) r,He and r,H (d) r,Li and r, H
44. The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.52 x 10% DE BROGLIE RELATION AND HEISENBERG'S
cm. The radius of the first orbit of He* ion is UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
(a) 0.26x 10 cm (b) 0.52 x 10 cm 56. The velocities of two particles A and B are 0.05 and 0.02
(c) 1.04 x 10 cm (d) 2.08 x 10 cm ms- respectively. The mass of Bis five times the mass of A.
45. The ratio of ionization energy of H and Bet is The ratio of their de-Broglie's wavelength is
(a) 1:1 (b) 1 :3 (c) 1:9 (d) 1: 16 (a) 2: 1 (b) 1:4
46. As we move away from nucleus, the energy of orbit (c) 1:1 (d) 4:1
(a) Decreases (b) Increases 57. The energy absorbed by each molecule (A,) of a substance
(c) Remains unchanged (d) None of these is 4.4 x 109J and bond energy per molecule is 4.0 x 10 J.
The kinetic energy of the molecule per atom will be:
47. In hydrogen atom, energy of first excited state is -3.4 eV. (a) 2.2 x 10-191 (b) 2.0 x 10 9J
Then find out KE of same orbit of hydrogen atom (c) 4.0 x 10 20j (d) 2.0 x 10 20
(a) +3.4 eV (b) +6.8 eV
(d) +13.6 eV 58. The uncertainty in the velocity of particle of mass
(c) -13.6 eV
6.626 x 102% Kg is 10m/sec. What is the uncertainty in it
48. The ratio of the velocity of the electron in the third and fifth position in nm?
shell for He would be :
(a) 5:3 (b) 1:2 (c) 3:5 (d) 3:4 (a (6) 2.5
2r
49. The wavelength of the electron emitted when in a hydrogen
atom, electron falls from infinity to stationary sate would be
(Rydberg constant = 1097 x 10'm') (C) (d)
4
(a) 91 nm (b) 192 nm
(d) 9.1 x 10 nm 59. The ratio of de-broglie wavelength of a deuterium atom to
(c) 406 nm
that of a-particle when the velocity of former is five times
50. In two H atoms A and B the electrons move around the nucleus greater then that of latter is:
in circular orbits ofradius r and 4 rrespectively. The ratio of the (a) 4 (b) 10.2 (c) 2 (d) 0.4
times taken by them to complete one revolution is: 60. The mass of the electrons 9.1 x 102 gram and uncertainty
(a) l :4 (b) 1:2 (c) 1:8 (d) 2:1
in the velocity equal to 2 x 10 cm/ sec. The uncertainty in
S1. The cquation corresponding to the wave number of spectral the position of an electron is (h =6.62 10 2 erg sec)
line in the Bracket series (a) 2.9 x 10* cm (6) 2.9 x 10 cm
(a) R{(1/ 22) - (1/4)] (b) R[(/4) - (1/5²)] (c) 2.9 x 10 !2 cm (d) 2.9 x 10*12 cm
(c) R[(1/ 3?) - (/s)) (d) R[(1/ 6) - (/4)] 61. The uncertainty in the positions of an electron and proton
52. The ratio of highest possible wavelength to lowest possible is equal, the ratio of the uncertainties in the velocity of an
wavelength of Lyman series is electron and prolon is
(a) 4/3 (6) 9/8 (c) 27/5 (d) 16/5 (a) 10:1 (b) 1: 1838
53. Which of the following lines will have a wave no. equal in (c) 3672 :1 (d) 1838:1
magnitude to the value of R in the H - Spectral series 62. The de-Broglie wavelength for a proton with a velocity 15%
(a) Limiting line of Balmer series of the spced of light is:
(a) 8.8 x 10 m (6) 8.8 x 10 Scm
(b) Limiting line of Lyman series
(c) First line of Lyman series (c) 8.8 x 10-1Sm (d) 4.4 x 10-1Sem
(d) First line of Balmer series 63. de-Broglie wave length associated with a material particle is
54. If the wave number of the first line in the Balmer series of (a) Invesely proportional to momentum
hydrogen atom is l5000 cm ,the wave number of the first (b) Inversely proportional to its energy
line of the Balmer series of Li? is (c) Directly proportional to momentum
(a) 1.43 x10*cm! (b) 1.66 x10cm (d) Directly proportional to its energy
(c) 13.5 x 10cm (d) 1.35 x 10°cm
64. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate
55. The ionisation energy for the Hydrogen atom in the ground an clectron in an atom within a distance of0. lÅ. What is the
state is 2.18 x 10-I8 Jatom The energy required for the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its velocity?
following process (a) 2.69 x 10ms 1 (b) 5.79 x10ms-!
He* (g)’He (g) +te is (c) 5.79 x 10 ms-! (d) 4.62 x 10°ms-!
(a) 8.72 x 10-18 Jatom-! 65. A cricket ball of 0.5 Kg is moving with a velocity of 100m
(b) 8.72 x 1019 Jatom-! per sec. the wavelength associated with its motion is
(c) 4.35 x 10- I8 Jatom-! (a) 1/100m (b) 6.6 x 1034 m
(d) 2.62x 10- 19 Jatom! (c) 1.32 x 103Sm (d) 6.6 x 1028 m
66. As per de-broglie formula a microscopic particle of mass 76. If uncertainty in position and momentum are equal, then
100 g and moving at a velocity of 100 cm/sec will have a uncertainly in velocity is:
wavelength of:
(a 1 h (b
(a) 6.6 x 10 cm/s (b) 6.6 x 103 cm/s
2m V
(c) 6.6 x 103 cm/s (d) 6.6 x 1032 cm/s
67. The wavelengths of electron waves in two orbits is 3 :5. The (e) (d)
ratio of kinetic energy of electron mV
(a) 25:9 (b) 5:3 77. The de-broglie wavelength associated with a mass of lkg
(c) 9:25 (d) 3:5 having K.E. 0.5J is:
68. 1fE, E, and (a) 6.626 x 10 34 m (b) 13.20x 104m
represents the kinctic energy of an clectron,
a-particle anddproton respectively each moving with same (c) 10.38 x 103 m (d) 6.626 x 10 34 A
de-broglie wavelength then: 78. The velocity of an electron with de Broglie wavelength of
(a) E,= E,-E, (b) E,> E,>E, 1.0 x 102 nm is:
(c) E,>E,> E, (d) E> E,>E, (a) 7.2 x 10 cm/sec

69. In sommerfeld's modification of Bohr's theory the trajectory (b) 72 x 10 cm/sec

of an electron of hydrogen atom is: (c) 7.2 x 10 cm/sec
(a) Aperfect ecllipse (d) 3.6 x 10 cm/sec
(b) A close ecllipse like curve, narrower at the perihelion
position and flatter at the aphelion position
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM
(c) Aclose loop on spherical surface 79. The number of waves made by an clectron moving in an
(d) Rosette orbit having maximum magnetic quantum number + 3 is -
70. A particle having a mass of Img has a velocity I Km/sec. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
80. Which have the same number of s-clectrons as the d-electrons
Calculate the wavelength of the particle: in Fe?
(a) 6.626 x 102* cm (b) 6.626 x 102 cm
(a) Li (b) Na (c) N (d) P
(c) 6.626 x 1030cm (d) 6.626 x 103 cm
71. The uncertainty in the position of an electron moving with a 81. The set of quantum no. not applicable for an electron -
velocity of 3x 10 cm/sec accurate upto 0.011% will be:
(a) 1.92 cm (b) 7.66 cm
(a) 2,0,0, 2
(c) 0.175 cm (d) 3.84 cm
72. If uncertainty in position and velocity are equal, then
(0) 31,-2,+
uncertainty in momentum will be:
mh
(e) 4,2,-2,-;
(b)
() 6,0,0,+
(c)
4Tm 4n 82. Which of the following pair of ions have same paramagnetic
moment?
73. The velocity of particle "A" is 0.Im/sec and that of particle (a) Cu*2, Ti (b) Mn, Cu+2
"B" is 0.0Sm/sec. If the mass of particle B is 5 times that of
particle A, then the ratio of de-broglie wavelength associated (c) Ti, Cu*2 (d) Ti, Ni2
with particle A and B: 83. The atomic number of an element 'M' is 26. How many
(a) 2:5 (b) 3:4 (c) 6:4 (d) 5:2 electrons are present in the M-shell of the clement in its M3*
state?
74. If de-broglie wavelength of mass 'm' is 100 times of its
velocity then its value in term of its mass 'm' and planck's (a) 11 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 13
constant "h" is: 84. The minimum angular momentum of an electron with the
magnetic quantum numbers -1,0,+|
(a)
1 m (0) 19 2h
(6) (c)
2 T

85. The values of four quantum numbers of valence electron

75. The wavelength of electron waves in two orbit is in ratio 3:5. of an element X is n=4, l =0, m=0, s=.The element
The ratio of K.E. of clectrons will be: is

(a) 25:9 (b) 15:3 (c) 9:25 () 3:5 (a) K (b) Ti (c) Na (d) Sc
86. Which of the following elements has least number of 96. Two particles A and B are in motion. the wavelength
electrons in its M shell? associated with the particle Ais 5.0 x 10 m, the wavelength
(a) K (6) Mn (c) Ni (d) Sc of particle B having momentum half ofA is:
(a) 2.5 x 10 m (b) I.254 x 10 m
87. Which one of the following set of quantum numbers is not
possible for a 4p electron? (c) 1.0 x 10m (d) 1.0 x 10m
97. Which one of the following expressions represent the
(a) n= 4, |= 1, m=+l, m,= electron probability function (D)?
(a) 4nr dr² (6) 4nr dry
(b) n=4,1= 1, m=0, m, = + (c) 4nr dry (d) 4nr drs
98. The quantum of light energy is called:
(a) Photon (b) Neutron
(c)n=4, l= 1, m= 2, m, = +
(c) Electron (d) Proton
99. What is the orbital angular momentum of an electron in
(d)n= 4, /= 1, m=-1, m, = + f-orbital?
1.5h
88. The maximum number of electrons with spin value +1/2 in (a)
the orbital with azimuthal quantum number value | = 2 and
magnetic quantum number m= +2 is .. (c) V3h
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) I
89. The correct set of n, I, m, quantum numbers for the unpaired 100. The magnetic moment of Ni ion in BM unit is:
electron of chlorine atom is - (a) 1.73 (b) 4.81
(a) 2, 1, 0 (b) 2, 1, I (c) 5.96 (d) 2.83
(c) 3, 1, 1, (d) 3, 0, 0 101. The angular momentum of an electron present in the excited
1.5h
90. Which quantum number is not related with Schrodinger state of Hydrogen is The electron present in
equation?
(a) Principal (b) Azimuthanl (a) Third orbit (b) Second orbit
(c) Magnetic (d) Spin (c) Fourth orbit (d) Fifth orbit
91. Which of the following set of quantum numbers is correct 102. The maximum number of electrons which can be held by
for valence electron of potassium ? subshell with azimuthal quantum number "" in an atom is
(a) n =4, I =0, m =0, s =-1/2 given by:
(a) 20 + I (b) 20 + 2
(b) n =3, I =0, m =0, s =-1/2
(c) 2(2 + 1) (d) 2(20 + 2)
(c) n=4, l =1,m=0, s=-1/2
(d)n=3, |= 1, m =-l,s=-1/2 103. How many 'd' electrons are present in Cr ion?
(a) 4 (b) 5
92 Given K L M N
(c) 6 (d) 3
2 8 11 2
104. The atomic numbers of clements X,Y and Z are 19, 21 and
The number of clectrons present in = 2 is 25 respectively. The number of electrons present in the M
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 4 shells of these elements follow the order.
93. In which transition, one quantum of energy is emitted? (a) Z> X>Y (b) X >Y>Z
(c) Z> Y> X (d) Y> Z> X
(a) n, = 4 ’n, = 2 (b) n, = 3 ’n, = |
(c) n, =2 ’n, =1 (d) Allof these 105. How many electrons are present in the M-shell of an atom of
the element with atomic number Z = 24?
94. Which of the following statement concerning the four
quantum number is incorrect? (a) 5 (b) 6
(a) n gives the size of an orbital (c) 12 (d) 13
(b) Igives the shape of an orbital 106. A transition metal X' has a configuration [Ar] 3d in its +3
oxidation state, its atomic Number is
(c) m gives the energy of the clectron in orbital
(a) 25 (b) 26
(d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) 22 (d) 19
95. Consider the ground state of Cr atom (Z = 24). The number
107. An element has 2 electrons in K shell, 8 clectrons in L shell,
of electrons with the azimuthal quantum numbers I =land 2
are respectively. 13 clectrons in M shell and one electron in N shell. The
element is
(a) 12 and 4 (b) 16 and 5
(a) Cr (6) Fe
(c) 16 and 4 (d) 12 and S
(c) V (d) Ti
108. This electronic configuration shows element of: 113. The number of unpaired electron in Fe(2 = 26) are:
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 3 (d) 4
ls 2 2p
(a) Oxygen (b) Neon 114. Which of the following statement in relation to the hydrogen
atom is correct:
(c) Fluorine (d) Nitrogen (a) 3s, 3p and 3d orbital all have the same energy
109. Sum of electronic spins ofall electrons with the configuration (b) 3s and 3p orbital are of lower energy than 3d orbital
3d is (c) Both of these
(a) + 3/2 (b) + 5/2 () None of these
(c) + 7/2 (d) 9/2 115. According to Bohr's theory, the angular momentum of an
110. The quantum number "m" of a free gaseous atom is clectron in the 4th orbit is:
associated with:
(a) (b) h
(a) Effect volume of orbital 2
(b) Shape of orbital (c) 3h (d) 3h
(c) Spatial orientation of orbital
(d) Energy of orbital in the absence of magnetic field 116. The total number of orbitals in a shellwith principle quantum
number n is:
111. The atomic number of element is 17. The number of orbital
(a) 2n (b) 2n² (c) n² () n+1
containing electron pair in its valence shell is:
117. If the radius of | Bohr orbit be an, then radius of 3rd Bohr
(a) 3 (b) 4 orbit would be:
(c) 6 (d) 8
112. The total number of electrons present in all the p- orbital of
(a) 3a, (6) 6a, (c) 9a,
bromine are (Given: Atomic no. of Br = 35) 118. Which of the following is not possible?
(a) 5 (b) 15 (a) n =3, (= 0, m = 0 (b) n=3, ( =1, m =-1
(c) 17 (d) 35 (c) n=2, (= 0, m =-1 (d) n= 2, l= 1, m =-1
 ANSWER KEY
Topicwise Questions
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (c)
51. (6) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (d) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (a) 68. (d) 69. (d) 70. (b)
71. (c) 72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (6) 75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (a) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (c) 90. (d)
91. (a) 92. (a) 93. (d) 94. (c) 95. (d) 96. (c) 97. (c) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (d)
101. (a) 102. (c) 103. (a) 104. (c) 105. (d) 106. (a) 107. (a) 108. (c) 109. (a) 110. (c)
111. (a) 112. (c) 113. (a) 114. (a) 115. (b) 16. (c) 117. (c) 118. (c)