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    02 - Meiosis

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    dr.abdullahalhetari

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    02 - Meiosis

    Uploaded by

    dr.abdullahalhetari
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    3 views4 pages

    02 - Meiosis

    Uploaded by

    dr.abdullahalhetari

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    MEIOSIS

    DR. NAJEEB LECTURE NOTES

    BY FATIMA HAIDER

    KGMC

    http://koracademy.com/

    CHROMOSOME
     Single structured
     Unreplicated DNA
     One chromatid
     Counted as one chromosome

    DUPLICATED CHROMOSOME
     Double structured
     Replicated DNA
     Two chromatids
     Counted as one chromosome

    Both chromosome and duplicated chromosome are counted as one chromosome because chromosomes
    are counted from centromeres.

     n – full set of 23 chromosomes


     2n – diploid number of chromosomes (46 chromosomes)
     N – notation used for amount of DNA in a given cell

    DNA Replication
    Before the cells goes to meiosis 1, all chromosomes are to be replicated

    HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
    The paternal and the maternal chromosomes in our cells are homologous to eachother

    The homologous chromosomes lie in the nucleus randomly

    SYNAPSIS
    During meiosis, double-structured homologous chromosomes come near to each other and pairing
    takes place from chromosome 1 to 22 i-e all autosomes. Sex chromosomes will also come together and
    they have few homologous genes on short arm which will pair up.
    (During mitosis, synapsis doesnot take place)

    The point to point pairing of homologous chromosomes is called synapsis.

    CROSSING OVER
    After synapsis, the chromosomes exchange alleles with eachother and this process is called crossing
    over. Somewhere 30 to 40 cross overs occur in each maternal and paternal set of chromosomes.

    CHIASMA FORMATION
    Chiasma is the point of contact between two chromatids belonging to homologous chromosomes.
    Exchange of genetic material can occur between both chromatids at a chromosomal crossover.

    GENETIC VARIABILITY IS DUE TO:


    1. Crossing over
    2. Random assortment of chromosomes into daughter cells (secondary gametes)

    FORMATION OF SECONDARY GAMETE


    After alignment of chromosomes on spindle fibers, the chromosomes are randomly assorted into
    daughter cells.

    In oogenesis, one daughter cell becomes secondary oocyte while the other daughter cell receives very
    little cytoplasm and is called first polar body.

    In males, both daughter cells are called spermatocytes.

    So primary gamete gives secondary gamete at the end of first meiotic division.

    2nd MEIOTIC DIVISION


    At second meiotic division, centromere dysjunction takes place and each chromatid goes to daughter
    cell. Four haploid daughter cells are formed with single-structured chromosomes.

    In male, from one primary gamete four spermatids are formed which eventually mature into four
    sperms. In female, one primary oocyte forms mature ovum and 3 polar bodies and degenerate.

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