Tempareture

Calculate temperature using a temperature sensor:
Sensors are widely used for detecting devices by approximating their distance from the
source. One such example of a sensor is the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor which uses the
SONAR technique for the sensing purpose. The main feature of this sensor is to mimic the
nature of bats and therefore predict the distance of objects without actually establishing
contact with the device.
In this article, we will study how to design this ultrasonic sensor using the Arduino board and
programming software. We will study the specifications needed for this sensor, and the
methods and circuit diagrams used for designing this sensor. In addition to this, we will see
the Arduino code written on IDE that will result in a sensor.
Table of Content
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Technical Specifications
 Apparatus
 Working
 Circuit Diagram
 Arduino Code
What is an Ultrasonic Sensor?

Similar to any other sensor, the Arduino Ultrasonic Sensor is used to sense the
presence of any object and predict the distance of the object in appropriate units which is
inches in this case. Therefore, we can define the Arduino Ultrasonic Sensor as a device that
uses the ultrasonic sensing technique to estimate the distance of an object.
Arduino is used for creating this sensor since it needs to be programmed to detect the
reflected rays from objects and display the distance in the desired format.
Technical Specifications
Before getting started with the sensor, we need to mention some specifications of the sensor
that can ensure proper working conditions for the sensor.
 The Arduino board needs a minimum power supply of 5V which is required to turn
the Arduino on. This must be Direct Voltage.
 The Arduino board needs a Quiescent Current which is at most 2mA and
a working current of 15mA. Higher current values can burn the Arduino
components.
 It is preferred that the object must be placed at the center line of the sensor but it can
also be present at a certain angle from the center. This is known as effectual angle
which should be less than 15°.
 The distance at which an object must be placed so that it can be detected by a sensor
is around 2cm – 400 cm. The accuracy of detection decreases with an increase in
distance.
Apparatus
Apparatus refers to the components that are needed for the project. The components
required for designing a sensor using Arduino include.
 One Breadboard
 Arduino Uno R3 (Generally this model is only preferred_

 One Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
 Some wires for making connections.
These devices are easily available at nearby electronics shops.
Working of the Ultrasonic Sensor
The Ultrasonic Sensor works on the principle of reflection, let us see how
 The sensor is used to emit waves known as ultrasound with a frequency of 40 KHz.
 The transmitted wave moves in a straight line path and gets obstructed by an object if
present.
 After being obstructed, the wave reflects and is detected by the sensor. The time of
transmission and reflection of the wave is noticed and the distance of the object is
calculated using the speed-time formula.
Given Below is the Ultrasonic Sensor
Principle: If you carefully look at the diagram above, you will see that there is a transmitter.
This component is responsible for emitting waves of an appropriate frequency that can travel
far i.e. it should be able to transmit the ultrasound. Once the ultrasound waves are emitted,
they continue a straight line path until they find an object. As shown in the figure, when the
ultrasound waves are blocked by any object, the waves reflect. The receiver is present to
receive the incoming waves after reflection. Once the reflected wave is received, we note the
time taken by the waves to detect the object and predict the distance using this formula.
s= 2d/t
where s is the speed of the wave,
d is the distance traveled until reaching the object,
and t is the total time taken
Note that the factor ‘2’ appears because the time noted is for the period when the wave strikes
the object and then comes back.
Circuit Diagram
Here is the circuit diagram for making connections.
Circuit Diagram
Given Below is the circuit diagram
Carefully observe the diagram given above for making connections on the breadboard. Note
that the ultrasonic sensor has four terminals namely +5V, Trigger, Echo, and GND, follow the
steps given for making connections:
 Connect a wire to supply Vcc with 5V to the appropriate pin on Arduino.
 Make a ground-to-ground connection from GND to GND on Arduino.
 Connect the trigger i.e. Trig to any pin on Arduino like pin 8.
 Connect the Echo to any pin on Arduino like pin 9.
Arduino Code
Here is the pseudocode and code for making an ultrasonic Sensor using Arduino.
Code
const int pingPin = 8; // Trigger Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor
const int echoPin = 9; // Echo Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Starting Serial Terminal
}
void loop() {
long duration, inches, cm;
pinMode(pingPin, OUTPUT); //Set which pin will be used for output
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW); //Ensure that the pin in low first
delayMicroseconds(2); //Introducing delay of 2 milliseconds
digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH); //Set which pin will be used for input
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); //Function for collecting the waves
inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
Serial.print(inches);
Serial.print("in, ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm");
Serial.println();
delay(100);
}
long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds) {
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
}
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds) {
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}
Conclusion
Once you have uploaded this code on Arduino, the sensor will begin working. The
Arduino will successfully display the distance measured by a sensor in inches and cm. It will
appear on the computer screen depending on the function that you use. The sensor will work
accurately in different conditions like sunlight but it might not detect certain light items. You
can make further modifications to improve the project according to your needs by
incorporating some advanced boards.

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Calculate temperature using a temperature sensor:

What is an Ultrasonic Sensor?

 Arduino Uno R3 (Generally this model is only preferred_

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