(Libro) Atlas Marine Mammals Mexico

Atlas of
Marine Mammal Distribution

and Abundance in Mexican Waters
Gisela Heckel
María Guadalupe Ruiz Mar
Yolanda Schramm
and Uko Gorter
Illustrations by Uko Gorter
Translation by Carmina Silva Taylor and Benjamin Stewart
Atlas of Marine Mammal Distribution
Gisela Heckel, María Guadalupe Ruiz Mar,
Yolanda Schramm and Uko Gorter
Heckel, G., M.G. Ruiz Mar, Y. Schramm and U. Gorter, 2020. Atlas of Marine Mammal Distribution
and Abundance in Mexican Waters. Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. 186 p.
cemie-Océano
© Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, 2020

Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanografía
del Golfo de México (epomex)
© Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior

de Ensenada, Baja California (cicese)
© cemie-Océano
© Centro de Investigación Científica

y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, California (cicese), 2018
isbn 978-607-8444-59-5
doi: 10.26359/epomex.cemie022020
Illustrations by: Uko Gorter.

Contents
Prologue
About the authors
Introduction 1
List of marine mammal species and subspecies in Mexico 3
Distribution and abundance of marine mammals in Mexico 9
Order Cetartiodactyla. Mysticeti 9
Family Balaenidae 10
Family Eschrichtiidae 12
Family Balaenopteridae 16
Order Cetartiodactyla. Odontoceti 37
Family Physeteridae 38
Family Kogiidae 42
Family Ziphiidae 48
Family Delphinidae 69
Family Phocoenidae 122
Order Sirenia 127
Family Trichechidae 128
Order Carnivora. 133
Family Otariidae 136
Family Phocidae 144
Family Mustelidae 152
References 155
Prologue
As a consequence of population growth and the increasing per capita use of fossil-based energy sources, humanity faces two
great challenges, namely the exhaustion of hydrocarbon deposits and the negative effects of the emissions of greenhouse gases.
While the need to obtain our energy from renewable sources has never been so pressing, the use of any type of energy source has
an environmental impact. Renewable energies have frequently been described as clean energy, which is not necessarily true. In
particular, renewable energy sources have consequences on the natural balance of matter and energy, modifying the abiotic and
biotic environment. In order to consider a source of energy clean, the positive effects of the energy source must be guaranteed to be
greater than its negative effects, in terms of the process by which it is obtained, the restoration of the physical environment it affects,
and the processing of the waste material generated throughout its useful life.
Although the general tendency in engineering projects is to optimize the maximum exploitation of available energy, the upper
threshold should be determined in relation to the limits that guarantee the conservation of ecosystem functions and processes. The
first step in avoiding negative effects on ecosystems and their connectivity is to understand them as much as possible before under-
taking any kind of intervention.
While it contains the highest levels of energy and ecological richness on the planet, the sea is still a relatively unknown environ-
ment. Aware of this fact, a group of researchers at the Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada,
Baja California (CICESE or Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education in Ensenada) pertaining to the Ecology and
Environmental Integration strategic line at the Centro Mexicano de Innovación en Energía Océano (CEMIE-Océano or Mexican
Center for Innovation in Ocean Energy), undertook the compilation of this atlas of marine mammal distribution and abundance
in Mexican waters. This book will surely increase awareness and develop our understanding of the great biological richness found in
our seas, thus promoting more responsible habits and a move towards the conservation of the ecosystems that contain these marine
species.
Dr. Rodolfo Silva Casarín
Head, CEMIE-Océano
Atlas of Marine Mammal Distribution and Abundance in Mexican Waters
About the Authors
Dra. Gisela Heckel

A biologist at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM or National Autonomous University of Mexico), she has
a Master’s degree and PhD in Coastal Oceanography from the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC or Autonomous
University of Baja California). Currently, she is a Senior Researcher at CICESE’s Department of Conservational Biology. Her main
research focus is the ecology and conservation of marine mammals. She has studied the diversity, abundance and distribution of
cetaceans near Ensenada and in the Gulf of California. She developed a management plan for gray whale watching in Ensenada,
based on the effects of recreational boats on the behavior of the species and a socio-economic analysis of the stakeholders involved in
this activity. She has also studied the possible impacts of the construction of a liquefied natural gas terminal, north of Ensenada, on
the migratory behavior of the gray whale and the diversity and distribution of other marine mammals in the area. She has supervised
undergraduate, Master’s and PhD theses, published scientific articles and papers for a more general audience, and has presented her
work at conferences. She belongs to the Mexican Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI or National System of Researchers). This
atlas was created to provide information for the regional effects on the distribution and abundance of marine mammals caused by
the installation of alternative power plants in the ocean project, which forms part of the CEMIE-Océano megaproject.
M.C. María Guadalupe Ruiz Mar

A biologist at the UNAM, she received her Master’s degree in Life Sciences at the CICESE and currently works as a technician on
the CEMIE-Océano megaproject. Her undergraduate thesis was entitled "A morphological and molecular study of the testicles of
the leaf-nosed bat Artibeus jamaicensis". Her Master’s thesis determined the lactation period and analyzed the lactation behavior
of the Pacific harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardii and its relation to human disturbance at Punta Banda Estuary, Baja California.
Consequently, her research has focused on the distribution, abundance and behavioral ecology of marine mammals and the
conservation of these species, particularly pinnipeds, in the Mexican Pacific. She will soon start her PhD at the CICESE, the
research for which will focus on the pinnipeds of the region and is based on the findings presented in this atlas. For the compilation
of this atlas, Ms Ruiz Mar undertook an extensive literature review and developed the use of geographic information systems (GIS)
to show the distribution of every marine mammal species in the waters and on the coasts of Mexico.
Dra. Yolanda Schramm Urrutia

A biologist from the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG or Autonomous University of Guadalajara), she obtained her
Master’s degree and PhD in Coastal Oceanography from the UABC, where she currently works as a researcher and professor at the
Faculty of Marine Sciences. She has over 20 years of experience researching the ecology and conservation of pinnipeds (seals and
sea lions) in Baja California. She is particularly interested in the molecular ecology of pinniped populations, with her projects, the
majority of which have focused on the islands and west coast of the Baja California peninsula, generating many undergraduate and
graduate degree theses, scientific articles and presentations at national and international conferences. A member of the SNI, Dr.
Schramm produced the pinniped section of this atlas.
Uko Gorter
Born in Arnhem, Holland, Uko Gorter ended a seventeen-year career as a professional ballet dancer in 1997. He then pursued his
lifelong dream of becoming an illustrator, enrolling in the School of Visual Concepts and the School of Realist Art, both in Seattle,
Washington. His interest in nature led him to become a natural history illustrator specializing in marine mammal illustration. Uko
has traveled extensively to observe whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals in their natural environment, with his illustrations
appearing in scientific journals, books, magazines, web sites, and on interpretive signs. Uko joined the American Cetacean Society
in 2001 and is currently president of the Puget Sound Chapter and a member of the Society for Marine Mammalogy. He lives in
Kirkland, Washington, where his company Natural History Illustration is based. Uko provided the excellent illustrations of the
marine mammals in the waters and on the coasts of Mexico for this atlas.
« Atlas of Marine Mammal Distribution and Abundance in Mexican Waters »
Introduction
M
arine mammals are a group of charismatic megafauna, capable of awakening fascination in most people, which makes
them especially visible when natural resources or ecosystems are exploited, as is the case with the generation of energy
using the sea. There are 131 species of marine mammals in the world, including whales, dolphins, sea lions, seals, wal-
ruses, sea otters, polar bears, manatees and dugongs. Mexico’s marine environment is megadiverse, with 38 cetacean species (eight
mysticeti or baleen whale species, 30 odontoceti or toothed whale species, dolphins and porpoises), four pinnipeds (two seal spe-
cies and two sea lion species), one sea otter sub-species and one manatee subspecies (Figure 1) (Torres et al., 1005; Committee on
Taxonomy, 2019).
Figure 1. Number of marine mammal species

in the world and in Mexican waters (red).
.
1
This high level of diversity is due to various factors: Mexico’s geographical position in both tropical and temperate latitudes; the
diversity of its marine and coastal environments; and, its diverse marine currents that provide its waters different characteristics, in
terms of temperature, salinity, density and nutrients.
Mexico’s 45 marine mammal species are distributed throughout the waters of all of its biogeographical regions (De la Lanza,
1991): 40 in the western region of the Baja California Peninsula; 32 in the Gulf of California; 32 in the South Pacific; and, 27 in
the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Number of marine mammal species in the

different biogeographical regions of Mexico. Some
species are present in more than one region, such as
the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), which
is found in both the Gulf of California and on the
west coast of the Baja California Peninsula.
2
List of Mexico’s Marine Mammal

Species and Subspecies
T
he taxonomic classification used in this atlas is based on the most recent review conducted by the Taxonomic Committee
of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, which collates the work of the most recognized taxonomists in this field (Commi-
ttee on Taxonomy, 2019), and is complemented by information taken from Jefferson et al. (2008).
By species, the information comprises the following:
• Scientific name (author, year) - common name in Spanish - common name in English (biogeographical areas in Mexico where
it occurs)
• The following numbers correspond to the following biogeographical regions: (1) the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula;
(2) the Gulf of California; (3) the South Pacific; and, (4) the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.
3
ORDER CETARTIODACTYLA B. b. borealis (Lesson, 1828)

(Artiodactyla and cetaceans) – Rorcual sei del norte – Northern Sei Whale
CETACEA Balaenoptera edeni (Anderson, 1879)
MYSTICETI. Baleen whales. Species: 8. - Rorcual tropical o de Bryde - Bryde's Whale (1,2,3,4)
B. e. edeni (Anderson, 1879)
FAMILY BALAENIDAE (Gray, 1825). – Rorcual de Eden – Eden’s Whale
Right whales: 1 species
Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eubalaena japonica (Lacépede, 1818)
– Rorcual azul, ballena azul - Blue Whale (1,2,3,4)
– Ballena Franca del Pacífico norte – North Pacific Right Whale (1)
B. m. musculus (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Rorcual azul del norte – Northern Blue Whale
FAMILY ESCHRICHTIIDAE
(Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951): 1 species Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861) - Rorcual común, ballena de aleta- Fin Whale (1,2,3,4)
- Ballena gris - Gray Whale (1,2,3) B. p. physalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Rorcual común del norte – Northern Fin Whale
FAMILY BALAENOPTERIDAE
Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781)
(Gray, 1864). Rorquals: 6 species
- Rorcual jorobado, ballena jorobada -Humpback Whale (1,2,3,4)
Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépède, 1804)
- Rorcual menor o minke - Common Minke Whale (1,2,3,4) M. n. kuzira (Gray, 1850)
– Rorcual jorobado del Pacífico norte – North Pacific Humpback Whale
B. a. scammoni (Deméré, 1986)
– Rorcual minke del Pacífico norte – North Pacific Minke Whale
Balaenoptera borealis (Lesson, 1828)
- Rorcual sei - Sei Whale (1,2,3,4)
4
G. Heckel, M.G. Ruiz Mar, Y. Schramm and U. Gorter
ODONTOCETI (Flower, 1867). Mesoplodon carlhubbsi (Moore, 1963)

Toothed whales (sperm whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and porpoises). – Zifio de Hubbs – Hubbs’ Beaked Whale (1)
Species: 30
Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817)
- Zifio de Blainville - Blainville’s Beaked Whale (1,2,3,4)
FAMILY PHYSETERIDAE (Gray, 1821)
Sperm whale: 1 species Mesoplodon europaeus (Gervais, 1855)
Physeter macrocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Zifio de Gervais - Gervais' Beaked Whale (4)
– Cachalote - Sperm Whale (1,2,3,4) Mesoplodon ginkgodens (Nishiwaki and Kamiya, 1958)
– Zifio japonés o de dientes de ginkgo - Ginkgo-Toothed Beaked Whale
FAMILY KOGIIDAE (Gill, 1871) Miller, 1923. (1)
Kogias (small sperm whales): 2 species
Mesoplodon peruvianus (Reyes, Mead and Van Waerebeek, 1991)
Kogia breviceps (Blainville, 1838) - Zifio pigmeo - Pigmy Beaked Whale (2,3)
- Cachalote pigmeo - Pygmy Sperm Whale (1,2,3,4)
Ziphius cavirostris (Cuvier, 1823)
Kogia sima (Owen, 1866) – Zifio de Cuvier- Cuvier's Beaked Whale (1,2,3,4)
- Cachalote enano - Dwarf Sperm Whale (1,2,3,4)
FAMILY DELPHINIDAE (Gray, 1821).
FAMILY ZIPHIIDAE (Gray, 1865) Dolphins: 17 species
Beaked whales: 8 species Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Berardius bairdii (Stejneger, 1883) - Delfín común – Common Dolphin (1,2,3,4)
- Zifio de Baird- Baird's Beaked Whale (1,2,3)
D. d. delphis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Indopacetus pacificus (Longman, 1926) – Delfín común – Common Dolphin
– Zifio de Longman – Longman’s Beaked Whale,
Tropical Bottlenose Whale (3)
5
D. d. bairdii (Dall, 1873) O. o. unnamed subspecies

- Delfín común de rostro largo del Pacífico nororiental – – Orca transeúnte del Pacífico nororiental – Eastern North Pacific Tran-
Eastern North Pacific Long-Beaked Common Dolphin (1,2,3) sient Killer Whale, Bigg’s Killer Whale
Feresa attenuata (Gray, 1874) Peponocephala electra (Gray, 1846)
- Orca pigmea - Pygmy Killer Whale (2,3,4) – Calderón pequeño, delfín cabeza de melón- Melon-Headed Whale
(1,2,3,4)
Globicephala macrorhynchus (Gray, 1846)
– Calderón de aletas cortas - Short-Finned Pilot Whale (1,2,3,4) Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)
- Orca falsa - False Killer Whale (1,2,3,4)
Grampus griseus (Cuvier, 1812)
- Delfín de Risso, delfín gris, grampus - Risso's Dolphin (1,2,3,4) Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846)
- Estenela moteada o delfín manchado pantropical - Pantropical Spotted
Lagenodelphis hosei (Fraser, 1956)
Dolphin (1,2,3,4)
- Delfín de Fraser - Fraser's Dolphin (3,4)
S. a. attenuata (Gray, 1846)
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Gill, 1865)
– Delfín manchado pantropical oceánico – Offshore Pantropical Spotted
- Delfín de costados blancos del Pacífico - Pacific White-Sided Dolphin
Dolphin
(1,2)
S. a. graffmani (Lönnber, 1934)
Lissodelphis borealis (Peale, 1848)
– Delfín manchado pantropical costero – Coastal Pantropical Spotted
- Delfín liso del norte - Northern Right Whale Dolphin (1)
Dolphin
Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Stenella clymene (Gray, 1850)
– Orca - Killer Whale (1,2,3,4)
- Delfín Clymene - Clymene Dolphin (4)
O. o. unnamed subspecies
Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833)
– Orca residente del Pacífico nororiental – Eastern North Pacific Resi-
– Estenela listada o delfín listado - Striped Dolphin (1,2,3,4)
dent Killer Whale
6
Stenella frontalis (Meyen, 1833) Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885)

- Estenela moteada del Atlántico o delfín pintado- Atlantic Spotted Dol- - Marsopa de Dall - Dall’s Porpoise (1)
phin (4)
P. d. dalli (True, 1885)
Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828) – Marsopa de Dall tipo dalli - Dalli-type Dall’s Porpoise
- Delfín tornillo - Spinner Dolphin (1,2,3,4)
S. l. longirostris (Gray, 1828) ORDER SIRENIA
– Delfín tornillo de Gray – Gray’s Spinner Dolphin (Illiger, 1811)
S. l. orientalis (Perrin, 1990) FAMILY TRICHECHIDAE (Gill, 1872)
– Delfín tornillo oriental – Eastern Spinner Dolphin Manatees: 1 species
Steno bredanensis (G. Cuvier in Lesson, 1828) Trichechus manatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Esteno o delfín de dientes rugosos- Rough-Toothed Dolphin (1,2,3,4) – Manatí de las Indias occidentales – West Indian Manatee
Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) T. m. manatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

- Tursión, tonina, delfín nariz de botella - Common Bottlenose – Manatí de las Antillas- Antillean Manatee (4)
Dolphin (1,2,3,4)
ORDER CARNIVORA
T. t. truncatus (Montagu, 1821)
– Tursión, tonina, delfín nariz de botella - Common Bottlenose Dolphin PINNIPEDIA (Illiger, 1811).
FAMILY PHOCOENIDAE FAMILY OTARIIDAE (Gill, 1866).

(Gray, 1825; Bravard, 1885) Sea lions and fur seals: 2 species
Porpoises: 2 species Arctocephalus philippii (Peters, 1866)
Phocoena sinus (Norris and McFarland, 1958) - Lobo fino de Juan Fernández - Juan Fernandez Fur Seal
- Vaquita – vaquita, Gulf of California Porpoise (2)
7
A. p. townsendi (Merriam, 1897) FAMILY MUSTELIDAE (Gill, 1866).

- Lobo fino de Guadalupe - Guadalupe Fur Seal (1,2) Sea otters: 1 species
Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828) Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Lobo marino de California - California Sea Lion (1,2,3) – Nutria marina – Sea Otter
E.l. nereis (Merriam, 1904)
FAMILY PHOCIDAE (Gray, 1821) - Nutria marina del sur - Southern Sea Otter (1)
Seals: 2 species
Mirounga angustirostris (Gill, 1866)
- Foca elefante del norte, elefante marino del norte - Northern Elephant
Seal (1,2)
Phoca vitulina (Linnaeus, 1758)
– Foca común o de puerto – Harbor or Common Seal
P. v. richardii (Gray, 1864)
-Foca de puerto del Pacífico - Pacific Harbor Seal (1)
8
Marine Mammal Distribution

Order Cetartiodactyla
Mysticeti
9
Family Balaenidae
North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica)
Distribution
The North Pacific right whale is found between latitudes 20º and 60º North. Before whaling began, this whale was found in high
concentrations at these latitudes in the waters of the Gulf of Alaska, the eastern Aleutian Islands, the southern Bering Sea, the Sea
of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. This whale has been observed in low numbers in the center of the North Pacific and the Bering
Sea, with sightings also recorded to the south of Baja California, the North East Pacific Ocean, and as far south as Hawaii, with
summer sightings in the subarctic waters of the northern Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk. The migratory patterns of the North
Pacific right whale are unknown, although it appears to spend the summer in feeding grounds at high latitudes, then migrating to
warmer waters in the winter (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017a).
10
In Mexican waters, its distribution is limited to the west coast of

the Baja California Peninsula (Gendron, 2000a), with sightings
to the east of Guadalupe Island (28º20Ń, 117º00´W) (Reeves
and Leatherwood, 1985), south of Punta Abreojos (26°39Ń,
113°40´W) (Rice and Fiscus, 1968), southwest of the Baja Cali-
fornia Peninsula (23°02Ń, 109°30´W), and south of the tip of
the Baja California Peninsula (23°54Ń, 112°41´W) (Gendron
et al., 1999).
Abundance
The global estimate prior to exploitation was approximately
30,000-50,000 individuals, with commercial activity having re-
duced the population to 3,000 individuals by 1920. The current
global estimate is between 7,000 and 10,000 individuals (NO-
AA-Fisheries, 2017a).
According to Wada (1972) and Tillman (1975), the estimated
population for the North Pacific Ocean was 200-250 individuals;
however, the only estimate for the North Pacific corresponds to the Sea of Okhotsk, a region known for the summer migration of the species
(Kenney, 2009). While the data correspond to censuses, taken in 1989, 1990 and 1992 and indicating a population of only a few hundred indi-
viduals, the confidence interval is wide and may have a negative bias (IWC, 1998; Guerrero et al., 2006). Photographic evidence and genotype
data from 2008 were used to calculate the first abundance estimations for these whales in the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands, by means of
the mark-recapture method. The results indicate 31 (95% CI: 23-54; CV=0.22) and 28 individuals (95% CI:24- 42), respectively (Wade et al.,
2011; Muto, 2015).
Abundance in Mexican waters

No information is currently available. With few sightings of the species in Mexican waters, it has not been possible to estimate population size (Ur-
bán, 2008).
11
Family Eschrichtiidae
Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)
Distribution
There are two isolated gray whale populations in the North Pacific – in the eastern North Pacific (along the coast of North America)
and in the western North Pacific (along the coast of East Asia) (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017b).
In the summer, the eastern North Pacific population is distributed across the Bering, Beaufort and Chukchi seas and the waters
surrounding St. Lawrence Island. A few dozen individuals spend their summers between the Island of Vancouver and the central
California coast, migrating south along the coastline and moving, in the autumn, towards the Baja California Peninsula (Gardner
and Chávez-Rosales, 2000) and the southwestern Gulf of California. In the winter, most individuals travel to one of three breeding
lagoons: Ojo de Liebre Lagoon; San Ignacio Lagoon; and, the Magdalena Bay lagoon complex. In the spring, they start the migra-
tion north, following the same route (Rice et al., 1984; Wolman 1985; Guerrero et al., 2006).
12
Gray whales travel past Ensenada from the beginning of De-

cember to mid-February during their southbound migration
(Heckel et al., 2001, De-Jesús et al., 2013) and during their
northbound migration from the end of February to the third
week of May (Rodríguez-De la Gala et al., 2008, Pérez-Puig et al.,
2017). Due to this migratory pattern, gray whales feed mainly
in the productive areas of the North Pacific, while calving takes
place in warmer waters, which are presumably safer from preda-
tors (Guerrero et al., 2006).
While the distribution of gray whales in Mexican waters has
been constant, high concentrations of whales were observed in
the lagoons of Yavaros-Tohaui, Sonora, and in the Bay of Santa
Maria (Reforma), Sinaloa (Findley and Vidal, 2002). In general,
the gray whale is found along the coast of Baja California, in the
waters surrounding the islands of Guadalupe, Cedros, San Beni-
to, and Todos Santos, in San Quintín Bay (Gilmore, 1960) and
the Gulf of California, and, very occasionally, the Santa Clara
Gulf (Henderson, 1984) and the Ballenas Channel (Tershy and Breese, 1991; Heckel et al., 2008). In the waters off Baja California Sur, this spe-
cies has been found in Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, Abreojos Point, San Ignacio Lagoon, Ballenas Bay, Las Ánimas Mouth, San Juanico Bay, La Soledad
Mouth, the San Carlos Channel, Magdalena Bay, Almejas Bay (Gilmore, 1960; Rice and Wolman, 1971; Rice et al.,1981; Norris et al., 1983;
Jones and Swartz, 1984), Cape San Lucas, the San Lorenzo Channel, La Paz Bay, Concepción Bay and Santa Rosalía (Gilmore, 1960; Vidal et al.,
1993; Urbán et al., 1997). The gray whale has also been found off the coast of Nayarit, in Banderas Bay (Salinas and Bourillón, 1998; Arroyo,
2017), while, in Sonora, the species has been found in the waters of Puerto Peñasco (Vidal et al., 1993) and Guaymas (Vidal, 1989). There have
also been occasional sightings in the Revillagigedo Archipelago (Trejo et al., 2017).
13
Abundance
In 1997/98, the eastern population was estimated at 26,500 individuals (Rugh et al., 1999); however, in
1999 and 2000 a great number of stranded dead whales were found along its distribution range (Nor-
man et al., 2000; Moore et al., 2001) and, by 2000/01 and 2001/02, global estimates of the gray whale
population had fallen to 18,000 (Rugh et al., 2005). This decreased abundance seemed to indicate that the
population was reaching its carrying capacity during this period (Wade, 2002); moreover, the production
of offspring in those years was very low (Brownell et al., 2001; Perryman et al., 2002).
The sum of the migration abundance estimates (model-averaged) for the southern subpopulation of the
North East Pacific oscillated from a posterior mean of 17,820 (95% HPDI=16 150-19,920) in 2007-2008
to 21,210 (95% HPDI=19,420-23,230) in 2009-2010. These results are consistent with previous esti-
mates (Durban et al., 2015), which show a high probability (80%) that the population is at its “optimum
sustainable size” (Rugh et al., 2008; NOAA-Fisheries, 2017b).

Since 1952, research has been undertaken on the winter distribution and abundance of gray whales in
Mexican waters (Urbán et al., 2003). Between 1996 and 2014, in Ojo de Liebre lagoon and San Ignacio
lagoon, the most important reproductive sites for the species, the average (±standard deviation) abundance
was 618 ± 309 calves and 1,023 ± 340 adults1 per year. Between 2005 and 2016, 307 females were identi-
fied as having given birth to 736 calves, of which 80% were born between 2011 and 2016, suggesting that
females were reproducing more frequently (Swartz et al., 2017).
1
Personal communications from M.Sc. Everardo Mariano Meléndez, Director of the El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve, Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur,
of 5th February, 2015, and Dr. Jorge Urbán Ramírez, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, 26th January, 2015.
14
Photography: Alejandro Arias Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)
15
Family Balaenopteridae
Common Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Distribution
The common minke whale presents a worldwide distribution across tropical, temperate and polar waters in both hemispheres.
The subspecies B. a. scammoni is found in the North Pacific, where it winters between California and latitude 40°N. In the North
East Pacific, it is found in the southern Gulf of Alaska and along the west coast of North America, including Alaska, Washington,
Oregon (Norman et al., 2004), California (Leatherwood et al., 1987), the province of British Columbia, Baja California and the
Gulf of California (Tershy et al., 1990). Acoustic recordings have been made between 15° and 35°N in the east and the center of
the North Pacific Ocean (Rankin and Barlow, 2005).
16
The subspecies B. a. acutorostrata is found in the polar, temper-

ate and tropical waters of the North Atlantic, from the southern
polar glaciers down to Anguilla, the Lesser Antilles and the east-
ern Gulf of Mexico, and tends to be more abundant in temperate
waters to the north of New York (USA) and less abundant in
tropical waters (Leatherwood et al., 1976; Urbán 2008).
Distribution in Mexican waters

There are published records of the species off the western coasts
of Baja California (Urbán and Aguayo, 1985; Wade and Ger-
rodette, 1993) and Baja California Sur (Wade and Gerrodette,
1993). There have been occasional sightings near San Pedro Már-
tir Island, Sonora (Balcomb et al., 1979), Puerto Peñasco (Vidal
et al., 1993), Guaymas (Vidal, 1989) and Yavaros Bay (Gilmore,
1960; Gilmore et al., 1967; Guerrero et al., 2006). There is also
one recorded sighting in Banderas Bay (Arroyo, 2017).
Frequently observed year-round, the common minke whale is
a regular visitor to the Gulf of California, although its migratory patterns are not well known. Most of the records available correspond to the
Ballenas Channel, where the species is found throughout the year (Tershy et al., 1990). Less than 25 recorded sightings are known in the region,
of which four correspond to dead whales, two in San Luis Gonzaga Bay and two near the Gulf of Santa Clara in the Upper Gulf of California
(Vidal et al., 1993). Other sightings have been recorded near San Felipe, San Pedro Mártir Island, Del Carmen Island and the center of the Gulf
of California (Balcomb et al., 1979). Only three sightings were reported in La Paz Bay between 1987 and 1997 (Urbán et al., 1997), while Tershy
et al. (1990) photo-identified, at different times of the year, six of the 17 individuals observed in the Ballenas Channel between 1983 and 1986.
In the Atlantic Ocean, the common minke whale is occasionally seen in the Caribbean Sea (Rice, 1998), while Würsig et al. (2000) confirmed
ten strandings, mostly immature animals, of individuals pertaining to this species in the Gulf of Mexico, off the west coast of Florida, Louisiana
17
and Texas. No live common minke whale has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico, except for a calf that
was reported off the southeastern Gulf coast (Delgado-Estrella et al., 1998). Given that the strandings in
the Gulf of Mexico have been reported during the winter and spring, there is speculation that these indi-
viduals form part of a migration to the north from either oceanic waters or the Caribbean Sea (Würsig et
al., 2000).
Abundance
Global estimates for this species are of between 500,000 and 1,000,000 (Carwardine, 1995), while, in
the eastern North Pacific, common minke whales range from the Bering Sea to southern Baja California,
Mexico, but do not appear to be abundant, with only approximately 2,000 reported in the center and
southeast of the Bering Sea (Moore et al., 2002) and approximately 1,000 along the west coast of North
America (Forney, 2007). The common minke whale is found, at least in summer and autumn, along the
coast of the Baja California Peninsula (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993). Appearing to behave differently to
northern migrating whales, the ‘resident’ minke whale found living in the coastal waters of California, Or-
egon and Washington (including Puget Sound) is considered a separate stock. While there is no estimate
of the abundance of this whale for the whole North Pacific, Forney (2007) estimated 957 (CV = 1.36)
individuals in 2005 for a transect off the California, Oregon and Washington coasts, while a 2008 study
did not record any whales during that period (Barlow, 2010).
Based on studies conducted between 2008 and 2014, the average number for this stock was estimated
at 636 (CV = 0.72) (Barlow, 2016). The most recent estimate of the North Atlantic population, made be-
tween 1997 and 2005, was 181,922 individuals (CV = 0.09) (Reilly et al., 2008), although sufficient infor-
mation is not available to estimate abundance for Mexican waters in their entirety (Guerrero et al., 2006).
18
Photography: Carlos Javier Navarro Serment / Image bank conabio Common Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
19
Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis)
Distribution
The Sei whale is a cosmopolitan species found in all oceans, from the cold regions of the North Atlantic to the Chukchi Sea and
Antarctica. According to Tomilin (1957), it prefers higher temperatures and migrates annually, spending the winter in warm waters,
although with less regular movement than that of other fin whales. Leatherwood et al. (1988) report that it is predominantly a pe-
lagic and temperate species, whose migratory movements are almost unknown, given that it is commonly confused with the Bryde’s
whale (Balaenoptera edeni) (Guerrero et al., 2006).
20
In the North Atlantic, the species is distributed off New Eng-

land, Iceland, Norway, the British Isles and the Arctic, wintering
at low latitudes, such as in the waters of Florida, Mexico, Spain,
Portugal and Africa. The southernmost limit of its distribution
is unclear and, with the species almost exclusively identified via
strandings and rare offshore sightings, it does not appear to be
abundant in coastal areas (Mead, 1977). In the summer, the Sei
Whale regularly presents migratory patterns in the North Pa-
cific, from Mexican waters to the Gulf of Alaska and from the
Bering Sea to the waters of Japan and Korea (Leatherwood et al.,
1988; Klinowska, 1991).

There are records of Sei whales off Baja California (Rice, 1977),
where they have been observed near Baja California Sur, between
Del Carmen and Espíritu Santo islands (Connally et al., 1986;
Urbán et al., 1997) and in La Paz Bay (Gendron and Chávez,
1996). While the species visits the southwestern Gulf of Califor-
nia in winter, spring and summer (Reilly et al., 2017a), only occasional sightings have been recorded (Urbán et al., 2014). One sighting has been
registered in the waters of Nayarit (Urbán et al., 1997, Guerrero et al., 2006).
Abundance
The last global estimate for the species was 40,000-60,000 individuals (Carwardine, 1995). An abundance of 10,300 whales (CV = 0.27) was
estimated (Cattanach et al., 1993) for the center of the North Atlantic and 13,000 for the North Pacific (Guerrero et al., 2006). Between 2008
and 2014, the average abundance for the waters of California, Oregon and Washington was estimated at 519 whales (CV = 0.40) (Barlow, 2016),
although sufficient information is not available to estimate the abundance of the species for Mexican waters in their entirety.
21
Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
Distribution
The Bryde’s whale can be found in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic oceans, with its habitat, on a global level, including low latitude,
tropical and warm temperate waters but limited to latitudes 40°N and S, namely the 20°C isotherm (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017c).
The species is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from Baja California to Chile (Jefferson et al., 2008), while, in the Atlantic, there
seems to be a resident population in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico that may extend to the Atlantic coast of the United
States up to as far north as Chesapeake Bay. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Bryde’s whale has been reported from Morocco to
the Cape of Good Hope, while it has also been observed in the central equatorial Atlantic (Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983; Cum-
mings, 1985; Jefferson et al., 2008).
22

In the Mexican Pacific, the Bryde’s whale is found from the west
coast of Baja California to the Gulf of California along the con-
tinental coast of Mexico to the border with Guatemala (Rice,
1974; Leatherwood et al., 1988; Cummings, 1985; Wade and
Gerrodette, 1993). There are published records of the species in
many locations, such as the west coast of Baja California (Leath-
erwood et al., 1988; Wade and Gerrodette, 1993) and its east
coast, at San Felipe and San Ildefonso islands and the Ballenas
and Salsipuedes channels (Flores, 1989; Tershy et al., 1990; Gen-
dron, 1993; Vidal et al., 1993; Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994;
Silber et al., 1994). In addition, it is found along the entire Baja
California Sur coast, from Ballenas Bay (west coast), south to the
Los Cabos region and north to the Gulf of California and Loreto
Bay, where considerable concentrations are observed (Rice, 1974;
Flores, 1989; Gendron, 1993; Wade and Gerrodette, 1993; Bar-
low et al., 1997a; Urbán et al.,1997). There have been many
sightings reported from Puerto Peñasco to Puerto Libertad, Kino Bay and Guaymas, Sonora (Gendron, 1993, Vidal et al., 1993, Mangels and
Gerrodette, 1994, Silber et al., 1994; Guerrero et al., 2006), while a lower level of abundance is found in Banderas Bay (Arroyo, 2017). In the
western Atlantic, the Bryde’s whale is reported from the southeastern coast of the United States, including the Gulf of Mexico and south of the
West Indies, to Cabo Frio, Brazil (Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983).
23
Abundance
According to Reeves et al. (2002), there is no reliable number for any of the individual Bryde’s whale
populations, although, worldwide, a total of 90,000 specimens has been estimated (Carwardine, 1995),
of which, 37,000 individuals pertain to the North Pacific (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993). In 1980, the
abundance for the eastern North Pacific was estimated, via independent methods (mark-recapture, photo-
identification and censuses conducted via boat), at 22,000 to 24,000 individuals (Tilman and Mizroch,
1982; Miyashita, 1986). A portion of the stock in the eastern tropical Pacific was estimated at 13,000 (CV
= 0.20) (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993).

Based on the application of distance sampling to ship surveys from 1986 to 1993, 649 individuals were
estimated (95% CI = 361-1,167) for the Mexican Pacific and 952 for the Gulf of California (95% CI =
435-2,085; Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996). In La Paz Bay, Chávez (1995) reported an estimate of 235
whales (95% CI = 173-327).
The Bryde’s whale is also found in the Gulf of Mexico (Jefferson et al., 1992) and the waters of Mexico
and Cuba, where little information is currently available on the abundance and distribution of these ce-
taceans. The best abundance estimate available for the northern Gulf of Mexico is 33 (CV = 1.07) and is
taken from a census conducted along the 200 m isobath along the coast of the United States (Waring et
al., 2013).
24
Photography: Héctor Pérez Puig Bryde´s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
25
Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus)
Distribution
The blue whale is a cosmopolitan species, with its distribution ranging from the Arctic and Antarctic oceans to the waters of Ec-
uador, while the subspecies B. m. musculus is found in the Northern Hemisphere. Its distribution in the North Pacific runs from
Kamchatka in Russia to the waters south of Japan, in the west from the Gulf of Alaska to California, and south to, at least, the east
coast of Costa Rica. Its distribution includes deep-water pelagic environments (Wade and Friedrichsen, 1979) and coastal areas on
the continental shelf (Calambokidis et al., 1990; Fiedler et al., 1998; Guerrero et al., 2006). The species migrates south in winter
and, in spring, to areas of high productivity in the waters of Baja California, the Gulf of California and the Costa Rica Dome
(NOAA Fisheries, 2017d).
26

The individuals found in Mexican waters belong to the Cal-
ifornia-Mexico population, the distribution of which covers
the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of
California. Generally residing in this area from December to
April (Rice, 1974; Yochem and Leatherwood, 1985; Gendron,
2002), some whales may stay year-round (Leatherwood et al.,
1988). Although it is likely that the species visits the Gulf of
Mexico or the Mexican Caribbean Sea sporadically, there are no
confirmed records of this. The historical distribution in Mexi-
can waters of the blue whale is thought to be very similar to
the current pattern. While commercial whaling was practiced
in these areas, the pattern has not changed, which may indicate
that this activity caused a decrease in the number of individuals
but did not change the distribution of the species (Guerrero et
al., 2006).
There are four areas of concentration in the Gulf of Califor-
nia: San José, Santa Cruz and San Francisco islands; Montser-
rat, Carmen and Coronados islands; Concepción Point and the area from Baja California Sur to San Ildefonso Island; and, the Salsipuedes and
Ballenas channels (Vidal et al., 1993). The blue whale is also distributed throughout the western coast of Baja California (Rice, 1974, 1992;
Calambokidis et al., 1990; Reilly and Thayer, 1990; Wade and Gerrodette, 1993; Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994) and Baja California Sur, from
Ballenas Bay, on the west coast, south to the waters off Los Cabos, and, in the Gulf of California, north to Loreto Bay, where the species is found
in high concentrations (Rice, 1974, 1992; Calambokidis et al., 1990; Reilly and Thayer, 1990; Wade and Gerrodette, 1993; Gendron, 1993;
Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994; Sears, 1987 and 1990; Zavala, 1996; Del Ángel-Rodríguez, 1997; Barlow et al., 1997a; Urbán et al.,1997; Gen-
dron, 2002; Guerrero et al., 2006). There have also been sightings in Banderas Bay, Nayarit (Arroyo, 2017).
27
Abundance
The global population reported by Carwardine (1995) comprises 6,000-14,000 individuals, while the
North Pacific blue whale population is estimated at 2,497 (CV = 0.24) (Calambokidis et al., 2009). The
most accurate abundance estimate for the area extending from the Gulf of Alaska to the eastern tropical
Pacific, taken from the period 2008 to 2011, was 1,647 whales (CV = 0.07) (Calambokidis and Barlow,
2013). Ship surveys conducted between 1986 and 1993 in the Mexican Pacific produced an estimate of
773 individuals (95% CI = 396-1,510; Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996).
According to Gendron (2002), Baja California is considered a calving, feeding and, probably, mating
area for the blue whale, which is seen in the Gulf of California from late autumn to spring. Based on aerial
and sea surveys carried out in 1997 and 1998, Gendron estimated an abundance of 576 (CV = 37.8)
off the western coast of the Baja California Peninsula, and 283 for the Gulf of California (CV = 48.4;
Gendron, 2002). The latter figure shows a clear similarity with the most recent estimate, undertaken by
Ugalde (2008) for 2006, of 238 individuals (95% CI =142-474). Although 1,000 to 2,000 whales have
been estimated in the North Atlantic Ocean (Pike et al., 2004; Reilly et al., 2017b), there is no information
available for an abundance estimate for the Gulf of Mexico.
28
Photography: Esther Jiménez Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus)
29
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
Distribution
The distribution of the fin whale runs from the North Pacific Ocean to the southern Chukchi Sea and further south to the Tropic
of Cancer (Mizroch et al., 2009). The fin whale is a permanent resident of the Gulf of Alaska (Stafford et al., 2007), the Gulf of
California (Tershy et al., 1993; Bérubé et al., 2002), California (Dohl et al., 1983), and the waters of Oregon and Washington
(Moore et al., 1998; NOAA-Fisheries, 2013). Research has confirmed that the population in the Gulf of California is permanently
resident (Gilmore, 1957; Wells et al., 1981; Rojas-Bracho, 1984; Gambell, 1985) and genetically isolated from the North East Pa-
cific population (Bérubé et al., 2002).
There are many records from Baja California Sur of these whales residing in the Gulf of California, from Los Cabos to Santa Ro-
salía (Rojas-Bracho, 1984; Gendron, 1993; Wade and Gerrodette, 1993; Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994; Zavala, 1996; Del Ángel-
Rodríguez, 1997; Urbán et al., 1997; Barlow et al., 1997a), while La Paz Bay is also an important area for this species.
30
In Sonora, there have been many sightings from Puerto Pe-

ñasco to south of Puerto Libertad, Kino Bay and Guaymas (Ro-
jas-Bracho, 1984; Gendron, 1993; Vidal et al., 1993; Mangels
and Gerrodette, 1994; Silber et al., 1994; Urbán, 1996; Basurto
et al., 1999; Pettis et al., 2000), while there have been sightings
in Santa Bárbara Bay, Sinaloa (Vidal et al., 1993; Guerrero et
al., 2006). The fin whale is the most important baleen whale in
the area of the Los Angeles Bay due to its abundance and year-
round presence (Heckel et al., 2008). There is one recorded
sighting in Banderas Bay, Nayarit (Arroyo, 2017), and, also,
a sighting in the southern Gulf of Mexico (Ortega, 2000). In
2016, the first stranding of this species was recorded in Yucatán
(Díaz-Gamboa, 2016).
Abundance
The global population of the fin whale has been estimated at
120,000 individuals, while, in the North Pacific this is placed at
between 14,620 and 18,630 individuals (Guerrero et al., 2006). The most accurate estimate for the fin whale in the waters of California, Oregon
and Washington used data from 1991 to 2008 (Moore and Barlow, 2011), giving an estimate of 3,051 whales (CV = 0.18, NOAA-Fisheries,
2013).
31
Based on ship surveys conducted from 1986 to 1993, 145 individuals were estimated (95% CI = 27-
775) for the Mexican Pacific and 1,385 individuals for the Gulf of California (95% CI = 594 – 3,229;
Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996). In the waters off Guaymas, a population size of 110 to 161 individuals was
calculated (Martínez-Villalba et al., 2008), while Díaz (2006) estimated 600 whales for the entire Gulf of
California. Between 1996 and 2012, skin samples were taken in the northwest (between Puertecitos and
San Lorenzo Island) and southwest (between Loreto and La Paz Bay) of the Gulf of California. Using the
Chapman genetic capture-recapture method for closed populations, a population size of 321 individuals
(95% CI = 203 - 640) was estimated, while 572 individuals (95% CI = 106 – 2,388, Montesinos, 2016)
were estimated with the Jolly-Seber open population model. Using distance sampling on aerial line tran-
sects throughout the Gulf, 180 individuals were estimated for the year 2013 (95% CI = 160 - 203, Pardo,
2015). The most recent estimate, using photo-identification data compiled from 1981 to 2015, was 1,191
individuals for the area (95% CI = 1,065 – 1,361) (Viloria et al., 2016).
32
Photography: Gisela Heckel Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
33
Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
Distribution
The humpback whale resides in all of the world’s oceans, from the Equator to subpolar latitudes (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017e). This
is a highly migratory species which spends spring in feeding grounds at mid to high latitudes, and moves, in winter, to breeding
grounds in the tropics (Dawbin, 1966). There are four breeding areas in the North Pacific: the waters around Hawaii; the coast of
Mexico; the Revillagigedo Archipelago; and, the waters around Japan and the Philippines (Calambokidis et al., 1997). Individuals
migrate north from these breeding grounds towards Alaska, California, (possibly) the Bering Sea or the eastern Gulf of Alaska, and
the northeastern Pacific, respectively (Clapham, 2009).
34

In the Pacific Ocean, there are records of this whale in the waters
surrounding Cedros and San Benito islands in Baja California
(Rice, 1974; Urbán and Aguayo, 1985), along the west coast
of the Baja California Peninsula, and in the Gulf of California
(Fleischer et al., 1984; Rice, 1978, Urbán and Aguayo, 1985;
Urbán et al., 1997). The humpback whale has been reported
in the northern and the Midriff Islands regions of the gulf in
all four seasons of the year (Bean et al., 1999), suggesting that
some individuals do not undertake the species’ typical migra-
tion towards the North Pacific (Guerrero et al., 2006).
The humpback whale is frequently observed in the winter and
spring in the central region of La Paz Bay (Urbán et al., 1997).
Further south, in Nayarit, there are many recorded sightings in
the islands of Isabel, Marietas and the Tres Marías, as well as in
northern Banderas Bay (Rice, 1978, Urbán and Aguayo, 1985,
Álvarez, 1987, Salinas and Bourillon, 1988; Álvarez et al., 1990;
Ladrón de Guevara, 1995; Arroyo, 2017). Many sightings are
reported in Sinaloa, especially off the coast of Mazatlán.
The central coast of Oaxaca is used by the humpback whale as a migratory corridor during its winter migration, presenting a high preference
for migrating between 0 and 4 km from the coastline. In 2012, 45 sightings were recorded (Castillejos-Moguel and Villegas-Zurita, 2014), with
the first record of southernmost opportunistic feeding in the North Pacific Ocean reported in this area (Villegas-Zurita and Castillejos-Moguel,
2013).
35
Abundance
Prior to commercial whaling, the global humpback whale population was estimated at 125,000, which
had fallen, by 1984, to between 10,000 and 12,000 individuals, namely approximately 10% of the origi-
nal population (Urbán et al., 1999). The pre-whaling humpback whale population in the North Pacific
was estimated at 15,000-20,000 (Rice, 1978). After the hunting of this species was banned in 1966, the
estimated abundance of the species in this area ranged between 1,200 and 1,400 (Gambell, 1976; Johnson
and Wolman, 1984e). Calambokidis et al. (1997) identified a total abundance of just over 8,000 individu-
als throughout the North Pacific, including the winter aggregations in the Mexican Pacific (1,600-4,200)
and the waters off Hawaii and Japan (5,500), indicating that the population has recovered, although not
to pre-whaling levels.
Approximately 2,000 individuals have been estimated for the Gulf of California. The coastal stock com-
prises one whale population distributed along the continental coast of Mexico (the waters of Banderas Bay,
Chametla, and the islands of Isabel and the Tres Marías) and populations located in the waters off the Baja
California Peninsula, from Magdalena Bay on the west coast to La Paz Bay in the Gulf of California. The
abundance estimate for this stock in 1992 was 1,813 (95% CI: 918 – 2,505), while the estimate for the
Revillagigedo Archipelago stock, in 1991, was 914 (95% CI: 590 -1,193) (Urbán et al., 1999).
The most recent abundance estimate for the years 2004-2006, carried out by the SPLASH project
(Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance and Status of Humpbacks) using photoidentification-
based capture-recapture models, was approximately 21,063 individuals for the North Pacific and 4,600
individuals for Mexican waters (Calambokidis, 2010; Barlow et al., 2011).
36
Order Cetartiodactyla
Odontoceti
37
Family Physeteridae
Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
Distribution
This whale is found in all the deep oceans of the world, from the Equator to the Poles, although only mature males migrate to the
highest latitudes. The latitude limits known for mid-winter are 40°N and 30°S (Guerrero et al., 2006). In the summer, the species
is distributed throughout the North Pacific, from the Bering Sea to the waters of the Aleutian Islands, the Gulf of Alaska, British
Columbia, Canada, Washington, California and Mexico (Leatherwood et al., 1988). More than 180 sightings of this species are
reported in the eastern tropical Pacific, with its highest concentration found between 10°N and 10°S and between 80°W and 100°W
(Guerrero et al., 2006).
38
In the North Atlantic, sperm whale distribution includes

the deep basins of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and
the Mediterranean Sea (Guerrero et al., 2006). In the Gulf of
Mexico, sperm whales are abundant, with most sightings oc-
curring on the continental shelf (200 m depth) or the slope,
with 71% recorded off the coast of Texas, USA (Würsig et al.,
2000). Sightings have been reported in the northwest of the
gulf at a depth of 100 to 2,000 m. In the northern Caribbean,
the species has been observed during the winter, spring (from
mid-January to April) and autumn (October to November)
(Mignucci-Giannoni, 1989), while, in the northeast Carib-
bean, it is less frequent in the summer (Erdman et al., 1973).
There are recorded sightings in the waters of Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, Venezuela, Barbados, the Dominican Republic,
Barbuda, Antigua and Mexico (Cardona-Maldonado and Mi-
gnucci-Giannoni, 2000).

Pacific sightings and strandings have been reported on the
northwestern coast of the Baja California Peninsula, while, in the Gulf of California, there are records of five mass strandings and five strandings
of solitary individuals on both coasts of the Gulf and from San Felipe to Los Frailes (Guerrero et al., 2006). The many sightings in the Gulf have
mainly been distributed in the center and south. There have been frequent sightings in the area between Loreto and Cerralvo Island (Vidal et al.,
1993, Urbán et al., 1997; Gendron, 2000b). High sighting concentrations are reported for several areas within the Gulf of California, the most
important being the islands of San Pedro Mártir and Tortuga and the Farallón Basin (Ruvalcaba et al., 2010). There are records of a sighting in
Banderas Bay (Arroyo, 2017) and further south, between Huatulco and Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca (Pérez and Gordillo, 2002).
39
There are 23 recorded strandings and many sightings throughout the year in the Gulf of Mexico, which
suggests that some individuals are resident in the region (Würsig et al., 2000). In Mexican waters, two strand-
ings have been recorded, one in Tecolutla, Veracruz, and another in Quintana Roo (Guerrero et al., 2006).
Ortega-Argueta et al. (1998) found nine sperm whale strandings in the Yucatan Peninsula, while six sight-
ings have been reported in the Mexican Caribbean, and Navarro et al. (1990) reported a jaw being found in
Espíritu Santo Bay in 1987. Additional sightings were reported in Cozumel in 1995, Mujeres Island in 1996
and in Xcalak in 1998, 2006 (Ortega-Argueta et al., 1998; Xacur-Maiza et al., 1998; García-Rivas, 2003) and
2013 (Niño-Torres et al., 2015).
Abundance
Currently, there are no reliable estimates for the total number of sperm whales in the world. The best estimate
is between 200,000 and 1,500,000 individuals, although this is based on extrapolations from only a few areas
with reliable estimations (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017f ). Approximately 930,000 individuals are estimated for the
North Pacific Ocean (Guerrero et al., 2006), while the most recent estimate for the California Current, made
in 2008, was 2,106 whales (CV = 0.58, NOAA-Fisheries, 2015a).
Based on ship surveys conducted from 1986 to 1993, 2,810 individuals were estimated for the Mexican
Pacific (95% CI = 1,735-4,551) and 433 for the Gulf of California (95% CI = 164-1,144; Gerrodette and
Palacios, 1996). The mark-recapture method revealed 1,070 individuals (95% CI = 734-1,623) in the Gulf of
California from 1998 to 2003, between La Paz and San Pedro Mártir, an area measuring approximately 450
by 110 km (Jaquet and Gendron, 2004). In the North Atlantic, the best abundance estimate is obtained from
the sum of the studies conducted up to 2011, which gives 2,228 animals (CV = 0.28) for the Exclusive Eco-
nomic Zone (EEZ) of the United States. However, because the estimates were not adjusted to take the dive
time (30-60 minutes) into account, they may represent a biased underestimation (NOAA-Fisheries, 2015b).
The best estimate available for the northern Gulf of Mexico, 763 sperm whales (CV = 0.38), is taken from
a 2009 study that covered waters from the 200 m isobath to the limit of the United States EEZ (NOAA-
Fisheries, 2016a). There is no abundance estimate for the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean Sea.
40
Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
Photography: Carlos Javier Navarro Serment

/ Image bank conabio
41
Family Kogiidae
Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps)
Distribution
The pygmy sperm whale presents a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate and tropical seas around the world and is found in deep
waters and along continental slopes (Ross, 1984; Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989; NOAA-Fisheries, 2011). In the North East Atlantic,
its range includes the Netherlands, northeastern Europe and the Azores, while, in the North West Atlantic, it is found from Nova
Scotia,Canada, to Cuba. Its range in the North Pacific extends from Washington to Japan and Hawaii (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017g).
42

According to stranding records, the species is distributed across
the entire Gulf of California, from San Felipe and Puerto Pe-
ñasco on the northern coasts of Baja California and Sonora,
respectively, to La Paz Bay and Mazatlán on the coasts of Baja
California Sur and Sinaloa, respectively. However, there are no
records of strandings along the west coast of the Baja California
Peninsula (Vidal et al., 1993). Sightings have been confirmed
near Tortuga Island (Vidal et al., 1993; Mangels and Gerro-
dette, 1994; Guerrero et al., 2006) and registered off the coast
of Jalisco (Salinas, 2005; Godínez et al., 2015), with a stranded
individual recorded in Banderas Bay (Arroyo, 2017).
Stranding records also reveal the distribution of the species in
the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, specifically the wa-
ters of Veracruz (Alafita and Pérez-Sánchez, 1995; Delgado-Es-
trella et al., 1998; Ortega-Argueta et al., 2004a), Tabasco (Mar-
tin et al., 2003), Cancún in Quintana Roo (De-la-Parra, 1998,
García-Rivas, 2003), Cozumel Island (Ortega-Argueta et al., 1998; Cardona-Maldonado and Mignucci-Giannoni, 1999), Xcalak in Quintana
Roo (Niño-Torres et al., 2015), and the Yucatán platform (Antochiw-Alonzo and Manzano, 2004).
Abundance
There is no global abundance estimate for the species. Although pygmy sperm whales have been observed along the west coast of the USA, sight-
ings have been too scarce to produce a reliable population estimation. Based on ship transects from 2005 and 2008, the best abundance estimate
for the waters of California, Oregon and Washington is 579 animals (CV = 1.02, NOAA-Fisheries, 2011). In the northern Gulf of Mexico, 186
sperm whales were estimated (CV = 1.04) by a 2009 study that covered the waters from the 200 m isobath to the limit of the United States EEZ
(NOAA-Fisheries, 2012a). There is no information available from which an abundance estimate for Mexican waters can be made.
43
Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima)
Distribution
The dwarf sperm whale is found throughout the world, in the temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian
Oceans (Caldwell and Caldwell, 1989; McAlpine, 2009). In the Northern Hemisphere, its range includes the waters of Oman,
the Persian Gulf, the Maldives, Japan, British Columbia, California, the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Mexico, and northeastern
Europe (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017h).
44

Sightings of the species in the Gulf of Mexico and the Carib-
bean have been mainly on and near the continental shelf (Wür-
sig et al., 2000). Dwarf and pygmy sperm whales are difficult
to differentiate at sea, and sightings of these species are usually
categorized as Kogia spp. (NOAA-Fisheries, 2012b). However,
with most of the information about the dwarf sperm whale
taken from strandings (specifically females with offspring) and
individuals occasionally caught in fishing nets, data on this spe-
cies may be inaccurate (Jefferson et al., 1993). There are sight-
ings recorded in the southern Gulf of Mexico (Ortega, 2000),
while strandings have been reported in Quintana Roo (Ward
and Moscrop, 1999), Cancún (Sánchez-Okrucky, 1997) and
Yucatán (Membrillo and Antochiw-Alonzo, 1998; Antochiw-
Alonzo and Manzano, 2004; Guerrero et al., 2006).
In the Pacific Ocean, dwarf sperm whales are often found
stranded in La Paz Bay (Vidal et al., 1993), while skulls col-
lected on San José Island indicate that most individuals observed correspond to movement near the north mouth of La Paz Bay, between Espíritu
Santo and San Francisco islands (Gendron, 2000c). From 2006 to 2010, four strandings were recorded in Baja California Sur, comprising two
on the Pacific coast and two in the Gulf of California (Tobar, 2011). There is a report of a stranding in Ensenada de la Paz, Baja California Sur
(Gamboa et al., 2004), while other sightings have been reported in the Ballenas Channel (Vidal et al., 1993). It seems that there is a population
local to Banderas Bay, with individuals commonly found in the area (Pompa, 2007; Arroyo, 2017). Sightings reported on the southwestern coast
of the Gulf of California, between January 2004 and March 2007, indicate that the dwarf sperm whale is present year-round (Urbán et al., 2012).
45
Abundance
While there is no global estimate for dwarf sperm whale abundance, nor for the eastern North Pacific,
a study conducted in the California Current (Washington, Oregon, and California) estimated Kogia sp.
(Kogia sima and Kogia breviceps) abundance at 1,237 individuals (CV = 0.45) between 1991 and 2005
(Barlow and Forney, 2007).
The best estimate available for the northern Gulf of Mexico, 186 dwarf sperm whales (CV = 1.04), is
taken from a summer 2009 study that covered the waters from the 200 m isobath to the limit of the United
States EEZ (NOAA-Fisheries, 2012b).
There is no abundance estimate available for Mexican waters, with approximate numbers only available
for Banderas Bay, where an estimated 15 individuals were registered as resident in the area (Pompa, 2007).
46
Photography: Gabriela Díaz Erales / Image bank conabio Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima)
47
Family Ziphiidae
Baird’s Beaked Whale (Berardius bairdii)
Distribution
This whale is found throughout the North Pacific, the Bering Sea, the Sea of Japan and, occasionally, the Gulf of California (Vidal
et al., 1993, NOAA-Fisheries, 2017i). The northern limits of its distribution are close to Cape Navarin in the Bering Sea (62°N) and
the Okhotsk Sea (57°N) (Kasuya, 2009). In the North Pacific, sightings have been recorded as far south as La Paz, in Baja California
Sur, Mexico (Aurioles-Gamboa, 1992; McLeod et al., 2006).
48

There are records of this species in Baja California (Leather-
wood et al., 1982; Nolasco and Aguayo 1988; Mangels and
Gerrodette, 1994; Urbán and Pérez-Cortés, 2000), with Nolas-
co and Aguayo (1988) recording two sightings 20 miles west of
San Pablo Point in 1987. Gallo-Reynoso and Figueroa-Carran-
za (1998) reported seasonal sightings of cetaceans in the waters
surrounding Guadalupe Island, from 1991 to 1993, with the
Baird’s beaked whale the second most frequently recorded spe-
cies, which was observed year-round in groups of four individu-
als. Moreover, a skull pertaining to this species was found off
the coast of Sonora, on San Esteban Island (Vidal et al., 1993).
The Baird’s beaked whale has been recorded on the southwest-
ern coast of the Gulf of California, representing 3% of the 31
sightings of the Ziphiidae family in that region from 2004 to
2006 (Cárdenas-Hinojosa, 2008). In 1986, seven individu-
als were stranded on El Mogote beach, near La Paz (Aurioles-
Gamboa and Muñoz, 1987), while two strandings and one sighting have been documented in La Paz Bay (Michel and Fleischer, 1987; Urbán
and Jaramillo, 1991; Aurioles-Gamboa, 1992). A mass stranding of 10 males was registered on the southern tip of San José Island in 2006, with
seven individuals sighted south of La Paz Bay in July 2007, and one animal stranded on El Mogote beach that same month and year (Urbán
et al., 2007). One sighting was recorded on the coast off San José del Cabo (Vidal et al., 1993, Cárdenas-Hinojosa, 2008) and another south
of Topolobampo Bay (Nolasco and Aguayo, 1988). In 1996, a fourth stranding of the species occurred in the Gulf of California, the northern
most recorded in these waters, 25 km north of Puertecitos, in Baja California. This suggests that the entire Gulf of California forms part of the
distribution area of B. bairdii (Navarro and Manzanilla, 1999).
49
Abundance
Approximately 5,029 individuals were estimated for the Japanese Pacific coast, 1,260 for the eastern part of
the Sea of Japan and 660 for the Okhotsk Sea (Kasuya, 2009). There are an estimated 1,100 beaked whales
in the eastern North Pacific, including 228 near the west coast of the United States (Taylor et al., 2008a),
while the best estimate for the waters of California, Oregon and Washington for 2008 and 2014 was 6,552
(CV = 0.58, Barlow, 2016). There is currently no estimate available for Mexico.
50
Photography: Gustavo Cárdenas Hinojosa / Image bank conabio Cuvier´s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
51
Longman’s Beaked Whale (Indopacetus pacificus)
Distribution
The Longman’s beaked whale is rare across much of its range, comprising tropical waters throughout the Indo-Pacific, from the
coast of western Mexico to the east coast of Africa and the Gulf of Aden. Although the species is rare in the eastern Pacific, it seems
to be more common in the waters surrounding the Maldives archipelago and those of the western Pacific, and is relatively common
in the tropical Indian Ocean (Pitman, 2009a; NOAA-Fisheries, 2017j).
52
There are records of the species in the Mexican Pacific from

1981 to 2008 (Rosales-Nanduca et al., 2011, Arellano-Peralta
and Medrano-González, 2015) and off the southwest coast of
the Gulf of California (Urbán et al., 2012).
The two sightings of beaked whales very similar to the genus
Hyperoodon off the coast of San José del Cabo (Urbán et al.,
1994) were subsequently re-identified as Indopacetus pacificus.
Moreover, individuals very similar to this species have been
found on Guadalupe Island, Baja California (Gallo-Reynoso
and Figueroa-Carranza, 1995, 1997a).
Abundance
The only abundance estimates available for the species are 4,571
individuals (CV = 0.65), made in 2010 for the waters around
Hawaii (NOAA-Fisheries, 2014a), and 291 (CV = 1.00), for
the eastern North Pacific (Barlow et al., 2006). There is cur-
rently no estimate available for Mexican waters.
53
Hubbs’ Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon carlhubbsi)
Distribution
This species is found in the cold currents of the North Pacific (Yamada et al., 2012), from British Columbia to southern California
and Japan, to the west (Mead, 1989; McLeod et al., 2006). However, the vast majority of strandings and sightings have been re-
corded on the coasts of Oregon and Washington (Mead et al., 1982; Heyning, 1984; Taylor et al., 2008b).
The distribution of the Hubbs’ beaked whale along the Pacific coast of North America extends from the waters of San Diego
(33°N) to Prince Rupert (54°N), while its southern limit is unknown (Mead et al., 1982). Few sightings off the coasts of California
have been recorded, while the first record of the species in Baja California was a stranding in June 2011 on the beach at Ensenada,
Baja California, which was identified by genetic analysis (Lazo de la Vega-Trinker et al., 2014).
54
Abundance
There is no information available on the abundance of
this species.
55
Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)
Distribution
Found in both warm-temperate and tropical waters, the Blainville’s beaked whale has the widest distribution of all species of the
Mesoplodon genus (Urbán, 2008). In the Atlantic, it is distributed in the waters of Great Britain, Iceland, Nova Scotia, the Mediter-
ranean Sea, Brazil and the South African Atlantic, while, in the Pacific, it is found in the waters off California, Chile, Japan, New
Zealand and Australia (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017k). The species is commonly seen to the northwest of the Bahamas, the Sea of Japan,
the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and in the waters of the Hawaiian Islands and the Society Islands in the South Pacific (Jef-
ferson et al., 2008).
56

Only one sighting of the Blainville’s beaked whale has been re-
corded on the western coast of the Baja California Peninsula
(Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994), with an unconfirmed report
of a sighting in the waters near Los Frailes, in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia (Urbán and Pérez-Cortés, 2000), and recorded sightings
in Bahia de Banderas, Nayarit (Esquivel et al., 1993).
There have been four recorded strandings in the Gulf of
Mexico (Ward and Moscrop 1999; Würsig et al., 2000), while
Antochiw-Alonso et al. (2000) reported the first stranding of
the Blainville’s beaked whale in the state of Yucatán.
Abundance
Although there are few abundance estimates available for this
species, 2,138 individuals have been estimated in Hawaiian wa-
ters (CV = 77%) and 106 (CV = 41%) for the northern Gulf of
Mexico, although this latter estimate is thought to correspond
to either M. densirostris or M. europaeus. A total of 32,678 in-
dividuals of the genus Mesoplodon has been estimated for the
eastern Pacific, the majority of which were M. peruvianus and
M. densirostris (Taylor et al., 2008c).
57
Gervais’ Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon europaeus)
Distribution
This whale species is distributed throughout deep warm waters of the North and Central Atlantic (Jefferson et al., 2008). The main
area of distribution for the species is the eastern North Atlantic (Urbán, 2008), including the English Channel, the European coast,
the Canary Islands, West Africa, Brazil, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (Jefferson et al., 2008). The northern most
recorded sighting was off the coast of New York (Raven, 1937; Macleod, 2000), while the southernmost was in Sao Vicente, Sao
Paulo, Brazil (De Oliveira et al., 2003).
58
This species is probably the most common species of the

Mesoplodon genus in the Gulf of Mexico (Jefferson and Schi-
ro, 1997), with sightings recorded near the coasts of Florida
(Moore, 1960), Alabama, Texas (Mead, 1989), Cuba, Trinidad
and Tobago, and Jamaica (Caldwell, 1964, Macleod, 2000).
In Mexico, the species has only been reported in the Gulf of
Mexico (Vidal, 1991; Würsig et al., 2000; Ortega, 2000; Ur-
bán, 2008).
Abundance
There is no abundance estimate for the species currently avail-
able.
59
Ginkgo-Toothed Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon ginkgodens)
Distribution
While the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale is one of the beaked whales that has never been identified alive in its natural environment
(Urbán, 2008; Pitman, 2009b), it is known to live in the Pacific (off the west coast of North America), the South Pacific (around
the Galapagos Islands) and the Indian Ocean (off the Sri Lankan coast) (Mead, 1989). There are few recorded sightings in New
Zealand waters, but many in the seas surrounding Japan. It has been hypothesized that the range of this species is continuous across
the Pacific and, at least, to the East Indian Ocean; however, its true distribution remains unknown (Jefferson et al., 2008).
60
The species has been reported in the waters of California

(Moore and Gilmore, 1965), while, in Mexican waters, there is
only one record, on Malarrimo beach, near the mouth of Ojo de
Liebre Lagoon, in Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay on the western coast
of the Baja California Peninsula (Smith, 1981; Urbán, 2008).
The record of this species in the Gulf of California corresponds
to a skull collected in the Colorado River delta (Urbán, personal
communication, in Cárdenas-Hinojosa, 2008).
Abundance
There is no abundance estimate currently available for this spe-
cies.
61
Pygmy Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon peruvianus)
Previous records of “Mesoplodon sp. A” have been reclassified as M. peruvianus (Pitman, 2009b; Jefferson et al., 2008; Taylor et al.,
2008d), based on that proposed by Pitman and Lynn (2001).
Distribution
The pygmy beaked whale is found in the eastern Tropical Pacific (Reyes et al., 1991), from the waters of Peru to northern Mexico
(Urbán and Aurioles, 1992). There is only one record of a stranding in New Zealand (Baker and Van-Helden, 1999), which sug-
gests that the species may either have a wider distribution or that this was a geographical outlier (Jefferson et al., 2008; Taylor et al.,
2008d). However, the low number of sightings prevents the distribution of this species to be clearly delimited. Most strandings and
bycatches have occurred between 11°S and 15°S in the waters off Ica and Lima, in Peru (Urbán, 2008).
62

There are records of the species between 1981 and 2008 in the
Mexican Pacific (Rosales-Nanduca et al., 2011), with sightings
off Todos Santos (in the waters near San José del Cabo) and
south of Cerralvo Island (Barlow et al., 1997a). Three animals
were recorded as stranded in La Paz Bay (24°24’N 110°38’W)
and Espíritu Santo Island (24°25’N 110°25’W) (Urbán and
Aurioles, 1992; Aurioles-Gamboa and Urbán, 1993). In the
years subsequent to the above studies, the species represented
10% of the Ziphiidae family sightings along the southwestern
coast of the Gulf of California (Cárdenas-Hinojosa, 2008).
A skull was found in San Carlos, Sonora (Vidal et al., 1993),
while three sightings have been reported in Sinaloa – one near
Topolobampo and two in Mazatlán (Mangels and Gerrodette,
1994). There are recorded sightings of two individuals in Ban-
deras Bay (Barlow et al., 1997a; Urbán, 2008), two in waters
near Tres Marías Islands (Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994; Pit-
man et al., 1987; Urbán, 2008) and a stranding of a female in
2002, also in Banderas Bay (Marín et al., 2003a). The first records on the Oaxaca coast related to two individuals observed in 2014, 9.3 km from
the coast, and one stranded individual in 2016 (García-Grajales et al., 2017).
Abundance
There is no abundance estimate currently available for this species. In May 2005, an encounter rate of 0.09 individuals was estimated along the
southwestern coast of the Gulf of California (Cárdenas-Hinojosa, 2008).
63
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Distribution
Ziphius cavirostris is the most widely distributed and abundant species of the Ziphiidae family, with a cosmopolitan distribution
in almost all temperate, subtropical and tropical waters of the world, as well as in subpolar and, even, some polar areas (Heyning,
1989; MacLeod and D’Amico, 2006; Cárdenas-Hinojosa et al., 2015). Most of the information about its distribution is based on
strandings, with the species located, in the Northern Hemisphere, in the waters of the Aleutian Islands, the Bay of Biscay, Brit-
ish Columbia, the Gulf of California, the Gulf of Mexico, Massachusetts, the Mediterranean Sea and the Shetland Islands. In the
Southern Hemisphere, the species has been seen near New Zealand, South Africa and Tierra del Fuego (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017l).
However, there is little information on its local distribution in many areas around the world (Cárdenas-Hinojosa et al., 2015).
64

There have been 90 sightings of this whale in the eastern Tropi-
cal Pacific (Ferguson et al., 2006). Within the Gulf of Califor-
nia, there are recorded sightings off Coronado Island, in north-
ern Los Ángeles and San Luis Gonzaga bays, and the waters
off San Ramón and San Felipe (Orr, 1966; Orr, 1967; Vidal,
1991). In Baja California Sur, the Cuvier’s beaked whale has
been recorded in the waters of Ensenada de los Muertos, Amor-
tajada Bay, San José Island, Colorado Point (Vidal, 1991) and
La Paz Bay (Urbán et al., 1997). There are many sightings in
the central and deep sections of the Gulf of California to the
south of latitude 28°N, near Concepción Bay, between La Paz
Bay and Los Frailes (Barlow et al., 1997a; Mangels and Ger-
rodette, 1994). The Cuvier’s Beaked Whale has also been re-
ported in Guaymas, Sonora (Gallo and Figueroa, 1998). In the
southwestern Gulf of California, the species is the most com-
mon beaked whale, representing 74% of sightings (Cárdenas-
Hinojosa, 2008), while, in Banderas Bay, it presents an average
occurrence (Arroyo, 2017).
In the Pacific, sightings have been recorded on Guadalupe Island (Gallo and Figueroa, 1998, Cárdenas-Hinojosa et al., 2015), with the most
recent report (from 2016) in this area, of 33 sightings in groups of one to six individuals, the highest reported sighting rate for Cuvier’s beaked
whales to date (Cárdenas-Hinojosa et al., 2017). Due to the bathymetric features of the island, the abundance of sightings and the annual pres-
ence of the species, this is presumably an important area for this species in Mexican waters. The presence of mothers with young and the observa-
tion of two foraging events may indicate that this is a breeding and foraging area (Cárdenas-Hinojosa et al., 2015).
65
Abundance
The estimate for the eastern Tropical Pacific is 20,000 individuals, while 90,000 are estimated for the east-
ern North Pacific (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017l). In the waters near California, Oregon and Washington, 6,590
individuals were estimated (CV = 0.55, NOAA-Fisheries, 2014b), while, in the Atlantic, 74 individuals
(CV = 1.04) were estimated for the U.S. waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico (NOAA-Fisheries, 2012c).
While there is no abundance estimate for Mexico, an encounter rate of 0.709 individuals/hour was esti-
mated for the southwestern coast of the Gulf of California in 2004 and 2005 (Cárdenas-Hinojosa, 2008).
66
Photography: Sergio Martínez Aguilar Cuvier´s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
67
Photography: Oscar Guzón Long-Beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis bairdii)
68
Family Delphinidae
Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
The taxonomy of this species has been modified several times, where, in 1994, two species were recognized, D. delphis (short-beaked
common dolphin) and D. capensis (long-beaked common dolphin) (Heyning and Perrin, 1994), prior to which, all records had only
considered D. delphis. However, as of 2016, the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society of Marine Mammalogy renamed these spe-
cies and reclassified them at a subspecies level, where D. delphis is now recognized as D. delphis delphis, while D. capensis, which is
considered a polyphyletic taxon, is now D. delphis bairdii and commonly known as the eastern North Pacific long-beaked common
dolphin (Committee on Taxonomy, 2019). This summary uses this new nomenclature.
69
Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis delphis)
Distribution
The subspecies D. d. delphis is a cetacean with a wide discontinuous distribution (Urbán, 2008) in the temperate, tropical and
subtropical areas of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans (Evans, 1982). It occurs in the waters of northern Europe, the Medi-
terranean Sea, the Black Sea, Africa, southern Australia, New Zealand, Japan, British Columbia, in Canada, and southern Chile
(Jefferson et al., 2008).
70

In general, the common dolphin can be observed along the
entire coast of Mexico (Torres et al., 1995; Castillejos-Moguel
and Villegas-Zurita 2011). It has been reported in the Gulf of
California, from the waters of Baja California Sur to Nayarit,
in the Mexican Pacific, off the coasts of Baja California, Baja
California Sur, Michoacán and Guerrero (Salinas and Ladrón-
De-Guevara, 1993; Pérez-Cortés et al., 2000; Urbán, 2008),
while, in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, it has been
recorded near the coast and off the continental shelf (Caldwell,
1955; Manzanilla, 1998).
Abundance
From 2008 to 2014, 969,861 dolphins were estimated (CV =
0.17) off the west coast of the United States (Barlow, 2016).
Based on ship surveys conducted from 1986 to 1993, 283,196
individuals were estimated (95% CI = 190,352-421,323) for
the Mexican Pacific and 32,143 individuals for the Gulf of
California (95% CI = 14,287-72,316; Gerrodette and Palacios,
1996). Valles (1998) reported an abundance of 55,960 (CV =
0.67) in June of that year for the west coast of Baja California,
while, in February, 84,607 individuals (CV = 0.36) were esti-
mated for the same region.
71
Eastern North Pacific Long-Beaked Common Dolphin

(Delphinus delphis bairdii)
Distribution
The distribution of this subspecies is restricted to the eastern North Pacific Ocean on the west coast of the United States and Mex-
ico, from the waters of Central California to Baja California, including the Gulf of California (Committee on Taxonomy, 2019).
72

The long-beaked common dolphin occurs throughout the Gulf
of California (Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994; Gerrodette and
Palacios, 1996; Pérez-Cortés et al., 2000) and along the coast of
the Baja California Peninsula (Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994;
Valles, 1998; Carretta et al., 2011a), with its southern limit
found at 22° N (Urbán, 2008).
Abundance
From 2008 to 2014, Barlow (2016) estimated an average abun-
dance, for the waters of California, Oregon and Washington,
of 101,305 (CV = 0.49), while Carretta et al. (2011) estimated
279,182 dolphins (CV = 0.31) for the coast of California and
the western coast of Baja California, and 183,396 individuals
in 2009 (CV = 0.41) for the waters of California. Based on
ship surveys conducted from 1986 to 1993, 55,112 individuals
(95% CI = 24,324-124,872) were estimated for the Mexican
Pacific and 69,456 individuals (95% CI = 31,295-154,153) for
the Gulf of California (Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996).
73
Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata)
Distribution
The pygmy killer whale is mainly found in the deep tropical and subtropical waters of the world (Ross and Leatherwood, 1994),
generally between 40°N and 35°S (Jefferson et al., 2008). Its worldwide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere extends south
to the Gulf of Mexico, covering the waters of the east coast of Florida, Senegal, the Arabian Sea, Sri Lanka, Honshu, Hawaii and
the Gulf of Tehuantepec. In the Southern Hemisphere, the species is found from the waters of Buenos Aires, to Cape Province,
Queensland and Peru (Rice, 1998; Culik, 2004). Carwardine (1995) reports that the species has often been observed in the eastern
Tropical Pacific, and the waters of Hawaii and Japan, although not in abundance.
74

Pérez-Cortés et al. (2000) state that there have been observa-
tions of this species during tuna fishing activities in the eastern
Pacific, in the northwestern waters of Mexico’s EEZ and to the
west of Magdalena Bay, Baja California Sur (Mangels and Ger-
rodette, 1994; Urbán, 2008). There have also been three sight-
ings and three strandings in La Paz Bay (Elorriaga-Verplancken
et al., 2016a), one sighting/stranding in Banderas Bay (Ar-
royo, 2017) and one sighting/stranding off the coast of Jalisco
(Godínez-Domínguez and Franco-Gordo, 2013).
From 1998-1999, Ortega (2000) recorded 55 sightings of
cetaceans in the Gulf of Mexico, including the pygmy killer
whale, while strandings have been recorded in the waters of Ve-
racruz (Ortega-Argueta et al., 2004a, Delgado-Estrella et al.,
1998) and near Tampico, Tamaulipas (Urbán, 2008).
Abundance
Although there is no global abundance information currently
available, Wade and Gerrodette (1993) reported an abundance of 38,900 (CV = 0.305) individuals between 1986 and 1990 for the eastern Tropi-
cal Pacific. An abundance of 817 individuals was estimated (CV = 1.12) in the EEZ of the Hawaiian Islands (Barlow, 2003). The best abundance
estimate for the northern Gulf of Mexico is the 152 pygmy killer whales (CV = 1.02) found by a 2009 study that covered the waters from the 200
m isobath to the limits of the United States EEZ (NOAA-Fisheries, 2012d). There is currently no estimate available for Mexico.
75
Short-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)
Distribution
Globicephala macrorhynchus is found in temperate and tropical waters between latitudes 50°N and 40°S, generally in deep water
(Guerrero et al., 2006; Olson, 2009; Taylor et al., 2011), with the southern boundary of its distribution found on the east and west
coasts of South America, South Africa (Cape Province), western Australia, Tasmania and the North Island of New Zealand. The
species has also been recorded throughout the northern Indian Ocean, with records around the Canary Islands, Madeira and the
Azores (Guerrero et al., 2006).
The species has been observed in the Atlantic Ocean, from the waters of Virginia to northern South America, the Caribbean and
the Gulf of Mexico (Leatherwood et al., 1976). The short-finned pilot whale has been reported in the waters of Hawaii, Vancouver
Island, Canada, California, and the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of California, in Mexico (Guerrero et
al., 2006).
76

There have been more than 60 sightings reported for the Gulf of
California, mainly in the central and southwest (Vidal et al., 1993;
Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994; Urbán et al., 1997; Vázquez 1997).
In addition, bones, mainly skulls, have been collected from Ángel
de la Guarda Island to La Paz Bay (Vidal et al., 1993). There are
records of the species in the waters of Amortajada Bay on San José
Island, San Diego, Santa Cruz Island, Loreto, Pichilingue and Baja
Costa in La Paz Bay (Vidal, 1991, Urbán, 1993), as well as in Chol-
la Bay, north of Tiburón Island, found 52.5 km north of Kino Bay,
and Monumento Point in the south of Tiburón Bay (Vidal, 1991).
In the Gulf of Mexico, Aguayo et al. (1986) reported six sightings,
as well as two strandings in waters close to the Yucatán Peninsula
and other strandings on the islands of Mujeres and Cozumel is-
lands, as well as on the Yucatán coast (Ward et al., 2001).
Abundance
The 1986-2000 estimate for the eastern tropical Pacific was between 136,448 and 589,315 pilot whales (Gerrodette and Forcada, 2002), while
836 individuals were estimated (CV = 0.79) for 2008-2014 in the waters of California, Oregon and Washington (Barlow, 2016). Based on ship
surveys conducted from 1986 to 1993, 3,348 individuals were estimated (95% CI = 1,447-7,746) for the Mexican Pacific Ocean and 3,954 in-
dividuals (95% CI = 1,591-9,829) for the Gulf of California (Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996). Using capture-recapture models, Vázquez (1997)
estimated a population of 1,462 (95% CI = 991-2,662) pilot whales in the Gulf of California. With the same method, used on data from 2009
to 2011, Pérez-Puig et al. (2012) estimated 399 individuals (95% CI = 377-443) for the Midriff Islands Region, between Tiburón Island and the
San Lorenzo Archipelago.
The best abundance estimate for the northern Gulf of Mexico, of 2,415 individuals (CV = 0.66), is taken from a 2009 study that covered the
waters from the 200 m isobath to the maritime extension of the United States EEZ. (NOAA-Fisheries, 2016b). There is currently no estimate
available for the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
77
Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Distribution
This species presents a cosmopolitan distribution, at latitudes 60°N to 60°S in temperate and tropical oceans, and seems to prefer
the edges of continental shelves, at depths of 100 to 400m (Kruse et al., 1999, Baird, 2009a). In the Northern Hemisphere, it is
seen in the waters of Newfoundland, Norway, the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Gulf of Alaska, while sightings in the Southern
Hemisphere have been reported at the southernmost points of South America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The distribution
range of the species includes the Gulf of Mexico, the Gulf of California, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Persia, the Sea of Japan and the
Mediterranean Sea (Taylor et al., 2012).
78

In the Pacific Ocean, the Risso’s Dolphin has been registered
west off the Baja California Peninsula (Padilla et al., 2003, Ri-
vera-Galicia, 2008) and in the Gulf of California and Banderas
Bay (Vidal et al., 1993; Barlow et al., 1997a; Urbán et al., 1997
Pérez-Cortés et al., 2000; Arroyo, 2017). There are sightings
recorded at Bufeo Point, 160 km south of San Felipe (Leath-
erwood et al., 1979), in La Paz Bay (Vidal, 1991) and in the
Ballenas Channel (Barbosa-Devéze, 2006; Heckel et al., 2008).
Abundance
While there is no information currently available on the global
abundance of this species, the abundance estimate for the east-
ern tropical Pacific Ocean is 175,000 individuals (Wade and
Gerrodette, 1993) and 11,910 individuals for the California
Current (CV = 0.24, Barlow and Forney, 2007).
The most recent abundance estimate for the waters of Cali-
fornia, Oregon and Washington, for 2008-2014, is 6,336 indi-
viduals (CV = 0.32) (Barlow 2016) and 2,442 (CV = 0.57) for the northern Gulf of Mexico, with the latter taken from a study conducted in the
summer of 2009 in the U.S. EEZ (NOAA-Fisheries, 2016c). Gerrodette and Palacios (1996) estimated the abundance of the Risso’s dolphin in
the Mexican Pacific to be 24,084 (95% CI = 13,726-42,259) and 17,313 (95% CI = 9,027-33,205) for the Gulf of California.
79
Fraser’s Dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei)
Distribution
A tropical cosmopolitan species distributed between 30°N and 30°S (Dolar, 2009), the Fraser’s Dolphin occurs near the coastline
at points where the continental shelf is narrow, with a widespread permanent distribution in the eastern Tropical Pacific and, at the
southern end of the Bohol Strait, the Philippines (Perrin et al., 1994a). There are also records of this species in the waters of Japan,
Taiwan and, in smaller numbers, Australia (Urbán 2008).
In the Atlantic Ocean, there are records of sightings in the waters of southern Florida (Caldwell and Caldwell, 1983), the
Puerto Rico Bank (Mignucci-Giannoni et al., 1999), the Lesser Antilles, including Dominica, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines
(Caldwell et al., 1976; Ward et al., 2001), as well as the Gulf of Mexico (Würsig et al., 2000). This species is known to move around
the Indian Ocean, although the only confirmed sightings are from the waters off the east coast of South Africa, Madagascar, Sri
Lanka and Indonesia (Urbán, 2008).
80

In the Mexican Pacific, two sightings were recorded in the Re-
villagigedo Archipelago, with one, from 1981, corresponding
to 20 animals observed 54 km from the nearest coast at a depth
of around 1,000 m. The second sighting was of a group of three
animals in 1985, 27 km from the coast at a depth of 3,100m
(Aguayo and Sánchez, 1987). Pérez-Cortés et al. (2000) de-
scribed Fraser’s dolphin sightings in the EEZ of northwestern
Mexico, as reported by observers on board Mexican tuna boats.
Although the Fraser’s dolphin is found throughout the Gulf of
Mexico, in Mexican and Cuban waters, there is little informa-
tion on its abundance and distribution (Ward et al., 2001; Jef-
ferson et al., 2008, NOAA-Fisheries, 2012e).
Abundance
The limited information currently available on the abundance
of this species indicates an estimated 289,300 individuals for
the eastern Tropical Pacific (CV = 0.34, Wade and Gerrodette,
1993, Dolar, 2009), and 127 individuals (CV = 0.9) as esti-
mated for the northern Gulf of Mexico from 1991 to 1994,
although no sightings were reported in the most recent study
conducted in the area, in 2009 (NOAA-Fisheries, 2012e).
There is no abundance estimate currently available for Mexican
waters.
81
Pacific White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens)
Distribution
This pelagic species is found in temperate waters, both offshore and along the continental margins (NOAA-Fisheries, 2014c), oc-
curring continuously throughout the northern Pacific from 38°N to 47°N. In the western Pacific, it is found in the waters of north-
ern Japan and the Kuril and Commander Islands, while, in the eastern Pacific, it is seen west of Amchitka in the Aleutian Islands and
across the Gulf of Alaska, and southward to the west coast of Baja California and into the Gulf of California (Jefferson et al., 2008).
82

In Mexican waters, most recorded sightings occur between
33°N to 23°N, although the species regularly enters the Gulf
of California (Pérez-Cortés et al., 2000; Salvadeo et al., 2010).
The Pacific white-sided dolphin is often observed on the west
coast of Baja California (Rivera-Galicia, 2008), where, accord-
ing to genetic studies, it is likely that there is a resident popula-
tion isolated from those found along the coasts of the United
States (Lux et al., 1997; Urbán, 2008).
Sightings have been recorded in Todos Santos Bay, 18 km
south of Tijuana, in the Punta Banda Estuary and the waters
around Punta Banda, 1.5 km from Tórtola Cape in Baja Cali-
fornia, 13.5 km off San Benito Island, and Magdalena Island
(Vidal, 1991; Marín et al., 2003b; Oviedo et al., 2016). In the
Gulf of California, sightings have been recorded in La Paz Bay,
in the waters near Pichilingue and the San Lorenzo Channel
(Vidal et al., 1993; Urbán, 2008). The Pacific white-sided dol-
phin moves further from the coast in spring and summer, track-
ing the movement of anchovy and other prey (Leatherwood et
al., 1984; Walker et al., 1986), with its interaction with fisheries
documented in both the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast
of Baja California (Medrano and Vázquez, 2012).
83
Abundance
Approximately 1,000,000 dolphins of this species have been estimated for the North Pacific (Buckland
et al., 1993; Miyashita, 1993), while the estimated abundance in 2008-2014 for the waters of California,
Oregon and Washington was 26,814 individuals (CV = 0.28; Barlow, 2016; NOAA-Fisheries, 2014c),
with the seasonal and interannual variations due to the species’ movements both into and out of the region
(Barlow and Forney, 2007).
There is currently no abundance estimate available in Mexico; however, from 1980 to 2009, Salvadeo et
al. (2010) documented a decline in the presence of this species in the southwestern Gulf of California, due
to long-term changes in the local climate. Groups of two to 100 animals were registered in the 1980s, with
an average of 65 individuals (relative abundance: 2.56 animals/navigation hour), while, in the 1990s, this
had fallen to groups of one to 45 individuals, with an average group size of 20 (relative abundance: 0.19
animals/navigation hour). By the 2000s, only two groups of 20 and 30 individuals were recorded (relative
abundance: 0.03 animals/navigation hour).
84
Photography: Alejandra Baez Pacific White-Sided Dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens)
85
Northern Right Whale Dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis)
Distribution
An oceanic species inhabiting the temperate regions of the North Pacific, between 34°-55°N and 145-118°W, this species is dis-
tributed to the west from the Kuril Islands (Russia) to the Sanriku coast, Honshu, Japan, and eastward from the Gulf of Alaska to
northern Baja California (Jefferson et al., 2008; Lipsky, 2009). The abundance and distribution varies in relation to oceanographic
conditions and season, with southward movements reported during the winter and autumn and northward movements during the
spring and summer (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017m). In Mexico, there is only one report of this species, relating to a stranding in Ojo de
Liebre Lagoon, Baja California Sur (Vidal, 1991).
86
Abundance
While a population of 68,000 dolphins was estimated across
the Pacific Ocean (Buckland et al., 1993; NOAA-Fisheries,
2017m), Hiramatsu (1993) estimated a total population of
approximately 400,000 individuals at the mid-latitudes of
the central North Pacific (180-145° W). Taking into account
the fact that the distribution of the species is highly variable,
16,000-21,000 individuals have been estimated near the coasts
of California, Oregon and Washington (Urbán, 2008), with a
latest estimate for this area, from 2008-2014, of 26,556 indi-
viduals (CV = 0.4, Barlow, 2016). There is currently no esti-
mate available for Mexico.
87
Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)
Distribution
The killer whale is the most widely distributed marine mammal in the world (Jefferson et al., 2008; Dahlheim and Heyning, 1998),
occurring from the polar glaciers to equatorial regions (Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983); however, it is more abundant in coastal
habitats and at high latitudes (Dahlheim and Heyning, 1998).
In the eastern Pacific Ocean, the species occurs in the eastern part of the Bering Sea, near the Aleutian Islands, south of the Alaska
Peninsula, and the waters surrounding Kodiak Island (Dahlheim and Heyning, 1998). The species is also found in the waters of
Alaska, the intra-coastal zones of British Columbia, and Washington (Bigg et al., 1987). There have been many sightings through-
out the waters of Washington, Oregon and California (Black et al., 1993), on both coasts of the Baja California Peninsula (Dahl-
heim et al., 1982; Guerrero et al., 1998), the oceanic portion of the tropical Pacific (Dahlheim et al.,1982), the Gulf of Panama and
the Galapagos Islands (Dahlheim et al., 1982; Guerrero et al., 2006).
88
It has a wide distribution in the North Atlantic (Reeves

and Mitchell, 1988a; Hammond and Lockyer, 1988), while,
in the North West Atlantic, it has been recorded around
the Baffin Islands, in Lancaster Sound (Reeves and Mitch-
ell, 1988b), and, moving southwards, along the east coasts
of Canada and the United States (Katona et al., 1988; Lien
et al., 1988; Reeves and Mitchell, 1988b). It is considered
uncommon in the Gulf of Mexico, at least along the conti-
nental shelf (O’Sullivan and Mullin, 1997), while irregular
sightings are reported for the Caribbean Sea, in the waters
of the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, the Dominican
Republic, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Trinidad and Tobago
(Backus, 1961; Mignucci-Giannoni, 1989; Ward and Mo-
scrop, 1999; Guerrero et al., 2006).

In the Mexican Pacific, a total of 329 sightings have been
recorded off the western coast of Baja California, the Revillagigedo Archipelago and in the Gulf of California (Guerrero, 2013). Although the
killer whale occurs both inshore and offshore, and around isolated oceanic islands, it is most often seen along the line of the continental shelf and
near insular coasts (Guerrero, 1997, Guerrero et al., 2005). At least four communities temporarily inhabit the Mexican Pacific and are thought
to move towards the North Pacific, given that individuals have been observed in the waters of California, Baja California and Baja California Sur
(Guerrero et al., 1998).
The species has been observed along the western coast of Baja California, especially near the islands of Cedros, San Benito, San Jerónimo and
Margarita; however, its distribution and movements have been more effectively studied in the Gulf of California, where it is widely distributed,
both seasonally and geographically (Vidal et al., 1993; Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994; Guerrero et al., 1998). The killer whale has been observed
89
from the El Borrascoso Lighthouse in Sonora, 55 m south of the Santa Clara Gulf (Delgado-Estrella et al., 1994), and in La Paz Bay, Baja Cali-
fornia Sur, where several sightings have been recorded, mainly in waters near Los Islotes and the central section of the bay (Urbán et al., 1997).
Sightings have been recorded from north of the Consag Islands to San Lucas Cape and Banderas Bay (Guerrero, 1997; Arroyo, 2017), while there
have also been sightings in the waters of Jalisco, Colima and Michoacán (Vargas-Bravo et al., 2014), and off the coast of central Oaxaca (Pérez
and Gordillo, 2002; Ponce-Quezada et al., 2014).
Sightings of this species have been more frequent in the Gulf of Mexico in recent years, with nine reliable records documented prior to 1990
and another 14 records since then, in the northwestern section of the Gulf (Würsig et al., 2000). The time gap between the sightings and strand-
ings recorded in the region indicate that the killer whale is relatively rare in this area (Jefferson et al., 1992). The stranding records in the Gulf
of Mexico are few and poorly documented, and include a possible stranding on the north coast of Cuba, an unverified record on the coast of
southern Texas, United States, and three records from the western coast of Florida, United States (Guerrero et al., 2006). The presence of this
species in the Mexican Caribbean has been documented only once, corresponding to a group of six animals observed on June 25, 1987, off
Contoy Island (Niño-Torres, 2015).
Abundance
Although the most recent global estimate is at least 50,000 individuals, it is possible that the total abundance is higher because estimates for large
ocean areas are not available. For the eastern North Pacific (the area from California to the west of the Aleutian Islands and the Bering Sea), the
population is estimated at around 2,500 (Forney and Wade, 2006; NOAA-Fisheries, 2017n).
In many parts of the world, there is a lack of information on the abundance of this species (Hand, 1994). In Antarctica, 70,000 individuals
are estimated (Butterworth and DeDecker, 1989), while a population of over 6,000 has been estimated for the waters off Iceland and the Faroe
Islands (International Whaling Commission, 1987). The population of killer whales, consisting of more than 600 individuals, identified along
the coast of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, in the United States, is the best known to date, (Ford et al., 1994), while the estimated
abundance for the coasts of Washington, Oregon and California, from 2008-2014, was 452 individuals (CV = 0.85, Barlow 2016).
In the eastern tropical Pacific, 8,500 orcas (CV = 0.37) were estimated for the period 1986-1990 (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993). Based on data
taken from 1986-1993, the abundance for the Mexican Pacific was estimated at 852, and 146 for the Gulf of California (Gerrodette and Palacios,
1996).
90
Photography: Gisela Heckel Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)
91
Melon-Headed Whale (Peponocephala electra)
Distribution
The melon-headed whale has been recorded in tropical and subtropical waters between 40°N and 35°S. Rarely found near the coast,
unless in very deep waters (Jefferson et al., 2008), this species is often seen in the eastern Tropical Pacific, the Hawaiian Archipelago
and in the waters of Japan. Although it has also been reported at high latitudes, these sightings are associated with incursions of
warm water currents (Perryman et al., 1994).
92

In the Mexican Pacific, there is a record of an animal stranded
in February 1970 on Espiritu Santo Island, in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia (Rizo, 1990; Vidal, 1991; Urbán, 2008). Pérez-Cortés
et al. (2000) mention that some specimens have been observed
near the islands of the Gulf of California.
Strandings were reported in the Gulf of Mexico between
1990 and 1991 (Barron and Jefferson, 1993), with a specimen
stranded in 1990 the first record of the species in the Gulf.
During surveys conducted in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico
from 1995 to 1997, a group was observed in the summer, with
ten more sightings recorded in 1992 and 1993 (Mullin et al.,
1994). An individual stranded on the coast of Veracruz died
while being moved to a rehabilitation facility (Ortega-Argueta
et al., 2004a). The melon-headed whale is rare in the Caribbean
Sea, with the first documented report of the species involving
a live stranded calf near Playa del Carmen in 2012, which was
transported to an aquarium where, despite receiving medical
attention, it died two days later (Niño-Torres et al., 2015).
Abundance
Although the global abundance of the species is unknown, its abundance is estimated at 45,000 individuals (CV = 0.47) for the eastern Tropical
Pacific (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993) and 2,235 (CV = 0.75) for the northern Gulf of Mexico (NOAA, 2012). The abundance of the species in
Mexican waters is currently unknown.
93
False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens)
Distribution
The false killer whale is distributed across all the tropical and warm-temperate waters of the world and also, occasionally, in cold
temperate waters. While these odontocetes typically reside in pelagic habitats, they also occur near the coast and the shallow waters
around oceanic islands (Baird, 2009b).
94

There are more than 45 recorded sightings in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia (Vidal et al., 1993), with sightings reported in La Paz
Bay, Baja California Sur (Urbán et al., 1997), and strandings
at Pichillingue beach, Espiritu Santo Island, San José Island, El
Mogote sandbar and 1 km north of Villa Dorados in Desem-
boque, Sonora (Mitchell, 1965; Vidal, 1991; Rizo, 1990; Guer-
rero et al., 2006). Sightings of the false killer whale are common
in Banderas Bay (Arroyo, 2017), while, from 2004 to 2012,
14 sightings were reported in the waters of nine areas of the
Mexican Pacific (Pulmo Cape and Los Cabos; Baja California
Sur; Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Isabel Island and Guayabitos, Nayarit;
Puerto Vallarta and Chamela, Jalisco; Colima; and, Oaxaca)
(Castillo-Sánchez et al., 2014).
There are sightings recorded for the southern Gulf of Mexico
(Ortega, 2000), while, in the Caribbean Sea, De la Parra et al.
(2000) reported one stranding in the Nizuc reef and sightings
in waters off Cancun and Mujeres Island. Antochiw-Alonso
and Alarcón-Daowz (2001) reported a mass stranding of false
killer whales in El Cuyo, Yucatán.
Abundance
There is no global abundance estimate for the false killer whale, as it is uncommon throughout its distribution range (Baird, 2009b). An esti-
mated 39 individuals (CV = 0.63) was calculated for the eastern tropical Pacific (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993), while the most recent estimate
for the northern Gulf of Mexico was 1,038 individuals (CV = 0.71) for 1996 to 2001 (Mullin and Fulling, 2004). There is no estimate currently
available for Mexican waters.
95
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)
Distribution
This species is distributed across tropical and subtropical waters around the world, from approximately 30°-40°N to 20°-40°S
(Jefferson et al., 2008), and ranks first in terms of abundance among cetaceans (Perrin, 2009a).
There are two recognized subspecies:
• Oceanic pantropical spotted dolphin (S. a. attenuata): Slightly smaller and slenderer than the coastal pantropical spotted dol-
phin, this subspecies’ rostrum also tends to be thinner. Its dorsal spots are much less dense and, in some adults, may be non-exis-
tent. Adult size ranges from 1.6 to 2.4 m and individuals of this subspecies tend to weigh less than those of the coastal subspecies.
While found in all oceans between latitudes of 40°N and 40°S, the subspecies is much more abundant in the lower latitudes of
its distribution range, which extends to some closed areas, such as the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf (Hammond et al., 2012).
96
• Coastal pantropical spotted dolphin (S. a. graffmani): This

large robust dolphin has a wider rostrum than the oceanic
subspecies, with its spots tending to be more abundant
and, in some adults, the white dorsal spots can be more
densely grouped together. Adult individuals measure 1.8
to 2.6 m long and weigh at least 119 kg (Jefferson et al.,
2008). This subspecies is found in a narrow band (<20 km
wide) along the coast of Latin America, from the Gulf of
California to Colombia (Urbán, 2008). Genetic analysis
suggests that there may be several populations of this sub-
species (Escorza-Treviño et al., 2005), which, in the east-
ern tropical Pacific, mainly inhabits waters with a shallow
thermocline and sea surface temperatures above 25°C (Jef-
ferson et al., 2008).

The spotted dolphin is widely distributed in the waters of the
Mexican Pacific. While 500 individuals have been photo-identified off the coast of Colima and southern Jalisco, only 3% are resident, leading to
the inference that the region is a transit area for the subspecies (González-Salguero et al., 2016). It is the most abundant and permanent species
off the coasts of Oaxaca’s tourist corridor, between Huatulco and Puerto Escondido (Pérez and Gordillo, 2002).
In the western North Atlantic, the spotted dolphin is distributed across the Gulf of Mexico, although it is rarely seen in the Caribbean (Ward
et al., 2001). Jefferson and Schiro (1995) report the species off the coast in the Gulf of Mexico, while, to the south, it is recorded as one of the
most observed species (Ortega, 2000). There have also been reports of sightings off the Yucatán platform (Aguilar-Pérez et al., 2006; Antochiw-
Alonzo and Manzano, 2004).
97
The subspecies S. a. attenuata can be observed in the Gulf of California, from the tip of the Baja Califor-
nia Peninsula to approximately 28°N, and is then distributed from south of San Lucas Cape to southern
Ecuador (Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983). It is the most common species in Banderas Bay (Marín et al.,
2003b; Arroyo, 2017).
Abundance
The global population is estimated at more than 3 million individuals, with 2 million occurring in the
eastern tropical Pacific, 400,000 in Japanese waters, 13,000 off the east coast of the United States and
several tens of thousands in the northern Gulf of Mexico (Reeves et al., 2002).
The best abundance estimate for S. a. attenuata in the northern Gulf of Mexico, 50,880 individuals (CV
= 0.27), is taken from a study conducted in 2009 (NOAA-Fisheries, 2016d). There are two recognized
oceanic pantropical spotted dolphin (S.a. attenuata) populations in the eastern tropical Pacific. The north-
eastern population, estimated at 857,884 individuals (CV = 0.23, Gerrodette et al., 2008) in 2006, has
been severely affected by the tuna industry, falling by 76% since 1959 (Reilly et al., 2005) and showing
no clear signs of recovery (Gerrodette and Forcada, 2005). The western-southern population is estimated
at 439,208 (CV = 0.29, Gerrodette et al., 2008). The coastal (S. a. graffmani) subspecies is estimated at
278,155 (CV = 0.59) and was less affected by the fishing industry (Gerrodette et al., 2008).
Ship surveys conducted between 1986 and 1993 estimated 146,296 individuals in the Mexican Pacific
(95% CI = 102,489 – 208,827) and 24,288 individuals for the Gulf of California (95% CI = 14,419-
40,913; Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996).
98
Photography: Ursula González Peral / Image bank conabio Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)
99
Clymene Dolphin (Stenella clymene)
Distribution
This species occurs in the tropical and warm-temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean (Fertl et al., 2003). The exact range has not
been well documented, especially in South Atlantic, North Atlantic and West African waters. Although many sightings have been
recorded in deep oceanic waters, this species has also been observed in deep waters near the coast, such as off some Caribbean islands
(Jefferson, 2009a).
The Clymene dolphin occurs year-round in the northern Gulf of Mexico and, moreover, is thought to occur throughout much
of its tropical range (Jefferson, 2009a). Carwardine (1995) also reports sightings of the species off northwestern Africa, in the mid-
Atlantic near Ecuadorian waters, along the northeastern coast of South America, and on the northeastern coast of the United States,
while, to the south, it occurs in Brazilian waters and in Angolan waters, to the west. In Mexican waters, this species is distributed in
the tropical and subtropical deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Reeves et al., 2002; Urbán, 2008).
100
Abundance
A global abundance of approximately 100,000 individuals has
been recorded (Jefferson, 2009a). In the northern Gulf of Mex-
ico, off the coast of the United States, the abundance of this
species has varied, where 5,571 (CV = 0.37) individuals were
estimated for 1991-1994 and 17,355 (CV = 0.65) for 1996-
2001. This estimate had fallen to 6,575 (CV = 0.36) by 2003
and 2004, while the most recent study, conducted in 2009, es-
timated its abundance at 129 individuals (CV = 1.0, NOAA-
Fisheries, 2012f ). These studies did not detect any temporal
change in distribution beyond the waters of the United States
that would explain this remarkable drop in abundance (NOAA-
Fisheries, 2012f ). No estimate is available for Mexican waters.
101
Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Distribution
The striped dolphin has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring mainly in the tropical and warm-temperate open seas of the con-
tinental shelf found at 50°N to 40°S. This species is distributed off the western coast of the United States and in the North West
Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017o).
Reeves et al. (2002) reported the northern limits of the striped dolphin in the Atlantic as the coasts of Newfoundland, southern
Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands and Denmark. For the Pacific, its northern limits are the Sea of Japan and the waters of Hok-
kaido and the state of Washington, approximately following the 40th parallel north and passing through the central and western
Pacific Ocean. The species is also located in the Southern Hemisphere, in the waters off Buenos Aires, Argentina, Cape Province,
South Africa, western Australia, New Zealand and Peru (Urbán, 2008).
102

According to Perrin et al. (1985), the species is common in the
eastern Pacific up to 25°N, although there have been occasional
records further north. Based on sightings reported off Cali-
fornia and Baja California, it appears to present a continuous
distribution in the coastal waters of these two regions (Perrin
et al., 1985; Mangels and Gerrodette, 1994; NOAA-Fisheries,
2017o). In Mexican waters, this species is distributed in oceanic
waters, which is why it is not often observed near the north-
western coast (Pérez-Cortés et al., 2000), while in the Atlantic,
Würsig et al. (2000) reported the species in the Caribbean Sea
and the Gulf of Mexico.
The species has been recorded 4.5 km south of San Felipe,
Baja California (Aguayo and Perdomo, 1985), on the southern
tip of Espiritu Santo Island, near San Juan de la Costa, Baja
California Sur (Rizo, 1990), and at Mariscal Point, San Lázaro
Cape, Magdalena Island, Baja California Sur (Vidal, 1991). A
mass stranding occurred in Pichilingue, La Paz Bay (Gómez-
Gallardo et al., 2003), while, further south, there have been
sightings reported in Banderas Bay and Matanchén Beach, San
Blas, Nayarit (Vidal et al., 1993, Urbán 2008). The species has
also been observed in the southern Gulf of Mexico (Ortega,
2000).
103
Abundance
According to data collected between 1983 and 1991, the total abundance for populations in the western
North Pacific was 570,000 individuals (Miyashita, 1993), with two areas of concentration identified in
the region. The first, between 20°N and 30°N, presented an abundance of 52,682 individuals, while the
second, found between 30°N and 40°N, comprised 497,725 individuals. In the eastern tropical Pacific,
the most recent estimate, for 2003, was 1,470,854 (Gerrodette et al., 2005; Hammond et al., 2008). The
abundance of the species in the waters off California, Oregon and Washington appears to vary from year to
year and may be affected by oceanographic conditions (Forney, 1997; Becker et al., 2012; Barlow, 2016).
The most recent abundance estimate, 29,211 individuals, used a geometric mean of censuses calculated in
2008 and 2014 (CV = 0.20, Barlow, 2016; NOAA-Fisheries, 2017o).
Ship surveys conducted between 1986 and 1993 generated estimates, for the Mexican Pacific, of 128,867
individuals (95% CI = 90,632-183,232) and 8,844 for the Gulf of California (95% CI = 3,314-23,603;
Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996). For the northern Gulf of Mexico, 1,849 individuals were estimated (CV
= 0.77, NOAA-Fisheries, 2012g), while there is no estimate for the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
104
Photography: Alexandre Roux/ Flickr Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
105
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin (Stenella frontalis)
Distribution
This species is endemic to the tropical and warm-temperate waters of the Atlantic, ranging from approximately 50°N to 25°S (Jef-
ferson et al., 2008). In the western Atlantic, it occurs in the shallow, gently sloping waters and the break of the continental shelf,
usually at a depth of approximately 200 m, although the species occasionally approaches the coast in search of food (Perrin et al.,
1994a; Davis 1998; Würsig et al., 2000). This species is distributed from the waters of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil, while, in the eastern Atlantic, it is found from the waters of the Azores to the Canary Islands, Saint Helena and Gabon,
in Africa (Rice 1998).
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The Atlantic spotted dolphin has been sighted and stranded
throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Sánchez-
Okrucky, 1997; Ward and Moscrop, 1999; Ortega, 2000).
Strandings of the species have been recorded on the Veracruz
coast (Ortega-Argueta et al., 2004a), while Perrin et al. (1987)
locate one of its six Atlantic populations in the Caribbean Sea.
There are many records to the north and west of the Yucatán
Peninsula, specifically off the Campeche Bank (Ward et al.,
2001, Antochiw-Alonzo and Manzano, 2004, Aguilar-Pérez et
al., 2006).
Abundance
While the global abundance of the species is unknown, the best
estimate for the northern Gulf of Mexico is a total of 37,611 in-
dividuals (CV = 0.28; NOAA-Fisheries, 2016e). This estimate
corresponded to a combination of the abundance estimates for
the external continental shelf, taken from studies carried out
in the autumn of 2000 and 2001, and oceanic waters, taken
from censuses conducted in the spring and summer of 2003
and 2004.
There is no abundance estimate for Mexico. A study of the
interaction between spotted dolphins and the shrimp fishery
in Campeche, conducted in June and October 1989, recorded
257 individuals (4.2% calves, Delgado-Estrella, 1997).
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Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)

Distribution
Distributed across all tropical and many subtropical waters around the world, between 30-40°N and 20-40°S, the spinner dolphin
is considered pantropical (Jefferson et al., 2008). Although it is an oceanic species, coastal populations have also been recorded in
the eastern Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the waters of southeast Asia (Perrin, 1998; Perrin et al., 1999; Perrin, 2009c).
The geographical variation in body configuration and color pattern is more pronounced in this dolphin than in any other ce-
tacean species (Perrin, 1972, 1975a and 1975b), for which four subspecies have been identified (Rice, 1998; Reeves et al., 2002;
Jefferson et al., 2008):
• S. l. longirostris (Gray, 1828): Occurring mainly around the oceanic islands of the tropical Atlantic and Indian oceans and the
central and western Pacific, west of 145°W, the gray spinner dolphin is the most widely distributed subspecies. It is found as far
north as the waters of New Jersey, with sightings reported in the waters of Senegal, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian
Sea, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Sea, the Gulf of Thailand, southern Honshu and the Hawaiian Islands. To the south, it is found
in the waters near Paraná in Brazil, Saint Helena, Cape Province, the Timor Sea, Queensland, the islands of Tonga and New
Zealand.
108
• S. l. orientalis (Perrin, 1990): The eastern spinner dolphin is found in the eastern tropical Pacific, east of 145° W and between 24° N off
Baja California and 10° S off Peru. It should be noted that a hybrid of S. l. longirostris and S. l. orientalis, known as the “whitebelly spinner
dolphin” or “southwestern spinner dolphin”, is found throughout the oceanic waters of the eastern tropical Pacific.
• S. l. centroamericana (Perrin 1990): The central American spinner dolphin inhabits the coastal waters of the eastern Pacific shelf, from the
Gulf of Tehuantepec, in southern Mexico, to Costa Rica.
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• S. l. roseiventris (Wagner, 1846): The dwarf spinner occurs

in the shallow coastal waters of southeast Asia, from Malay-
sia to northern Australia.

The distribution of the spinner dolphin in the Pacific and off
the northwest coast of Mexico is well known (Rankin et al.,
2013), as it occurs in the waters of all the states of the region,
with many documented sightings, mainly of the eastern subspe-
cies (S. I. orientalis). While the gray spinner dolphin (S. l. lon-
girostris) has been reported in the region, these sightings seem
to be of the hybrid between the two subspecies, the whitebelly
spinner dolphin (Perrin, 1990; Vidal et al., 1993).
There are records of the species in the Pacific Ocean, in-
cluding La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Ensenada de La Paz
(Urbán et al., 1997), while it has also been sighted in Nayarit,
particularly in the waters of San Blas, Isabel Island, the Marías
Islands, Emiliano Zapata and Banderas Bay (Vidal, 1991; Ar-
royo, 2017). On the Sinaloa coast, the species has been documented 45 km off and 12 km north of Mazatlán and in Navachiste Bay (Vidal, 1991;
Urbán, 2008). Further south, sightings and strandings off the Oaxaca coast, between Huatulco and Puerto Escondido, were recorded in 1998
and 1999 (Pérez and Gordillo, 2002).
In the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, the species has been reported in the waters of Florida, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Würsig
et al., 2000; Ortega, 2000). Antochiw-Alonzo and Manzano (2004) stated that the spinner dolphin made up 4.84% of the 62 dolphin sight-
ings on the Yucatán platform, while, years prior, Frazier (1998) reported a stranding in the same area. There are also reports of strandings on the
southeast coast of the Gulf of Mexico, in Quintana Roo and Yucatán (Delgado-Estrella et al., 1998).
110
Abundance
Although there is currently no estimate of the global abundance of this species, estimates are available for
some regions (Bearzi et al., 2012): 801,000 (CV = 37%) whitebelly dolphins were estimated in 2000 in
the eastern tropical Pacific; a population of approximately 613,000 (CV = 22%) eastern spinner dolphins
(the stock most impacted by tuna fishing) was estimated in 2003; 11,971 (CV = 71%) individuals were
estimated for the northern Gulf of Mexico; and, 3,351 (CV = 74%) individuals have been estimated for
the waters around Hawaii. The abundance of the many other populations registered in the Pacific, Atlantic
and Indian oceans have not been estimated (Perrin, 2009c).
Ship surveys conducted from 1986 to 1993 were used to estimate 186,906 S. longirostris individuals
(95% CI = 130,550-267,589) for the Mexican Pacific and 23,255 individuals (95% CI = 12,411–43,572;
Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996) for the Gulf of California. There were an estimated 11,441 individuals
(CV = 0.83) in the northern Gulf of Mexico for the year 2009 (NOAA-Fisheries, 2012h).
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Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis)
Distribution
This species is mainly distributed in warm tropical and warm temperate waters around the world, preferring the waters more than
1,500 m deep around Hawaii (Baird et al., 2008). However, it can also be sighted on the continental shelf in shallow coastal waters,
such as off the coasts of Brazil and western Africa (Flores and Ximénez, 1997; Jefferson, 2009b). In the eastern tropical Pacific, the
species is associated with warm tropical waters without upwelling (Jefferson, 2009b).
In the Pacific Ocean, the species is found from the waters of central Japan and northern Australia to the southern coasts of Baja
California and southern Peru, with its distribution including the Gulf of California and southern China. The sightings recorded off
the western coast of the United States and New Zealand are considered the limits of its distribution. Sightings have been reported
from the Caribbean Sea to the Gulf of Mexico and along the northern coast of the United States up to the coast of Virginia (Mi-
yazaki and Perrin, 1994), as well as in the waters of Portugal, Spain, the Mediterranean Sea, Macronesia and West Africa.
112
The most northerly records of this species for the northeast-

ern Atlantic are in the Scheldt Estuary, Belgium (West et al.,
2011).

The species has been reported in the Pacific Ocean, in the waters
of Baja California and the Gulf of California, and in the Gulf
of Mexico and the Caribbean, in the Atlantic (Urbán, 2008).
In the Pacific, there are records to the north, in Todos Santos
Bay, Baja California (Bravo et al., 2005), as well as in the central
Pacific (Marín et al., 2003b), while strandings have been re-
corded in La Paz Bay (Urbán et al., 1997), at localities such as El
Mogote and San Juan de la Costa (Vidal, 1991). There are also
records to the west of Baja California Sur (Mangels and Ger-
rodette, 1994), with records of strandings between 2003 and
2015 on Magdalena Island in the Gulf of Ulloa (Oviedo et al.,
2016). In the Gulf of California, the rough-toothed dolphin
has been reported in waters near Guaymas, Sonora (Gallo and
Figueroa, 1998), and 1 km south of the Santa Clara Gulf (Heyning, 1986). Further south, this dolphin is common but not abundant in Ban-
deras Bay and adjacent waters (Arroyo et al., 2016), while there were 35 sightings off the coast of central Oaxaca between 2011 and 2013, with
the highest number recorded in November 2012, with the sixty-nine individuals photographed and cataloged in the area suggesting that it is a
resident species (Ramírez- Barragán et al., 2014). There are also records of the species off the coast of Tabasco (López and Delgado-Estrella, 2000).
In the Atlantic Ocean, there are records of sightings and strandings of the species in the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico (Ward and
Moscrop, 1999; Ortega, 2000). Antochiw-Alonso and Membrillo (2000) report occurrences of the species in the waters of Santa Cruz Xixim,
Celestún, Yucatán, and on the Yucatán platform, where it accounted for 3% of all cetacean sightings (Antochiw-Alonzo and Manzano, 2004).
Individuals have also been recorded close to Cancún and Mujeres Island (De-la-Parra et al., 2000; Delgado-Estrella et al., 2002), while a stranded
113
female rescued in the Cancún resort area, in 2012, was then rehabilitated and released (Romero-Tenorio
and Delgado-Estrella, 2014). There are also reports of the species at Kambalam Point and Términos La-
goon, Campeche (Reyes-González et al., 2014).
Abundance
While there is no estimate of the global abundance of the rough-toothed dolphin (Jefferson, 2009b),
145,900 individuals were estimated for the eastern tropical Pacific (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993), with 624
individuals (CV = 0.99) estimated for the northern Gulf of Mexico, in 2009 (NOAA-Fisheries, 2017p).
Ship surveys conducted from 1986 to 1993 revealed an estimate of 37,511 individuals (95% CI =
17,893-78,635) in the Mexican Pacific and 6,489 for the Gulf of California (95% CI = 2,853-14,757;
Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996).
114
Photography: Ursula González Peral / Image bank conabio Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis)
115
Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Distribution
The common bottlenose dolphin is found in tropical and temperate waters around the world, from latitudes 45°N to 45°S
(NOAA-Fisheries, 2017q) in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, as well as the Mediterranean, Black and Red seas. Two
distinct ecotypes appear along the California coast: a coastal ecotype typically found within a kilometer of the coast and in-
habiting shallow waters, estuaries, rivers, and lagoons; and, an oceanic ecotype found in deep waters, typically beyond a few
kilometers from the coast (Defran et al., 1999). The area between the waters of Ensenada and San Quintín, Mexico, may be
the southern limit for the coastal population of California, as very low rates (3%) of photo-identified animals have been found
between the two areas, which contrasts with the higher rates found farther north (Defran et al., 2015).
116
In the Atlantic, the species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the

Caribbean Sea and, to the south, off the coasts of Venezuela
and Brazil, with reported sightings in the waters of Colombia
(Palacios et al., 1995), Grand Bahama Island (Rossbach and
Herzing, 1998), Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (Erdman,
1970, Mignucci-Giannoni, 1989). The oceanic type of this spe-
cies lives sympatrically with the Atlantic spotted dolphin in the
Gulf of Mexico (Würsig et al., 2000).

The species has been reported in the waters of the Pacific
Ocean, Baja California and the Gulf of California, while, in
the Atlantic, it has been observed in the Gulf of Mexico and
the Caribbean Sea (Urbán, 2008). In the Pacific, specifically in
the waters of Baja California, the species has been reported in
Todos Santos Bay (Guzón et al., 2002), off Costa Azul (Rivera-
Galicia, 2008; Rivera-Galicia et al., 2008), and to the south of
San Quintín Bay (Morteo et al., 2004), where individuals pre-
ferred the strip between 250 and 500 m off the coast, in waters at depths of less than seven meters over sandy substrates (Morteo et al., 2004). The
species has been reported throughout the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California (Díaz-Gamboa, 2003; Segura et al., 2006) with, specifically,
records in the waters north of San Felipe, Los Ángeles Bay, Puertecitos and El Huerfanito (Vidal, 1991). In the waters of Baja California Sur, the
species has been reported at the following locations: San Francisco Island; Santa Catalina Island; San Bartolomé Bay; Concepción Bay; Mulegé;
El Mogote in La Paz Bay (Vidal, 1991); Ensenada de La Paz (Díaz-Gamboa, 2001); San Juan de la Costa; La Paz Bay; Puerto Balandra; west of
Cerralvo Island; San Lucas Cape; Magdalena Island; Patos Point on Santa Margarita Island; Magdalena Bay; west of Puerto López Mateos on the
Pacific coast of Magdalena Island; and, the San Ignacio and Ojo de Liebre lagoons (Pérez-Cortés et al., 2000).
117
In the waters of Sonora, the species has been reported in Agiabampo Bay, Ohiura Bay, Navachiste, Reforma Bay and Las Tunitas Sur Island in
Santa María Bay (Urbán and Aguayo, 1983; Vidal, 1991; Delgado-Estrella and Ortega, 1994; Ortega and Delgado-Estrella, 1996). Strandings
have been reported in San Jorge Bay, also in Sonora (Mellink and Orozco, 2006), Salina in the Gulf of Santa Clara, Borrascosa Point, Cholla Bay,
Desemboque, Tiburón Island, San Esteban Island, Bajerobeta, Quetchehueca Cajeme, El Cochorit, Soldado Estuary and Guaymas (Vidal, 1991;
Delgado-Estrella and Ortega, 1994). The bottlenose dolphin has also been sighted in the waters of Nayarit, off María Magdalena and San Juanico
islands, while, in Banderas Bay, individuals were observed foraging between the mouths of the Ameca River and the Salado Estuary (Urbán and
Aguayo, 1983; Vidal 1991; Rodríguez-Vázquez and Lugo, 2000; Mejía, 1996; Rodríguez, 2008). There have also been reports further south, on
the coast of the state of Oaxaca (Pérez and Gordillo, 2002).
In the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, the species has been recorded in the waters of Veracruz (Heckel, 1992; Schramm, 1993; Mar-
tínez-Serrano et al., 2011; Valdés-Arellanes et al., 2011; Morteo et al., 2017); Tabasco (Delgado-Estrella and Pérez-Cortés, 1992), Campeche
(Delgado-Estrella, 1992; Fleischer et al., 1997), Quintana Roo (Zacarías and Zárate, 1992; De-la-Parra et al., 2000; Olivera and Olivera, 2002)
and Yucatán (Lechuga and Salinas, 1997). One of the most important dolphin populations in the Gulf of Mexico is found in Términos Lagoon,
Campeche, mainly in the waters of Panlao, Puerto Pesquero and near freshwater run-offs (Martínez-Serrano et al., 2011). Strandings were re-
ported in X-puhá at the beginning of May 1999, as were sightings in waters off Cancún and Mujeres Island (De-la-Parra et al., 2000).
Abundance
With the abundance of the species estimated for some sections of its range, combining the available estimates, gives a minimum global estimate
of 600,000 individuals (Wells and Scott, 2009).
The population on the coast of California is small in number, with an approximate estimate of 450-500 individuals (Dudzik et al., 2006; Car-
retta et al., 2011b) distributed between the waters of Monterey, California, and Ensenada, Baja California (Caldwell, 1992; Defran et al., 1999;
Carretta et al., 2011b). In contrast, the oceanic population of the waters of California, Oregon and Washington was estimated in 2014 at 1,924
individuals (CV = 0.54, Barlow, 2016; Lowther-Thieleking et al., 2015).
An estimated 243,500 individuals are found in the eastern tropical Pacific, (Wade and Gerrodette, 1993), while ship surveys conducted from
1986 to 1993 estimated 61,536 individuals (95% CI = 39 052-96 965) for the Mexican Pacific and 34,588 individuals for the Gulf of California
(95% CI = 20,500-58,358; Gerrodette and Palacios, 1996). Local estimates of bottlenose dolphin numbers for Ensenada de La Paz place the
minimum population at 66 individuals (95% CI = 75-104) (Díaz-Gamboa, 2001), while Ruiz (1995) estimated a population size in Banderas
118
Bay of 89 individuals (95% CI = 39-115), and Cerrillo et al. (2008) estimated a population of 273 individuals (SE = 68.6). In Navachiste and
Macapule bays, Sinaloa, an abundance of 284 dolphins was estimated in 1998 (Ramírez-López et al., 1999).
In the U.S. waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico, an abundance of 51,192 dolphins (CV = 0.10) was estimated from studies conducted in
2011 and 2012 (NOAA-Fisheries, 2016f ). Although there is no total estimate for Mexican waters, local estimates are available of, for example,
a population of 113.75 individuals (SD = 33.46) in Tabasco (Delgado-Estrella and Pérez-Cortés, 1992). Heckel (1992) reported, for Boca de
Corazones at Tamiahua Lagoon, Veracruz, a population size of 25 to 58 individuals, with an upper limit of 89, while Schramm (1993) estimated
a population of between 21 and 42 for the same area. From 2005 to 2007, a study conducted in northern Veracruz estimated 302 individuals,
while a population of 177 was estimated for Tamiahua, and 161 individuals for Tuxpan (Valdés-Arellanes et al., 2011). Intermittent surveys of
the coastal waters of Alvarado (1992-1993, 1997-1998, 2002-2003, 2006-2016) reveal an estimated abundance for the area that shows a com-
paratively stable community over time (106 individuals/day, SD = 25, Morteo et al., 2016). For the Caribbean Sea, a population of 66 dolphins
has been estimated for Ascensión Bay, Quintana Roo (SE = 25.72, Ortega, 1996).
There have also been recorded sightings at several sites in Mexico, with a total of 197 individuals recorded in 12 different pods in Todos Santos
Bay, from 1999 to 2000 (Guzón et al., 2002). From 1999 to 2000, south of San Quintín Bay, a relative abundance of 1 dolphin/km2 was esti-
mated, indicating 242 dolphins grouped into 22 pods with a mean group size of 11 (Morteo et al., 2004). A relative abundance of 0.85 dolphins/
hour was obtained at Costa Azul, Baja California (Rivera-Galicia, 2008). In Sinaloa, 72.51 dolphins were estimated to form 9.8 groups with
7.2 individuals each on average (De-la-Parra and Galván, 1985), while, in Mazatlán, in the same state, an estimated relative abundance of 1.38
dolphins/hour (SD = 2.64) was calculated between 2007 and 2012, based on 103 sightings (Zepeda-Borja et al., 2016).
In the area of Guaymas, Sonora, from 2012 to 2013, there was a higher abundance of the oceanic ecotype (22.89 dolphins/hour) than the
coastal ecotype (12.27 dolphins/hour), based on the observation of 2,183 individuals, grouped into 45 pods. In this period, the highest density
of coastal dolphins occurred in two zones, one at the mouth of Guásimas Bay and the other at the mouth of the Los Algodones Estuary, while
two areas of higher sighting densities were also observed for the oceanic ecotype, one between San Pedro Mártir and San Esteban islands and the
other around San Pedro Nolasco Island (Guevara-Aguirre and Gallo-Reynoso, 2015).
Between 2006 and 2008, 304 individuals were observed in the Veracruz reef system (Hernández-Candelario et al., 2010); however, only a few
years later, 180 dolphins were recorded, with a relative abundance of 1.23/h (Hernández-Candelario et al., 2015). From Tamiahua Lagoon to
south of the Nautla River, 471 individuals in 88 different groups were recorded from 2005 to 2008 (Martínez-Serrano et al., 2011). From 2006
to 2008, an average monthly abundance of 125 individuals (SD = 52) was estimated in the Alvarado region (Morteo et al., 2017).
119
The highest relative abundance of the species was recorded in the Gulf of Mexico (13.6 dolphins/hour,
Bazúa and Delgado-Estrella, 2014), in Términos Lagoon, Campeche, the location in which the most re-
search has been conducted on the ecology of bottlenose dolphins. These studies determined that this spe-
cies shows marked seasonality, with greater relative abundance (dolphins/hour) in the rainy season, which
then decreases during the dry seasons, in which northerly winds occur (Bazúa and Delgado-Estrella, 2014).
In the waters off Celestún, on the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, the density of the species
was estimated at 0.54 dolphin/km2, while, for the waters off the Ría Lagartos nature reserve, the estimated
density was 0.84 dolphin/km2 (Delgado-Estrella and Romero-Tenorio, 2008). Off the coasts of Yucatán, a
total of 132 individuals were photo-identified in 2014 and 2015 (Sánchez and Diaz, 2016).
120
Photography: Gisela Heckel Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
121
Family Phocoenidae
Dall’s Porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli)
Distribution
The Dall’s porpoise is distributed in the North Pacific and conjoining seas (Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Sea of Japan), from 32º-35°N
(comprising southern California and southern Japan) to 63ºN (center of the Bering Sea). When temperatures are exceptionally
cold in the eastern North Pacific, this porpoise can be found at 28ºN, near the coast of Baja California, Mexico (Morejohn, 1979;
Jefferson, 1988; Jefferson, 2009c).
122

In Mexican waters, there are records of the species off the
west coast of Baja California and northern Baja California Sur
(Morejohn, 1979; Jefferson, 1988), with sightings at Guada-
lupe Island, Cedros Island, Ojo de Liebre Lagoon, Tortugas Bay
and Ballenas Bay (Morejohn, 1979; Urbán, 2008).
Abundance
While the current global abundance of the species is unknown,
the estimated number in the 1980s was 1.2 million (Buckland
et al., 1993). There are approximately 104,000 individuals off
the coast of Japan, 554,000 in the Okhotsk Sea, 83,000 in Alas-
ka, and 100,000 along the US coast (Jefferson, 2009c).
With 1,118,000 individuals (95% CI=991,000-1,420,000)
estimated for the North Pacific from 1987 to 1990 (Buckland
et al., 1993), the distribution of the species is highly variable
in the waters of California, Oregon and Washington, while the
most recent estimates, from 2008-2014, indicated 25,750 in-
dividuals (CV=0.45) (Barlow, 2016; NOAA-Fisheries, 2017r).
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Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)
Distribution
The most endangered marine mammal in the world, the vaquita is endemic to the northern Gulf of California, Mexico (Jaramillo-
Legorreta et al., 2016a) and is mainly distributed to the north of 30°45Ń and to the west of 114°20´W (Gerrodette, 1995). Since
1999, the National Marine Mammal Research and Conservation Program of the National Institute of Ecology has been using
passive acoustic techniques to trace the location of the species (Jaramillo-Legorreta et al., 2005) as part of ongoing research into its
habitat. The results of the study confirm that it lives year-round in the northern Gulf of California, confined to an area smaller than
previously thought, between Consag Rocks and the San Felipe Bay, with its most important area of distribution, its “nucleus zone”,
found in a 2,235 km2 area around Consag Rocks (31°18.2Ń, 114°25.0´W; Rojas-Bracho et al., 2006).
124
Abundance
Based on ship surveys, distance sampling and the use of estima-
tion parameters for similar species, such as the harbor porpoise
(Phocoena phocoena), the first abundance estimates were 503
individuals (CV = 0.63) for the period 1986 to 1988, then 885
(CV = 0.5) for 1988 to 1989, 572 individuals (CV = 1.43) in
1991, and 224 (CV = 0.39) in 1993 (Barlow et al., 1997b).
These estimates show a decrease of 17.7% per year over this
period, indicating that the total population of this species was
at a critical low (Barlow et al., 1997b). In 1997, a reliable esti-
mate of 567 individuals was obtained (Jaramillo-Legorreta and
Rojas-Bracho, 1999), which, between 1997 and 2008, fell fur-
ther still to approximately 250 individuals (Jaramillo-Legorreta
et al., 2016a, Vaquitacpr, 2017).
Illegal gillnet fishing of the totoaba (Totoaba mcdonaldi), an
endangered fish species, has recently begun again within the
area of distribution of this species. Demand, from the lucra-
tive Chinese wildlife market, for the totoaba’s swim bladder has
increased the mortality rate of the vaquita through accidental
capture (Jaramillo-Legorreta et al., 2016a). According to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the bladders, which are believed to have medicinal
value, rejuvenate the skin, act as an aphrodisiac and increase fertility (Vaquitacpr, 2017), are dissolved into a soup that sells for $ 10,000.
125
Although accurate monitoring of the vaquita population via visual censuses is difficult because it is dif-
ficult to identify and has now become so rare that sighting rates are extremely low, its echo-location clicks
can be accurately identified with specialized acoustic detectors. Acoustic detection undertaken by means of
a mesh of 46 detectors anchored to the seabed indicated that the acoustic activity of the vaquita declined
by 80% in the central part of its distribution area between 2011 and 2015. Two statistical models estimat-
ed a 34% rate of annual population decline (Taylor et al., 2016). Based on the population estimates from
2011 to 2014, the Mexican government brought into force a ban on the use of gillnets across the vaquita’s
entire distribution to prevent its permanent extinction. The development of precise acoustic monitoring
methods proved critical in exposing the severity of the vaquita’s decline and emphasized the need for con-
tinuous monitoring to effectively manage critically endangered species (Jaramillo-Legorreta et al., 2016a).
A study conducted in October and November 2015, estimated around 60 vaquitas (Taylor et al., 2016),
with a precipitous decrease (49% per year) estimated from the summer of 2015 to the summer of 2016. By
the autumn of 2016, only 30 individuals were estimated (Jaramillo-Legorreta et al.,, 2016b). This number
was updated to only 20 vaquitas remaining in February 2019 (Vaquitacpr, 2019).
The concern for the conservation of the vaquita in its natural habitat led to the recommendation by the
International Committee for the Recovery of the Vaquita (CIRVA) that the Mexican government under-
takes research to determine whether the vaquita could reproduce in captivity, wherein individuals would
then be returned to an environment where there is no illegal fishing. Once all the gillnets had been located
and removed by the Mexican Navy and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, the vaquitas were to be
released with satellite transmitters fitted (Vaquitacpr, 2017). Attempts were made to capture individuals
in the Gulf of California in October and November, 2017, resulting in the capture of one young vaquita,
which was almost immediately released as it was only an estimated six months old. When an adult female
was captured a few days later, she died after a few hours, leading to the suspension of capture attempts
(Albeck-Ripka, 2017; Vaquitacpr, 2017).
126
Order Sirenia
127
Family Trichechidae
Antillean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus)
Distribution
The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) is found in fluvial systems and on the coasts of the West Atlantic Ocean,
extending from the Bahamas to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Deutsch et al., 2008). While its distri-
bution in Mexican waters stretched along the entire Mexican Atlantic coast, from Tamaulipas to Quintana Roo, hunting and land-
use changes have fragmented its distribution and reduced its abundance (SEMARNAT/CONANP, 2010). In the Gulf of Mexico,
the distribution of the Antillean manatee is limited to fluvial-lagoon systems (freshwater systems connected to large rivers, in turn
interconnected with other rivers), as well as flooding areas, lagoons and streams (Olivera-Gómez, 2007; Jiménez-Domínguez and
Olivera-Gómez, 2014). Manatees are found in all areas of the Mexican Caribbean and some of its coastal lagoons (Morales-Vela and
Olivera-Gómez, 1997; Morales-Vela et al., 2000; Morales-Vela and Padilla-Saldívar, 2009).
128
Tamaulipas:
Limited information is available for the distribution of this species in the state of Tamaulipas, with the only study, based on interviews, recording
one dead individual, found in 2000, and a few individuals observed at the mouth of the Pánuco River and the El Chairel-Champayán Lagoon
(Ortega-Argueta et al., 2004b).
Veracruz:
While it was once possible to find manatees in northern Veracruz, between Nautla and Tamiahua, none have been seen in Tamiahua and Tuxpan
in the last 30 years, while, in Tecolutla and Nautla, the species was occasionally seen until a severe storm in 1999 led to its disappearance from the
area (Serrano et al., 2007). The state’s largest population (Ortega-Argueta, 2002; Serrano et al., 2017), found in the lagoon system of Alvarado,
is not uniform, with most individuals occurring in the Buzos River and the Médano Grande, where the Papaloapan River ends (Daniel-Rentería
et al., 2012). Although there have been no recent sightings in
the Coatzacoalcos River, a one-year systematic study conducted
in the San Antonio River, which feeds into the Coatzacoalcos
River, recorded seven sightings over 13 survey days (Morales-
García, 2013).
Distribution of Trichechus manatus manatus.

1-Las Ilusiones Lagoon: 2- Pantanos de Centla Nature Reserve;
3- Barbona Lake; 4- Leona Vicario Lake System; 5- Catazajá Lagoon;
6- Celestún; 7-Puerto Progreso; 8-Playa del Carmen; 9-Tulum;
10- south of Cozumel Island.
129
Tabasco:
In Tabasco, the manatee is associated with the freshwater river systems that lead to the Gulf of Mexico, such as the lower basin of the Usumacinta
and Grijalva rivers, in the states of Tabasco, Chiapas and Campeche. These interconnected rivers and lakes function as corridors for the dispersal
of the manatee (Olivera-Gómez, 2007), with individuals captured, for the fitting of radiotags, in Las Ilusiones Lagoon, Villahermosa, La Barbona
Lake, the lake system of Leona Vicario, and in Arroyo San Pedro, Tabasco (Olivera-Gómez, 2007). The Pantanos de Centla Nature Reserve,
Tabasco, is a significant site for resident manatees, while areas close to the coast are noted to have high population density (Puc-Carrasco et al.,
2016).
Chiapas:
Connected to the state of Tabasco via the rivers Usumacinta, Grijalva and Chacamex, the northern region of the state is an important area for the
manatee, with a group living in Catazajá Lagoon in relative isolation, due to the construction of dikes (Chanona Hernández, 1997; Rodas-Trejo
et al., 2008). In this fluvial-lagoon system, it is most frequently observed in Grande Lagoon (Catazajá), Arroyo Mulucutish (Playas de Catazajá),
Arroyo Nacahuaste (Pajonal) and Arroyo Raizal-Diques (Paraíso) (Rodas-Trejo et al., 2008; Rodas-Trejo et al., 2012).
Campeche:
The manatee occurs in Términos Lagoon and its surrounding fluvial-lagoon systems (Colmenero and Hoz, 1986), with sightings also reported
in the Paliza, Candelaria and Chumpán rivers and in the fluvial-lagoon systems of Atasta-Pom, Palizada-Laguna del Este and Panlao-Candelaria
(Jiménez-Domínguez et al., 2013; Ladrón de Guevara et al., 2016). Most sightings in Términos Lagoon occur at the mouths of the Carmen
and Puerto Real rivers (Ladrón de Guevara et al., 2014; Reyes-González et al., 2016). Dead individuals entangled in fishing nets have also been
recorded in the state, as well as those caught for human consumption (Delgado-Estrella et al., 2014).
Yucatán:
There have been a few sightings on the northern coast of Yucatán, in the areas around Celestún, Ría Lagartos and Puerto Progreso (Colmenero
and Hoz 1986; Morales-Vela et al., 2003).
130
Quintana Roo:
The majority of manatees in Quintana Roo occur in Chetumal, La Ascensión and El Espiritu Santo (Sian Ka’an Nature Reserve) bays, in small
coves (caletas) and cenotes connected to the sea, and in the coastal waters of Tulum and Playa del Carmen (Morales-Vela and Olivera-Gómez,
1997; Morales-Vela and Padilla-Saldívar, 2009).
Abundance
There are few estimates of the manatee’s abundance in Mexican waters due to the difficulty of spotting individuals in turbid rivers and lagoons,
which is complicated further by the dense vegetation usually surrounding the areas in which they are found (Morales-Vela and Olivera-Gómez,
1997). Despite these challenges, it is estimated that there are around 1,000 individuals in Mexican waters (Deutsch et al., 2008). A population of
between 500 and 1,500 is estimated for the lagoon systems of the Gulf of Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas and Campeche) (Olivera-Gómez,
2006). A population of 121 individuals (CV = 0.34) was estimated between 2008 and 2011 for the lagoon system of Alvarado, Veracruz (Ser-
rano et al., 2017), while the entire coastline of Quintana Roo has an estimated 200 to 250 individuals (Morales-Vela and Padilla-Saldívar, 2011).
Most individuals are located in the south of Quintana Roo, in Chetumal Bay, where, based on aerial surveys conducted between 1990 and 1997,
around 150 individuals were estimated (Morales-Vela and Padilla-Saldívar, 2009). An average of 11 manatees were counted during three survey
flights conducted in 2001, 2002 and 2009 in Ascensión Bay, 300 km north of Chetumal (Landero et al., 2014). There are currently no abun-
dance estimates available for the north of the Yucatan Peninsula, as the occurrence of the species there is very low (Morales-Vela et al., 2003).
131
Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi)
Photography: Alejandro Arias
132
Order Carnivora
Pinnipedia
133
The term pinniped refers to all aquatic carnivorous mammals whose limbs have been modified into fins
(Reeves et al., 1992). The term was designated as an order and, subsequently, as two suborders of the order
Carnivora (King, 1983; Berta and Sumich, 1999), later losing its taxonomic status (Berta and Churchill,
2012; Nyakatura and Bininda-Emonds, 2012). The order includes three families: Odobenidae (walruses);
Phocidae (seals); and, Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals).
There are approximately 33 pinniped species in the world (Berta and Churchill, 2012; Committee on
Taxonomy, 2019), four of which are found in Mexico: the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus,
Lesson 1828); the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi, Merriam 1897); the Northern
elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris, Gill ,1866); and, the Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii,
Gray, 1864). These species are distributed across the Mexican Pacific, while the only pinniped species that
did occur in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, the Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis,
Gray, 1850), was declared extinct in the 1950s due to hunting (LeBoeuf et al., 1986).
Over the last 200 years, the distribution and abundance of most pinnipeds in Mexico has changed be-
cause of commercial exploitation, which differs in intensity depending on the species. However, oceanic
anomalies have led to changes to these trends in recent decades; therefore, it is important to monitor and
update the information available on the distribution and abundance of sentinel species, such as the pin-
nipeds.
134
Photography: Gisela Heckel California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)
135
Family Otariidae
Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi)
Distribution
Prior to its commercial exploitation, the Guadalupe fur seal was more widely distributed, ranging from Socorro Island in the Revil-
lagigedo Archipelago, Mexico, to Monterey Bay and the Gulf of the Farallones, California (Townsend, 1924; Hubbs, 1956; Peter-
son and Le-Boeuf, 1969). Hunted and almost exterminated in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the population dwindled to seven
individuals between 1890 and 1920 (Scammon, 1874; Townsend, 1899; Hubbs, 1956), with its distribution limited to Guadalupe
Island (Townsend, 1899).
136
In 1997, a small colony was discovered in the San Benito Is-

lands (Maravilla-Chávez and Lowry, 1999), a population which
continues to grow, although most individuals still reside on
Guadalupe Island (Bernardi et al., 1998; Aurioles-Gamboa et
al., 2010; García-Capitanachi et al., 2017). It should be noted
that the San Benito colony has never produced more than 10
pups per year (Maravilla-Chávez and Lowry, 1999; Aurioles-
Gamboa et al., 2010; García-Capitanachi et al., 2017).
There are also reports of individual seals in different regions
of California (Peterson et al., 1968; Peterson and Le-Boeuf,
1969; Stewart, 1981; Seagars, 1984; Stewart et al., 1987; Web-
ber and Loreto, 1987; Hanni et al., 1997; Melin and De-Long,
1999), on Todos Santos and Asunción Islands, west off the Baja
California coast (García-Capitanachi et al., 2017), and in the
Gulf of California (Aurioles-Gamboa and Hernández-Cama-
cho, 1999; Gallo-Reynoso et al., 2010). However, a colony is
yet to be established.
Abundance
Prior to commercial exploitation, the estimated population numbered 30,000 (Hamilton, 1951) to 200,000 individuals (Hubbs, 1979). The
current population on Guadalupe Island is estimated to be increasing, going from a total of 7,408 reported individuals in 1993 (Gallo-Reynoso,
1994) to 11,625 (± 88) individuals in 2006 (Hernández-Montoya, 2009) and 17,581 individuals by 2010 (García-Capitanachi et al., 2017).
137
Since the first report of 256 individuals on the San Benito Is-
lands (Maravilla-Chávez and Lowry, 1999), the population has also
increased, with Aurioles-Gamboa et al. (2010) reporting 2,113 in-
dividuals in 2008, while García-Capitanachi et al. (2017) subse-
quently reported 2,503 individuals.
To date, it has been possible to identify some effects of the El
Niño event on the Guadalupe fur seal colonies From 2009 to 2010
a 30% population increase was registered on Guadalupe Island and
a 50% decrease on San Benito Island (García-Capitanachi et al.,
2017). These fluctuations can be interpreted as corresponding to
a massive movement of Guadalupe fur seals between the islands,
probably caused by the migration of prey resulting from the 2009-
2010 El Niño event. In 2015, Elorriaga-Verplancken et al. (2016)
also reported the San Benito colony as presenting a 59.7% decrease
(1,494 individuals) from the 2014 population (3,710) and a 42.9%
decrease in pup production.
138
Photography: Alejandro Arias Guadalupe Fur Seal (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi)
139
California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)
Distribution
The California sea lion occurs mainly on the islands along the east coast of the Pacific Ocean, from British Columbia in Canada to
the Marias Islands in Mexico, including the Gulf of California (King, 1983). Important areas of concentration related to its repro-
duction have been identified, such as some of the islands off the Southern California Bight, in the United States: San Miguel; Santa
Barbara; San Nicolas; and, San Clemente (Lowry et al., 1992).
140
Distribution in Mexico
On the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula, the California sea lion is distributed on the following islands, on which it also breeds
(Milanés-Salinas, 2012): Coronados; Todos Santos; San Martín; San Jerónimo; Guadalupe; San Benito; Cedros; Natividad; Asunción; and, Santa
Margarita (LeBoeuf et al., 1983; Razo et al.,, 2017). Up to 22 colonies are known in the Gulf of California, of which 13 are breeding sites, mean-
ing that they comprise larger numbers of individuals (Aurioles-Gamboa and Zavala-González, 1994; Zavala-González, 1999; Gonzales-Suarez
et al., 2005). These rookeries are located on the following islands: Consag Rocks; San Jorge; Los Lobos; Granito; Angel de la Guarda (Los Ma-
chos and Los Cantiles rookeries); Partido; Rasito; San Esteban; San Pedro Mártir; San Pedro Nolasco; Farallón de San Ignacio; and, Los Islotes
(Gonzales-Suarez et al., 2005).
Abundance
Although little information is available on the commercial ex-
ploitation of this species, it is believed to have been at its most
intense on the US coasts from 1800 to 1972 (Cass, 1985), and
on the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula from 1937 to
1955 (Abbott, 1939; Lluch-Belda, 1969; Cass, 1985; Zavala-
González and Mellink, 2000). The sea lion was also hunted in
the Gulf of California prior to 1533, and then commercially,
from 1936 to 1953 (Lluch-Belda, 1969; Zavala-González and
Mellink, 2000). Commercial hunting had reduced the popula-
Islands in the Gulf of California with California sea lion breeding

colonies (rookeries): 1) Consag Rocks; 2) San Jorge; 3) Los Lobos;
4) Granito; 5) and 6) Ángel de la Guarda (Los Machos and Los Cantiles
rookeries); 7) Partido; 8) Rasito; 9) San Esteban; 10) San Pedro
Mártir; 11) San Pedro Nolasco; 12) Los Islotes; and,
13) Farallón de San Ignacio.
141
tion in southern California and Mexico to only 1,500 individuals by the 1920s (Heath, 2002), but not the
Gulf of California, where hunting was apparently not as intense (Lluch-Belda, 1969; Zavala-González and
Mellink, 2000). Although there is no reliable estimate for the population prior to commercial exploitation,
it does appear that the California sea lion was increasing in abundance, leading some authors to consider
that the population had recovered (Zavala-González, 1990 and 1993; Lowry et al., 1992).
As reported by LeBoeuf et al. in 1983, the California sea lion population in the Gulf of California then
represented 16% of the global population, 46% along the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula, 35%
on the California coast and 3% on the British Columbia coast, amounting to a total of 145,000 individu-
als (LeBoeuf et al., 1983).
By the year 2000, a population of 237,000 to 244,000 individuals was estimated on the coasts of the
United States and 75,000 to 87,000 along the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula and the is-
lands off it (Lowry and Maravilla-Chávez, 2005). However, 2010 estimates put the population at between
54,482 and 52,846 individuals for most of the Baja California Peninsula (except Margarita Island), with
annual growth rates of 0.4 to 0.6%, respectively (Milanés-Salinas, 2012), which contrasts with the Lowry
and Maravilla-Chávez (2005) estimate. In 1988, the estimated abundance was 25,354 individuals in the
Gulf of California (Aurioles-Gamboa, 1988), rising to 31,393 in 1993 (Aurioles-Gamboa and Zavala-
González, 1994) and between 24,063 and 31 159 in 2004 (Szteren et al., 2006).
Szteren et al. (2006) reported that the total population in the Gulf of California had declined since the
1993 estimate, with only four colonies having increased significantly (Consag Rocks, San Jorge, Islotes
and San Esteban) and the rest having either remained stable (Isla Lobos, Rasito, San Pedro Mártir, and
San Pedro Nolasco) or decreased (Granito, Los Cantiles, Los Machos, Partido, Farallón de San Ignacio).
142
As an example of the population trend in a significant colony, in terms of abundance and pup produc-
tion, Elorriaga-Verplancken et al. (2015) reported that the San Benito Islands showed an annual increase
of 4.3% between 1989 and 1999. However, with a negative trend observed (-1.93%) between 2000 and
2014, the colony has, to date, been categorized as “stable”. As a result of the El Niño event in 2015, the
total 7,136 individuals reported in 2014 fell to 3,426 in 2015 (Elorriaga-Verplancken et al.,, 2016b).
Recent estimates (Lowry and Maravilla-Chávez, 2005; Szteren et al., 2006) indicate that, currently, 67%
of the population is found in the United States, with only 24% on the west coast of the Baja California
Peninsula and 9% in the Gulf of California, suggesting a redistribution of the population towards the
colonies in the United States.
Photography: Yolanda Schramm California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)
143
Family Phocidae
Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
Distribution
The Northern elephant seal is found from British Columbia, Canada, to near Punta Eugenia, on the northern border of the state of
Baja California Sur (Riedman, 1990). The same distribution was reported prior to the population bottleneck that occurred in the
19th century, and was later limited to a small colony on Guadalupe Island, after hunting had almost caused the species’ extinction
(LeBoeuf and Laws, 1994).
The Northern elephant seal is mainly observed on the islands of Mexico and the United States, although colonies are also found
on the following continental beaches in California, in the United States (Riedman, 1990): Point Reyes; Point Nuevo; Cape San
Martin/Gorda; and, Piedras Blancas (Stewart et al., 1994). Significant breeding areas are found on the islands of the southern Cali-
fornia Bight, including Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Año Nuevo and San Clemente (Reeves et al., 1992,
Stewart et al., 1994), and on the Farallon Islands, off the coast of San Francisco Bay (Stewart et al., 1994), although the species is
less abundant there.
144
In Mexico, the elephant seal mainly occurs on many of the

islands off the west coast of Baja California, such as Corona-
dos, Todos Santos, San Martín, San Jerónimo, Guadalupe, San
Benito, Cedros, Natividad and Asunción (Arias-del-Razo et
al., 2016). However, approximately 99% of the population in
Baja California is found on Guadalupe, San Benito and Cedros
(Arias del Razo et al., 2017).
Abundance
The Northern elephant seal was declared extinct three times
between 1800 and 1892 (LeBoeuf and Laws, 1994), with the
surviving population on Guadalupe Island comprising an esti-
mated 10 to 30 (Hoelzel, 1993) or 12 to 44 individuals (He-
drick, 1995). By the beginning of the 1990s, the global pop-
ulation for this species was estimated at 127,000 individuals
(Stewart et al., 1994), with 31 000 pertaining to colonies in
Mexico and 15 000 to Guadalupe Island (Gallo-Reynoso and
Figueroa-Carranza, 1991, cited by Stewart et al., 1994). Subse-
quent estimates indicated a total of 12,000 individuals on the
San Benito Islands (García-Aguilar, 2004) and approximately
1,500 on Cedros Island (Abadía, 2006).
145
Recent estimates place the global abundance of the Northern elephant seal population at between
210,000 to 239,000 individuals (Lowry et al., 2014), while the population in Mexico for the winter of
2009 was estimated at 29,614±2,961 individuals. Guadalupe Island registered the highest number of indi-
viduals (16,027±1,602), followed by the San Benito Islands (9,666±966) and Cedros Island (3,567±356)
(Franco-Ortiz, 2012). For the same year, García-Aguilar et al. (2018) reported an estimate of 23,212 indi-
viduals (95% CI = 19,334-27,036), mentioning that the population had been decreasing since the 1990s
as individuals moved north to the US colonies, due to rising temperatures. Moreover, they estimated that
the population, as of 2015, could have been between 13,000 and 19,000 individuals. A population de-
crease has recently been reported on the San Benito Islands (Elorriaga-Verplancken et al., 2015), a colony
classified as “in decline”, given that the authors found significant decreases in 2013 (n=2,293 individuals),
2014 (n=1,930) and 2015 (n=1,633). Based on data from 2000 to 2015, an annual trend of -3.2% was
obtained (Elorriaga-Verplancken et al., 2015).
146
Photography: Gisela Heckel Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
147
Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardii)
Distribution
The Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) is distributed from Japan to the central coastal area off the west coast of the Baja
California Peninsula (Committee on Taxonomy, 2019) and is found on the following Mexican islands: Coronado; Todos Santos;
San Martín; San Jerónimo; Cedros; San Benito; Natividad; San Roque; and, Asunción. The sub-species is also found on the west
coast of the Baja California Peninsula (Lubinsky-Jinich et al., 2017). Prior to the latter study, limited published information was
available on the distribution of this species in Mexico (Gallo-Reynoso and Aurioles-Gamboa, 1984; Padilla, 1990).
148
Abundance
Although, between 1913 and 1969, approximately 200,000
and 240,000 individuals were hunted in British Columbia,
Canada (Burg, 1996), a bottleneck in the population of this
subspecies has not been identified (Lamont, 2002), unlike for
the rest of the Mexican pinnipeds. Information pertaining to its
commercial exploitation in Mexico is not available.
The global abundance of the Pacific harbor seal, without in-
cluding data on its distribution in Mexico, was estimated at
300,000 individuals in the early 1990s, distributed among
Alaska (25%), Canada (45%), Washington, Oregon and Cali-
fornia (30%) (Barlow et al., 1995; Small and DeMaster, 1995).
The most complete abundance figures for Mexico, for 1982 to
1986, estimated 1,715 individuals from the Coronado Islands
to Natividad Island, but excluded the coast of the peninsula
and the other islands where the species is also known to occur
(Padilla, 1990).
Currently, the abundance reported for the United States and Canada (325,000 individuals) (Allen and Angliss, 2015) is distributed as follows:
47% in Alaska; 32% in Canada (Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 2010); 12% between Washington and Oregon; and, the remaining 9% in
California (Carretta et al., 2015). In Mexico, the most recent data published on harbor seal abundance was obtained in 2009 (Lubinsky-Jinich et
al., 2017) and 2016 (Lubinsky-Jinich, 2019), with the authors reporting, in 2017, a minimum abundance (without correction) of 4,862 individ-
uals during the breeding season, information which included all of the peninsula’s islands (3,138) and its west coast (1,724). While they also state
that, during the molting season, the total number of individuals was higher on the islands (3,785 individuals), the authors do not provide data for
149
the coast of the peninsula for the molting season. The 2016 sample presented a count of 7,574 individu-
als (which did include the peninsula’s islands and its west coast) for the molting season, and an estimated
abundance (with correction) of 11,967 (95% credibility interval: 9,619-16,284) (Lubinsky-Jinich, 2019).
Given the foregoing, it is evident that the harbor seal population in Mexico is small compared to the
rest of its distribution; however, Mexican territory is important for both the species and subspecies, as it
represents its southernmost distribution.
As is the case with the California sea lion and the Northern elephant seal, Pacific harbor seal colonies
appear to be undergoing a redistribution. However, the global abundance of the species seems to be stable.
150
Photography: Gisela Heckel Pacific Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina richardii)
151
Family Mustelidae
Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Distribution
Although the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) used to be distributed throughout the northern Pacific, from northern Japan to the Baja
California peninsula, Mexico (Wilson et al., 1991), hunting reduced this distribution (Ogden, 1941). Currently, three subspecies
are recognized: Enhydra lutris lutris, in the western Pacific, from the northern Kuril Islands to the Commander Islands; E. l. kenyoni,
from the Aleutian Islands to the coasts of Alaska, Canada and Oregon; and, E. l. nereis on the coast of central California (Wilson et
al., 1991; Doroff and Burdin, 2015), between the cities of San Mateo and Santa Barbara and on San Nicolas Island (Carretta et al.,
2017), where it was reintroduced in 1987 (Rathbun et al., 2000; Hartfield, 2005).
152
Distribution in Mexico
There are records of intensive local hunting since this subspecies
was discovered in Baja California in 1732, especially in the San
Quintín and El Rosario bays, although, by 1850, this activity
was no longer profitable (Cleveland, 1842; Ogden, 1941). Ke-
nyon (1969) declared the sea otter extinct in Mexico, based on
aerial surveys taken from Natividad Island to the US border in
1946 and 1965. However, isolated sightings have been reported
along the Baja California coastline (Leatherwood et al., 1978;
Rodríguez-Jaramillo and Gendron, 1996; Gallo-Reynoso and
Rathburn, 1997b; Schramm et al., 2014), which may imply the
dispersal of this otter from southern California, including San
Nicolas Island. This inference is based on the genetic analysis
of two dead otters stranded and sampled in northwestern Baja
California (Schramm et al., 2014).
Sightings have been recorded from 1961 to 2010 in María
Bay (San José de las Palomas), Guadalupe Island, La Caracol-
era (5 km northeast of San Jerónimo Island), La Bocana de El
Rosario (10 km north of Point Baja) and San Jerónimo Island. Strandings have also been reported on Agua Blanca beach in 2008, in El Rosario
Bay, and another in Todos Santos Bay in 2011 (Schramm et al., 2014). While no location along the coast or on the islands of Baja California can
be defined as having the most otter sightings, the repeated sightings on San Jerónimo Island are notable. Located in El Rosario Bay, this island is
where the greatest historical abundance of not only sea otters (Kenyon 1969) but also their preferred prey has been reported (Estes et al., 2003;
Olivares-Bañuelos et al., 2008; Schramm et al., 2014).
153
Abundance
At the beginning of the 18th century, the world population was estimated at between 150,000 (Kenyon,
1969) and 300,000 individuals (Johnson, 1982). During the 18th and 19th centuries, otter hunting for
fur wiped out this subspecies across most of its distribution area. Since the southern sea otter received
protection under the International Fur Seal Treaty of 1911, it is probable that only 2,000 individuals com-
prising 13 colonies (Kenyon, 1969; Carretta et al., 2017) remained. In 1914, a small population of an es-
timated 50 individuals was reported to have survived near Bixby Creek, in the city of Monterey, California
(Bryant, 1915). Although another surviving population was found in San Benito, this subpopulation has
probably become extinct and thus did not contribute to the recolonization of the species after its decima-
tion (Kenyon, 1969; Doroff and Burdin, 2015).
The estimated abundance for California and San Nicolas Island, for the years 2006-2008, was 2,723 in-
dividuals. All the otters of this subspecies are considered a single stock, due to the recent reduction of their
single remaining population (Carretta et al., 2017). As reported by the U.S. Geological Survey, the most
recent estimate, for 2013, was 2,941 individuals, and included the average abundance of the continental
population for three years (2,882) and the previous highest count from San Nicolas Island (59 individuals;
Carretta et al., 2017). Due to the low number of sightings in Mexico, an estimate of the abundance of this
subspecies has not been possible.
154
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Se realizó en el Departamento de Difusión y Publicaciones

del Instituto epomex, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche
Se terminó de imprimir en octibre de 2020

en Print Service. Campeche, México
Se imprimieron 100 ejemplares más sobrantes por reposición
ISBN 978-607-8444-59-5
DOI 10.26359/epomex.cemie022020

(Libro) Atlas Marine Mammals Mexico

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Atlas of

Marine Mammal Distribution

© Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, 2020

© Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior

© Centro de Investigación Científica

Illustrations by: Uko Gorter.

Order Cetartiodactyla. Odontoceti 37

Family Phocoenidae 122

Order Sirenia 127

Family Trichechidae 128

Order Carnivora. 133

Family Otariidae 136

Family Phocidae 144

Family Mustelidae 152

Dra. Gisela Heckel

M.C. María Guadalupe Ruiz Mar

Dra. Yolanda Schramm Urrutia

Figure 1. Number of marine mammal species

Figure 2. Number of marine mammal species in the

List of Mexico’s Marine Mammal

ORDER CETARTIODACTYLA B. b. borealis (Lesson, 1828)

ODONTOCETI (Flower, 1867). Mesoplodon carlhubbsi (Moore, 1963)

D. d. bairdii (Dall, 1873) O. o. unnamed subspecies

Stenella frontalis (Meyen, 1833) Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885)

Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) T. m. manatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

FAMILY PHOCOENIDAE FAMILY OTARIIDAE (Gill, 1866).

A. p. townsendi (Merriam, 1897) FAMILY MUSTELIDAE (Gill, 1866).

Marine Mammal Distribution

In Mexican waters, its distribution is limited to the west coast of

Abundance in Mexican waters

Gray whales travel past Ensenada from the beginning of De-

Abundance in Mexican waters

Photography: Alejandro Arias Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus)

The subspecies B. a. acutorostrata is found in the polar, temper-

Distribution in Mexican waters

Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis)

In the North Atlantic, the species is distributed off New Eng-

Distribution in Mexican waters

Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)

Distribution in Mexican waters

Abundance in Mexican waters

Photography: Héctor Pérez Puig Bryde´s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)

Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus)

Distribution in Mexican waters

Photography: Esther Jiménez Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus)

Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

In Sonora, there have been many sightings from Puerto Pe-

Photography: Gisela Heckel Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)

Distribution in Mexican waters

In the North Atlantic, sperm whale distribution includes

Distribution in Mexican waters

Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)

Photography: Carlos Javier Navarro Serment

Distribution in Mexican waters

Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima)

Distribution in Mexican waters

Distribution in Mexican waters

Longman’s Beaked Whale (Indopacetus pacificus)

There are records of the species in the Mexican Pacific from