Ecological and Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis of Snappers

(Lutjanus campechanus and Ocysurus chrysurus) accessible in

Buenavista and Carmen Coastal Waters

SPECIAL PROBLEM SUBMITTED TO

MS. ELLEN GRACE ROBLEDOSUBMITTED BY

HANNAH GONZALES

JOENISON O. DAMULO

MIKYLLA DEPOSITARIO

JOHN STEPHENE I. TABADA

KYLE HERO JAYMES M. MORALES

APRIL 2024
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Sadighzadeh (2014) used otolith morphology to explain the coexistence of snappers

in the Persian Gulf, finding that variations in otoliths were associated with ecological

traits. Silva (2015) investigated the genetic connectivity of yellowtail snapper

populations in the western South Atlantic, revealing high levels of connectivity and

genetic diversity, as well as a historic population expansion coinciding with sea level

oscillations. These studies collectively contribute to our understanding of the ecological

and phylogenetic aspects of sea creatures, particularly snappers.

Statement of the problem

The researchers need to understand the two species of the Lutjanus family that is

accessible in Buenavista and Carmen Coastal waters better, which are the Lutjanus

campechanus and Ocysurus chrysurus accessible snappers in that area. This study's

intention is to look at their ecological roles and evolutionary relationships to help protect

their environment effectively.

Significance of the study

The study of snappers In Buenavista and Carmen coastal waters offers important

knowledge into marine life and ecosystem health. By looking at how these fish live and

relate to their environment, researchers hope to learn more about the sea's equal and

variety to the ecosystem. Snappers, and their colored body and sizes, are important
participants in the coastal ecosystem. They have key roles in keeping the ocean

healthy. These studies can help us understand how we humans affect the coastal area.

From water pollution and over capturing fish, there are many dangers in the coastal

area today. The study of snappers in Buenavista and Carmen coastal waters is not just

about understanding the snappers. It's about their obstacles in the sea and how they

find ways to avoid or to protect their home.

The findings of the study would contribute new information and a significant body of

knowledge to the following:

Future Biology Researchers.

This study will serve as a reference for further research on factors about ecological

and phylogenetic analysis of sea creatures (snappers), providing a framework for

investigating on how they relate and can adapt to their current and new environment.

The findings will contribute to the development of a more sophisticated and nuanced

understanding of snappers throughout their population dynamics distribution patterns on

the evolutionary relationships and ecological interaction. Finally, the study will

encourage future researchers to explore the factors of their ecological and phylogenetic

analysis, leading to a broader understanding of snappers’ ecological range and

preferred habitats as a study in evolutionary biology among Future Researchers.

Objective of the study

The study of an specific Snappers in Buenavista and Carmen Coastal Waters is

of great importance in understanding the ecological and phylogenetic dynamics of

marine ecosystems. Snappers are a diverse group of fish species that play a crucial role

in marine food webs and ecosystem health. By conducting an ecological and

phylogenetic analysis of these sea creatures in specific coastal waters researchers can

gain valuable insights into their population dynamics distribution patterns evolutionary

relationships and ecological interactions. Understanding snappers' ecological range and

preferred habitats is a crucial part of researching them in the Buenavista and Carmen

Coastal Waters. By identifying the specific environmental factors that influence the

distribution and abundance of snappers in these waters researchers can better

understand the role of these fish species in the local ecosystem. Effective conservation

and management techniques to safeguard the marine environment's biodiversity and

ecological health depend on this knowledge.

Scope and Limitation

This study will be conducted through the accessibility of Snapper Fish in Buenavista

and Carmen Agusan del Norte Coastal Waters. Three fish of every type of Snapper

(Lutjanus campechanus and Ocysurus chrysurus) that is accessible will be our sample

to conduct analysis and. The sample size is dependent on what type is accessible in the

vicinity of Buenavista and Carmen Water.

Methodology

To conduct an ecological, phylogenetic and morphological comparative analysis of

Snappers (Lutjanus campechanus and Ocysurus chrysurus) with different breeds,

accessible in Selected Areas of Buenavista and Carmen Coastal Waters, we will define

the objectives of our analysis, such as understanding species, DNA sequence,

ecological roles, etc. and gather information on the types of snappers found in

Buenavista and Carmen Coastal Waters and how they adapt to different kinds of water.
 CHAPTER 2

Review Related Literature (RRL)

This section contains the review of literature as well as relevant studies that support and

relate to the present study.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Snappers

A series of studies have provided valuable insights into the ecological and phylogenetic

aspects of snappers. Silva (2023) used genetic and phylogenetic methods to validate

the taxonomic classification of red snapper species, confirming their distinctiveness

despite morphological similarities. Similarly, Sala (2023) identified nine red snapper

species in the Yapen Island Waters, Papua, using DNA barcode sequences and

highlighted the need for species-specific management. Guo (2008) contributed to the

understanding of snapper evolution by sequencing the complete mitochondrial DNA of

Russell's snapper, supporting the close relationship between Lutjaninae and

Caesioninae. Lastly, Wang (2010) used DNA barcoding and a combination of

mitochondrial and nuclear gene data to establish the phylogenetic relationships of 13

snapper species from the South China Sea. These studies collectively highlight the

importance of genetic and phylogenetic analyses in understanding the evolutionary

history and species diversity of snappers.

According to Ben (2011) found that morphologically similar snapper species may not be

closely related, highlighting the importance of genetic analysis in taxonomy. Silva (2015)

and Gomes (2012) both identified high levels of genetic connectivity and a lack of

genetic differentiation among populations of the yellowtail snapper and red snapper,

respectively. These findings suggest a single genetic stock and a panmictic population,

respectively, in these species. Hernández-Álvarez (2020) further supported this, finding

no significant genetic differentiation between populations of the Pacific red snapper and

spotted rose snapper in the inshore Tropical Eastern Pacific. These studies collectively

provide valuable insights into the genetic and phylogenetic characteristics of snapper

species, which may have implications for their conservation and management.

Mendoza-Barrera (2018) conducted a morphometric analysis on the shape transition

during the growth of red snappers, identifying size and body depth as the main sources

of variance. These studies collectively highlight the diverse and significant role of

morphological traits in snappers.

The Ecological Role of Snappers in the Ecosystem

Authors, such as España (2003) and Erisman (2020) both highlight the importance of

snappers in ecosystem stability, with España emphasizing their role in resilience and

resistance, and Erisman identifying habitat complexity and intra-specific competition as

key drivers of snapper abundance. Schwartzkopf (2017) and Messias (2019) provide

more specific insights into the feeding ecology and ethnoecology of snappers,

respectively. Schwartzkopf's work underscores the influence of habitat selection on

feeding ecology, while Messias' study reveals the significant knowledge of artisanal

fishermen about snapper biology and ecology, particularly in relation to feeding and
habitat. These studies collectively underscore the ecological significance of snappers

and the need for further research to enhance our understanding of their role in marine

ecosystems.

Snappers play a crucial role in marine ecosystems, with their diet and habitat

preferences varying by species. Rigoberto (2021) found that snappers in the Caribbean

Sea primarily consume crustaceans, while Parsons (2014) highlighted the importance of

estuarine habitats for post-settlement snapper in New Zealand. Chỉ (2017) identified

rocky habitats in brackish water as key for juvenile mangrove red snapper in Vietnam,

and Simonsen (2014) observed differences in the feeding ecology of red snapper

between artificial and natural reefs in the Gulf of Mexico. These studies collectively

underscore the diverse ecological roles of snappers in different ecosystems.

Behavior and Habitats in different aquatic waters

Snappers, any of about 103 species of fishes of the family Lutjanidae are marine

saltwater fish, Amy Tikkanen (2024). Salt water fish can't survive in freshwater because

their bodies are highly concentrated of salt solution. The water would flow into their

body until all their cells accumulate so much water that they bloat and die eventually,

this is because their bodies are more salty than fresh water, so they absorb water via

the process of Osmosis, Helen Scales (2022). Although some of the fishes of the family

Lutjanidae are mainly marine fishes, some are rarely inhabiting Estuaries, Skelton, P.H.,

(2019). Most lutjanids (subfamilies Lutjaninae and Paradicichthyinae) live in shallow to

intermediate depths (<100 m), but the majority of the species on the subfamily Etelinae
and some members of the Apsilinae are confined to deeper water (100 to 500 m). Most

lutjanids are solitary in habit and exhibit territorial behavior, Allen 1985. The Red

Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) fish prefer deep reefs or rocky banks, these species

commonly inhabit waters from 9–60 m (30–200 ft). the Yellowtail Snapper (Ocysurus

chrysurus) fish prefers schooling in small groups in and around reefs, they occur at

depths of from near the surface to 180 meters (590 ft), though mostly between 10 and

70 m (33 and 230 ft), Cathleen Bester.

Morphological characteristics

Anatomy is the study of an organism’s structures. Fishes come in a diverse array of

forms, many with special modifications. The shape, size, and structure of body parts

permit different fishes to live in different environments or in different parts of the same

environment. The external anatomy of a fish can reveals a great deal about where and

how it lives, Dr. J. Violet Beaulah (2020).

The eyes of these Snapper Fishes are eyes are similar to terrestrial vertebrates like

birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Fish can detect color reported by

(Densmore, 2019) in fishes. Fish eyes are rounder than in mammals because of the

refractive index of water and focus is achieved by moving the lens in and out not

distorting it as in mammals. Fish eyes are usually placed just dorsal of and above the

mouth as it was observed by (Menke, 2011). It has a terminal mouth and generally feed

on other fish as it was reported by (Densmore,2019). Although most teeth in the upper

jaw are densely packed, fine, or hair like “villiform” teeth, there are several canine teeth
present as well – the latter constituting a definitive characteristic of all snappers. These

fishes have nostril, each nostril in a fish actually consists of two openings which is

located in the dorsal to the mouth, (Menke, 2011). Pair of small rounded nostrils on each

side of snout with very low flap on outer edge of anterior nostril. Paired nostrils or

snares in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite sensitive. Sense of

smell is well developed in fishes. Gills are the breathing apparatus of fish and are highly

vascularized, which gives them their bright red color, (Saha et al., 2018). The lateral line

is a sensory organ consisting of fluid filled sacs with hair like- sensory apparatus that

are open to the water through a series of pores, the lateral line system consists of a

long canal that runs along each side of the body, and contains a series of sensory

organs that can detect small pressure changes and vibrations from water currents. This

helps fish sense movements nearby, alerting them to prey or predator activity in fishes

(Densmore., 2019). Scales in fishes have ctenoid scales composed of connective

tissues covered with calcium; also have a very important mucus layer covering the body

that helps prevent infection, (Robert, 2011). Fins are appendages used by the fish to

maintain position, move steer and stop. There are two kind of fins median and paired.

Median fin is single running down the midline of the body. Dorsal fin is a median fin

located on the dorsal side of the fish. The anal fin and caudal fin are median fin. Caudal

fin act like a propeller for the fish and caudal peduncle act like a motor. The paired fin

are arranged in pair, the pelvic and pectoral fin. Pectoral fins are vertical and are located

on the sides of fish. Pelvic fin is horizontally on the ventral side of the fish part the

pectoral fins in fish (Densmore., 2019). Pectoral fins are similar to animal arms which

are found near the pectoral muscles. Pelvic fins are similar to legs. Vent is a small
opening in the skin, has anal, genital, and urinary pores, the analpore is where feces

exits the fish body. The anus is the largest and most anterior of the pores, the genital

pore is where eggs or sperm are released, (Tembhre., 1996).

 CHAPTER 3

Research Design:

This study aims to determine the Ecological and Phylogenetic differences between

Red Snappers (Lutjanus campechanus) and Yellowtail Snappers (Ocysurus chrysurus).

This can provide an understanding about this species behavior, habitat preference, DNA

sequence, and their ecological role as prey and predator.

The factors being considered, and the data that will be collected. In this study, a

Quantitative Research will be the one to be use, a random sampling is to be use to

more accurate results and avoiding bias to assure that this

Research Environment:

This study was conducted in two different places where we have taken snapper

fishes as samples, these locations are Carmen Fish Port (fig.1) and Brgy. 8 Buenavista

(fig.2).
Figure.1 Figure.2
Methods:

To perform this study, we need data’s that is collected and determined by these

methods.

Sample collection;

Four samples of Snapper fish to be collected in the coastal waters of Carmen and

Buenavista randomly. Two Red snapper ((Lutjanus campechanus) sample from Carmen

and two Yellowtail snapper (Ocysurus chrysurus) sample from Buenavista.

Observations;

Observing these samples by their habitat preference and behavior in different

aquatic waters (fresh and salt water), and comparing DNA sequences and

morphological characteristics of the two species.

 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Upon utilizing the findings of Drummond et al., (2012) for BEAST v. 1.8.4 and Miller et

al. (2010) for the CIPRES Science Gateaway V. 3.3, the diversification analysis image

will be shown below:

 In the image shown above shows the evolutionary relationships among various

species of snappers. Note that this analysis tends to focus only on the

evolutionary relationship between Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) and

Yellowtail Snappers (Ocyurus chrysurus).

Based on the Phylogenetic tree provided by (SciELO -Brazil), Red Snapper

(Lutjanus campechanus) appears to be positioned farther away to their common

ancestor compared to Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus). The tree shows a

branching pattern for Yellowtail Snapper, recommending a potential divergence

info distinct lineage

 The genetic data used in this study includes partial sequence of the 16S

ribosomal RNA gene from mitochondrial genome of Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus

chrysurus). These sequences were obtained from National Center for

Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and were used to analyze genetic diversity and

compare evolutionary relationships among snapper species. The image below

shows the DNA sequence of the Yellowtail snapper:

 The genetic data used in this study includes partial sequences of the isolate RMS348

of the mitochondrial genome of Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus). These

sequences were obtained from National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

and were used to analyze genetic diversity and compare evolutionary relationships

among snapper species. The image below shows the DNA sequence of the Red

Snapper:
Comparison of Morphological Characteristic

The eyes of these fishes, Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) has a round lens and

very red coloration in the eyes (fig.1), while Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) has

also a round lens though the coloration in the eyes are mostly silver with hints of red

(fig.2).

Figure.1 Figure.2

The mouth position of these fishes, Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) (fig.1), and

Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) (fig.2) are both terminal.

Figure.1 Figure.2

The gills of both Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) (fig.1) and Yellowtail

Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) (fig.2) are similar in structure, consisting of delicate,

filamentous structures called gill filaments. Overall, their gills serve the same essential

function in both species, enabling efficient gas exchange for survival.

 Figure.1 Figure.2

The noses, or snouts, of red snapper and yellowtail snapper exhibit subtle

differences. Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) (fig.1) typically has a moderately

pointed snout, slightly elongated compared to yellowtail snapper. In contrast, Yellowtail

snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) (fig.2) tends to have a shorter, more rounded snout. Both

species have nostrils located on either side of the snout, allowing them to detect scent

molecules in the water. These differences in snout shape may be related to their feeding

behaviors and habitats, with red snapper often found in deeper waters and yellowtail

snapper inhabiting shallower reef environments.

Figure.1 Figure.2
 Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) (fig.1) has relatively large scales that

are firmly embedded in their skin, giving them a rough texture. Yellowtail snapper

(Ocyurus chrysurus) (fig.2) have smaller, more closely spaced scales compared

to red snapper, giving their skin a smoother appearance.

Figure.1 Figure.2

Lateral lines of the two species Red and Yellowtail snappers are visible, but the red

snapper’s lateral line is more noticeable due to the larger size of a red snapper.
 The fins of red snapper and yellowtail snapper exhibit some similarities but also

notable differences. Both species have dorsal, anal, pelvic, and caudal fins. The

snapper has continuous, big and pointy dorsal and anal fin while the yellowtail

snapper’s dorsal and anal fin is not continuous nor big and it is round. Red snapper

typically has a slightly forked caudal fin, with the upper and lower lobes being roughly

equal in size. In contrast, yellowtail snapper possesses a deeply forked caudal fin, with

the upper lobe significantly longer and more pronounced than the lower lobe. These

differences in fin morphology may reflect adaptations to their respective habitats and

swimming behaviors, with red snapper often found in deeper waters and yellowtail

snapper inhabiting shallower reef environments.

 Shape, colorization and size. Red snapper typically has a muscular, slightly elongated

body with a moderately pointed snout. Red snapper has a deep reddish-pink coloration

on their upper body, fading to a lighter pink or silver on the lower body. They can grow

quite large, reaching lengths of up to 40 inches. While Yellowtail snapper have a more

slender, smooth body compared to red snapper, with a distinct yellow stripes running

laterally along their body. They are typically smaller, reaching lengths of around 20

inches.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study highlights the ecological, phylogenetic and morphological

analysis of the two available species Lutjanus campechanus and Ocysurus chrysurus in

Carmen and Buenavista Agusan del Norte. A significant genetic diversity was found

among sites. However, they seem to have shown genetic connectivity among sites.

Ecological analysis of Red snapper and Yellowtail snapper (Lutjanus campechanus

and Ocysurus chrysurus) are predators that regulate the populations of their prey,

contribute to biomass regulation, influence benthic communities, maintain coral reef

habitats, and participate in nutrient cycling within marine ecosystems. They play crucial

roles in maintaining ecological balance and the health of marine environments.

Comparative analysis of the phylogenetic tree for the Red snapper and Yellowtail

snapper (Lutjanus campechanus and Ocysurus chrysurus) have provided a distinct

evolutionary relationship between the two species. Both shares common ancestor in the

Snapper family, but may have diverged over time due to various factors. Red Snapper

(Lutjanus campechanus) is positioned more distant to their common ancestor compared

to Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), this suggest that the Red Snapper is more

derived and Yellowtail Snapper retains more characteristics of the common ancestor

shared by both species.

In terms of morphological features, the Red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) tends

to have a more robust body, large eyes, and a distinct red coloration. It also has a

pointed anal fin and lacks a yellow stripe along its body. On the other hand, the
yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus) typically has a more streamlined body shape

with a yellow stripe running along its side, and a yellow tail, hence its name.

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