CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Choosing the Subject

Literature described as a piece of writing that expresses stories, dramatic events,

expresses emotions or feelings, based on ideas in a written or oral composition. In

addition to the primary literary such as drama, poetry and Song lyrics, as well as lesser

subgenres including fable, parable, and short stories. it is supported by according to

Cambridge Advanced Learner's (2008), literature defined as written artistic words,

particularly those with long-lasting artistic value.

Literature also refers to creative and inventive work that aims to intellectually

and emotionally engage readers. Its related to Arthur (2014) Literature encompasses all

forms of expression, not simply writing, and is not limited to written words. So maps,

sermons, comic strips, cartoons, speeches, photos, films, war memorials, and music are

all included in literary tools that anyone has the right to created or enjoy. As Ole bruhn

(1999) said ―We can use the term textualization to refer to a two-step process that

involves a society adopting writing as a social usage and, as a result, understanding and

construing social life, as well as society as a whole, as a text. So literature is a collection

of any work that is poured in any form of creativity and becomes both beautiful and

useful. Literature works play an important role in coloring human life it is undeniable

that we as Intelligent creature being in this world can feel any emotion, whether angry,

sad, annoyed, bored, happy, tired, etc. It is human things to express all of one's

emotions, both directly and through works; this is how literary works are created.

Everyone is free to express their feelings when creating literary works, but there

are some things to consider when creating literary works, one of which is choosing the
appropriate use of language, which is so important so that the literary works are more

beautiful and can be enjoyed with satisfaction. It is natural for humans to express their

emotions, both directly and through works; this is how literary works are created. Also

There are an example of a systematic review of literarure on qualifications would be In

press review of the effects of teachers' college course work on their current situations

discussed by (Kennedy, Ahn, and Choi's 2008).

Language is a sign or symbol that individuals use as vital tools to communicate

with other people. based on reflection (Chomsky, 2002: 1). This is to suggest that

language is a natural item, a part of the human intellect, physically reflected in the

brain, and a biological trait shared by the species. Additionally, Sapir (2010: 8) asserts

that language is used to convey a variety of complicated information about group

membership and relationships with the listener through a system of deliberately

produced symbols. Sapir (2010) defines language as "the communication of

conceptions, thoughts, and aspirations". It indicates that language is a system that

people use to express themselves verbally, in writing, orally, as well as through body

language and gestures, in order to comprehend and communicate with one another.

Furthermore, in order to make the communication goes well there must be a Good

understanding between the two speakers, in capturing the meaning behind the speech

spoken by the speaker using his own language.

In this situation people not always have the same ability to grasp the meaning

behind a speech. Language and literature are two interrelated concepts. The existence of

literature is solely based on language. It is in line with Robert Frost's poems (Barnet et

al., 1961: 1). Who says that the phrase "performance in words" refers to the role

language plays in how a literary work is presented? There won't be any literature or
literary works if there is no language. Language certifies the work as an artistic effort in

addition to serving as the medium for its existence. According to this claim, the reason

poetry exists as a literary genre is due to the language used by poets and authors to

communicate their artistic and creative craftmanship and by which readers may

genuinely understand, appreciate, and concretize the poets' ideas and messages.

Language can be expressed in a variety of ways, such as through melody, performance,

acting, and poems.

Nowadays, listening to music is not only a hobby. It can be a tool to boost the

mood of someone when listening to the music or appreciating the lyrics. People who

listen to music will gain emotional state and have their moods shift. (Piragasam et al.,

2013). Songs are a type of literary work that incorporates music. According to Griffe

(1992, p.3), songs are produced vocally, have linguistic meaning, and have melody." A

song can be defined as a piece of music with semantically significant lyrics that is

performed by a performer. A song's main components are its music and lyrics. Songs,

like poetry, use words with multiple meanings. Songs, according to (Hollaway and

Cheney, 2001), are messages that convey the lyricists' points of view to their audience.

The lyrics of the song are titled lyrics.

As a result, the messages conveyed by pop songs are easily perceived by a

diverse audience (Frith, Wil, and John., 2001). This conforms to Abrams' (2012) who

state that a lyric is any relatively short poem emitted by target speaker that conveys a

frame of mind or a conceptual, perception, or affective procedure and emotion. People

must understand, however, that music and song are not synonymous. Music is made up

of sounds that are combined to create an aesthetic experience. A song contains lyrics

that are meant to be sung aloud. The media does this as well to express lyrical created
by passion, which the listener can confirm. Definition of a lyric as any relatively short

poem emitted by a single speaker that expresses a mental state or a cognitive,

perceptual, or emotional process and sentiment. People should understand, however,

that music and song are not the same thing. Music is made up of sounds that are

combined in such a way that they produce an aesthetic experience. A song contains

lyrics that are intended to be sung with a voices.

This is also done by the media to express lyrical created by passion, which the

listener can confirm. Lyrics, songs, and poetry could be viewed as expressions of a

singer's or poet's personality in a four-way creative workshop. As a product required by

a specific listener song, as a creation or reflection of reality (Parks, 2018). Because

songs reflect social phenomena, one aspect of pop song messages concerns cultural

values that lyricists or singers and the audience share (Frith et al., 2001). A song is not a

piece of music unless it is accompanied by words. Many people use the words

interchangeably and synonymously, but they are not always synonymous. Connotation

is a prominent language feature found in many pop songs (Elicker, 1997).

There are hundreds of different types of music available today, but the most

popular in society is classical music. Is composed of rock, pop, electronic, jazz, Latin,

and, of course, classical music. There are also subgenres of this type of music, each

with subcategories that further classify it. There are several important factors to

consider when distinguishing between music and song. The term song always refers to a

piece of music with lyrics that is intended to be sung.

Based on (Bolderman & Reijnders, 2021) who said tropical language is a

linguistic expression that song listeners can understand and predict, and it is an

overview of the lyrics of a song. Everyone understands how it feels and what it's like to
hear it, but the difficult part is expressing it. "Music expresses that which cannot be

expressed in words and that which must remain silent," (author Victor Hugo). It is also

linked to (Henry Wadsworth., 1882), who called it " the common tongue of all people.

Nowadays music is available from all corners of the world, so many people like

this one as a present of literary work. There are many people who have talent in this

field and choose this job to entertain people. Moreover, it is very promising for a bright

future beside that, so many singing competitions from the past until now are

increasingly peaking and don„t seem to be going extinct. Starting from competitions for

children to adults, which bring out quality and world-famous singers. Starting from

Western to east such as K-Pop, this one is going viral not just in Asian country but also

already received in Western country. it is backed up by (Matsumoto, 2017) popular

culture critics have almost unanimously been optimistic about K-explosive pop's

popularity in the American music industry, (Thomas, 2018) which is notorious for

being a breeding ground for piracy and notoriously difficult to crack. So many people

adored them despite the fact that they were singing in their native language, which is

why people needed to see the translation to understand exactly what the meaning text

with the intention of being displayed was (Collins Dictionary), (Steview wonder) who

put that "Music has a healing power. It has the power to take people several hours'

away from themselves."

Music can uplift, excite, calm, and relax. Also music makes us feel most

perhaps all of the emotions we experience in life. To the best of our knowledge, no

previous research has concerned how responses to music might vary as a function of

time of day and day of the week not with standing a limited number of studies

published in recent years concerning temporal variations in emotional states (see, e.g.
1995; Parkinson, Briner, Reynolds, and Totterdell). The majority of music listening,

according to Rentfrow and Gosling's (2003) 74 participants, occurred while driving,

although "alone at home" was the second most common place to listen to music. Based

on the overrated One Direction song lyrics, who takes a lot of attention here lyric Is

categorized as the most important part of literary work in order to choosing a good

word or sentence to create a materpiece of work especially in song.Song components

include the lyrics. That lyric is described by Pettijohn & Sacco (2009) as delivering

stories and interacting with listeners in a manner similar to how people talk to one

another. According to the concept given above, a song is a poem that uses music and

metaphorical language in its lyrics, which are a component of songs that tell stories. or

a conversation between two individuals. A song's verses and choruses together make up

a lyric, which can also be a quick, non-narrative poem. A lyric uses a single speaker to

convey intimate emotions or ideas. Here, people are free to express their feelings in

lyric poetry, whether those feelings come from personal experience or something

similar. Fiction, drama, and poetry are the three categories of literary works, according

to Perrine (1982). Song writing is one music therapy intervention, which has been used

to facilitate adjustment to a number of acquired medical conditions.

It has been applied to young people who underwent bone marrow transplants

(Kennelly, 2001). For instance, many musicians use background vocalists who also sing

the songs. (Ebberts and Robb, 2003). Besides than singing, there are several different

ways to perform lyrics. Other typical methods of expressing lyrics in the punk and

heavy metal genres include screaming and shouting, as well as rapping in the rap and

hip hop genres. Less often than singing, spoken word is used to deliver lyrics. The

person who writes the lyrics is referred to as a lyricist, while the person who sings them
is referred to as a vocalist. Not surprisingly, another term for lyricist that may be more

familiar is songwriter.

Meaning is a description of someone„s thought that is communicated to another

through language. It is related to Grice in Dale (1996, p. 2), who assert that Meaning

describes the circumstances necessary and adequate in terms of propositional attitude

and action countries for a phrase to be true. mean a particular thing to the people in a

population. The authors emphasize the importance of the setting for this study, the

meaning of words encountered in a particular situation can be defined. The defined

terms also have context-specific meanings. the context in which they were utilized to

determine their actual meaning. As a result, depending on the situation, contextual

meaning might have many meanings. Therefore, in understanding the literal meaning of

the song, the listeners should have further knowledge about figurative language.

Various types of word meanings are studied in semantics. These two terms are easy to

confuse because they refer to related concepts. And every word can have both

denotation and connotation. Connotative meaning is one type of deep meaning semantic

study. Connotative meaning is meaning that is not true. Meaning connotative is found

in a clause.

There are several studies on meaning of the lyric song. Studies on meaning to

convey have also been carried out in various social, educational and etc. There are 4

examples of previous research related to the current research. The previous research

was conducted by Debi Ratna Wati ( 2014), Rafika Wahyu Rahmadhanti, Marudut

Bernadtua Simanjuntak, Jumalintong Sihombing (2022), Wichukorn, Suriyawongpaisal

(2013), Arsiska Sari & Paramita Kusumawardhani (2015).

 The first research, was conducted by Debi Ratna Wati ( 2014), ―A Dexis

analysis of song lyric in Taylor swift Album Red‖ It relates to the dexis meaning and

types used in taylor swift song lyric in album Red.. In addition, the second research was

conducted by Rafika Wahyu Rahmadhanti, Marudut Bernadtua Simanjuntak,

Jumalintong Sihombing (2022), Methapor Analysis and meaning On The song

"Different World‖. The researcher finds analyze sentence metaphors and know the

meaning of the songs contained in the song is entitled "Different World ". The third

research was conducted by Wichukorn Suriyawongpaisal (2013).

A Study of Figurative Language That Conveys Connotation Related to

American Cultural Values in Pop Songs: The Case of Taylor Swift. In this study, this

article is a part of thesis entitled A Study of Figurative Language That Conveys

Connotation Related to American Cultural Values in Pop Songs: The Case of Taylor

Swift supervised by Assistant Professor Dr. Pataraporn Tapinta Then, the last research

was conducted by Arsiska Sari & Paramita Kusumawardhani (2015) Denotative and

Connotative Meaning in One direction„s Songs Lyric: A Semantic Perspective. They

revealed that there are find connotative and denotative meaning on specific object in the

three one direction„s songs lyric based on Withers and Keami (2003) as the activity in

semantic class.

B. Research Questions

This research is concerned with meaning in One direction songs of midninght

memoriest Album? So, based on the background of study presented above, the

researcher formulates two research questions as follows:

1. What types of the meaning that use in one direction song of midninght

memoriest Album?
2. How the influence of meaning in one direction song of Midnight Memoriest

Album?

C. Objectives of the Research

Based on the research questions discussed above, the objectives of this research

are:

1. to find out the types that„s use in one direction song of midnight memories

Album.

2. to explore how the influence of meaning in one direction song of Midnight

Memoriest Album?

D. Significance of the Research

This research is made as a reference material because this research can be useful

to make people know the types of meaning in the song lyric. So people can realize the

important of knowing the meaning of the song. The importance of this research aim to

obtain the information or data needed. Research on the album midnight memoriest and

researchers can also solve Problem and can also find the right solution. The significance

of this research is divided into two types. Theoretical significance and practical

significance. Theoretical significance is theory based significance, a source prior to

carrying out practical significance. While the practical meaning is practice according to

theory. The results of this study are expected to be useful both theoretically and

practically. Theoretically, the researcher hopes that this research can become a new

perspective in the study of meaning and also the influence of meaning in a song.

In practice, this research is expected to help understand the meaning of the song. So

that people can be more careful in listening to music or songs. Likewise, we have to be

careful about what we eat, because everything that goes into our mouths is processed by
our bodies. But we tend to forget that what we consume through our eyes and ears must

also be processed. Music or songs can be inspirational or motivational, therefore

knowing the meaning of a song is important. Researchers also hope that this research

can provide information that can be used as a reference in building a good

understanding and in accordance with the meaning and context by listeners. really need

to understand the meaning especially in lyric of song.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Theoretical background

1. Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is the study of how language functions and how meaning is

formed in various social circumstances. It can be applied to any type of written or

spoken language, as well as nonverbal communication elements such as tone and

gestures. According to Van Dijk (2004). Discourse analysis is a method of analyzing

how language is used in a certain context; the language used can be seen in a

conversation, a speech, or any form of genre, such as song lyrics. There is a song whose

lyrics attempt to portray how a culture is, and she sends an intriguing message. On the

other hand, the lyrics of a song have not been thoroughly examined; so, this section

contains vital messages that can be handled through discourse analysis. Song lyrics are

also a kind of communication because they can communicate major concepts about

society and convey various messages.

The goal of analyzing this song„s lyrics is to show that the language employed

in the lyrics can depict how a society is and its social ramifications, such as social

problems and city life. Discourse analysis (DA), often known as discourse studies, is a

method of analyzing written, spoken, or sign language use, as well as any major

semiotic event. Bavelas (2002:102) cited by Rona Merita who stated that the systematic

study of naturally occurring (rather than hypothetical) communication at the level of

meaning is known as discourse analysis (rather than as physical acts or features).

However, A quick review of the discourse analysis literature reveals that, while some

scholars use the phrase to denote a specific type of analysis, it is also a name that is
widely used across numerous disciplines for a variety of purposes. As a result, it is

more accurate to think of discourse analysis as a collection of tools and techniques.

Rather than as a single, unified technique, approaches with significant common

interests. There also textual analysis Textual analysis refers to the rhetorical principles

used to examine the characteristics of texts. In a nutshell, textual analysis is the sole

concentration on a piece of rhetoric. According to (Kee), Textual analysis is a

methodology that involves the collection and analysis of data. Academic research

gathers information. a few academic disciplines (especially in the physical and

biological sciences).

The social sciences have very strict methodology; there are specific,

longstanding rules recognized and acknowledged procedures for gathering and

processing information. Sumarlam (2013: 85) states about textual discourse, according

to Rona. In a song, lyrics becomes a subject that can be analyzed. The practice of

Discourse Analysis is linked to how we produce and consume text. The diction of

words used to present the circumstance must be chosen when writing the text. As a

result, it can be read by others as a decent text. Text can be viewed as a collection of

language assertions. Several discourse products are provided as examples. Interviews,

conversations, meetings, letters, diaries, propaganda, discussions, laws, contracts,

political discourses, songs, poetry, and news are just a few examples (Van Dijk, 1981)

cited by Meita Puji.

According to Van Dijk (1997: 17), What is said in public, spoken language is

sometimes referred to as dialogue. In those other statements, social practice both

constitutes and is constituted by discursive (Wodak, 1999: 8).

2. The Study of Meaning

2.1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that considers the practical details Of how

people frame their messages in the context of discourse. It is concerned with people's

intended meanings, assumptions, purposes, and goals, as well as the types of actions

they take when communicating (Yule, 1996) cited by Steven Brown. Pragmatics

focuses on inferred meaning perceived by the speaker and listener, who create meaning

by using the manner, place, and time of an utterance. Steven Brown then, refers to the

pragmatic process by which musical senders fashion their sounds so as to fit particular

intended meanings.

Music defined as an effective tool for fostering group coordination and

cooperation. Its ability to arouse and synchronize movement can result in coordinated

and cooperative activity. And again, excellent coordination. It can be used to both

threaten and rein in potential enemies. Local feelings of goodwill are being forced.

When such coordination takes place it tends to generate a symbiotic relationship in the

setting of collective musical performance. Bolic sense of equality and togetherness,

resulting in a leveling of status disparities across participants, dampening within group

effects competition. One area of intense analysis in sociomusicological studies has been

in the music of social protest, where it is through music that social/political movements

exert much of their influence on the society At large (See Garofalo, 1992; Wicke, 1992;

Eyerman and Jamison, 1998). According to (e.g., Merriam, 1964) cites in Steven Brown

"Music as a valuable tool for emotional expression, conflict resolution, and social play."

Music and dance are, in fact, among the few tools for channeling emotional expression

at the group level. Beyond formal studies of semantics and syntax, pragmatics is

concerned with how individuals generate meaningful messages for their intended
audience. and the setting for their presentation, all in accordance with their reasons and

intended objectives..

What exactly does music mean? how do people express themselves through

music? The primary framework this branch of musicology is derived not from

communication studies, but from the field of musical semiotics represents linguistic

theory. The excessive, the focus of theories in musical semiotics is on the quest to

describe the nature of musical semantics in relation to linguistic philosophy. As a result,

Language serves as the yardstick against which musical meaning theories are measured

(Monelle, 1995) Steven Brown cites. This has generated a long-standing discussion

About the nature of musical signs, as modeled after the semiotic formulations of

Ferdinand de Saussure and Charles Peirce (Turino, 1999) cited in Steven Brown. Many

musicological theories make a binary distinction between two levels of musical

meaning (reviewed in Feld and Fox, 1994). The first level is concerned with inherent

emotive meanings and is defined by what will refer to as music effect theories,‖ which I

define as theories that explain music„s emotive impacts as a causal function of musical

structure. The second level is concerned with language, and musical semiotic theories

describe connotative meanings primarily. This distinction

In the literature, the term "association" appears frequently. This distinction has

been labeled as intrinsic, extrinsic, musical, extramusical, absolute, referential

(Meyer, 1956; Feld and Fox, 1994); and acoustic / vehicle (Meyer, 1956; Feld and Fox,

1994). (Brown, 2000b) cited by Steven Brown. Essentially, the way music affects

persuasion is dependent on more fundamental processes such as stimulation and

semiotic, which are aided by music. Music employs a language as a means of

communication. Using practical applications of well-understood acoustic devices to

conform to the intended message's content.

2.2. Semantics

The study of the organization and expression of meaning in language is known

as semantics (Hao 2018). Semantics is fascinating when applied to literary works such

as songs, poems, and prose (Asrifan et al. 2021). Dimension, according to Charles W.

Kreidler, includes reference and representation, connotation, meaning relation, lexical

and grammatical meaning, compound words, homonyms, polysemy, lexical ambiguity,

sentences, and meanings. Semantics is the branch of linguistics concerned with

meaning (Sebastian, Understanding Semantics, Arnold, 2002, p. 31) cited by Lilis. The

meaning of a word, phrase, or sentence must be carefully examined since it has the

power to change anything. To be more understandable communicated with others, and

everyone has their own point of view about semantic. In order to say what a

meaning is, we may first ask what a meaning does, and then find something that

does that. Intentions are a step on the route to meanings. They are interesting in and of

themselves. We„ll think about it later. Be added to a desire to have something that can

do everything that a meaning has an effect. A sentence that suffers from failure of

presupposition is often thought to lack a truth-value (for instance in Strawson, 1950;

Keenan, 1969; Mc Cawley, 1969). Cited by Lewis. According to (Papafragou 2021)

semantics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on meaning. Many terminologies have

different meanings depending on their lexical and contextual context‖. The contextual

meaning, on the other hand, is the actual phrases explained referring to the situation in

which they were. The lexical meaning of words is understood as the meaning of words

in the sense of the sentences in which they appear (Kriz et al. 2018). Word meaning is a
topic that deals with the relationship between words and meanings (Bahodirovna n.d). It

also covers denotation, connotation, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, polysemy, and

figurative language (Triana Et al. 2022).

2.3 Semiotic

Semiotic derives from the Greek semesion, meaning sign, semainon which

means signifier and semainomenon. Semiotics is an examination of how meaning is

formed and communicated. Its origins can be found in academic studies of how signs

and pictures (visual and etymological) produce meaning. It is a way of perceiving the

world and how the environment and culture we live in, as well as the way we look and

think about things, all have a significant impact on how we look and think about things.

Our behaviors and thoughts what we do unconsciously are frequently represented by a

collection of cultural norms and pacts and are founded on our ability to translate them

intuitively and promptly (Sign Salad). When we observe the varied colors of a traffic

light, we intuitively understand how to respond to them. We are aware of this without

having to think about it.

The simple definition has been agreed upon by Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles

Sanders Peirce, Roland Barthes, Roman Jakobson, Charles Morris, and Umberto Eco

(Eco, 1979; Leeds-Hurwitz, 1993; Panuti & Zoest, 1996; Chandler, 2002). Semiotic

accounts for everything that can be seen or interpreted as a sign, as stated by Umberto

Eco in his book titled "A Theory of Semiotics," who stated that "semiotics is concerned

with everything that can be taken as a sign." 'A sign is anything that can be interpreted

as significantly substituting for something else.' (1979; 7). Here, semiotic also have

relation of song lyric because it was talking about meaning the complicated ontological

topography of music best describes the function of semiotic features in musicology..

 For the sake of the application of this method to the general semiosis model.

This preliminary inquiry demonstrates that the study of music cannot be reduced to the

dimension„ of semiotics, but that it is one of three pillars of musical ontology. So

semiotic that been used in a song is semiotic signs such as visual signs, verbal signs in

song lyrics, denotation and connotation meaning. Semiotics refers to the sign, because

of that here the question like can be music or song being a sign? Might appear so here,

musical semiotics exists in its current form as either a branch of general semiotics, the

application of a general semiotic theory to music, or as a subdiscipline of musicology,

the science of music, which studies both European and non-European, classical and

popular kinds of music.

3. Figure of Speech

Figurative speech gives new perspectives on the world by making comparisons

between diverse objects. Figurative language contrasts things in such a way that their

parallels, when highlighted, are interesting, unique, and startling. Perrine Laurence

believes (1984 : 61) cited in Endang.

Figure of speech is any way of saying something that is not the ordinary way.

Figures of speech are used in the lyrics. Figures of speech contain connotative meaning

because figurative language works by utilizing the connotations of specific worlds and

the thing refers to. This means that figurative language and implications are inextricably

linked. As a result, the author is also interested in analyzing the connotative meaning of

the figure of speech used in lyrics. Understanding the message of a song or a poetry is

difficult, especially in nowdays.

Poetry song is more complicated and unusual. The genre of song or poem

differs from the genre of prose. Prose is easier to understand than poetry or song.
Because prose language is common expression. The vocabulary used in song is called

"uncommon utterance." A figure of speech is any way of saying something other than

the ordinary way, and it is more narrowly defined as a way of saying one thing while

meaning something else (perrine laurence 1992 : 61). If we pay attention, we don't often

say a certain word in our daily lives. We express ourselves directly by using figures of

speech, a term that make. Comparisons or the use of words outside of their usual

context. Saying one thing and meaning another can be awkward. "You are very very

intelligent, you must study harder," a teacher tells his or her student, but his or her

speech actually implies the opposite,"You are very stupied, thus you must study

harder." We're all guilty of it.

1) Metaphor

Metaphor is used to compare things that are fundamentally different. The

comparison is implied in metaphor, which means that the figurative term is substituted

for or identified with the literal term. Depending on whether the literal and figurative

concepts are named or implied, metaphor can take one of four forms. Both the literal

and figurative concepts are named in the first type of metaphor as in simile. For

example, in Francis poetry the literal meaning is "life," and the figurative term is hound.

The literal phrase is named in the second form, and the figurative term is narrated. We

all do it, and for good reason. We do so because figures of speech allow us to express

ourselves more clearly and passionately than direct speech. Bentley R.C (1972: 96 - 97)

claims that In fact, we are constantly employing figurative language to improve the

clarity of our ideas.

2) Simile

Smile is a figure of speech that compares two things. It has two distinguishing

features. It is typically introduced with the words like or as (or words with a similar

meaning). According to Perrine (1992: 61), metaphor and simile are both used to

compare things that are fundamentally dissimilar. A simile is a comparison of two

dissimilar things using the words "like" or "as" (standford judith 1999 : 50). Have you

ever noticed how often your friends say, "It's like" or "I'm like?" They do not always

use similes, but they are attempting to imitate something (often a conversation). The

word like refers to a direct comparison of two things.

3) Personification

Perrine (1992: 64) defines personification as "giving the attributes of a human

being to an animal, an object, or a concept." Personification is the process of imbuing

inanimate objects with human or animal characteristics. The beastlike school bus from

E.B. White is a great example of figurative language. We can see the bus approaching

its innocent victim, and we have the distinct impression that city schooling, for example

is more about being a helpless captive than a willing participant. A writer may repeat a

word or picture in a literary work so many times that you begin to question why. For

instance, why did Patricia Grace title her story "Butterflies" and use butterflies as the

primary image? Personification is primarily caused by the effect of verbs denoting

human activity on abstract nouns (though adjectives, to a lesser extent, may also

personify). Subjects are literal, but predicates are figurative. (John Stephens, 1990:

232).

4) Metonymy

According to Perrine (1992 : 214), metonymy is a figure of speech in which a

significant aspect or detail of an experience is used to represent the entire experience,

and the single term metonymy is used for what are sometimes and metonymy. The most

common distinction between metaphor and metonym is that a metaphor substitutes for

something else implied in its context, whereas a metonym deletes something from its

context; it removes the major element and replaces it with some component, or part, of

the entire concept. Metonymy, the substitution of the name one thing for that of another

with which it is in some way connected. For instance, the screptre stands for royalty, for

the person accupying it. Bennett (1972: 99).

5) Paradox

Paradox is a symbol is something that represents more than just what it is. The

Road Not Taken, for example depicts a choosing between two roads while out strolling

in the woods. Image, metaphor, and symbol all blend together and can be difficult to
distinguish. In general, an image means only what it is, a metaphor„s figurative term

means something other than what it is, and a symbol means what it is and more. In

other words, a symbol serves both literal and figurative purposes.

Symbol in literary work, an object, action, person, or animal that stands for

something other than its literal meaning, according to Standford Judith (1999: 50). The

device of symbolism cannot be strictly defined as a figure of speech, but rather as one

of the modes of expression. It is a broader term that encompasses "metonymy" in its

various forms, and makes use of certain impressions or symbols, such as the wedding

ring as a symbol of marriage and the heart as a symbol of true love. Bennett (1972: 99).

The symbol Is the richest and at the sarne time the most difficult of the poetic figures.

The degree of identification and definition given to symbols by their authors varies.

Perrine (1992), pp. 80-81).

6) hyperbole

A figure of speech that uses an exaggerated or lavish statement to elicit a strong

emotional response is known as hyperbole. It is not meant to be taken literally as a

figure of speech. Humorously, hyperbole is commonly utilized. These are some

examples of hyperbole. They took off like greased lightning. Hyperbole is the use of

exaggerated terms to emphasize rather than deceive; for example, "all the perfumes of

Arabiq will not sweeten this little hand" (Shakespeare). (Bentley 1972 : 98).

Overstatement, like all figures of speech, can be used to achieve a variety of effects,

whether humorous or grave, fanciful or restrained, convincing or unconvincing, can

appear strained and ridiculous. ( Laurence, 1992).

7) irony

Irony, like paradox, has meanings that go beyond its use as a figure of speech.

Verbal irony, or saying the opposite of what one means, is frequently confused with

sarcasm and satire. Since linguistic irony always indicates the opposite of what is said,

it has several gradations, and it only means the opposite of what is stated in its most

basic form. In more complicated versions, it means both what is stated and the

antithesis of what is said at the same time, but in different ways and with varying

degrees of emphasis. According to Judith (1999 : 49) Verbal Irony as there can be

differences between what a character says and what a character does, or between what a

character believes to be true and what the reader knows to be true (irony of situation,

page 29), there can also be differences between what a character or author says and

what he or she means (verbal irony). Irony as a figure of speech, while having a bite to

it, often has a humorous side to it. When Our Lord said, "how can you say to your

brother, Brother, let me take out the speck that is in your eye,' when you yourself do not

see the log that is in your eye?" He was using both effects. (Luke 6:42).

8) Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy in which a portion of something replaces the

entire item. For example, many new hands (employees) are working at the factory,

giving us our daily bread (food), and here from gracious England (king of England)

(Bentley 1972:99).

4. Understanding Types of Meaning

In this study, the author applied Geoffrey Neil Leech's theory who is an expert

in English language and linguistics. According to Leech (1981: 1), meaning is

composed of seven distinct elements. He categorizes meaning into seven groups. There
are seven types of meaning: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning,

emotive meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and theme meaning.

Meaning connected to a logical, cognitive, or denotative substance.

Meaning with connotation connected with what is communicated by virtue or what

language alludes to. Social/stylistic significance connected with what is transmitted of

the social circumstances of language use. Affective meaning associated with what is

communicated of the speaker„s or writer„s feelings and attitudes. Collocative meaning

is associated with what is transmitted through word association. They frequently occur

in the context of another word. The final meaning is thematically related to what is

communicated by the message„s organization in terms of sequence and emphasis.

However, meanings have been taken to play a variety of roles in theories of

linguistic. Understanding, of the determination of referents, of intentional states, and of

a range of semantic Phenomena, according to (Davis and Gillon, 2004: 70). In his

semantic book, Leech divides "meaning" in a broad sense into seven different forms,

with logical or conceptual meaning taking precedence. Meaning, according to Leech

(1981: 8), can be learned as a linguistic phenomenon, not as something separate from

language. However, the scope of linguistics that studies about meaning does not only

consist of one field of science. There are only seven types of meaning, according to

Leech. Meaning is crucial in comprehending what is stated.

As a result, There are seven forms of meaning, and they all contribute significantly.

To the semantic field. The study of meaning is a relatively new field. Topic of study in

this century and in the future Will advance and be very valuable in the Meaning

analysis in the subject of linguistics. It is divided into seven categories in general.

Implying that five of them are identified as meanings that are linked together. The
definition of associative Meaning is unstable in meaning and has individual Experience

variants (Leech, 1974: 21) Cited by sandra .The associated meaning of expressions is

tied to the individual speaker's mental knowledge. They are classified into five types:

connotative, stylistic, emotional, reflective, and colloquial meaning.

a. Conceptual Meaning

What Leech calls conceptual meaning is the same as what other scholars call

denotative, or designative, or cognitive, or descriptive„ meaning. And meaning is seen

as a critical aspect in linguistic communication.It is a fundamental component of a

language„s core function, whereas other forms of That is, do not. Leeches are concerned

with conceptual meaning. Considered primary since it is comparable in structure As

well as syntactical and phonological structure of language At the semantic

representation level, the conceptual meaning of a sentence will be explained using

abstract semantic representation.

Symbols and distinguishing features. People will benefit from this. To

distinguish the meaning of specific words and phrases chosen from among all other

viable sentences in the language. This representation will also correspond to the

meaning of the statement by using the appropriate grammatical structure and

phonological forms. Conceptual meaning refers to the logical meaning. Speech

comprehension is recognized as an essential skill. A grammatical competency

component. The other option is cognitive or denotative meaning denotation (Lyons

1981).
b. Connotative Meaning

To define precisely this type of meaning, consider Leech's work on semantics.

As the definition suggests, connotative meanings inevitably overlap with certain aspects

of conceptual meanings. As a result, "reference" elements frequently overlap with

conceptual meaning elements, such as when conflicting conceptual meaning features

become attributes of "real-world" references. However, as Leech claims, the additional

attributes expected from the reference are dependent on a variety of other factors, such

as age or society, and they can also be dependent on the individual (1981:12).

Leech defined connotative meaning as an expression's communication value that

is dependent on what it alludes to rather than its pure conceptual substance. This is a

reference property. This is a reference, denotatum, or realworld segment property that is

not included in the conceptual meaning. There are constructive aspects or criteria that

give basic requirements for the correct usage of words from various features of multiple

sources. Leech's (1981) connotative meaning is related to real-world experiences

associated with linguistic expressions that people use or hear. Connotative meaning is a

device when compared to conceptual meaning. It is also unstable because it fluctuates

according on culture, historical period, and individual experience. The connotative

meaning is ambiguous and undefined. This is because it is dependent on the speaker's

knowledge and trust, and it may belong to the reference, actual, or fictional features

identified by the speaker. Nonetheless, conceptual meaning is composed of a small

number of closed aspects. Leech's concept of connotative meaning differs significantly

from Zgusta's concept of connotation as a component of lexical meaning, and John

Lyon's use of connotative differs from denotation. In the connotation, Zgusta (1971)
includes the so-called Leeches of social and affective significance. Lyon and others

refer to this as emotional or emotive.

c. Affective Meaning

Affective meaning is connected to the speaker„s own emotions or viewpoints.

The emotive meaning is only tangentially tied to conceptual representation, similar to

social meaning.Leech (2003: 27-28) states that affective meaning is often explicitly

conveyed through the conceptual or connotative content of the words used. For

example, McDonalds motto is I„m Lovin„ It. The word lovin It as proof that this

sentence describes the feelings of The writer and reader towards the product.

d. Collective Meaning

According to Leech (2003: 30), collocative meaning is the association of words

obtained because of the meaning of words that tend to occur in their environment. for

instance Think about the words "beautiful" and "handsome." Although they are both

"Nice looking," beautiful and handsome can be distinguished by the number of nouns

with which they frequently appear or are combined: Girls, boys, girls, parks, flowers,

colors, villages, and so on are all lovely. Attractive boy, guy, vehicle, overcoat, aircraft,

typewriter, and so on. It's possible that the terms "handsome woman" and "pretty

woman" are interchangeable. Despite the fact that the two terms have different appeals

due to their collocative relationship, both are appropriate. In the current study, Leech's

quotation must be cited: "The meaning of the collocative consists of the associations

that words acquire because of the meaning of words that tend to occur in their

environment." (Leech 1981) To clarify his definition, he uses the adjectives "beautiful"

and "handsome," as well as words commonly found around them.

 e. Associated Meaning

Associative meaning define as The combination of six language use patterns

known as associative meaning relates to certain mental connections. These associations

are made based more on the similarity of real-world experience than linguistic context.

The discussion that follows focuses on four categories of associative meanings, such as

connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, and collocative meaning.

These categories were chosen based on various specific communicative properties.

F. Social Meaning

Languages associated with social languages (1981: 14) Because this is closely

related to various social groups that are part of the situation, David Crystal and Derek

Davy form a collection of socio Style variations that correspond to 3 (1969: 66)

a) Dialect (Language of geographical area or social Class)

b) Time (e.g. 18th-century language)

c) Province (Legal language, science, advertising, etc.

d) Status (Polite, colloquial, slang, etc.)

e) Modalities (Language memoranda, lectures, talks, Etc.)

f) Singularity (Style Dickens, Hemingway, etc

Therefore, words can be announced with conceptual and social meanings that

are both very rare, and, to prove that, Leeches add samples while comparing conceptual

synonyms with different style Meanings. (1981, 14). Depending on the circumstances,

social meaning can include what is known as the power of illocution, which can then be

interpreted as Leech's requests, apologies, challenges, and so on. (1981: 15)

g. Thematic Meaning

This type of thematic meaning provides an answer to the question: "What is

communicated by the way the author shapes and organizes messages?" which can be

considered part of a semantic sentence. (Leeches 1981: 19) There are several examples

of these events, such as examples where active and passive sentence construction is

confronted, e.g. Mr X donated the first prize. (Active) Vs. The first prize was donated

by Mr X. (Passive) (Leech 1981: 19). Leech, on the other hand, claims that thematic

meaning is ―a matter of choice between possible grammatical formulations.‖for

example, in the sentence a man is here to meet you. And there is a man here to see you‖.

(1981: 19). In Addition, emphasis by replacing one element with another or stress and

when dealing with this type of meaning, intonation can also be very important. (1981).

4.1. Influence of Meaning in Song

Currently, music is one of the most popular literary works, not only for young

people but adults also listen to it, especially nowadays there are also various kinds of

genres in music available, along with the times, technology is getting more

sophisticated so that music is available in various cool platforms. it is undeniable that

songs or music are a way to live, the fact is that there are many people who cannot live

without listening to songs, so you will easily find people playing music while doing

their work, some even play music while studying, doing housework such as sweeping

and cleaning. the other, while exercising, driving or whatever. Research also shown that

listening to music can reduce anxiety, blood pressure, and pain as well as improve sleep

quality, mood, mental alertness, and memory. Music can be enjoyable, and some

studies show that it can even make you healthier. Music can provide pleasure and

satisfaction, but it also has numerous psychological benefits.

 Music can help people relax their minds, energize their bodies, and even better

manage their pain. It may not come as a surprise that music can influence your

thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Plato argues music develops reason in the soul.

Through ears and eyes, music transfers wisdom, bravery to the soul (Barker, 1960). In

the Laws (Book II), Plato asserts with an importance that a person who knows music

but has no understanding of good and evil cannot be expected to be treated as an ethical

individual (Plato, 1908).Cited by Hasan Toufiq. Music or songs are very useful in

expressing one's emotions through melodies and song lyrics (song lyrics). Listening to

a song, on the other hand, can familiarize us with the language of the song's

introduction, which can help us learn the grammar and meaning of the song lyrics (song

lyrics A song can be melodious and beautiful only with music, but lyrics are important

to convey the message that the writer or creator wants to convey to the listeners.

Music is an essential component of culture and daily life that has long been

thought to be related to personality. More than any other media, music has a close

relationship with our emotions: it inspires creativity, stirs up memories, and transmits

feelings. There seem to be lots of different ways that music can impact your mood.

This is a result of the rhythm and tone that music has for us to hear. Our hearts actually

start to beat in time with a rhythm as we listen to it. Our brain detects sadness or

depression when our heart rate is slow and our diastolic blood pressure is high. A heart

that beats very quickly indicates enthusiasm, whereas a rhythm that is dreamy but

occasionally exuberant can indicate love or joy. As important as rhythm is tonality. In

general, music in the "major key" communicates happiness to our brains while music in

the "minor key" conveys sadness. All of this has a powerful impact on our brain,

causing our mind to genuinely feel what is being communicated.

 Here, the author going to explore more about the influence of meaning in song,

because it make the research curious of some question which is appear in mind,

probably some of you might think about that too. Such as is it okay to hear the music

which is contain bad things? Whether is in a word to meaning, is there any effect of

listening that kind of music? Does bad meaning in music can change our personality?

What„s gonna happen to our self if we still hear that kind of song because we enjoy the

melody? As we know, not every song contain a good lyric, right? some people gonna

think song is song to enjoy,no matter what the lyric say, as long the melodies is good

and can affort our mood. But there also some people didn„t wanna hear the song which

is contain the bad lyric because it was too dangerous for our thougths. Because of that,

the author tryna find how the influence of meaning appear in a song. The author totally

agrees with the opinion that music affects the personality of someone who hears it so,

be aware of the music you listen to. The research has been find the influence of

meaning contain in song lyric such as :

a) Song lyric presdipose emotional state

As we know about how powerful the song could be to support emotional health,

in other word to knowing the massage of the song. According to (North and

Hargreaves, 2008)‖ among these various meanings, one of the main reasons why music

is ubiquitous in commercial environments, television, cinema, and the internet is its

ability to represent or express emotions Music isn„t the only art that influences well-

being. The other half of the definition of lyrics that is, words also have been shown to

influence our emotional state. According to study, both words and music have an

emotional effect on us. What is there to say about the blending of music and words?

The most difficult portion of my investigation was this. Though they are usually
partners, lyrics are rarely examined as frequently as music. Studies on the connection

between language and music as well as the numerous ways that music might support

language have also been conducted. Every human gathering, from joy to sadness,

sporting activities to weddings, music is present. Music is also present in every human

community imaginable. In all cultures, music accompanies events. Because music is so

widely available, emotional responses to it both positive and negative affect a sizable

enough portion of the population that they could be used as a tool for public health

interventions. Music "expresses that which cannot be put into words and cannot remain

silent,". But music itself is primarily composed of notes and empty spaces. What if the

song contains lyrics When we discuss lyrics, its referring to the words used in music.

According to this notion, discussing lyrics without referencing music is not

conceivable. Together, music and lyrics support one another and co-create an

experience; without one, the other does not function as well.

b) Song Lyric impact our lives

Can lyrics have any real meaning if you don't know what they mean? we can

easily fall in love with tunes even though we don't comprehend the lyrics. Only a song's

enticing beat or hook can make a listener love it. By connecting with the listener

through music, a songwriter might influence that person's mood, vibe, or spiritual

energy. Therefore, as a music fan, you might want to be informed about the song's

meaning or intent.here yhe author recognize the importance of well written songs

because they enable you to connect deeply with the lyrics. Have you ever fallen in love

with a song by a contemporary artist and wondered how it got so popular? The lyrics

that songwriters today write have altered through time, losing their original meaning.

Others have investigated the phenomenon of musical expressivity in terms of more

 basic dimensions of affect (typically arousal and valence, e.g., Schubert, 1999; Gomez

and Danuser, 2007; Egermann et al., 2009), while others have used other dimensions

(such as tension and energy, e.g.,Illie and Thompson, 2006, 2011) or ad hoc lists of

emotional adjectives (e.g., Wedin, 1972; Giomo, 1993; Leman et al., 2005).

The purpose of lyrics used to be to make you feel connected to the words, reflect on

life, or even feel empowered. Lyrics are important because they have the power to

transform people's lives for the better or worse. A talented musician aspires to create

songs about their own experiences that will resonate with millions of listeners. Most

people are aware that music has an emotional impact on the human brain. We all have

that one song that makes us cry while also having a song that really pumps you up and

gets you going again.Music has a powerful emotional impact, which is why composers

include music in films they want you to feel sad, happy, angry, or scared at just the right

moment. You've probably chosen music to elicit a specific reaction in your brain,

similar to how gym-goers play a motivational playlist full of energy to get them through

a workout. All of this, of course, is supported by research demonstrating that music can

affect our emotions in a variety of ways. Upbeat music causes our brains to produce

chemicals such as dopamine and serotonin, which elicit feelings of happiness, whereas

calming music relaxes both the mind and the body. The study also revealed that, while

music can influence our mood, our mood can also influence the music we listen to -

which explains Adele's success in writing fantastically powerful break-up songs.

c) Song lyric changed perspection

Althought all of us, have our own musical preferences and likes, it's difficult to

ignore the rest of the music scene. the majority of us don't frequently think about the

types of music we listen to and how melody affects the brain, body, and spirit. Not only
does melody influence us subconsciously, but also the words and imagery used in the

lyrics. Nowadays, a lot of individuals have the good fortune to live in nations where

freedom of speech and artistic expression are fundamental rights. But, when some of

the most approachable, well-known, and ubiquitous songs have sexualized themes,

misogynistic language, references to violence, drugs, and ostentatious displays of

riches, where does that leave the listener? Where should the line be drawn? Because I

believed these messages were inconsistent and disjointed, I was hypersensitive to the

negative themes in the songs I listened to or was exposed to as a teenager. Being

hopelessly in love with a song produces an unexplainable feeling. According to this

viewpoint, basic emotions are innate and universal affect programs that evolved through

phylogenesis to serve important survival functions.

Several empirical predictions are derived from this perspective on emotional

expressivity: facial and vocal expressions of basic emotions and thus musical

expressions of basic emotions as well) are more readily perceived than expressions of

non-basic emotions; basic emotions are expressed and perceived equally across

cultures; appear early in development (Izard and Malatesta, 1987); have distinct brain

substrates (Panksepp, 2000); and are associated with distinct patterns of

physicochemical expressions (Plutchik, 1980; Izard, 1992). Other species' vocal and

facial emotional expressions can also be identified (Geen, 1992). Imagine, You're

perusing YouTube's recommended music videos when the lights are off in your room.

You stop at one. You think to yourself, "well, that's a pretty beautiful tune," as the first

chords begin to play through your speakers. You then play it back. When you

acknowledge that "this is exactly how I've been feeling," the songs replay in your head

endlessly. Everything I needed to hear was said here. And after about three minutes,
you stop feeling so alone. There is more to music than just what sounds good. It is a

form of art. It serves as a starting point for the development of creative expression. It's a

place where you can go to feel safe when you need one. Both your joy and your pain

are described. Music is every tear-jerking experience, every backroad in your

hometown, and every road trip with the windows down. It's how we declare our

existence, and it's what makes us human. Although poems liberate our souls, music

unites us all. Songs may transform you. Your innermost thoughts and emotions can be

made public through lyrics. The words you occasionally can't say are in the songs that

you sing along to in the car. As you cross the river at midnight, your words are painted

in vibrant noises and rainbow chords that drift over serene cities. Both praise and pain

can be brought through lyrics. Singing can be used to find love or to set oneself free.

Lyric is humanity's perpetual form of "poetry in action" When you feel like no one is

listening to you, one song might be a million screaming voices. Get enamored with a

song. When you feel like you're not being heard, allow the words to speak for you. Let

them talk to you. Accept self-expression in its most basic form and venture out to see

the world through words.

Based on explanation above, we know the influence of the meaning through the

lyric in a song, which is we should be aware of music or song that we hear, lyric are too

important, remain to pay attention with that.because the song that we hear can impact

anything,such as personality,perspection,even can change our self. So its good to

choose the song that contain a good lyric through the meaning. From this research, the

author realize that is related with islam which is contain the perspective in music or

song. In islam said that We must remember that nothing has been forbidden by the
Almighty Creator except what is harmful to Muslims and society as a whole. Music has

numerous negative consequences. Its related to the meaning include in song lyric.

Allah, the most high, says:

‫تخَِْ ذهََْ ا هز ًو ۗا او ٰۤل ىكَ لَه ْم‬

ِّ ٌَ‫هالل ب ِغ ًَْْ ِز ِع ْل م َّو‬
ِ َ ‫ٍضْ َّل َع ْن‬
‫سبً ِ ْْ ِل‬ ِ ٌْ ‫ى ْال َح ِد‬
ِ ‫ث ِل‬ َ ‫ي لَ ْه‬ ِ ْْ ‫ٌش‬
ْ َْ‫تس‬ ِ َّ‫َو ِمنَ الن‬
َّ ‫اس َم ْن‬

‫َعراَ ب ُّم ِه ًْ ن‬

“And of mankind is he who purchases idle talks (i.e. music, singing) to mislead (men)

from the path of Allah” [Luqmaan 31:6]

So it can be concluded that according to Islam music can be haram. In essence, if

music contains immorality, then the law is haram. Second, music is forbidden because

there is slander which means bad in it. That is, if music can make a Muslim fall into

badness, sin, and cause slander, then listening to it is prohibited.Thats why that's the

importance of understanding the meaning of the music itself.

 B. Theoretical framework

The theoretical framework of language style can be seen as the concept bellow:
 The conceptual Framework of the meaning in one direction song on midnight

memories albums. Based on Leech (1981) cited by (Sari & kusumawardhani 2015),

meaning divided into 7 types in semantics, there Denotative meaning (meaning by

dictionary), Connotative meaning (meaning by suggest of mind), Social meaning

(social context), Affective or Emotive meaning (convey about personal feeling),

Reflected meaning (multiple conceptual meaning), Collocative meaning (association of

words), and Thematic meaning (message of meaning). The researcher also consider

about the study of meaning including pragmatics, semantics, and semiotic. The

researcher also argued about figure of speech according Perrine Laurence (1984) which

is divided into 8 types : Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Metonymy, Paradox,

hyperbole, irony, Synecdoche. In addition, the researcher also provide some influenced

of meaning such are: song lyric presdipose emotional, song lyric impact our lives, song

lyric changed perspective.. From the definition above, it possible to conclude that the

meaning of song in one direction on midnight memories album will be analyzed by

using Gheoferry Leech (1981) theory. When people listening to the song lyric, the

situation and context have an impact on the meaning used. By examining the linguistic

alternatives people use and how they interpreted that, we can determine the meaning of

the songs that we heard.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design

The researcher used a qualitative descriptive approach in organizing this

research because it focuses on identifying and describing linguistic stylistic phenomena

in context through data interpretation. The researcher believes that the most important

elements in the analysis of meaning phenomena in one direction songs lyrics are

interpretation and description. However, this study describes the meaning of a song

lyric from One Direction's third album, "Midnight Memories." According to Moleong

(2010: 6) that the descriptive qualitative research is a study that explains to understand

the phenomenon of the subject of research, behavior, perception, motivation, action,

etc., holistically, and the way of describing the result in the form of words and

sentences. Based on Punch (1998:29) explanations qualitative research does not use

numerical data. He also states that the research question and method are more general at

the start and become more focused as the study progresses.

Its mean Qualitative descriptive research aims to comprehend phenomena

that the subject of the study encounters through a comprehensive and descriptive form

of language or words, utilizing many elements from the context. Research that has

meaning for comprehending phenomena experienced by the subject of the study

holistically, with method-shaped description language and words, included in a context

and that makes use of a variety of scientific technique types is referred to as qualitative.

Qualitative research of this same descriptive kind includes data.

B. Source of Data

The researcher obtained data from the internet such as Spotify and google to find

the lyrics also YouTube to observe the music video. The researcher chose an album

song from one direction called Midnight Memories which contains fourteen tracks on

the standart edition. The same version with the same track listing was released

internationally. Their songs on this album are titled best song ever, story of my life,

midnight memories, diana, you & I, Don't forget where you belong, Strong, happily,

right now, little black dress, throught the dark, something great, little white lies, better

than words. They have won awards which is American music awards for favorite pop

album, and ARIA Music Award for best international artist. The author also uses

biographies of one direction articles as data. The fact that these songs received very

positive reviews and was considered related to youth, so it was said that the songs

would last a long time and would not sound old or would still be in accordance with

the times. The diversity of memorable vocabulary and lyrics is reflected in the song

made researchers choose songs in the third album of world famous musicians who is

called One direction.

C. Procedures of Data Collecting

The following are the four steps in data collection are :

1. The researcher listens to the song while reading the lyrics of the all part in song

of "Midnight Memorist", album by one direction, in which there are contains 14

songs.

2. The researcher collects information about the classification of words which are

considered to have meaning as well as paying attention to the use of language

that using by lyric of the song.

 3. The researcher notes from the lyrics that show meaning classification according

to the theory of meaning used by leech which contains 8 types of meaning

4. Finally, researchers analyze and classifying the meaning contained in each song.

D. Techniques of Data Analysis

The researcher uses the theory of Geoffrey Neil Leech (1981) According

to Leech (1981: 1) meaning is divided into seven different elements. He divides

meaning into seven categories. There are seven types of meaning: conceptual meaning,

connotative meaning, social meaning, emotive meaning, reflected meaning, collocative

meaning, and theme meaning to assess different types of figurative language when

examining the data.

Geoffrey Leech divides meaning in a broad sense into seven different forms in

his semantic book, giving main priority to logical or conceptual meaning. According to

Geoffrey Leech (1981: 8), meaning can be learned as a linguistic phenomenon itself,

not as something outside of language. However, the scope of linguistics that studies

about meaning does not only consist of one field of science. Because this study is

descriptive in nature, content analysis was used by the researchers. To find answers to

the problems that have been addressed, researchers describe and analyse the

significance found in each song by one direction. The researcher's method of data

analysis was used in order to focus this investigation. Listening to the song comes first.

The researcher began gathering data by using YouTube as a platform for observation.

One Direction songs were played on streaming services like Spotify and watched on a

songwriter's YouTube channel, Alex Ray Music, as they discussed the album. Thus, it

was cited in the research. The author then went over each song's lyrics. . The next idea

is to search for similar videos and scripts. After collecting the data, the researcher
downloads it. This is used to evaluate primary data, particularly scripts. The researcher

then watches a music video from the album. The researcher recognizes all of the data

after watching the video. The researcher's final technique is to study and interpret the

songs from the One Direction album.

\
 REFERENCES

Ardhyanti, S. V., & Supriyatiningsih, S. (2020). Figurative Language Analysis in

Celine Dion„S Song Lyrics Falling Into You Album. project

Barman, B. (2012). The linguistic philosopy F. 2278.

Barman, B. (2014). The Linguistic Philosophy of Noam Chomsky. Philosophy

and Progress, 2278, 103–122.

Baker, F., Kennelly, J., & Tamplin, J. (2005). Themes within songs written by

people with traumatic brain injury: Gender differences. Journal of Music Therapy,

42(2), 111–122.

Coventry, K. R., & Blackwell, T. (1994). Pragmatics in Language and Music.

Debi, R. W. (2014). A Deixis Analysis of Song Lyrics in Taylor Swift‟s “RED”

Album Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State

Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Gonc, H. (2015). Tra-la-Lyrics 2 . 0 : Automatic Generation of Song Lyrics on a

Semantic Domain. 6(1), 87–110.

Kakiay, T. W., & Maitimu, L. S. (2021). A Pragmatic Analysis of Deixis and

Reference on Billie Eilish Songs: Bad Guy & When the Party„s Over. Huele

Journal of Applied Linguistics, Literature and Culture, 1(2), 81–92.

Kennedy, M. M. (2007). Defining a Literature.

Kennedy, M. M. (2007). Defining a Literature. Educational Researcher, 36(3),

139–147.

Lee, J. J., Kar, R., Lee, Y. E. E., & Park, J. I. H. (2020). Unpacking K-pop in

LEE, J. J., LEE, R. K. Y., & PARK, J. H. (2020). Unpacking K-pop in America:
Meyer, J. (2018). What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes. Work

North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & Hargreaves, J. J. (2004). Uses of Music in

Everyday Life. Music Perception, 22(1), 41–77.

North, A. C., Hargreaves, D. J., & Hargreaves, J. J. (2013). Uses of Music in

Everyday Life Uses of Music in Everyday Life. 22(1), 41–77.

Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota

Session, 41(1).

Pasisingi, W., Mariana, A., & Husain, D. (2022). A Semantic Analysis on

Maroon 5 Songs. 2(1), 231–243.

Putu Ratna, A. (2017). an Analysis of Figurative Language Found in Katy Perry„S

Rahmadhanti, R. W., Simanjuntak, M. B., & Sihombing, J. (2022). Metaphor

Analysis and Meaning of the Song " Different World ". 586–596.

Ryan, Cooper, & Tauer. (2013). 済無 No Title No Title No Title. Paper

Knowledge . Toward a Media History of Documents, 12–26.

Sapir, E. (1921). Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech

Sari, H. P., Dartini, N. R., & Mulyani, E. R. (2019). Interpersonal Meaning

Sendera, H., Yakin, M., & Totu, A. (2014). The Semiotic Perspectives of Peirce

and Saussure : A Brief Comparative Study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral

Sciences, 155(October), 4–8.

Siliwangi, I. (2020). Figurative language analysis in celine dion Song lyric falling

into you 3(1), 11–19.

Song Entitled ―Firework.‖ Lingua Scientia, 24(2), 45. Rowe, B. M., & Levine, D.

P. (2018). Linguistic anthropology: language and culture. A Concise Introduction

to Linguistics, 217–240.
Suriyawongpaisal, W. (1998). Dobrovol„skij & Piirainen. Caroll, 1, 241–261.

Susanti, M. P. (n.d.).A critical discourse analysis of the song lyric.

The Subversive Potential of Male K-pop Idols„ Soft Masculinity. International

Journal of Communication, 14, 5900–5919

Van Thao, N., & Purba, R. (2021). English Language Education Study Program

Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku