SOURCES OF ENERGY

(a) Energy is the ability to do work.

(b) Energy is needed by organisms and systems to do work.
(c) Energy powers our homes, fuels our transport, is in our food, we need for entertainment
like TVs, Plays stations, drones, etc.
(d) Something that stores or generates / produces energy is known as the source of energy.
(e) Energy is either renewable (can be used over and over again or never runs out, e.g. wind)
or non-renewable (cannot be used again, e.g. coal).

Renewable Energy
(a) Renewable energy is the energy that does not run out or cannot be depleted when
used.
(b) Renewable energy comes from replenishable resources such as wind, solar, geothermal,
water and biomass.

Examples of renewable energies:

A. Wind – uses wind which never runs out to generate electricity. Wind blows the blades
of turbines which spins a generator to create electricity.
B. Solar – captures energy from the Sun using solar panels, the Sun never runs out.
C. Geothermal – uses the Earth’s internal heat, which never runs out.
D. Hydropower – uses moving water to generate energy.
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 E. Biomass – is the energy produced by living or once living organisms. It uses fuel from
organic materials such as wood, crops, organic waste, agricultural residues etc.
Answer the following questions

1. What is energy?
________________________________________________________________________
 Energy is the ability to do work or what enables work to be done

2. Why is energy important?

________________________________________________________________________
 Energy is important for organisms and systems to do work.
3. What is a source of energy?
________________________________________________________________________
 Something that stores or generates / produces energy is known as the source of energy.

4. What is renewable energy?

________________________________________________________________________
Renewable energy is energy that can be used again and again without running out.

5. Discuss in your own words the types of renewable energies.

________________________________________________________________________
(a) Wind – uses wind which never runs out.
(b) Solar –captures energy from the Sun, the Sun never runs out.
(c) Geothermal – uses the Earth’s internal heat, which never runs out.
(d) Hydropower – uses moving water to generate energy.
(e) Biomass – uses fuel from organic materials.

6. List the four types of non-renewable energies.

________________________________________________________________________

7. Explain the origin of fossil fuels and crude oil.

________________________________________________________________________
(a) Fossil fuels – come from deposits of organic materials (dead plants and animals), e.g.
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 (b) Crude oil / Petroleum – versatile fuel retrieved by drilling into the ocean floor.
(c) Natural gas – It is commonly methane and ethane drilled and pumped out of the
Earth’s crust.
(d) Nuclear fuel – obtained from the breaking down (fission) of uranium to release massive
/ huge energy.

Non-renewable Energy
(a) Non renewable energy is the energy that comes from sources that will run out or will
be replenished over time.
(b) These energies do not form at the rate they are used.
(c) Society mainly depends on these sources for energy.
(d) Non-renewable energy is mainly produced by fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and
petroleum.
Examples of non renewable energies
A. Fossil fuels – come from deposits of organic materials (dead plants and animals), e.g.
coal.
B. Crude oil – is unrefined yellowish-black fossil fuel used to make petroleum products
for our cars, seas and air transport. Crude oil is retrieved by drilling into the ocean
floor.
C. Natural gas – It is commonly methane and ethane drilled and pumped out of the
Earth’s crust.
D. Nuclear fuel – obtained from the breaking down (fission) of uranium to release
massive / huge energy.

Answer the following questions

1. What is non-renewable energy?

________________________________________________________________________
Non renewable energy is the energy that comes from sources that will run out or will
be replenished over time.
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 2. What makes non-renewable energy such as coal to run out?
_______________________________________________________________________
It is because coal that non form at the rate it is produced and that it cannot be reused.
3. What are the main sources of non-renewable energies?
________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain what fossils fuels are.
________________________________________________________________________
Fossil fuels are fuels that come from deposits of organic materials (dead plants and
animals), e.g. coal.
5. What would make energy from fossil fuels to run out?
________________________________________________________________________
Fossil fuel is consumed at a faster rate than it is formed.
6. Discuss the difference between renewable and non-renewable energies.
________________________________________________________________________
Renewable energy does not run out and non-renewable energy runs out.
7. List the four types of non-renewable energies.
________________________________________________________________________
Fossil fuels, crude oil, natural gas and nuclear fuel
8. Fully discuss the four types non-renewable energy.
________________________________________________________________________
A. Fossil fuels – come from deposits of organic materials (dead plants and animals), e.g.
coal.
B. Crude oil – is unrefined yellowish-black fossil fuel used to make petroleum products
for our cars, seas and air transport. Crude oil is retrieved by drilling into the ocean
floor.
C. Natural gas – It is commonly methane and ethane drilled and pumped out of the
Earth’s crust.
D. Nuclear fuel – obtained from the breaking down (fission) of uranium to release
massive / huge energy.
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 POTENTIAL ENERGY

(a) Potential energy is stored energy.

(b) Energy can be stored in stretched bands, cells, fuels, food and springs.
(c) The unit used to measure energy is called the joule (J).
(d) The energy stored in food, fuels such as petrol and wood, is known as chemical
potential energy.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is potential energy?

__________________________________________________________________________
Potential energy is stored energy.
2. List three possible sources of potential energy.
_________________________________________________________________________
stretched bands, cells, fuels, food and springs

3. What is the unit used to measure energy?

_________________________________________________________________________
joule (J)
4. Where do we find chemical potential energy?
__________________________________________________________________________
In food and fuels is known as chemical potential energy.
5. Looking at the diagram A above, explain why when the ball bounces against the other balls,
one ball moves out.
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 The ball bouncing on the other has energy which some of it is then transferred to the ball it
collides with.
6. In the roller coaster, B, at what point does the roller coaster have more potential energy and
why?
__________________________________________________________________________
The roller coaster has more potential energy at A since it is at its highest point and height is
contributing to its potential energy.

7. In diagram C, explain why the spring must be pushed back before the bullet is released.
__________________________________________________________________________
Pushing the spring back allows the spring to store potential energy or stores potential energy
in the spring.
8. In diagram D, how do R1 and R5 compare?
__________________________________________________________________________
R1 has no potential energy since it is not stretched while R5 has potential energy since it is
stretched.
9. In diagram D, discuss which of the rubber bands will have more potential energy and which
ones will have less.
__________________________________________________________________________
R3 and R4 will have less while R 5 will have more potential energy.
10. In diagram B, at what position will the roller coaster be moving at its highest speed and why?
_________________________________________________________________________
The roller coaster will have more kinetic energy at C since it will be moving at its highest
speed.

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KINETIC ENERGY

(a) Kinetic energy is energy possessed by a body that is in motion or moving.

(b) An object only has kinetic energy if it is moving.
(c) The faster an object / body moves, the more kinetic energy it will have.
(d) Water falls, running athletes, racing cars, electric current are some of the examples that
represent kinetic energy.
(e) Potential and kinetic energy is also found in thermal (heating) systems, biological systems,
e.g. oxen pulling a wagon. The oxen represent a biological system using stored energy
from food to pull the wagon creating kinetic energy.

Answer the following questions

1. What is kinetic energy?

__________________________________________________________________________
Kinetic energy is energy in motion.

2. Specify the type of objects that have kinetic energy.

________________________________________________________________________
Moving objects have kinetic energy.

3. Give three different environments that demonstrate kinetic energy.

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 4. What kind of energy conversion is taking place in the buzzer?
_______________________________________________________________________
In the buzzer, electrical energy is changed into sound energy.

5. What type of system is represented by the span of oxen? Explain how the system works
in this case.
____________________________________________________________________
 Biological system
6. What type of system is represented by the heating of water?
____________________________________________________________________
 Thermal system

7. The table in the figure is a label from a food package. How much energy is in this food
package?
____________________________________________________________________
 The energy in the package is 2105 kJ

8. Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy in an object. Discuss how
the waterfall represents mechanical energy.
__________________________________________________________________
 When the water falls it has potential energy but that changes to movement (kinetic)
energy as the water falls.

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ACTIVITY: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

(a) The law of conservation energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed
but can be changed from one form to another.
(b) There is a transfer of energy when systems come together.
(c) Energy transfer is when energy changes from one form to another.
(d) The energy transfer can be mechanically like in a moving car.
(e) Electrical energy can be used to produce heat, light or sound.
(f) In the examples mentioned, electrical energy is changed from one form to another.

Answer the following questions:

1. What does the law of conservation of energy say?

__________________________________________________________________________
 The law of conservation energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed
but can be changed from one form to another.
2. What are the two forms of energy conventions in a television?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Electrical energy to light and sound energy
3. Discuss the energy conventions in a car.
__________________________________________________________________________
 Chemical energy in fuel into kinetic energy, heat and sound energy.
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 4. Discuss how a bulb is able to produce light.
__________________________________________________________________________
 Due to resistance in the bulb the bulb glows changing electrical energy into to heat and
light energy.
5. Discuss how an electric generator is able to generate electricity.
__________________________________________________________________________
 The generator uses fuel to generate kinetic energy which produces electrical energy.

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HEATING AS A TRANSFER OF ENERGY

(a) During heating energy moves from a hot to a cooler object.

(b) Energy transfer cannot happen if objects have the same temperature.
(c) Heat is transferred by convection, radiation and conduction.

Conduction
(a) Heat conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in physical contact with
each other.
(b) Conduction can only take place between objects that are solid.
(c) Heat conduction is slower in poor conductors faster in good conductors .
(d) Materials that are good conductors of heat are suitable for use as cooking pots and
heating devices.
(e) Heat conduction happens during cooking, in hot beverages or drinks, etc.
(f) Materials that either slow down or prevent the conduction of heat are known as
insulators, e.g. wood and plastic.
(g) Plastic and wood are poor conductors of heat and are suitable to use as insulators.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is heat conduction?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Heat conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in physical contact with
each other.
2. In what kind of objects does conduction take place?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Conduction can only take place between objects that are solid.

3. Discuss how heat conduction takes place in different materials.

__________________________________________________________________________
 Heat conduction is slower in some materials and faster in some.

4. What are insulators?

__________________________________________________________________________
 Insulators are materials that either slow down or prevent the conduction
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 5. Which materials can be used as insulators and why?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Plastic and wood because they are poor conductors of heat.

6. Discuss the kind of materials used as cooking pots.

__________________________________________________________________________
 Materials that are good conductors of heat are suitable for use as cooking pots and heating
devices.

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INVESTIGATION (It is important that this experiment is well understood or a video can be used)

AIM: To determine which metal is a good conductor of heat.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS:

1. Bunsen burner / Spirit burner

2. matches
3. Vaseline / Wax
4. iron, steel, brass and aluminium rods
5. stopwatch
6. drawing pins
7. tripod

METHOD:

1. Stick the flat end of a drawing pin to the end of each of the metal rods using the
Vaseline as shown in the diagram.
2. Carefully place the edges of the four metals towards the Bunsen burner.
3. Put a pin on the other end of each metal in the Vaseline.
4. Start heating the metals evenly.
5. Record the time it takes every pin to drop off.

RESULTS
Metal used Time taken to drop off
Iron
Steel
Brass
aluminium

CONCLUSION
What is your conclusion regarding the heat conduction of the four metals?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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Use the graph grid to draw a bar graph using the results in the table.

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CONVECTION
(a) The term "heat convection" is derived from the Latin word "convectionem," which means "to
carry."
(b) In the context of physics and thermodynamics, convection refers to the process of carrying heat
through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
(c) Convection is the movement heat through fluids (liquids and gases) when heated.
(d) Heat always travels from a hot to a cold object.
(e) Liquids and gas particles expand at high
temperatures and move down at low
temperatures.
(f) The up and down movement of liquids and
gas particles due to heat transfer is known as
convection current.
Examples of heat convection in daily lives
 Heat a room by convection, where warm air rises and cool air descends to be reheated.
 In cars, forced convection cools the engine using a radiator and fan.
 In air conditioners, as cool air is blown into the room, it tends to sink (being denser),
while the warmer air rises, creating a natural circulation pattern that helps distribute the
cooled air more evenly.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is convection?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Heat convection is the movement of fluids (liquids and gases) when heated.
2. How does heat move?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Heat always travels from a hot to a cold object.
3. How do liquids and gas particles behave when heated?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Liquids and gas particles expand at high temperatures and move down at low
temperatures.
4. Explain what is meant by convection current?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Convection is the up and down movement of liquids and gas particles due to heat
transfer
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 RADIATION
(a) Radiation is the transmission of energy in a form of waves.
(b) The energy (heat) is transferred from a source and travels through space as
electromagnetic waves.
(c) Heat radiation also occurs in visible light or the light that we see.
(d) Heat radiation does not require a medium and it happens in liquids, gases and solids.
(e) All objects can emit or absorb heat in their surrounding depending on their
temperature (heat travels from hot to cold objects).
(f) Radiation heats up dark surfaces because dark surfaces absorb more light energy while
light coloured objects emit more light.
(g) The more light an object absorbs, the more it heats up.
(h) Shiny surfaces on the other hand reflect or cause light to bounce off.
Examples of heat radiation
 The Sun emits electromagnetic radiation which heats the Earth.
 Heat lamps are used in restaurants to keep food warm by emitting infrared radiation.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is radiation?
______________________________________________________________________
 Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.

2. Discuss the difference between radiation and convection.

__________________________________________________________________________
 Heat radiation does not require a medium and it happens in liquids, gases and solids
while convection requires a medium such as liquid and gas.

3. Explain how and where does radiation occur?

__________________________________________________________________________
 Radiation does not require a medium and it happens in liquids, gases and solids
4. Explain why radiation heats up dark surfaces than shiny surfaces.
__________________________________________________________________________
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  Radiation heats up dark surfaces because dark surfaces absorb heat while shiny
surfaces reflect or cause light to bounce off.
5. Explain if all objects emit or absorb heat.
____________________________________________________________________________
 All objects emit or absorb heat depending on their temperatures. Objects with hot
temperatures will emit heat while those with cooler temperatures will absorb heat.
6. If you are sleeping next to a hot water bottle in a cold night, which body will emit heat and
which one will absorb heat?
______________________________________________________________________
Heat will travel from the hot water bottle towards you, the cooler object.

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INVESTIGATION

Introduction:

A colour that absorbs light changes the light into heat energy. The more light a material

absorbs, the more heat energy it produces.

AIM: To compare the heat absorptions of different colours.

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS:

(a) 3 metal containers painted dark, white and silver

(b) 3 thermometers

(c) Water

(d) Stop watch or digital clock

Method:

1. Add the same amount of water in each container.

2. Take a temperature reading every 3 minutes
3. Record your readings in a table.
4. Compare the readings.
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RESULTS

Temperature at 3 minutes intervals

Material 3 minutes 6 minutes 9 minutes

Dark metal

White metal

Aluminium metal

CONCLUSION
What is your conclusion regarding the heat absorption of the three colours?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Use the graph grid to draw a line graph using the results in the table.

Colour

0 2 4 6 8 10

Time (min)
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INSULATION AND ENERGY SAVING

Using insulating material

(a) Heat can be lost or gained through conduction, convection and radiation.
(b) Insulation is the use of materials to reduce the rate of heat transfer between objects or
environments.
(c) Insulation is commonly used in buildings, appliances (electrical and hot), etc.
(d) Insulators are used to reduce heat loss (in cold conditions) or excessive heat coming in
(hot conditions).
(e) Insulators are used in buildings, cars, clothes, blankets, cooler boxes and other designs
that need temperature regulation.
(f) Insulators help in conserving energy.

Answer the following questions:

1. List the three methods through which heat can be lost.

________________________________________________________________________________
 conduction, convection and radiation
2. How do human bodies lose energy?
________________________________________________________________________________
 Through conduction, convection and radiation
3. Discuss the importance of insulators.
________________________________________________________________________________
 Insulators help prevent the loss of energy to the surrounding or can prevent electric shocks and
burning while cooking or working with hot objects.
4. Explain where and how do we use insulators.
_______________________________________________________________________________
 Insulators are used to reduce heat loss (in cold conditions) or excessive heat coming in
(hot conditions).
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INVESTIGATION

AIM: To compare the effectiveness of different materials as thermal insulators.

Hypothesis: Formulate a hypothesis

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

(a) 1 Large beaker / bottle

(b) 1 Small beaker / bottle
(c) Bunsen burner / Spirit burner
(d) Thermometer
(e) Styrofoam
(f) Plastic
(g) Newspaper
(h) Stop watch / Watch

Method:

1. Place a small beaker into a larger beaker or use bottles.

2. Heat water to a boil and use it to fill the small beaker.

3. Make a lid out of cardboard and drill a hole big enough to insert a thermometer.

4. Put the cardboard lid over the large beaker.

5. Insert a thermometer through the lid into the smaller beaker.

6. Take a reading of the water temperature over 5 minutes on one minute intervals.

7. Repeat steps 1- 6 now putting the following materials between the two beakers as
insulators:

(a) Styrofoam
(b) Plastic
(c) Newspaper
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 RESULTS

Insulator Temperature in ◦C at 1 minute intervals

1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min

None
Styrofoam
Plastic
Newspaper

Conclusion:

What is your conclusion about the materials used as insulators?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Use the graph grid to draw a line graph using the results in the table.

Temperature

0 1 2 3 4 5
22

Time (min)
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NS Grade 7 Term 3 Teacher Guide DEJC

INVESTIGATION

AIM: To compare the effectiveness of different materials as thermal insulators.

Hypothesis: Formulate a hypothesis

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

(a) 1 Large beaker / bottle

(b) 1 Small beaker / bottle
(c) Bunsen burner / Spirit burner
(d) Thermometer
(e) Styrofoam
(f) Plastic
(g) Newspaper
(h) Stop watch / Watch

Method:

8. Place a small beaker into a larger beaker or use bottles.

9. Heat water to a boil and use it to fill the small beaker.

10. Make a lid out of cardboard and drill a hole big enough to insert a thermometer.

11. Put the cardboard lid over the large beaker.

12. Insert a thermometer through the lid into the smaller beaker.

13. Take a reading of the water temperature over 5 minutes on one minute intervals.

14. Repeat steps 1- 6 now putting the following materials between the two beakers as
insulators:

(d) Styrofoam
(e) Plastic
(f) Newspaper
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 RESULTS

Insulator Temperature in ◦C at 1 minute intervals

1 min 2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min

None
Styrofoam
Plastic
Newspaper

Conclusion:

What is your conclusion about the materials used as insulators?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Use the graph grid to draw a line graph using the results in the table.

Temperature

0 1 2 3 4 5

Time (min)
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NS Grade 7 Term 3 Teacher Guide DEJC

 ENERGY TRANSFER TO SURROUNDINGS
(a) Systems have energy input and output.
(b) Energy input is the energy that goes in and output is the useful energy.
(c) Appliances produce useful energy outputs
(d) Not all energy in systems is useful energy since some energy is being wasted.
(e) Energy is wasted in the form of heat, sound and light or even transferred to
surroundings.
(f) We say it is wasted because it is not used for the intended purpose.
(g) Cars waste about 65% energy in the form of heat.
(h) Coal power stations waste about 50% of energy as heat.
(i) We can use a Sankey diagram to show how energy can be transferred in a system.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is energy input and output?

__________________________________________________________________________
 Energy input is the energy that goes in and output is the useful energy
2. Explain the ways in which energy is wasted.
__________________________________________________________________________
 Energy is wasted in the form of heat, sound and light.

3. How much energy do cars and coal power station waste?

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NS Grade 7 Term 3 Teacher Guide DEJC

 Cars waste about 65% energy in the form of heat. Coal power stations waste about 50% of
energy as heat.
4. Looking at the diagram, explain how energy is wasted in an Electric drill.
__________________________________________________________________________
 Energy in an electric drill is wasted as sound and heat.3ECDX4 CYH
5. How is energy wasted in a candle?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Energy in a candle is wasted as heat
6. How is energy wasted in the other remaining appliances?
__________________________________________________________________________
 Engine as heat, paraffin lamp as heat, kettle as heat and food mixer as heat

THE NATIONAL ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM

(a) National electricity grid is the production of electricity in a huge scale.

(b) The grid works as a circuit.
(c) Coal, oil, gas, nuclear power, solar, wind, geothermal and water all contribute to the
national electricity grid.
(d) Turbines transfer energy to generators that produce electricity.
(e) The electricity is then transferred into the national electricity grid.
(f) The national energy grid then supplies energy to consumers.
(g) Bicycles use dynamos to produce small amounts of energy for light.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is National electricity grid?

__________________________________________________________________________
 National electricity grid is the production of electricity in a huge scale.

2. List the contributing energy producers to the national electricity grid.

__________________________________________________________________________
 Coal, oil, gas, nuclear power, solar, wind, geothermal and water all contribute to the
national electricity grid.
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 3. Discuss how different systems contribute to the electricity grid.
__________________________________________________________________________
 They contribute by sending the energy they produce to the national grid for distribution.

4. What is the role of turbines in energy generation?

__________________________________________________________________________
 Turbines transfer energy to generators that produce electricity.

5. Discuss how electricity is produced and how it is finally transported to consumers.

__________________________________________________________________________
 Fuels are used to heat water into steam used to turn turbines which turn generators that
produce electricity.

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 CONSERVING ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME
(a) Producing electricity comes at a cost hence electricity must be conserved.
(b) The electricity system in South Africa has been under strain.
(c) The strain has led to rotating power disruptions.
(d) Saving electricity is a responsibility for all.
(e) We can save electricity by turning off the lights when not in the room or building.
(f) Saving electricity includes dressing warm instead of using heaters.
(g) Do not boil or heat more water than you need.
(h) Match pot size to stove plate and use energy efficient appliances and light bulbs.

Answer the following questions:

1. Explain why producing electricity is expensive.

________________________________________________________________________
 It starts with the mining of coal, transportation and the processing and heating of coal to
heat water into steam.
2. Explain what happens if the energy demand is greater than the supply?
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________________________________________________________________________
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NS Grade 7 Term 3 Teacher Guide DEJC

 3. Is it important to save energy? Explain.
________________________________________________________________________
 Yes, so as not to strain the supply since it takes a lot to produce electricity.

4. Explain how energy can be conserved.

________________________________________________________________________
 We can save electricity by turning off the lights when not in the room or building,
dressing warm instead of using heaters, not boiling or heating more water than you need
and matching pot size to stove plate and using energy efficient appliances and light bulbs.

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