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FOREWORD
Water is a basic necessity for the survival of life. Even though India is blessed with large water
resources, the ever-increasing growth of population, the steady rise in irrigation activities and
rapid expansion of industries keep tremendous pressure on the available water resources. Water
is available in two basic forms i.e., surface water and groundwater. Groundwater is at the core
of sustainable development and is critical for socio-economic progress. Unlike many resources
that are more static in nature, groundwater available for use and distribution can change
drastically from year to year. Over the last few years much of the attention in groundwater has
shifted from the problem of groundwater supply to considerations of groundwater quality.
Groundwater contamination recently has come to the attention of the public as incidents of
contamination are being reported from every state. Central Ground Water Board for the last
nearly six decades has been carrying out hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations and
has generated voluminous data. Central Ground Water Board monitors groundwater quality
throughout the country on a regional scale, once a year during the month of May, from a
network of monitoring stations, called "National Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNS)",
which comprises open dug wells and piezometers. This report has been prepared based on the
analytical results obtained from the water samples collected from these NHNS stations.
I am sure that this report will be of immense use to administrators, planners, academicians and
other stakeholders in the field of groundwater quality management.
The sincere efforts made by Dr. S. K. Srivastava, Dr. K. Ravichandran, Dr. R. Dewangan, Dr.
K. Radhapyari and Dr. Suresh Kumar in the compilation of data and preparation of this report
in the present form are highly appreciable.
Government of India
Ministry of Jal Shakti
Department of Water Resources,
River Development & Ganga Rejuvention
Central Ground Water Board
PREFACE
The two main concerns are depleting resources volumetrically due to the depletion of water
levels below ground and another major concern is quality of groundwater. Contamination of
the Nation's groundwater resource has recently become an issue of widespread public concern.
Water quality is one of the main challenges that societies will face during this century. This
report contains compilation and statistical analysis of Water Quality Monitoring data observed
at NHNS monitoring stations during the period April to May, 2022. The data has been
interpreted to know the affected locations. The report attempts to briefly describe an overview
and general conclusion based on the basis of water quality data of water samples This report
will provide knowledge about nationwide chemical quality and reflect the extent of
contaminants occurring in groundwater.
We cannot afford to wait. We must put water at the heart of action plans. I am sure, this report
would be useful in policy planning and implementation by Scientists, Academicians, NGOs and
Individuals working in this sector. The findings of this report will pave ways to ensure the
quality of this vital natural resource for sustainable and human development.
The efforts of Dr. S. K. Srivastava, Dr. K. Ravichandran, Dr. R. Dewangan, Dr. K. Radhapyari
and Dr. Suresh Kumar are highly appreciable in the collection, compilation and synthesis of the
data presented in the report.
(Anurag Khanna)
Member (N & W)
Faridabad
Overall Guidance
Shri. Anurag Khanna, Member (N&W)
Shri. T B N Singh, Member Secretary (CGWA)
Report Compilation
Dr. S.K. Srivastava, Scientist D
Dr. K. Ravichandran, Scientist D
Shri. Rakesh Dewangan, Scientist D
Dr. K. Radhapyari, Scientist D
Dr. Suresh Kumar, Assistant Chemist
Data Compilation
Shri. D. N. Mandal, Scientist E
Shri. Yeshvir Singh, Scientist C
Dr. Gajanan Ramteke, Scientist B
Dr. Vivek Sharma, Scientist B
Map Preparation
Shri. Ajit Singh, Draftsman
ANNEXURES
i. Locations having Electrical conductivity > 3000 µS/cm in ground water in different states/UT of India
ii. Locations having Chloride > 1000 mg/litre in ground water in different states/UT of India
iii. Locations having Fluoride > 1.5 mg/litre in ground water in different states/UT of India
iv. Locations having Nitrate > 45 mg/litre in ground water in different states/UT of India
v. Locations having Iron > 1.0 mg/litre in ground water in different states/UT of India
vi. Location having Arsenic (>0.01 mg/Litre) in ground water in different states/UT of India
vii. Location having Uranium >0.03 mg/L(>30ppb) in ground water in different states/UT of India.
The quality of groundwater is a very sensitive issue. Groundwater is never pure and contains
varying amounts of dissolved solids, the type and concentration depend on itssource, surface
and sub-surface environment, rate of groundwater movement, the residence time, the solubility
of minerals present and the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide. In addition to the natural
changes, anthropogenic activities such as sewage disposal, agricultural practices, industrial
pollution etc. also contribute significantly to changes in groundwater quality. Once the
contaminants have entered to the sub-surface geological environment, they may remain
concealed for many years and may get dispersed over wide areas. Weathering of rock and
mineral solubility controls the major ion composition of groundwaters. With increasing
anthropogenic activities, a substantial amount of dissolved matter is added to groundwater. The
ground water resources are being utilized for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes.
However, due to rapid growth of population, urbanization, industrialization and agriculture
activities, ground water resources are under stress. There is growing concern on the deterioration
of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities.
India is a vast country with varied hydrogeological situations resulting from diversified
geological, climatological and topographic settings. Water-bearing rock formations (aquifers),
range in age from Archaean to Recent. The natural chemical composition of ground water is
influenced predominantly by type & depth of soils and subsurface geological formations
through which ground water passes. Ground water quality is also influenced by contribution
from the atmosphere and surface water bodies. Quality of ground water is also influenced by
anthropogenic factors. For example, overexploitation of ground water in coastal regions may
result in sea water ingress and consequent increase in salinity of ground water, excessive use of
fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and improper disposal of urban/industrial waste can
cause contamination of ground water resources.
i) Igneous and metamorphic rocks excluding volcanic and carbonate rocks: -The most
common rock types are granites, gneisses, charnockites, khondalites, quartzites, schists
and associated phyllites, slates, etc. These rocks possess negligible primary porosity but
attain porosity and permeability due to fracturing and weathering, which facilitates the
yield from their rocks.
ii) Volcanic rocks: -The predominant types of the volcanic rocks are the basaltic lava flows
of Deccan Plateau. Water bearing properties of different flow units control ground water
occurrence and movement in Deccan Traps. The Deccan Traps have usually poor to
moderate permeabilities depending on the presence of primary and secondary pore spaces
including vesicles/fractures.
iii) Consolidated sedimentary rocks excluding carbonate rocks: Consolidated sedimentary
rocks occur in Cuddapahs, Vindhyans and their equivalents. These formations consist of
conglomerates, sandstones, shales, slates and quartzites. The presence of bedding planes,
joints, contact zones and fractures controls the ground water occurrence, movement and
yield potential of aquifers.
iv) Carbonate rocks: - Limestones in the Cuddapah, Vindhyan and Bijawar groups of rocks
dominates the carbonate rocks other than the marbles and dolomites. In carbonate rocks,
the circulation of water creates solution cavities thereby increasing the permeability of the
aquifers. Solution activity leads to widely contrasting permeability within short distances
in such rocks.
4 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
3.0 HYDROCHEMISTRY
Hydrochemistry is an interdisciplinary science that deals with the chemistry of water in the
natural environment. Professional fields such as chemical hydrology, aqueous chemistry,
hydrochemistry, water chemistry and hydro-geochemistry are all more or less synonyms. The
classical use of chemical characteristics in chemical hydrology is to provide information about
the regional distribution of water qualities. At the same time, hydrochemistry has a potential use
for tracing the origin and history of water. The hydrochemistry can also be of immense help in
yielding information about the environment through which water has circulated.
Hydrochemistry can be helpful in knowing about residence times, flow paths and aquifer
characteristics as the chemical reactions are time and space dependent. It is essential to study
the entire system like atmospheric water (rainwater), surface water and ground water
simultaneously in evaluating their hydrochemistry and pollution effect.
Before reaching the saturated zone, percolating water is charged with oxygen and carbon
dioxide and is most aggressive in the initial stages. This water gradually loses its aggressiveness,
as free CO2 associated with the percolating water gets gradually exhausted through interaction
of water with minerals.
The oxygen present in this water is used for the oxidation of organic matter that subsequently
generates CO2 to form H2CO3. This process goes on until oxygen is fully consumed.
Apart from these reactions, there are several other reactions including microbiological mediated
reactions, which tend to alter the chemical composition of the percolating water. For example,
the bicarbonate present in most waters is derived mostly from CO2 that has been extracted from
the air and liberated in the soil through biochemical activity. Some rocks serve as sources of
chloride and sulphate through direct solution. The circulation of sulphur, however, may be
greatly influenced by biologically mediated oxidation and reduction reactions. Chloride
circulation may be a significant factor influencing the anion content in natural water.
The available quality of groundwater is the resultant of all the processes and reactions, which
taken place since the condensation of water in the atmosphere to the time it is retrieved in the
form of groundwater from its source. The water has excellent capability to accumulate
substances in soluble form as it moves over and into the land resource, from the biological
processes and from human activities. Urbanization, agricultural development and discharges
of municipal and industrial residues significantly alter characteristics of groundwater
resource. The prevailing climatic conditions, topography, geological formations and use and
abuse of this vital resource have significant effect on the characteristics of the water, because
of which its quality varies with locations.
The definition of criteria and standards for water quality vary with the type of use. The
characteristic of water required for human consumption, livestock, irrigation, industriesetc.,
have different water quality requirements. The term water quality criteria may be defined as
the “Scientific data evaluated to derive recommendations for characteristics of water for
specific use’. The term standard applies to any definite rule, principle or measure established
by any statutory Authority. The distinction between criteria andstandards is important, as the
two are neither interchangeable nor they become synonyms for the objective or goal. Realistic
standards are dependent on criteria, designated uses and implementation as well as
identification and monitoringprocedure. The changes in all these factors may provide a basis
for alteration instandards. In formulation of water quality criteria, the selection of water
quality parameters depends on its use. Sayers, et. al. (1976 as quoted in CGWB &
CPCB2000) identified the key water quality parameters according to its various uses (Table
4.0).
Table 4.0: Water quality criteria parameters for various uses (Sayers et.al., 1976)
With the objective of safeguarding water from degradation and to establish a basis forimprovement in
water quality, standards / guide lines / regulations have been laid down by various national and
international organizations such as; Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), World Health Organization
(WHO), European Economic Community (EEC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United
States, and Inland Waters Directorate, Canada. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) earlier known as
Indian Standards Institutions (ISI) has laid down the standard specification for drinking water during
1983, which have been revised and updated from time to time. In order to enable the users, to exercise
their discretion towards water quality criteria, the maximum permissible limit has been prescribed
especially where no alternative sources are available. The national water quality standards describe
essential and desirable characteristics required to be evaluated to assess suitability of water for drinking
purposes. The important water quality characteristics as laid down in BIS standard (IS 10500: 2012)
are summarized in Table - 4.1
Table 4.2: Safe Limits for electrical conductivity for irrigation water (IS:11624-1986)
Upper permissible
S. Nature of soil Crop safelimit of
No. Growth electrical
conductivity in
water
µs/cm at 25°C
1 Deep black soil and alluvial soilshaving clay Semi-tolerant
1500
content more than 30%; soils that are fairly to
moderately well Drained Tolerant 2000
2 Textured soils having clay contents of 20-30%; Semi-tolerant 2000
soils that are well drained internally and have
good surface drainage system Tolerant 4000
3 Medium textured soils having clay 10-20%; Semi-tolerant 4000
internally very well drained and having good
surface drainage system Tolerant 6000
In addition to problems caused by total amount of salts, some of the specific ions like sodium, boron
and trace elements, if present in water in excess, also render it unsuitable for agricultural use.
4.2.1 SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIO (SAR) & RESIDUAL SODIUM CARBONATE (RSC)
The clay minerals in the soil adsorb divalent cations like calcium and magnesium ions from irrigation
water. Whenever the exchange sites in clay are filled by divalent cations, the soil texture is conducive
for plant growth. Sodium reacts with soil to reduce its permeability. In case the irrigation water is
sodium dominant, the clay lattice is filled with sodium ions due to ion exchange. Such soils become
impermeable and sticky and as such the cultivation becomes difficult to support plant growth.
However, the cation exchange process is reversible and can be controlled either by adjusting the
composition of water or by soil amendment by application of gypsum, which releases cations
(Calcium) to occupy the exchange position. The tendency of water to replace adsorbed calcium and
magnesium with sodium can be expressed by the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), where all the ion
concentrations are in milli-equivalents per litre (meq/L).
𝐍𝐚
𝐒𝐀𝐑 =
√(𝐂𝐚 + 𝐌𝐠)/𝟐
When, water having high bicarbonates and low calcium and magnesium is used for irrigation purpose,
precipitation of calcium and magnesium as carbonate takes place, changing the residual water to high
sodium water with sodium bicarbonate in solution. It is termed as Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
which is expressed as;
(𝐍𝐚 + 𝐊)
%𝐍𝐚 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝐂𝐚 + 𝐌𝐠 + 𝐍𝐚 + 𝐊)
The quality of water is commonly expressed by classes of relative suitability for irrigation with
reference to salinity levels. The recommended classification with respect to Electrical Conductivity,
Sodium content, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, and Residual Sodium Carbonate, under customary
irrigation conditions has been depicted in Table - 4.2.1.
Alkalinity hazards
Water Class
SAR RSC (meq/L) %Na
IS:11624-1986 IS:11624-1986 Wilcox
Low < 10 < 1.5 < 20
Medium >10 – 18 1.5 – 3 20 - 60
High >18 – 26 3-6 > 60
Very High > 26 >6
4.3 Effects Of Water Quality Parameters on Human Health and Distribution for Various
Users
It is essential to ensure that various constituents are within prescribed limits in drinkingwater supplies
to avoid impact on human health (Table – 4.2.3). Man, life forms and domestic animals are affected
by alteration in water quality due to natural or anthropogenic reasons. The effect of these substances
depends on the quantity of water consumed per day and their concentration in water.
Table 4.2.3: Effects of water quality parameters on human health when used fordrinking
Purpose
Prescribed limits
S. Parameters IS:10500, 2012 Probable Effects
No.
Desirable Permissible
Limit Limit
1 Colour 5 15 Makes water aesthetically undesirable
(Hazen unit)
2 Odour Essentially free from Makes water aesthetically undesirable
objectionable odour
3 Taste Agreeable Makes water aesthetically undesirable
4 Turbidity 1 5 High turbidity indicates contamination /
(NTU) Pollution.
5 pH 6.5 Indicative of acidic or alkalinewaters,
8.5 affects taste, corrosivity and the water supply
system
6 Hardness as 200 600 Affects water supply system (Scaling),
CaCO3 Excessive soap consumption, and
(mg/L) calcification of arteries. There is no
conclusiveproof but it may cause urinary
concretions, diseases of kidney or bladder
and stomach disorder.
7 Iron (mg/L) 1.0 Gives bitter sweet astringenttaste,
No relaxation causes staining of laundry and porcelain.
In traces it isessential for nutrition.
| Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
Prescribed limits
S. Parameters IS:10500, 2012 Probable Effects
No.
Desirable Permissible
Limit Limit
8 Chloride 250 1000 May be injurious to some people suffering
(mg/L) from diseases of heart or kidneys. Taste,
indigestion, corrosion and palatability are
affected.
9 Residual 0.20 Excessive chlorination of drinking water
Chlorine may cause asthma,colitis and eczema.
(mg/L) Only -
when water is
Chlorinated
10 Total 500 2000 Palatability decreases and may cause gastro
Dissolved intestinal irritation in human, may have
Solids-TDS laxative effect particularly upon transits and
(mg/L) corrosion, may damage water system.
11 Calcium (Ca) 75 200 Causes encrustation in water supply system.
(mg/L) While in sufficiency causes a severe type
of rickets, excess causes concretions in the
body such as kidney or bladder stones and
irritation in urinary passages.
12 Magnesium Its salts are cathartics and diuretic. High
(mg) (mg/L) 30 100 concentration may have laxative effect
particularly on new users. Magnesium
deficiency is associated with structural and
functional changes. It is essential as an
activator of many enzyme systems.
13 Copper (Cu) Astringent taste but essential and beneficial
(mg/L) 0.5 1.50 element in human metabolism. Deficiency
results in nutritional anemia in infants. Large
amount may result in liver damage, cause
central nervous system irritation and
depression. In water supply it enhance
corrosion of aluminum in particular
14 Sulphate 200 400 Causes gastro intestinal irritation along with
(SO4) (mg/L) Mg or Na, can have a cathartic effect on users,
concentration more than 750 mg/L may have
laxative effect along with Magnesium.
15 Nitrate (NO3) 45 No Cause infant methaemoglobinaemia (blue
(mg/L) relaxation babies) at very high concentration, causes
gastriccancer and affects adversely central
nervous system and cardiovascular system.
16 Fluoride (F) 1.0 1.50 Reduce dental carries, very high
(mg/L) concentration may cause crippling skeletal
fluorosis.
17 Cadmium 0.003 No Acute toxicity may be associated with renal,
(Cd) (mg/L) relaxation arterial hypertension, itai-itai disease, (a bone
disease). Cadmium salt causes cramps,
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
18 Lead (Pb) Toxic in both acute and chronic exposures.
(mg/L) No Burning in the mouth, severe inflammation of
0.01 relaxation the gastro-intestinal tract with vomiting and
diarrhoea, chronic toxicity produces nausea,
severe abdominal pain, paralysis, mental
confusion, visual disturbances, anaemia etc.
19 Zinc (Zn) An essential and beneficial element in human
(mg/L) metabolism. Taste threshold for Zn occurs at
The International Standard Organization (ISO) has defined monitoring as,” The programmed
process of samplings, measurements and subsequent recording or signaling or both, of various
water characteristics, often with the aim of assessing, conformity to specified objectives”. A
systematic plan for conducting water quality monitoring is called Monitoring Programme, which
includes monitoring network design, preliminary survey, resource estimation, sampling, analysis,
data management & reporting.
Monitoring of ground water quality is an effort to obtain information on chemical quality through
representative sampling in different hydrogeological units. Ground Water is commonly tapped
from phreatic aquifers through dugwells in a major part of the country and through springs and
hand pumps in hilly areas. The main objective of ground water quality monitoring programme
is to get information on the distribution of water quality on a regional scale as well as lattice is to
create a background data bank of different chemical constituents in ground water.
One of the main objectives of the ground water quality monitoring is to assess the suitability of
ground water for drinking purpose. The quality of drinking water is a powerful environmental
determinant of the health of a community. The problem of the quality of water resources in
general, and groundwater resources in particular, is becoming increasingly important in both
industrialized and developing nation. In developing countries like India, the essential concerns as
regards water resources are their quantity, availability, sustainability and suitability. Groundwater
plays a leading role because it has of fundamental importance to all living beings.
Even though water is the most frequently occurring substance on earth, lack of safe drinking
water is more prominent in the developing countries. Due to increasing world population,
extraction of groundwater is also increasing for irrigations, industries, municipalities and urban
and rural households’ day by day. During dry season extensive withdrawal of groundwater for
irrigation purpose is lowering the water table in the aquifer and also changing the chemical
composition of water.
The physical and chemical quality of ground water is important in deciding its suitability for
drinking purposes. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) formally known as Indian Standard Institute
(ISI) vide its document IS: 10500:2012, Edition 3.2 (2012-15) has recommended the quality
standards for drinking water. On this basis of classification, the natural ground water of India has
been categorized as desirable, permissible and unfit for human consumption.
From the analytical results, it is seen that majority of water samples collected from observation /
monitoring wells of CGWB in a major part of the country fall under desirable or permissible
category and hence are suitable for drinking purposes. However, a small percentage of well
waters are found to have concentrations of some constituents beyond the permissible limits. Such
waters are not fit for human consumption and are likely to be harmful to health on continuous
use.
Groundwater quality data validation is an essential step in ensuring the reliability and accuracy
of the data. Here are some of the main steps for groundwater quality data validation.
a. Checking of Data Consistency: Checking of the data for consistency by comparing the
measurements of a particular parameter over time. This will help identify any changes
in the groundwater quality due to measurement methodology or equipment
b. Checking the correlation between EC and TDS:
a. The relationship between the two parameters is often described by a constant
(commonly between 0.55 and 0.95 for freshwaters).
b. Thus: TDS (mg/l) ~ (0.55 to 0.95) x EC (mS/cm).
c. The value of the constant varies according to the chemical composition of the
water. For freshwaters, the normal range of TDS can be calculated from the
following relationship:
d. 0.55 conductivity (mS/cm) < TDS (mg/l) < 0.95 conductivity (mS/cm).
e. Typically the constant is high for chloride rich waters and low for sulphate rich
waters.
All concentrations should be in epm. Error charge balance has been computed for the
chemical results of 2022-23 and analysis showing more than 10% ECB has not been
accepted as it indicates that there has been an error made in at least one of the major
cation/anion analyses.
The quality of groundwater in India has been evaluated by sampling and analysis of water
samples collected from Groundwater Monitoring wells. About 15507 Groundwater
Monitoring wells were monitored for water quality during May 2022 representing pre-
monsoon water quality. The state-wise chemical analysis data of the samples are given in
the Annexure - IX. The summarized results of groundwater quality ranges are given in Table
- 6.1.
The groundwater samples collected from dug wells and hand pumps tapping phreatic aquifers are
analyzed for all the major inorganic parameters. Based on the results, it is found that ground water
of the country is mostly of calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO3) type when the total dissolved solids
of water is below 500 mg/L (corresponding to electrical conductance of 750 S/cm at 250C).
They are of mixed cations and mixed anion type when the electrical conductance is between 750
and 3000 S/cm and waters with electrical conductance above 3000 S/cm are of sodium chloride
(Na-Cl) type. However, other types of water are also found among these general classifications,
which may be due to the local variations in hydro-chemical environments due to anthropogenic
activities. Nevertheless, occurrence of high concentrations of some water quality parameters such
as salinity, chloride, fluoride, iron, arsenic and nitrate have been observed in some pockets in few
states of the country.
Unconfined aquifers are extensively tapped for water supply across the country therefore; its
quality is of paramount importance. The chemical parameters like TDS, Chloride, Fluoride, Iron,
Arsenic and Nitrate etc are main constituents defining the quality of ground water in unconfined
aquifers. Therefore, presence of these parameters in ground water beyond the permissible limit
in the absence of alternate source has been considered as groundwater quality hotspots.
Groundwater quality hot spot maps of the country have been prepared depicting six main
parameters based on their distribution shown on the separate maps. These maps depict the spatial
distribution of the following constituents in ground water tapping the unconfined aquifers.
I. Electrical Conductivity
II. Chloride (> 1000 mg/L)
III. Fluoride (>1.5 mg/L)
IV. Nitrate (>45mg/L)
V. Iron (>1.0mg/L)
VI. Arsenic (>0.01 mg/L)
VII. Uranium (>0.03 mg/L)
VIII. Total Hardness (>600 mg/L)
Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt contents of a water body. Salt content is an important
factor in water use. Salinity can be technically defined as the total mass in grams of all the
dissolved substances per Kilogram of water. Different substances dissolve in water giving it taste
and odour. In fact, humans and other animals have developed senses which are, to a degree, able
to evaluate the potability of water, avoiding water that is too salty or putrid.
Salinity always exists in ground water but in variable amounts. It is mostly influenced by aquifer
material, solubility of minerals, duration of contact and factors such as the permeability of soil,
drainage facilities, and quantity of rainfall and above all, the climate of the area. The salinity of
groundwater in coastal areas in addition to the above may be due to air borne salts originating
from air water interface over the sea and also due to over pumping of fresh water which overlays
saline water in coastal aquifer systems.
BIS has recommended a drinking water standard for total dissolved solids a limit of 500 mg/L
(corresponding to EC of about 750 S/cm at 250C) that can be extended to a TDS of 2000 mg/L
Groundwater with EC ranging between 750 and 3000S/cm at 250C falling under ‘permissible’
range are confined mainly to parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Jharkhand and Punjab. However, in some
cases, relatively high values of EC in excess of 3000 S/cm are observed in many parts of the
country. Especially in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka etc. Table 7.1.1 shows the list of districts affected by high EC water (EC > 3000
S/cm) and these areas are water quality hot spots from salinity point of view.
State-wise percentage of wells having EC >3000 µS/cm is shown as a bar diagram in Fig 7.1.1
and the occurrences of Electrical Conductivity in ground water beyond permissible limit (>3000
µS/cm) have been shown on the contour map as Fig 7.1.2, the percentage groundwater samples in
various EC range is also illustrated in Fig 7.1.3. locations details are given in Annexure-I.
35
250 247
No. of Samples (EC >3000 µS/cm)
200 25.3
25
21
20
150 149
17
112 15
100 97 97 12.4
10.3
10
7.7
51
50
4.5 4.5
30 32
37
4
5
26 3.6
24
2.2
12
1.1 81.2
0.6 0.6 60.9
1 00 2 00 00 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
30.2
00 00 20.5
r h h 0 r T h H i a t a h K d a a h a a d a y b n u a a h d l 0
ba es es amiha U ar N elh Go ara an es & an ak ral es htr ay an sh err ja ha ad an ur es an ga
i corad rad Ass B arhtisg D D Guj ary rad J rkhrnat Ke radras hal gal Odi ich Punjast il NangTripradakh Ben
N g t H .P a a P a eg a l r
& ra Pn. P di ha H Jh K M.Mah M N Pon
d RaTam Te tar Ptta est
anndh Aru han Ch Ut U W
amA C
A nd
Table 7.1.3: Comparative change in number of districts having EC > 3000 µS/cm in various
states.
In comparison to 2015 (Table 7.1.3), it has been observed that the no. of districts having EC more
than 3000 µS/cm in various States has increased in 2022 by 9.03 %. In Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana,
Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Uttar Pradesh States has the increase in the no. of district is a matter
of concern. However, in some States it has decreased also, which may be because of dilution in
that particular area.
Trend analysis determines whether the measured values of the water quality variables increase or
decrease during a time period. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of groundwater is contributed
by all the dissolved ionic constituents. Therefore, it is a measure of the total ionic content of the
water. It could be used as a source of inorganic pollution indicator as most of the inorganic
compounds are present as ions in water. Hence, EC was taken to assess the trend of ground water
quality in India. The number of wells monitored in the year 2020 and 2021 is comparatively less
due to COVID pandemic situation. The percentage of well exceeds the electrical conductivity
more than 3000 µS/cm for the period of 2017 to 2022 were compared and presented in the
Table7.1.4 and Fig 7.1.2 and observed that the percentage of samples exceed the permissible limit
of 3000 µS/cm were ranging between 5 - 7 % and no significant trend was noticed. Trend on
water quality for Electrical conductivity (EC) prepared for the state of Tamil Nadu is showing a
slightly decreasing trend (Fig. 7.1.5 & 7.1.5a).
Trend on Electrical Conductivity in a district, Virudhunagar of Tamil Nadu shows (Fig 7.1.6) an
increasing trend due to lowest rain fall recorded district in the state of Tamil Nadu. Trend on
Electrical Conductivity in a district, Tiruvallur of Tamil Nadu shows (Fig. 7.1.7) a decreasing
Table 7.1.4: Percentage of wells Exceed EC>3000 µS/cm during the period of
2017-2022
250
Trend of Electrical Conductivity in India 7
6.65 6.46
6.23 6.32
198 198 6.04 6
172
5
150
4
119
90 3
100
2
50
1
0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
No. of districts affected byYear
EC %age of locations affected by EC
33.33
30.00
25.00
21.88
20.00
18.18
15.00
10.00 11.76
8.33
5.00
0.00
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Periods
30.00 29.03
25.00
20.00 20.69
18.87
15.00
10.00 8.62 9.43
5.00
0.00
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
Chloride is present in all-natural waters, mostly at low concentrations. It is highly soluble in water
and moves freely with water through soil and rock. In ground water the chloride content is mostly
below 250 mg/L except in cases where inland salinity is prevalent and in coastal areas.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard) have recommended a desirable limit of 250 mg /L of chloride
in drinking water; this concentration limit can be extended to 1000 mg/L of chloride in case no
alternative source of water with desirable concentration is available. However, ground water
having concentration of chloride more than 1000 mg /L are not suitable for drinking purposes.
In Fig 7.2.1, the concentration of chloride (in mg/L) in ground water from observation wells have
been used to show distribution patterns of chloride in different ranges of suitability. It is apparent
from the map that majority of the samples having chloride values less than 250 mg/L are found
mostly in the states of J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Orissa, M.P, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal, North- Punjab, Sikkim & North-
Eastern states.
Water with chloride ranging between 250 and 1000 mg/L falling under ‘permissible’ range are
confined mostly to parts of Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh, Southern Punjab, Southern
West Bengal, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Western Uttar Pradesh.
Relatively high values of Chloride (>1000 mg/L) are observed in the State of Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Delhi, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu etc. Table 7.2.1 shows
the Statewise list of districts affected by high chloride water (>1000 mg/L) and these areas are
water quality hot spots from high chloride point of view.
The occurrences of chloride in ground water beyond permissible limit (1000 mg/L) have been
shown on the contour map as Fig 7.2.1, State-wise percentage of wells having chloride >1000
mg/L is shown as a bar diagram in Fig 7.2.2 and also given location details in Annexure-II.
(%)
No. of Samples
Sr. No. of Samples Samples
State and UT collected (NHS
No (Cl >1000 mg/l) (Cl >1000
2022-23)
mg/l)
1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 110 0 0.0
2 Andhra Pradesh 940 30 3.2
3 Arunachal Pradesh 18 0 0.0
4 Assam 319 0 0.0
5 Bihar 661 0 0.0
6 Chandigarh UT 1 0 0.0
7 Chhattisgarh 801 0 0.0
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
8 22 1
Daman & Diu 4.5
9 Delhi 95 1 1.1
10 Goa 63 0 0.0
11 Gujarat 657 65 9.9
12 Haryana 463 40 8.6
13 Himachal Pradesh 160 0 0.0
14 Jammu & Kashmir 250 0 0.0
15 Jharkhand 392 0 0.0
16 Karnataka 1141 11 1.0
17 Kerala 265 0 0.0
18 Madhya Pradesh 1136 0 0.0
19 Maharashtra 1358 10 0.7
20 Meghalaya 65 0 0.0
21 Nagaland 15 0 0.0
22 Odisha 1274 0 0.0
23 Pondicherry 16 0 0.0
24 Punjab 338 3 0.9
25 Rajasthan 809 127 15.7
26 Tamil Nadu 1197 41 3.4
27 Telangana 890 11 1.2
28 Tripura 67 0 0.0
29 Uttar Pradesh 917 9 1.0
30 Uttarakhand 396 0 0.0
31 West Bengal 670 2 0.3
Total (India) 15507 351 2.3
In comparison to 2015, it has been observed that the no. of districts having chloride more than
1000 mg/Lin various States has increased in 2022 by 8.65 % (Table 7.2.3 & Fig.7.2.3). In Gujarat,
Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal has the increase in the no. of
district is a matter of concern. However, in some States it has decreased also, which may be
because of dilution in that particular area.
Traditionally, distillation has been the method used for desalting water for human consumption
or other use. Membrane methods have emerged through the last 50 years and now predominate
among the desalination practices. The following describes each of the various methods used for
water desalination treatment.
1. Distillation Methods
There are several variations in distillation technology used in desalination. They are all based on
the vapourization of liquid water when brought to its boiling point. The nearly pure water vapour
produced is condensed and collected for use, while dissolved salts remain behind in the remaining
liquid feed water. Some of the methods by which distillation is practiced are as follows:
• Multi-stage flash;
• Multiple effect;
• Vapour compression;
• Membrane distillation; and
• Solar humidification.
2. Membrane Technologies
31 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
Membrane processes involve passing of impaired feed water through a semi-permeable material
which can filter out unwanted dissolved or undissolved constituents, depending on the size and
treatment of the openings. Membrane technologies identified include:
• Reverse Osmosis;
• Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration;
• Electrodialysis Reversal; and
• Forward Osmosis.
3. Hybrid Technology: A method of reducing overall costs of desalination can be the use of
hybrid systems using both RO and distillation processes. Such a system could provide a more
suitable match between power and water development needs.
7.3 FLUORIDE
Fluorine is a fairly common element but it does not occur in the elemental state in nature because
of its high reactivity. Fluorine is the most electronegative and reactive of all elements that occur
naturally within many types of rock. It exists in the form of fluorides in a number of minerals of
which fluorspar, cryolite, fluorite and fluorapatite are the most common. Fluorite (CaF2) is a
common fluoride mineral.
Most of the fluoride found in groundwater is naturally occurring from the breakdown of rocks
and soils or weathering and deposition of atmospheric particles. Most of the fluorides are
sparingly soluble and are present in ground water in small amounts. The occurrence of fluoride
in natural water is affected by the type of rocks, climatic conditions, nature of hydrogeological
strata and time of contact between rock and the circulating ground water. Presence of other ions,
particularly bicarbonate and calcium ions also affect the concentration of fluoride in ground
water.
It is well known that small amounts of fluoride (less than 1.0 mg/L) have proven to be beneficial
in reducing tooth decay. Community water supplies commonly are treated with NaF or
fluorosilicates to maintain fluoride levels ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 mg/L to reduce the incidence
of dental carries. However, high concentrations such as 1.5 mg/L of F and above have resulted
in staining of tooth enamel while at still higher levels of fluoride ranging between 5.0 and 10
mg/L, further pathological changes such as stiffness of the back and difficulty in performing
natural movements may take place.
BIS has recommended an upper desirable limit of 1.0 mg/L of F- as desirable concentration of
fluoride in drinking water, which can be extended to 1.5 mg/L of F in case no alternative source
of water is available. Water having fluoride concentration of more than 1.5 mg/L are not suitable
for drinking purposes.
The fluoride content in groundwater from observation wells in a major part of the country is found
to be less than 1.0 mg/L. The distribution of ground water samples with fluoride concentration
more than 1.5 mg/L have been depicted on the map as Fig. 7.3.1. It is observed that there are
several locations in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Orissa, Punjab, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Telangana, Haryana, Uttar
Fig 7.3.1 Locations having Fluoride concentration > 1.5 mg/L during May 2022.
% of
No. of Samples No. of
Samples
S. No State and UT collected (NHS Samples (F
(F >1.5
2022-23) >1.5 mg/l)
mg/l)
1 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 110 0 0.0
2 Andhra Pradesh 940 98 10.4
3 Arunachal Pradesh 18 0 0.0
4 Assam 319 0 0.0
5 Bihar 661 23 3.5
6 Chandigarh UT 1 0 0.0
7 Chhattisgarh 801 14 1.7
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
8 22 4.5
Daman & Diu 1
9 Delhi 95 4 4.2
10 Goa 63 3 4.8
11 Gujarat 657 78 11.9
12 Haryana 463 53 11.4
13 Himachal Pradesh 160 7 4.4
14 Jammu & Kashmir 250 1 0.4
15 Jharkhand 392 11 2.8
16 Karnataka 1141 91 8.0
17 Kerala 265 1 0.4
18 Madhya Pradesh 1136 15 1.3
19 Maharashtra 1358 38 2.8
20 Meghalaya 65 0 0.0
21 Nagaland 15 0 0.0
22 Odisha 1274 30 2.4
23 Pondicherry 16 0 0.0
24 Punjab 338 33 9.8
25 Rajasthan 809 213 26.3
26 Tamil Nadu 1197 121 10.1
27 Telangana 890 168 18.9
28 Tripura 67 0 0.0
29 Uttar Pradesh 917 39 4.3
30 Uttarakhand 396 2 0.5
31 West Bengal 670 4 0.6
Total(India) 15507 1048 6.8
26.3
25
15
11.9
11.4
10.4 10.1
10 9.8
It has been observed (Table 7.3.3) that total number of districts affected by high fluoride in
different States has increased by 16.75 % in 2022 as compared to the data available in 2015. In
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan and Tamilnadu,
Telangana has the increase in the no. of district is a matter of concern.
The occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is mainly due to weathering and leaching of fluoride
bearing minerals from rocks and sediments. To assess the trend of ground water pollution due to
geogenic activity, the percentage of well exceeds the permissible limit of 1.5mg/L for the period
of 2017 to 2022 were compared and presented in the Table 7.3.4 and Fig 7.3.4 and observed that
the percentage of samples exceed the permissible limit of fluoride 1.5 mg/L were ranging between
5 - 8 % and no significant trend was noticed. The no of wells monitored in the year 2020 and
2021 is comparatively less due to COVID pandemic situation. The number of fluoride affected
district has increased in the year 2022 as more number of piezometers (deeper wells) was included
in the monitoring wells after 2019. Trend on water quality for fluoride was prepared for the state
of Tamil Nadu is showing a similar pattern (Fig 7.3.5).
Trend on fluoride in a district, Dindigul of Tamil Nadu shows (Fig 7.3.6) an decreasing trend and
Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu shows (Fig 7.3.7) an increasing trend depends on the rain fall
pattern and more piezometer/bore wells were included in monitoring as many monitoring dug
wells were dried up in the district respectively.
1
Trend
2
of Fluoride
3
occurance
4
in India
5 6
450 8
392
400 7.21 7.05 7
350
6.52 6.76
5.57
300 5.31 5
250 226
207 212 4
200
142 3
150 131
2
100
50 1
0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
15 9.76 10.1410
13
8.44 8.23 8
10 6
4.42 4
5
2 2
0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
No. of districts affected by F %age of locations affected by F
25.00 25.00
20.00 20.00
15.00
11.11 11.11
mg/L
10.00
5.00
5.77
0.00
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Periods
Fig 7.3.6 Trend on Fluoride a district (Dindigul of Tamil Nadu) for the
period of 2017-2022
Fig 7.3.7 Trend on Fluoride in a district (Namakkal of Tamil Nadu) for the
period of 2017-2022
The fluoride remedial measures broadly adopted are ex-situ techniques. They can be classified
into three major categories.
Activated alumina: Activated alumina is a highly porous aluminum oxide exhibiting high surface
area. Alumina has a high preference for fluoride compared to other anionic species, and hence is
an attractive adsorbent. The crystal structure of alumina contains cation lattice discontinuities
giving rise to localized areas of positive charge which makes it attract various anionic species. It
also does not shrink, swell, soften nor disintegrate when immersed in water. The maximum
absorption capacity of activated alumina for fluoride is found to be 3.6 mg F/g of alumina.
Ion-Exchange resins: Synthetic chemicals, namely, anion and cation exchange resins have been
used for fluoride removal. Some of these are Polyanion (NCL), Tul-sion A - 27, Deacedite FF
(IP), Amberllte IRA 400, LewatitMIH - 59, and AmberliteXE - 75. These resins have been used
in chloride and hydroxy form. The fluoride exchange capacity of these resins depends upon the
ratio of fluoride to total anions in water.
(b) Coagulation-precipitation
Precipitation methods are based on the addition of chemicals (coagulants and coagulant aids) and
the subsequent precipitation of a sparingly soluble fluoride salt as insoluble. Fluoride removal is
accomplished with separation of solids from liquid. Aluminium salts (eg. Alum), lime, Poly
Nalgonda Technique
Nalgonda technique involves addition of Aluminium salts, lime and bleaching powder followed
by rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. It is opined that this
technique is preferable at all levels because of the low price and ease of handling, is highly
versatile and can be used in various scales from household level to community scale water supply.
The Nalgonda technique can be used for raw water having fluoride concentration between 1.5
and 20 mg/L and the total dissolved solids should be <1500 mg/L, and total hardness < 600 mg/L.
The alkalinity of the water to be treated must be sufficient to ensure complete hydrolysis of alum
added to it and to retain a minimum residual alkalinity of 1 - 2 meq/L in the treated water to
achieve a pH of 6.5 - 8.5 in treated water. Several researchers have attempted to improve the
technique by increasing the removal efficiency of fluoride using Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC)
and Poly Aluminium Hydroxy Sulphate (PAHS).
7.4 NITRATE
Nitrate is a naturally occurring compound that is formed in the soil when nitrogen and oxygen
combine. The primary source of all nitrates is atmospheric nitrogen gas. This is converted into
organic nitrogen by some plants by a process called nitrogen fixation. Dissolved Nitrogen in the
form of Nitrate is the most common contaminant of ground water. Nitrate in groundwater
generally originates from non-point sources such as leaching of chemical fertilizers & animal
manure, groundwater pollution from septic and sewage discharges etc. It is difficult to identify
the natural and man-made sources of nitrogen contamination of ground water. Some chemical
and micro-biological processes such as nitrification and denitrification also influence the nitrate
concentration in ground water.
As per the BIS Standard for drinking water the maximum desirable limit of Nitrate concentration
in ground water is 45 mg/L with no relaxation. Though, Nitrate is considered relatively non-toxic,
a high nitrate concentration in drinking water is an environmental health concern arising from
increased risks of methemoglobinemia particularly to infants. Adults can tolerate little higher
concentrations. The specified limits are not to be exceeded in public water supply. If the limit is
exceeded, water is considered to be unfit for human consumption.
The occurrences of Nitrate in ground water beyond permissible limit (45 mg /L) have been shown
on the map as a point source Fig 7.4.1 and also given in Annexure-IV. Table-7.4.1 shows the
districts where nitrate has been found in excess of 45 mg/L in groundwater.
41.9
40 37.6 37.8
39.3
31.4
30
25.5
24.7 24.2
20.3
20 17.9
16.2
14.1
12.8
10 9.7 10
10 7.5
8.7 8.2
6.7
5.3
4.5
2
1.1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
r h h m ar T rh H lhi oa at a h K d ka la h ra ya d ha ry ab n u a ra h d al
oba desdesssa Bih h U ga DNDe G jar yandesJ & hanata era dessht ala lan is her nj thaNadganipu deshan ng
ar tis u r a d u s e
ic ra ra A
N .P .P ig at G Ha Pra arkarn K Pra ara gh ag O dic P aja il lan Tr Pra rak . B
d . h K . h e N n R am e . ta W
. & dH un n hh H J M Ma M Po T T U Ut
nd n r ha C
A A A C
Table 7.4.2: List of Districts Showing Localized Occurrence of Nitrate (>45 mg/L) in
Ground Water in Different States of India
6. DNH Diu
Fig. 7.4.3 Bar diagram comparing no. of Nitrate contaminated (45 mg/L) districts in
Trend analysis determines whether the measured values of the water quality variables increase or
decrease during a time period. Nitrate is one of the major indicators of anthropogenic sources of
pollution. Nitrate is the ultimate oxidized product of all nitrogen containing matter and its
occurrence in groundwater can be fairly attributed to infiltration of water through soil containing
domestic waste, animal waste, fertilizer and industrial pollution. As the lithogenic sources of
nitrogen are very rare, its presence in ground water is almost due to anthropogenic activity.
Hence, nitrate was taken to assess the trend of ground water quality in India due to anthropogenic
activity. The percentage of well exceeds the permissible limit of 45mg/L for the period of 2017
to 2022 were compared and presented in the Table 7.4.4 and Fig 7.4.4 and observed that the
percentage of samples exceed the permissible limit of nitrate (> 45 mg/L) were ranging between
20 - 25 % and no significant trend was noticed. The number of wells monitored in the year 2020
and 2022 was comparatively less due to COVID pandemic situation. The number of nitrate
affected district has increased in the year 2022 as a greater number of piezometer/deeper wells
was included in the monitoring wells after 2019. The percentage of wells affected by nitrate was
comparatively more (25%) in the year 2020 and the sampling was more in residential area of the
city and town limits during 2020. It is also observed that the type of waste generated is important
in causing the nitrate pollution and also indicates that domestic waste leads to more nitrate
problem. This could be due to the leaching of nitrate from the open sewerage lines. Trend on
water quality for Nitrate prepared for the state of Tamil Nadu is showing a similar pattern (Fig
7.4.5).
Table 7.4.5: Percentage of wells Exceed Nitrate >1.5 mg/L during the period of
2017-2022
Trend on Nitrate in a district, Tirunelveli and Cuddalore of Tamil Nadu is shown (Fig 7.4.6 and
7.4.7) and observed that the water level is deeper in Tirunelveli district as nitrate is mainly from
anthropogenic activity, its influence is minimum in the deeper and shows decreasing trend. The
24
25
48.0
50
46.5
No. of Districts affected
20 17 38.4 40
37.6
33.9
15 30
10 20
5 2 10
0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
No. of districts affected by NO3 % age of locations affected by NO3
40.0 39.3
Nitrate(>45 mg/L) 30.0 29.2
35.3
20.0
10.0
0.0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Year
Fig 7.4.6 Trend on Nitrate in a district (Tirunelveli of Tamil Nadu) for the
period of 2017-2022
35.0
30.0
Nitrate(>45 mg/L)
Fig 7.4.7 Trend on Nitrate in a district (Cuddalore) of Tamil Nadu) for the
period of 2017-2022
For removal of nitrate both non-treatment techniques like blending and treatment processes such
as ion-exchange, reverse osmosis, biological denitrification and chemical reduction are useful.
The most important thing is that neither of these methods is completely effective in removing all
the nitrogen from the water.
a) Methods involving no treatment: In order to use any of these options the nitrate problem must
be local-scale. Common methods are –
• Raw water source substitution
• Blending with low nitrate waters
Fig. 7.4.8 Advanced Nitrate Reduction Hollow Fiber Membrane Reactor (Source: Hand Book for
Drinking Water Treatment, JJM, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Gov. of India)
The permissible Iron concentration in ground water is 1.0 mg/L as per the BIS Standard for
drinking water. The occurrences of iron in ground water beyond permissible limit (> 1.0 mg /litre)
have been shown on the maps as point sources (Fig 7.5.1). It is based on the chemical analysis of
water samples mostly collected from the groundwater observation wells/ springs/ hand pumps.
The details of the sampling sources are given in Annexure-V. The iron point value map indicates
Northern and Central India having more iron content in groundwater compare to Western Indian
part. The most iron affected States are Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal.
The summary list of districts in which iron in ground water is found to exceed the permissible
limits for drinking water in localized areas is shown in table 7.5.1.
Andaman And
1 North & Middle Andaman, South Andaman
Nicobar
6 Delhi Delhi
As compared to the data available in year 2015, the number of districts having Iron more than 1.0
mg/L in ground water samples has increased (Table 7.5.2) by 28.2 % during the year 2019.
40
30
20
10
Uttar…
Andhra…
Jammu &…
Madhya…
Arunachal…
Himachal…
Karnataka
Orissa
Uttrakhand
Punjab
Assam
Jharkhand
Delhi
Goa
Meghalaya
Tamilnadu
Tripura
A&N
Bihar
Haryana
Telangana
Chhattisgarh
West Bengal
Gujarat
Manipur
Maharashtra
Kerala
Rajasthan
States
Fig. 7.5.2 Comparison on No of districts exceed Iron >1.0 mg/L during 2015 and 2019.
a) Oxidation and filtration: Before iron and manganese can be filtered, they need to be oxidized
to a state in which they can form insoluble complexes. Ferrous iron (Fe 2+) is oxidized to ferric
iron (Fe3+), which readily forms the insoluble iron hydroxide complex Fe(OH)3. Manganese
(Mn2+) is oxidized to (Mn4+), which forms insoluble (MnO2). The common chemical oxidants in
water treatment are chlorine, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate and ozone. The dose of
potassium permanganate, however, must be carefully controlled. Too little permanganate will not
oxidize all the iron and manganese, and too much will allow permanganate to enter the
distribution system and cause a pink color.
Ozone may be used for iron and manganese oxidation. Ozone may not be effective for oxidation
in the presence of humic or fulvic materials. If not dosed carefully, ozone can oxidize reduced
manganese to permanganate and result in pink water formation as well. Manganese dioxide
particles, also formed by oxidation of reduced manganese, must be carefully coagulated to ensure
their removal.
A low-cost method of providing oxidation is to use the oxygen in air as the oxidizing agent. Water
is simply passed down a series of porous trays to provide contact between air and water. No
chemical dosing is required. This method is not effective for water in which the iron is complexed
with humic materials or other large organic molecules.
Oxidation and Filtration Method for Fe and Mn Removal from Ground Water In general,
manganese oxidation is more difficult than iron because the reaction rate is slower. A longer
detention time (10 to 30 minutes) following chemical addition is needed prior to filtration to allow
the reaction to take place. Manganese greensand is by far the most common medium in use for
removal of iron and manganese through pressure filtration. Greensand is a processed material
consisting of nodular grains of the zeolite mineral glauconite. The material is coated with
manganese oxide. The ion exchange properties of the glauconite facilitates the bonding of the
coating. This treatment gives the media a catalytic effect in the chemical oxidation reduction
b) Ion Exchange Ion exchange should be considered only for the removal of small quantities of
iron and manganese because there is a risk of rapid clogging. Ion exchange involves the use of
synthetic resins where a pre-saturate ion on the solid phase (the “adsorbent,” usually sodium) is
exchanged for the unwanted ions in water. One of the major difficulties in using this method for
controlling iron and manganese is that if any oxidation occurs during the process, the resulting
precipitate can coat and foul the media. Cleaning would then be required using acid or sodium
bisulfate.
The occurrence of Arsenic in ground water was first reported in 1980 in West Bengal in India. In
West Bengal, 79 blocks in 8 districts have Arsenic beyond the permissible limit. The most
affected areas are on the eastern side of Bhagirathi River in the districts of Malda, Murshidabad,
Nadia, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas and western side of the districts of Howrah,
Hugli and Bardhman. The occurrence of Arsenic in ground water is mainly in the aquifers upto
100 m depth. The deeper aquifers are free from Arsenic contamination.
Apart from West Bengal, Arsenic contamination in groundwater has been found in the states of
Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. The
occurrence of Arsenic in the states of Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh is in alluvial
formations but in the state of Chhattisgarh, it is in the volcanic rocks exclusively confined to N-
S trending Dongargarh-Kotri ancient rift zone. It has also been reported in Golaghat, Jorhat,
Lakhimpur, Nagaon, Nalbari, Sibsagar, Sonitpur district of Assam.
The map showing distribution of Arsenic in ground water of India (Fig 7.6.1) has been generated
from the data on arsenic concentration in water samples mostly collected from the groundwater
observation wells/ hand pumps, Arsenic contaminated areas have been shown as points based on
findings of Central Ground Water Board. The details of the locations are given in Annexure-VIII
and locations exceed the limit of 0.01mg/L (10 ppb) are given in Annexure VI. The point sources
are plotted on the map (Fig 7.6.1). Districts having Arsenic > 0.01 mg/L in Ground Water in
Different States of India is shown in Table-7.6.1.
Detailed CGWB exploration, isotope and hydro-chemical modeling carried out by CGWB along
with other agencies like BARC has indicated that the deep aquifers (>100 m bgl) underneath the
contaminated shallow aquifer, have been normally found as arsenic free. Long duration pumping
tests and isotopic studies in West Bengal and Bihar have indicated that there is limited hydraulic
63 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
connection between the contaminated shallow and contamination free deep aquifers and the
ground water belong to different age groups having different recharge mechanisms. The deep
aquifers in West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have the potential to be used for community-
based water supply.
7.7 URANIUM
Uranium occurs naturally in groundwater and surface water. Being a radioactive mineral, high
uranium concentration can cause impact on water, soil and health. Uranium has both natural
and anthropogenic source that could lead to the aquifer. These sources include leaching from
natural deposits, release in mill tailings, and emissions from the nuclear industry, combustion of
coal and other fuels and the use of phosphate fertilizers that contains uranium and contribute to
ground water pollution. Uranium enters in human tissues mainly through drinking water, food,
air and other occupational and accidental exposures. Intake of uranium through air and water is
normally low, but in circumstances in which uranium is present in a drinking water source, the
majority of intake can be through drinking water.
Water with uranium concentration above the recommended maximum permissible concentration
of 30 ppb (BIS,10500:2012) is not safe for drinking purposes as it can cause damage to internal
organs, on continuous intake. Elevated uranium concentrations in drinking water have been
associated with many epidemiological studies such as urinary track cancer as well as kidney
toxicity. A recent study, found a strong correlation between uranium concentration in drinking
water and uranium in bone, suggesting that bones are good indicators of uranium exposed via
ingestion of drinking water. Therefore, such studies trigger further assessment of uranium’s
adverse health effects on humans and/or the environment for countries where elevated uranium
concentration in drinking water has been observed. Hence, it becomes important to study the
level of uranium in drinking water for health risk assessment.
Uranium concentration in the shallow ground water varies primarily due to recharge and
discharge, which would have dissolved or leached the uranium from the weathered soil to
groundwater zone. High uranium concentrations observed in groundwater may be due to local
geology, anthropogenic activities, urbanization and use of phosphate fertilizers in huge quantity
for agriculture purpose. Studies have shown that phosphate fertilizer possess uranium
concentration ranging from 1 mg/kg to 68.5 mg/kg (Brindha K et al., 2011). Hence, the phosphate
fertilizers manufactured from phosphate rocks may also contribute uranium to ground water in
agriculture region. In ores, uranium is found as uranite (UO22+) and pitchblende (U3O82+) or in the
form of secondary minerals (complex oxides, silicates, phosphates, vanadates).
GV, Guideline value; ML, Maximum limit; MAC, Most acceptable concentration; RV,
Recommended value; RBL, Radiological based limit; PL, Permissible Limit; MAV, Maximum
acceptable value; MCL, Maximum contaminant level; PGV, Provisional guideline value
To assess the Uranium concentration and distribution in the ground water, Central Ground Water
Board (CGWB) had decided to carry out Uranium sampling of its National Hydrograph Network
Stations (NHNS) in the entire country during Pre-monsoon monitoring (May,2019). The sample
collection and storage were done according to the standard protocols prescribed by APHA (2017).
The groundwater samples were collected in plastic bottles after having been filtered through 0.45-
μm filter paper. For the cations and uranium analyses, groundwater samples were immediately
acidified below pH 2 by adding nitric acid to prevent precipitation and adsorption to the container
walls. Uranium (U) was detected using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-spectrometry. To
ensure quality control, duplicate and standard checks were performed on every ten samples. In
addition, a trace element standard reference material was examined. State wise no. of districts
affected by Uranium (>30 ppb) and maximum value observed is given in Table 7.7.4.
1 Andhra Ananthapur, Chittoor, Guntur, Kadapa, East Godavari, Krishna, Kurnool, Prakasam
Pradesh
2 Bihar Saran, Bhabhua, Khagaria, Madhepura, Nawada, Sheikhpura, Purnea, Kisanganj,
Begusarai
3 Chhattisgar Bilaspur, Jashpur, Kanker, Korba
h
4 Delhi North West District, South West District, West District, North District
5 Gujrat Dohad, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Patan
6 Haryana Ambala, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurugram, Hissar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal,
Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendergarh, Palwal, Panipat, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonipat, Yamuna
Nagar
7 Himachal Mandi
Pradesh
8 Jharkhand Godda, Koderma, Latehar, Palamau
9 Karnataka Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Urban, Bellary, Gulbarga, Kolar, Mandya, Raichur,
Tumkur
10 Madhya Balaghat, Betul, Chhatarpur, Datia, Gwalior, Jhabua, Panna, Raisen, Seoni, Shivpuri
Pradesh
11 Maharashtr Bhandara, Gondia, Nagpur
a
12 Odisha Angul, Dhenkanal, Sundargarh, Sambalpur
13 Punjab Bathinda, Moga, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Fazilka, Ferozepur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar,
Kapurthala, Ropar, Ludhiana, Muktsar, Pathankot, Patiala, Sangrur, SAS Nagar
14 Rajasthan Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Barmer, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Chittaugarh, Churu,
Dausa, Ganganagar, Jaipur, Jelore, Jodhpur, Karauli, Nagaur, Pratapgarh, Rajsamand,
Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur
15 Tamil Nadu Dindigul, Erode, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Mamakkal, Ramnathapuram, Salem,
Thiruvannamalai, Tirupur, Tiruvallur
16 Telangana Adilabad, Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy
17 Uttar Aligarh, Azamgarh, Bijnaur, Badaun, Bulandshaher, Deoria, Farrikhabad, Fatehpur,
Pradesh G.B. Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur, Hardoi, Hathras, J P Nagar, Kanpur Nagar,
Mainpuri, Mathura, Pratapgarh, Raebarelli, Sultanpur, Unnao.
18 West Bengal Malda
Table 7.7.4 shows the number of districts partly affected in various states with maximum values
recorded. It is observed that Punjab, Haryana, Telangana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh are mostly affected in terms of percentage of samples observed with U concentration >
30 ppb. Some other states such as Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Gujrat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar have also been observed to have
Uranium concentration above the permissible level of 30 µg/L in some localized pockets.
21 21
20
18
17
15
10 10
10 9
8 8
6
5 4 4 4 4
3
1 1
0
r t l
esh iha arh ara ana esh and aka esh htra ssa jab an adu ana esh ga
g j y t
d B is u r ad kh a ad as d u st N ng ad e i n h n
ra t G Ha Pr ar rn Pr ar O P ja il la Pr . B
. P at . h a . a m e
A C
h H J K M ah R Ta T U. W
M
Fig. 7.7.2 Bar diagram displaying no. of partly Uranium contaminated (> 30 ppb)
districts in various state during 2019.
Uranium concentration varied from 0.0 to 2876 ppb in the entire country during Pre-monsoon
monitoring (May,2019), indicating that uranium concentrations in groundwater widely vary by
several orders of magnitude. Large variations seen in Uranium concentrations could be due to the
wide variation of geographical locations or regional differences in the hydrogeochemical
characteristics of groundwater.
15
11.67
mg/L
10.14
10 7.15
4.93 4.36
5
Odisha
Delhi
Punjab
U. Pradesh
Rajasthan
A. & N.
Bihar
J. & K
Tamil Nadu
W. Bengal
Goa
H. Pradesh
Andh. Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Gujrat
Kerala
Arn. Pradesh
M. Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Chandigarh
Jharkhand
Meghalaya
Telangana
Maharashtra
Tripura
Haryana
Karnataka
Assam
Table 7.7.4 Details of number of districts partly affected with Uranium > 0.03 mg/L
(>30ppb) and the maximum values of Uranium in various states/UT of India
REMEDIAL MEASURES
Finding a remedy for the uranium contaminated groundwater effectively and thoroughly, has
become need of day. Remediation technologies can be classified into physical, chemical and
biological methods. Bioremediation is divided into plant and microorganism methods. Each
method consists of both advantages and disadvantages and the appropriate mitigation techniques
should be need based.
Adsorption has a high removal efficiency, but costs are also higher. The coagulation process is
simple and comparatively economical, but the standard effluent concentration is hard to reach, so
there is a need for follow-up treatment. Combined with adsorption, coagulation can remove 99%
of U. The extraction process can remove effluent U concentrations of less than 0.05mg / L, but it
will produce a lot of sludge. Reverse osmosis is referred as a best technology, but due to its high
cost it can not be used on community scale. The evaporation method is simple and effective, the
removal rate is high, but there are high costs and sludge needs that must be dealt with. A review
of various treatment technologies for Uranium removal from water and their technical
achievability as reported by various researchers are given below in Table 7.7.4
Total hardness is predominantly caused by cations such as calcium and magnesium and anion
such as bicarbonate and sulphate. Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium
both expressed as CaCO3 in mg/L. Hardness represents the soap-consuming capacity of water.
Species that form insoluble compounds with soap Ca, Mg, Organic compounds etc.Total hardness
is sum of Ca and Mg and expresses as CaC03 mg/l. EDTA titration. The two kind of hardness
observed in water.
• Temporary hardness is due to Carbonate.
• Permanent hardness is due to Sulphate, Chloride or Nitrate.
The hardness in water is derived largely from contact with the soil and rock formations. Rain
water as it falls upon the earth is in capable of dissolving the tremendous amount of solids found
in many natural waters. People with kidney and bladder stones should avoid high content of
calcium and magnesium in water (K. R. Karanth, 1997). The BIS permissible limit of hardness is
300 – 600 mg/L. The total hardness in groundwater was observed in a many part of the country.
It is observed that there are several locations in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Orissa, Punjab, Tamilnadu, kerala,
Telangana, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh West Bengal, Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and West
Bengal where the total hardness in ground water exceeds 600 mg/L. The details of locations
where total hardness concentration more than 600 mg/l is given in table 7.8.1.
Table – 7.8.1 Number of location having total hardness > 600 mg/L in Indian States.
S. No. State No. of locations having TH> 600 mg/L
1 Andhra Pradesh 121
2 Bihar 31
3 Chhattisgarh 13
4 Delhi 8
5 DNH 1
6 Gujarat 133
7 Haryana 104
8 J&K 6
9 Jharkhand 8
10 Karnataka 70
11 Kerala 16
12 Madhya Pradesh 54
13 Maharashtra 107
14 Odisha 42
15 Punjab 18
16 Rajasthan 202
17 Tamil Nadu 310
18 Telangana 80
19 Uttar Pradesh 36
20 Uttarakhand 2
21 West Bengal 19
Total 1381
S.No. State Parts of District having Total Hardness > 600 mg/L as CaCO 3
1 Andra Anantpur, Chittur, East Godavari, Guntur, Kadapa, Krishna, Kurnool,
Pradesh Nellore, Prakasham, Srikakulam, Vijayanagram, Visakapatnam, West
Godavari
2 Bihar Arwal, Aurangabad, Bhojpur, Buxar, E Champaran, Gaya, Gopalganj,
Jehanabad, Katihar, Muzaffarpur, alanda, Nawada, Purnea, Rohtas,
Samastipur, Siwan, Supaul, Aurangabad
3 Chhattisgarh Balod, Bemetara, Bilaspur, Durg, Jashpur, Koriya, Raigarh, Ranandgaon
4 Delhi Delhi
5 Gujrat Ahmedabad, Amreli, Anand, Arvalli, Banaskantha,
Bharuch,Bhavnagar, Botad, Chhota Udepur, Dahod, Devbhoomi
Dwarka, Gandhinagar, Gir Somnath, Jamnagar, Junagadh,
Kachchh, Kheda, Mahesana, Mahisagar, Morbi, Navsari,
Panchmahal, Patan, Porbandar, Rajkot, Sabarkantha, Surat,
Surendranagar, Tapi, Valsad
6 Haryana Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurugram, Hisar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal
Karnal, Mahendragarh, Mewat, Palwal, Panipat, Rewari,
Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonipat,
7 J&K Baramulla, Jammu, Rajouri, Samba
8 Jharkhand Bokaro, Chatra, E. Singhbhum, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Palamu, Saraikela,
9 Karnataka Bagalkot, Ballari, Belagavi, Bengaluru, Rural, Bijapur, Chikballapura,
Chikmagaluru, Gulbarga, Hassan, Kolar, Koppal, Mandya, Mysore,
Raichur, Ramnagara, Tumkur, Vijayanagara, Yadgir
10 Kerala Kozhikode
11 Madhya Agar Malwa, Alirajpur, Bhind, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur,
Pradesh Chhindwara, Dhar, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore,
Khargone, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Satna,
Sehore, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Ujjain, Vidisha
12 Maharashtra Ahmednagar, Akola, Amravati, Aurangabad, Beed, Bhandara,
Buldhana, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gadchiroli, Hingoli, Jalgaon, Jalna,
Kolhapur, Nagpur, Nandurbar, Nashik, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Pune, Raigad,
Sangli, Satara, Solapur , Thane, Wardha, Washim, Yavatmal
13 Odisha Anugul, Baleshwar, Bargarh, Baudh, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Kalahandi,
Kendrapara, Khordha, Mayurbhanj, Nayagarh, Puri, Sonapur
14 Punjab Bhatinda, Faridkot, Fazilka, Mansa, Muktsar, Patiala, Sas Nagar
15 Rajasthan Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara,
Bikaner, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Ganganagar,
Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhalawar, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota,
Nagaur, Pali, Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Sikar, Sirohi, Tonk, Udaipur
16 Tamil Nadu Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Dindigul, Erode,
Kancheepuram, Kanyakumari, Karur, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nagapattinam,
Namakkal, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Pudukottai ,Ramanathapuram,
Ramanathapuram, Salem, Sivaganga, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni,
Thiruvannamalai, Tirunelveli, Tiruppur, Tiruvallur, Tiruvarur, Trichy,
Tuticorin, Vellore, Villipuram, Virudhunagar
17 Telangana Adilabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahabubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda,
Nizamabad, Ranga Reddy, Warangal
18 Uttar Agra, Chitrakoot, Fatehpur, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Hardoi,
Pradesh Hathras, Jalaun, Jaunpur, Jhansi, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Lalitpur,
Mahamaya Nagar, Mathura, Meerut, Unnao
19 Uttarakhand Haridwar
20 West Bengal Bankura, Howrah, N24 Parganas, Paschim Barddhaman, Purulia, South 24
Parganas
Odisha
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Nagaland
Tamil Nadu
Uttarakhand
Jharkhand
Kerala
Telangana
Uttar Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Punjab
Total(India)
A&N
DNH
Himachal Pradesh
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Pondicherry
Rajasthan
Chandigarh UT
Chhattisgarh
Tripura
West Bengal
Jammu & Kashmir
States
Fig 7.8.1 Bar diagram State-wise percentage of wells having Total hardness > 600 mg/L is shown
as a bar diagram in.
No. of
No. of
samples
Samples
having
S. No State and UT collected % of Samples (TH > 600 mg/L)
TH >
(NHS
600
2022-23)
mg/l
Andaman & Nicobar
1 110 0 0.0
Islands
2 Andhra Pradesh 940 121 12.9
3 Arunachal Pradesh 18 0 0.0
4 Assam 319 0 0.0
5 Bihar 661 31 4.7
6 Chandigarh UT 1 0 0.0
7 Chhattisgarh 801 13 1.6
8 DNH 22 1 4.5
9 Delhi 95 8 8.4
10 Goa 63 0 0.0
11 Gujarat 657 133 20.2
12 Haryana 463 104 22.5
13 Himachal Pradesh 160 0 0.0
14 Jammu & Kashmir 250 6 2.4
15 Jharkhand 392 8 2.0
16 Karnataka 1141 70 6.1
17 Kerala 265 16 6.0
18 Madhya Pradesh 1136 54 4.8
19 Maharashtra 1358 107 7.9
20 Meghalaya 65 0 0.0
21 Nagaland 15 0 0.0
22 Odisha 1274 42 3.3
23 Pondicherry 16 0 0.0
24 Punjab 338 18 5.3
25 Rajasthan 809 202 25.0
26 Tamil Nadu 1197 310 25.9
27 Telangana 890 80 9.0
28 Tripura 67 0 0.0
29 Uttar Pradesh 917 36 3.9
30 Uttarakhand 396 2 0.5
31 West Bengal 670 19 2.8
Total(India) 15507 1381 8.9
The chemical quality of water is an important factor to be considered in evaluating its usefulness
for irrigation purposes. Plants grown by irrigation absorb and transpire water but leave nearly all
the salts behind in the soil, where they accumulate and eventually prevent plant growth. Excessive
concentrations of solute interfere with the osmotic process by which plant root membranes are
able to assimilate water and nutrients. In areas where natural drainage is inadequate, the irrigation
water infiltrating the root zone will cause water table to rise excessively. In addition to problems
caused by excessive concentration of dissolved solids, certain constituents in irrigation water are
especially undesirable and some may be damaging even when present in small concentrations.
Irrigation indices viz. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
have been evaluated to assess the suitability of ground water for irrigation purposes.
Alkali Hazard
In the irrigation water, it is characterized by absolute and relative concentrations of cations. If the
sodium concentrations are high, the alkali hazard is high and if the calcium & magnesium levels
are high, this hazard is low. The alkali soils are formed by the accumulation of exchangeable
sodium and are characterized by poor tilt and low permeability. The U.S. Salinity laboratory has
recommended the use of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) as it is closely related to adsorption of
sodium by the soil.
SAR is derived by the following equation:
𝑵𝒂+
𝑺𝑨𝑹 = 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ 𝑴𝒈𝟐+
√
𝟐
The water with regard to SAR is classified into four categories
➢ S1 – Low Sodium Water (SAR <10)
Such waters can be used on practically all kinds of soils without any risk or increase in
exchangeable sodium.
➢ S2 – Medium Sodium Water (SAR 10-18)
Such waters may produce an appreciable sodium hazard in fine textured soil having high cation
exchange capacity under low leaching.
➢ S3 – High Sodium Water (SAR >18-26)
Such waters indicate harmful concentrations of exchangeable sodium in most of the soil and
would require special management, good drainage, high leaching and addition of organic matter
to the soil. If such waters are used on gypsiferrous soils the exchangeable sodium could not
produce harmful effects.
➢ S4 – Very High Sodium Waters (SAR >26)
Generally, such waters are unsatisfactory for irrigation purposes except at low or perhaps at
medium salinity where the solution of calcium from the soil or addition of gypsum or other
amendments makes the use of such waters feasible.
The computed SAR values ranges from 0.01 to 64.33. The maximum SAR value has been found
at Konnidigaripalli of Kadappa district in Andhra Pradesh. It is apparent from Fig. 8.1 that
95.23% samples belong to excellent category (S1) and only 0.76% water samples are associated
with very high sodium category (S4) and is unsuitable for irrigation.
According to SAR classification, 100% of water samples in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Andaman & Nicobar, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura fall in
excellent category (S1). While in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan 5%,
8.18%, 8.82%, 9.47% and 19.04% samples are associated with medium sodium hazard and can
be classified as good category(S2) for irrigation use (Table 8.1)
It was found that in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu and Telangana 0.53%, 0.9%, 0.21%, 0.08%, 0.88%, 5.19%, 0.16% and 0.11% samples fall
in Very high sodium range and are unsuitable for use in irrigation practices (Fig. 8.2).
5 5
% of samples SAR(18-26)
4 4
3 3
2.07
2 2
1.5
1.36
1 1
0.64 0.61
0.41 0.33
0.53 0.9 0.21 0.08 0.88 5.19 0.16 0.11
0 0
sh at na ka ab an u na
de ar ya ta nj th ad ga
a uj ar na u as iln n
Pr G H ar
P
aj m la
h. K R Ta Te
nd
A
In Gujarat Ahmedabad, Amreli, Bharuch, Bhavnagar and Surendranagar district some samples
are associated with category S4 and are not suitable for irrigation. In Rajasthan Barmer, Bharatpur,
Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jalore, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Nagaur and Pali district 42
water samples exhibit SAR value more than 26 and are unsuitable for irrigation.
𝑹𝑺𝑪 = (𝑯𝑪𝑶− −
𝟑 + 𝑪𝑶𝟑 ) − (𝑪𝒂
𝟐+
+ 𝑴𝒈𝟐+ )
Waters with high RSC produces harmful effects on plant development and is not suitable for
irrigation. Waters associated with RSC < 1.25 are of excellent irrigation quality and can be safely
applied for irrigation for almost all crops without the risks associated with residual sodium
carbonate (Wilcox et al.,1954). If the RSC values lie between 1.25 and 2.5, the water is of an
acceptable quality for irrigation. Waters associated with RSC values higher than 2.5 are not
acceptable for irrigation. In fig. it can be seen that in India 85.77% collected water samples are
associated with RSC values less than 1.25 and are safe for use in irrigation practices. Only 7.69%
water samples are associated with RSC values more than 2.5 and are unsuitable for irrigation.
The water with high RSC values if applied for irrigation causes soil to become infertile owing to
deposition of sodium. Table 8.4 summarizes the irrigation quality of the groundwater samples in
various states based on RSC values.
According to RSC classification 100% of water samples in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Andaman
& Nicobar, Goa, Kerala, Meghalaya and Nagaland fall in very safe category with RSC values
less than 1.25.
Table 8.2: Summary of irrigation quality of the groundwater samples in various states based on
RSC values.
State %. of samples in various RSC range
<1.25 1.25-2.5 >2.5
(Very safe) (marginally safe) Unsuitable
Andaman & Nicobar 100 0 0
Andhra Pradesh 93.83 5 0.64
Assam 100 0 0.00
Arunachal Pradesh 100 0 0.00
Bihar 99.8 0.19 0.00
Chhattisgarh 99.87 0.12 0.00
Delhi 87.5 11.36 1.14
Goa 100 0 0.00
Gujarat 89.09 8.18 1.36
Haryana 89.03 8.82 1.51
Himachal Pradesh 98.74 1.26 0.00
Jammu & Kashmir 99.6 0.40 0.00
Jharkhand 100 0.00 0.00
Karnataka 97.28 2.02 0.61
Kerala 100 0.00 0.00
Fig.9.0 : Plots of sodium percent verses electrical conductivity (after Wilcox 1955) in
groundwater samples of India.
Fig.9.0b : Plots of sodium percent verses electrical conductivity (after Wilcox 1955) in
groundwater samples in Chhattisgarh.
Fig.9.0d : Plots of sodium percent verses electrical conductivity (after Wilcox 1955) in
groundwater samples in Bihar.
Fig.9.0f : Plots of sodium percent verses electrical conductivity (after Wilcox 1955) in
groundwater samples in Kerala.
In India, cation chemistry is dominated by calcium is followed by sodium and Potassium. In anion
side bicarbonate is dominating anion followed by chloride and sulphate.
The facies mapping shows (Fig.9.1) that Ca-HCO3 is the dominant hydrogeochemical facies
followed by mixed chemical character of hydrogeochemical facies.
The Piper Plot showing hydrochemical species in Uttar Pradesh , Jharkhand, Karnataka, NE
States and Chhattisgarh are displayed in Fig.9.1 a to 9.1 e.
The piper plots of the Uttar Pradesh is exhibited that the groundwater is mostly Ca-HCO3
type in nature. In Jharkhand ground water is mix to Ca-HCO3 in nature. In Karnataka it
is Mix to Na-Cl type in nature. In Northen States it is Ca-HCO3 in nature and in
Chhattisgarh majority of groundwater is Ca-HCO3 in nature, where as in few locations it
is Na-HCO3 in nature.
The observed Na+/Cl- < 1, may be attributed to groundwater interaction with connate
seawater in coastal areas and Cl- enrichment from anthropogenic sources such as
88 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
irrigation return flows or domestic waste disposal in another areas. Bivariant plot of Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand is shown in Fig.9.2a & 9.2b.
In Bihar ion exchange is main mechanism for sodium and chloride enrichment in
groundwater and in Jharkhand ion exchange and halide dissolution both of the processes
are responsible for sodium and chloride enrichment in groundwater.
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
1 A&N Islands South Andaman Ograbraj 92.6581 11.6636 3079
2 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Talapula - Pz 78.2625 14.2431 3010
3 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Gadehothur 77.3053 15.0150 3106
4 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Madakasira - 1 77.2761 13.9411 3282
5 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Mohammadabad 78.0081 13.9714 3460
6 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Amidala 77.2500 14.8417 3530
7 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Nalla Cheruvu 78.1878 13.9872 3640
8 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Inagaluru 78.0392 14.0472 3731
9 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Talupula 78.2600 14.2436 4180
10 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Igudur 77.9400 14.9700 13000
11 Andhra Pradesh Chittur Kalakoda 78.7875 13.8275 3360
12 Andhra Pradesh Chittur Valiveedu-Pz 79.0761 13.5272 3791
13 Andhra Pradesh Chittur Kalakada 79.1778 13.0417 3864
14 Andhra Pradesh Chittur Basani Khonda 78.5294 13.5519 6126
15 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Sakhinetipalli 81.7514 16.4083 3010
16 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Rowtulapudi 82.3683 17.3761 3090
17 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Uppada 82.3359 17.0807 3100
18 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Kasinadhapuram 82.2306 16.9250 3900
19 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Mobalacherevu 82.0722 16.6160 3930
20 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Hamsavaram 82.4937 17.2923 3990
21 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Gollaprolu 82.2865 17.1539 4706
22 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Fishing Horbour 82.2758 16.9851 5530
23 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Amaravati 80.3612 16.5733 3040
24 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Bellamkonda 80.0076 16.4922 3210
25 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Vykuntapuram 80.4127 16.5660 3320
26 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Krosur 80.1393 16.5429 3530
27 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Pisapadu 80.1431 16.4979 3680
28 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Mandadi 79.4054 16.4084 3690
29 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Sattenapalli 80.1479 16.4063 3900
30 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Mandhadam 80.5316 16.5145 4130
31 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Repalle 80.8397 16.0288 4650
32 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Rompicherla 79.9133 16.2100 4690
33 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Utukuru 80.2018 16.5660 4740
34 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Pedda Parimi 80.4552 16.4599 4890
35 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Santagudipadu 79.9141 16.2534 5350
36 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Inturu 80.6199 16.0597 5390
37 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Guntur 80.4317 16.2985 5930
38 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Phanidharam 80.3969 16.3608 7090
39 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Kolluru 80.8171 16.1308 7840
40 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Prattipadu 80.3318 16.1803 8320
41 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Muddanur-Pz 78.4000 14.6772 3300
42 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Lakkireddipalli 78.6983 14.1850 3630
43 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Prabhalaveedu 79.0108 14.7951 4880
44 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Kanagudur 78.6200 14.9072 5530
45 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Konnidigaripalli 78.9553 13.9856 12100
46 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Bomminampadu 81.2170 16.4736 3150
47 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Vissannapet-New 80.7836 16.9360 3350
48 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Kautaram 81.0761 16.3357 3420
49 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Bantumilli1 81.2722 16.3697 3640
50 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Balliparru 81.1872 16.2774 3730
93 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
51 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Gudur 81.0849 16.2202 3770
52 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Pedana_New 81.1494 16.2583 3800
53 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Kakarla 80.6352 17.0561 3810
54 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Pamarru 80.9675 16.3217 3830
55 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Nadupur 81.1293 16.2829 3900
56 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Anukuru 80.8189 16.3921 4230
57 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Kurumaddali 80.9261 16.3311 4600
58 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Upparigudem 81.1741 16.4083 5210
59 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Jagannathapuram 80.4099 16.7294 5370
60 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Palevada 81.2870 16.5795 6710
61 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Mandavalli 81.1637 16.5177 8920
62 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Kaikaluru1 81.2000 16.5449 9170
63 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Banaganapalle 78.3433 15.3506 3170
64 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Kodumuru 77.7667 15.6833 3600
65 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Tungabhadra 79.3083 15.9372 5350
66 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Gulyan 77.0649 15.3608 6350
67 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Naganathanahalli 77.2333 15.5667 6540
68 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Veldurti 77.9249 15.5463 9650
69 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Bapuram1 77.1489 15.3486 11290
70 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Tadaparthi-Alt 79.7500 14.9667 3410
71 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Tikkavaram 79.8617 14.1278 4620
72 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Krishnapuram 79.9689 13.7811 5860
73 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Vetapalem 80.3178 15.8867 3100
74 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Thokapalle 79.2849 15.8846 3220
75 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Ravipadu 79.1519 15.5732 3300
76 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Suryavaripalli (Bedusupalle) 78.9656 15.2758 3390
77 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Bestavaripeta 79.0553 15.5144 3650
78 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Neethalapdu 80.3178 15.8867 3790
79 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Donakonda 79.4847 15.8331 4215
80 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Dhupadu 79.3669 15.9164 4362
81 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Maddipadu 80.0183 15.6250 4400
82 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Santamaguluru Pz 78.1114 14.1269 4419
83 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Umamaheswarapuram 79.8265 15.8385 5000
84 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Kakarla 79.1100 15.6500 5022
85 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Guttalaumadivrm 79.5581 16.0164 8800
86 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Pedda Alavalapadu 79.6267 15.3272 13560
87 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Aldu 84.1131 18.7575 3030
88 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Naupada 84.5475 18.8628 3260
89 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Heeramandalam 83.9667 18.6667 4500
90 Andhra Pradesh Vijayanagram Denkada 83.6711 18.2106 3146
91 Andhra Pradesh Vijayanagram Konda Thamarapalli 83.3536 18.3539 3700
92 Andhra Pradesh Vijayanagram Jagaram 83.2256 18.0794 3736
93 Andhra Pradesh Visakapatnam Kothakota 82.7858 17.8431 3740
94 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Kolamuru (Pamulaparu) 81.4672 16.6322 3000
95 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Munipalli 81.7143 16.8548 3330
96 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Sarepalle 81.5051 16.5557 3960
97 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Pentapadu 81.5264 16.7859 5020
98 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Narsimhapuram 81.5019 16.5583 10000
99 Assam Hojai Lumding 93.1745 25.7588 5259
100 Assam Hojai Lumding 93.1745 25.7588 5259
101 Bihar E Champaran Bhakatiy Tola 85.1092 26.7861 3328
102 Bihar E.Champaran Chatia 85.0728 26.7033 3155
103 Bihar Jehanabad Kako 85.0633 25.2286 3076
104 Bihar Nalanda Bihar Sharif (Rly Stn) 85.5389 25.2017 3009
105 Bihar Nalanda Bhui 85.4183 25.1058 3310
94 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
106 Bihar Samastipur Kishanpur1 85.8438 25.9276 3068
107 Delhi Delhi Chhawala Pz 77.0094 28.5464 3126
108 Delhi Delhi Sultanpur Dabas 77.0356 28.7650 3210
109 Delhi Delhi Daulatpur Pz 76.9653 28.5431 3290
110 Delhi Delhi Alipur Garhi 77.1244 28.7981 3440
111 Delhi Delhi Surheda 76.9342 28.6011 3445
112 Delhi Delhi Mundela Kalan Pz 76.8933 28.6064 3642
113 Delhi Delhi Hareoli 77.0083 28.8319 3654
114 Delhi Delhi Rani Khera Dw 77.0250 28.7069 3766
115 Delhi Delhi Singhola 77.1294 28.8433 3826
116 Delhi Delhi Baprola Dw 77.0167 28.6500 4054
117 Delhi Delhi Bankner Pz 77.0736 28.8514 4075
118 Delhi Delhi Najafgarh Town 77.0006 28.6147 4229
119 Delhi Delhi Raota 76.9042 28.5181 4340
120 Delhi Delhi Ujwah Pz 76.9142 28.5767 4562
121 Delhi Delhi Bakoli 77.1517 28.8153 4697
122 Delhi Delhi Hiran Kudna 76.9942 28.6822 4811
123 Delhi Delhi Singhu Village 77.1311 28.8533 5095
124 Delhi Delhi Bhalaswa Lake 77.1628 28.7364 5316
125 Delhi Delhi Daryapur Khurd 76.9086 28.5342 5752
126 Delhi Delhi Auchandi Pz 76.9972 28.8194 7146
127 Delhi Delhi Shikarpur Deep 76.9533 28.5244 7249
128 Delhi Delhi Tagore Garden 77.1128 28.6439 7417
129 Delhi Delhi Sandesh Vihar 77.1461 28.6950 8679
130 Delhi Delhi Barwala 77.0625 28.7583 9623
131 Dnh Diu Zolawadi 70.9306 20.7242 12890
132 Gujarat Ahmedabad Tagadi1 71.9467 22.2971 3790
133 Gujarat Ahmedabad Viramgam2 72.0384 23.1367 6920
134 Gujarat Ahmedabad Kumarkhan 72.0207 22.9006 11870
135 Gujarat Amreli Mandal 71.5793 21.0994 4700
136 Gujarat Amreli Devaliya 71.2505 21.5277 4900
137 Gujarat Amreli Bhuva 71.3596 21.4277 5000
138 Gujarat Amreli Bherai 71.4868 20.9740 5122
139 Gujarat Amreli Sanaria 71.4319 21.5501 6050
140 Gujarat Anand Kansari1 72.6516 22.3413 5223
141 Gujarat Arvalli Boral 73.2150 23.1291 3080
142 Gujarat Banaskantha Gangodra 72.3647 24.4397 4220
143 Gujarat Banaskantha Dudhva 71.6690 24.4794 6225
144 Gujarat Bharuch Sajod 72.9108 21.6192 3261
145 Gujarat Bharuch Kavi 72.6367 22.1954 3710
146 Gujarat Bharuch Navetha 72.8281 21.7091 3780
147 Gujarat Bharuch Sahol 72.8184 21.4446 3940
148 Gujarat Bharuch Jambusar2 72.8086 22.0494 4375
149 Gujarat Bharuch Tankari 72.6691 21.9882 6860
150 Gujarat Bhavnagar Ghogha 72.2817 21.6803 3120
151 Gujarat Bhavnagar Vallbhipur 71.8784 21.9004 4460
152 Gujarat Bhavnagar Mahuva 71.7470 21.1000 5130
153 Gujarat Bhavnagar Ukharala 71.8867 21.7700 10030
154 Gujarat Botad Barvala 71.8942 22.1624 6280
155 Gujarat Chhota Udepur Govindpura 73.7400 22.2155 5430
156 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Gorinja 69.0664 22.1593 3103
157 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Gurgadh 69.1909 22.1947 3554
158 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Kalyanpur 69.0542 22.3076 4966
159 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Khakharda 69.3721 22.1048 5119
160 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Gojines 69.2036 22.0238 5572
95 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
161 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Vamansa 69.1887 22.0840 3052
162 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Bhogat1 69.2443 21.9905 3061
163 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Aramda 69.0350 22.4275 3470
164 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Lambha 1 69.3084 21.9113 3816
165 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Samrasar1 69.1063 22.3699 4943
166 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Hanzdapur 69.4368 22.1889 5268
167 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Mojap 68.9796 22.3615 5339
168 Gujarat Devbhumi Dwarka Varwada 68.9615 22.2977 11870
169 Gujarat Gir Somnath Nadiya Mandavi 71.0121 20.7425 3720
170 Gujarat Jamnagar Kesiya 70.3971 22.6966 4453
171 Gujarat Jamnagar Jambuda 70.2064 22.5215 4533
172 Gujarat Jamnagar Bedanpur 70.3125 22.6875 10950
173 Gujarat Jamnagar Hadiyana 70.2659 22.6118 13980
174 Gujarat Junagadh Bantva 70.0896 21.4911 3025
175 Gujarat Junagadh Kanek 70.2439 21.0360 3665
176 Gujarat Junagadh Shardagram 70.1431 21.1038 5304
177 Gujarat Junagadh Arena 70.1771 21.0808 5927
178 Gujarat Junagadh Khorada1 70.1876 21.0722 6113
179 Gujarat Junagadh Osa 70.0642 21.3729 12380
180 Gujarat Kachchh Karagoga 69.6625 22.9417 3140
181 Gujarat Kachchh Lodai 69.8917 23.4000 3924
182 Gujarat Kachchh Tera 68.9472 23.2833 4148
183 Gujarat Kachchh Ratanpur Khadir 70.3631 23.8608 4149
184 Gujarat Kachchh Kotaya 69.0750 23.0417 4156
185 Gujarat Kachchh Samkhiari 70.5083 23.3000 4636
186 Gujarat Kachchh Vadala 69.8556 22.9161 4979
187 Gujarat Kachchh Mothala 69.1250 23.2083 5308
188 Gujarat Kachchh Shinaya 70.0542 23.0333 5795
189 Gujarat Kachchh Khavda 69.7306 23.8389 6234
190 Gujarat Kachchh Sukhpar 69.6167 23.2083 6779
191 Gujarat Kachchh Bambhdai 69.0828 22.9389 7026
192 Gujarat Kachchh Kharai_1 68.6856 23.4631 7162
193 Gujarat Kachchh Devisar 69.3292 23.4028 7493
194 Gujarat Kheda Ladvel 73.1262 22.9086 3480
195 Gujarat Kheda Muliyad 73.1497 22.7908 7589
196 Gujarat Kutchch Dolatpar 68.8936 23.5978 3874
197 Gujarat Kutchch Nani Tumbdi 69.5492 22.9961 4195
198 Gujarat Mahesana Dharpura 72.1118 23.5440 3800
199 Gujarat Mahesana Maguna 72.2904 23.5772 4000
200 Gujarat Mahesana Dasaj 72.4465 23.8445 4105
201 Gujarat Morbi Mathak 71.0615 22.8425 3999
202 Gujarat Morbi Modpar1 70.6625 22.9017 4700
203 Gujarat Morbi Halvad2 71.1854 23.0196 4766
204 Gujarat Morbi Amar Nagar 70.8244 22.9348 7684
205 Gujarat Navsari Chinnam 72.8830 20.9986 3075
206 Gujarat Navsari Abrama 72.9033 20.8606 3700
207 Gujarat Patan Gochanad 71.6244 23.7708 9451
208 Gujarat Patan Moti Chander 71.7806 23.5944 25940
209 Gujarat Porbandar Ratia 69.8213 21.4163 3156
210 Gujarat Porbandar Hanumangadh1 69.8024 21.7955 3285
211 Gujarat Porbandar Visavada 69.4538 21.7752 3340
212 Gujarat Porbandar Bhavpura 69.4030 21.8134 3704
213 Gujarat Porbandar Bhoddar 69.8949 21.5751 4365
214 Gujarat Porbandar Kuchhadi 69.5489 21.6810 4450
215 Gujarat Porbandar Kutiyana1 70.0113 21.6284 6002
96 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
216 Gujarat Porbandar Mojiwana 69.5743 21.8600 6515
217 Gujarat Porbandar Oddar 69.6921 21.5529 7002
218 Gujarat Porbandar Babda 69.5903 21.7406 7455
219 Gujarat Rajkot Kamlapur 71.1999 22.1382 3131
220 Gujarat Rajkot Jetpur Pithad. 70.6408 21.7835 4083
221 Gujarat Rajkot Ganod 70.1693 21.6888 5853
222 Gujarat Rajkot Movaiya 70.6275 22.4579 7177
223 Gujarat Sabarkantha Khedbramha_1 73.0276 24.0541 3560
224 Gujarat Sabarkantha Silwad 73.1241 24.0128 5040
225 Gujarat Surendranagar Dhama 71.6715 23.3961 3037
226 Gujarat Surendranagar Surendranagar2 71.6167 22.7176 3121
227 Gujarat Surendranagar Moti Majethi 71.8853 23.0865 3606
228 Gujarat Surendranagar Ratanpur1 71.2747 22.8555 4032
229 Gujarat Surendranagar Gadah 71.4000 22.6278 4070
230 Gujarat Surendranagar Kherwa 71.7438 23.0006 4093
231 Gujarat Surendranagar Pipli 71.7123 23.0687 4385
232 Gujarat Surendranagar Dhajala 71.3978 22.3806 4545
233 Gujarat Surendranagar Piprali 71.3117 22.3953 5018
234 Gujarat Surendranagar Vaghela 71.6569 22.6578 5224
235 Gujarat Surendranagar Moti Moladi 71.1040 22.4179 5686
236 Gujarat Surendranagar Muli 71.4644 22.6390 5942
237 Gujarat Surendranagar Rajsitapur 71.5967 22.8380 6309
238 Gujarat Surendranagar Nava Sudamda 71.4358 22.5397 6321
239 Gujarat Surendranagar Limbdi1 71.8100 22.5700 6466
240 Gujarat Surendranagar Gangad 71.9728 22.9489 12070
241 Gujarat Surendranagar Kharaghoda 71.7522 23.1877 24790
242 Gujarat Vadodara Vejpur2 73.3539 22.7435 3650
243 Gujarat Valsad Magod 72.9049 20.5659 4667
244 Haryana Bhiwani Lohali 76.0460 28.7000 3100
245 Haryana Bhiwani Bhawani Khera 76.0420 28.9360 3300
246 Haryana Bhiwani Haluwas 76.1670 28.7330 3440
247 Haryana Bhiwani Tosham 75.9170 28.8750 4000
248 Haryana Bhiwani Boond Kalan 76.3670 28.7810 4171
249 Haryana Bhiwani Dhanana 76.1680 28.9380 4500
250 Haryana Bhiwani Bamla 76.2450 28.8070 4800
251 Haryana Bhiwani Tigrana 76.1500 28.8420 5200
252 Haryana Faridabad Tigaon 77.3900 28.3470 3282
253 Haryana Faridabad Bhujal Bhawan, NH-IV 77.3140 28.4180 4015
254 Haryana Faridabad Ballabgarh 77.3350 28.3470 4461
255 Haryana Faridabad Sikri 77.2879 28.2755 6202
256 Haryana Faridabad Pali 77.2440 28.3810 10006
257 Haryana Faridabad Ferozpur Kalan 77.2380 28.3030 11070
258 Haryana Fatehabad Talwara 75.8060 29.7880 5300
259 Haryana Gurugram Kherakhurampur 76.7820 28.4470 3252
260 Haryana Gurugram Halley Mandi 76.7611 28.3450 3438
261 Haryana Gurugram Jhanjrola 77.0040 28.4830 3791
262 Haryana Gurugram Mauzabad 76.6900 28.2970 8362
263 Haryana Gurugram Machana 76.7500 28.4080 9880
264 Haryana Gurugram Sewari 76.7230 28.4630 10520
265 Haryana Hisar Barwala 75.9170 29.3870 3200
266 Haryana Hisar Kirori 75.8000 29.3000 3400
267 Haryana Hisar Kirtan 75.5470 29.2210 3600
268 Haryana Hisar Khanda Kheri 76.2330 29.2090 3780
269 Haryana Hisar Banbhauri 76.0500 29.4000 3900
270 Haryana Hisar Dhansu 75.4920 29.2780 4870
97 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
271 Haryana Hisar Umra 75.9130 29.0530 6000
272 Haryana Hisar Karnoh 75.7570 29.3730 8600
273 Haryana Hisar Kapro 76.1130 29.3790 13400
274 Haryana Jhajjar Bigoa 76.4280 28.6570 3096
275 Haryana Jhajjar Mudsa 76.4730 28.3450 3400
276 Haryana Jhajjar Kulasi 76.9100 28.7740 3721
277 Haryana Jhajjar Wazirpur 76.5697 28.6830 4331
278 Haryana Jhajjar Dulhera 76.7880 28.6460 5529
279 Haryana Jhajjar Subnah 76.5710 28.4820 5621
280 Haryana Jhajjar Chuchakwas 76.5112 28.5980 9636
281 Haryana Jhajjar Chamanpura 76.6340 28.6910 10241
282 Haryana Jind Kishanpura 76.3345 29.2953 3065
283 Haryana Jind Mohal Khera 76.1256 29.6262 3414
284 Haryana Jind Rojhala 76.6051 29.3647 4546
285 Haryana Jind Chhabri 76.4510 29.2640 4734
286 Haryana Jind Dorana 76.4722 29.5276 4836
287 Haryana Jind Khatkaran 76.2450 29.4030 4836
288 Haryana Jind Julana 76.4049 29.1318 5340
289 Haryana Jind Baroda 76.2184 29.4311 7081
290 Haryana Kaithal Kalayat 76.2528 29.6792 3230
291 Haryana Kaithal Jakholi 76.4290 29.6580 3405
292 Haryana Kaithal Padla 76.3000 30.1000 3432
293 Haryana Kaithal Simla 76.2149 29.6348 3521
294 Haryana Kaithal Kithana 76.3930 29.5460 5420
295 Haryana Karnal Khnada Kheri 76.6442 29.5637 6256
296 Haryana Mahendragarh Khatodra 76.0900 28.2820 4269
297 Haryana Mahendragarh Narnaul(Hot Spot) 76.1066 28.0501 5365
298 Haryana Mewat Indri 77.1003 28.1892 4680
299 Haryana Mewat Akaira 77.0040 28.0080 5610
300 Haryana Mewat Gulalta 77.1790 27.9170 6080
301 Haryana Mewat Malab 77.0110 28.0420 6190
302 Haryana Mewat Kheri Kankar 77.0708 28.1874 6250
303 Haryana Mewat Nagina 76.9830 27.9170 10090
304 Haryana Palwal Lalwa 77.4040 28.1380 3160
305 Haryana Palwal Jaindapur 77.2390 28.2040 3881
306 Haryana Palwal Mandkola 77.1801 28.1346 4301
307 Haryana Palwal Theraka 77.4331 28.1253 4334
308 Haryana Palwal Hodal 77.3500 27.8830 4502
309 Haryana Palwal Tumsara 77.3420 28.0080 5798
310 Haryana Palwal Baghola 77.3080 28.2210 7184
311 Haryana Palwal Hathin 77.2420 28.0460 7440
312 Haryana Palwal Lakhnakha 77.1880 28.0350 7941
313 Haryana Palwal Kot 77.2290 27.9580 9281
314 Haryana Panipat Untala 76.8490 29.3940 3406
315 Haryana Panipat Puthar 76.8720 29.2230 3480
316 Haryana Panipat Israna 76.8454 29.2735 3805
317 Haryana Panipat Lohari 76.8390 29.3583 5471
318 Haryana Rewari Lukhi 76.3625 28.3859 3180
319 Haryana Rewari Guriani 76.5400 28.3560 3182
320 Haryana Rewari Bawal 76.5794 28.0734 4191
321 Haryana Rewari Sangwari 76.6836 28.1637 4471
322 Haryana Rewari Balawas 76.5290 28.1040 4648
323 Haryana Rewari Chimnawas 76.4983 28.2143 7820
324 Haryana Rohtak Nidhana 76.3740 29.0114 3198
325 Haryana Rohtak Maham 76.2946 29.9640 3540
98 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
326 Haryana Rohtak Madina 76.4339 28.9390 3961
327 Haryana Rohtak Samargopalpur 76.5130 28.9640 10121
328 Haryana Sirsa Mangiana 74.8040 29.9210 3000
329 Haryana Sirsa Taruana 75.0080 29.8250 4500
330 Haryana Sirsa Shergarh 74.6760 29.9260 6000
331 Haryana Sonipat Bhunderi 76.6142 29.1001 3034
332 Haryana Sonipat Farmana 76.8125 28.9815 3280
333 Haryana Sonipat Ahulana 76.6400 29.1100 3374
334 Haryana Sonipat Rohat 76.9710 28.9360 3501
335 Haryana Sonipat Janti Khurd 77.1514 28.8491 3623
336 Haryana Sonipat Khanpur Kalan 76.7960 29.1510 3771
337 Haryana Sonipat Bichpuri 76.6629 29.2024 3881
338 Haryana Sonipat Barwasni 76.9590 29.4180 4380
339 Haryana Sonipat Mundlana 76.7628 29.2080 4481
340 Haryana Sonipat Bohela 76.8540 29.0800 8080
341 Karnataka Bagalkot Badagandi 75.9406 15.9426 3100
342 Karnataka Bagalkot Kodihal 75.9657 15.9617 3250
343 Karnataka Bagalkot Kumbarhal 75.1518 16.3839 3350
344 Karnataka Bagalkot Mudhol 75.9452 16.0553 3680
345 Karnataka Bagalkot Patadkal 75.2908 16.3250 3830
346 Karnataka Bagalkot Savalgi 76.1231 15.9758 3870
347 Karnataka Bagalkot Binjawadige 75.7527 16.0466 4290
348 Karnataka Bagalkot Tumb 76.2043 16.1026 5030
349 Karnataka Bagalkot Gorbal 75.5451 16.0108 7900
350 Karnataka Bagalkot Algur 76.1075 16.0653 9620
351 Karnataka Bagalkot Guledgudda 75.5299 16.3760 10600
352 Karnataka Ballari Tekalakota(A) 76.8797 15.5361 3060
353 Karnataka Ballari Sirigeri 76.8379 15.4405 4740
354 Karnataka Belagavi Naslapur 74.6791 16.5323 3160
355 Karnataka Belagavi Nandagaon 75.1284 16.6797 4180
356 Karnataka Belagavi Rupnal 74.6449 16.5067 5100
357 Karnataka Belagavi Mole 74.9233 16.7189 7850
358 Karnataka Bijapur Nebgeri 76.1129 16.2833 3110
359 Karnataka Bijapur Minajigi 76.2748 16.4725 3150
360 Karnataka Bijapur Korahalli 76.2263 17.0283 3200
361 Karnataka Bijapur Mileshwara(Alternative) 76.3386 16.4667 3210
362 Karnataka Bijapur Kannolli 76.1490 16.8580 3660
363 Karnataka Bijapur Devanagaon 76.3275 17.1634 3730
364 Karnataka Bijapur Bhudihaldon 76.1455 16.7104 4130
365 Karnataka Bijapur Bavur 76.2517 16.4441 4780
366 Karnataka Bijapur Vibhutihalli 76.1716 17.0969 4930
367 Karnataka Bijapur Sathihal(Santhal) 76.0572 16.7332 5110
368 Karnataka Bijapur Sawalsanga 75.7431 17.1135 5204
369 Karnataka Bijapur Honaganahalli 75.7337 16.6815 5240
370 Karnataka Bijapur Khatijapur 75.6760 16.7651 9590
371 Karnataka Chikmagaluru Ajjampura 76.0092 13.7261 3080
372 Karnataka Chitradurga Belagur 76.2930 13.6280 3080
373 Karnataka Chitradurga Maskallu 76.6900 13.9880 3370
374 Karnataka Chitradurga Hartikote 76.6490 14.0710 3750
375 Karnataka Chitradurga Molakalmuru 76.7500 14.7160 3990
376 Karnataka Hassan Yachegowdanahalli 76.3449 13.4924 4890
377 Karnataka Kolar Kurugal A 77.9877 13.2042 3120
378 Karnataka Koppal K Hosur 76.2600 15.8200 3310
379 Karnataka Koppal Sanganhal 75.9800 15.5700 4710
380 Karnataka Koppal Itagi 76.0100 15.3700 5110
99 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
381 Karnataka Raichur Hanchinal 76.6814 15.6722 3650
382 Karnataka Raichur Jakkaladinni 77.0658 16.1822 4295
383 Karnataka Raichur Hirekotankal 76.9500 15.9600 6100
384 Karnataka Tumkur Huliyar 76.5470 13.5840 3180
385 Karnataka Tumkur Medihalli 76.5280 13.3950 4050
386 Karnataka Tumkur Tiptur (New Well) 76.4790 13.2590 4194
387 Karnataka Vijayanagara Yeshwanthnagar 76.4932 15.0432 3710
388 Karnataka Vijayanagara Danapura 76.3678 15.1741 3870
389 Karnataka Vijayanagara Magala 75.7955 14.9941 4070
390 Karnataka Yadgir Managinahal 77.0370 16.7172 4860
391 Karnataka Yadgir Khembhavi 76.5326 16.6483 6700
392 Madhya Pradesh Bhind Mehgaon 78.6010 26.4980 3054
393 Madhya Pradesh Bhind Balaji 78.9800 26.2960 3573
394 Madhya Pradesh Bhind Lavan 78.7310 26.5210 3595
395 Madhya Pradesh Bhind Phuph 78.8790 26.6430 4144
396 Madhya Pradesh Dhar Dhulsar 74.8690 22.2050 3110
397 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Jahangirpur 78.2906 26.2756 3220
398 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Dongarpur 77.9640 25.8220 3247
399 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Suro 78.0417 26.2499 3620
400 Madhya Pradesh Indore Sanwer 75.8280 22.9710 3187
401 Madhya Pradesh Neemuch Girdola 74.9320 24.4620 4490
402 Madhya Pradesh Shivpuri Sehore 78.1060 25.6650 3581
403 Madhya Pradesh Ujjain Kaiytha 76.0183 23.2331 3150
404 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Banpimpri 74.8667 18.8333 3248
405 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Jakhangaon 74.6306 19.1056 3735
406 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Rahata 74.4833 19.7167 3930
407 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Dahigaon 74.8069 18.9625 4286
408 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Chikhale 74.7167 18.8667 5627
409 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Ghotan 75.3000 19.4000 6611
410 Maharashtra Akola Wadegaon 77.0675 20.4686 3403
411 Maharashtra Akola Wyala 76.8875 20.6750 5119
412 Maharashtra Akola Andura1 76.8528 20.8833 5203
413 Maharashtra Akola Akola 77.0017 20.7367 7899
414 Maharashtra Amravati Samda Kasmpur 77.2631 20.9269 3034
415 Maharashtra Amravati Yevda 77.4586 20.9947 6284
416 Maharashtra Aurangabad Taherpur 75.3353 19.6511 3339
417 Maharashtra Aurangabad Tunki 74.8500 20.1333 8173
418 Maharashtra Beed Khadkhat 75.1500 18.6667 3104
419 Maharashtra Beed Tintarvani-1 75.5078 19.1750 3238
420 Maharashtra Beed Manur 75.3167 19.0667 9776
421 Maharashtra Buldhana Kingaon Raja 76.2444 19.9861 3158
422 Maharashtra Chandrapur Aksapur 79.6333 19.7583 4639
423 Maharashtra Dhule Dhavda 74.4925 21.3378 3570
424 Maharashtra Jalna Jafrabad 76.0167 20.2000 6381
425 Maharashtra Nagpur Mouda-1 79.4003 21.1347 3052
426 Maharashtra Nagpur Nagalwadi 79.0167 21.5667 3057
427 Maharashtra Nashik Marhal Kh 74.1822 19.7800 3756
428 Maharashtra Nashik Jalgaon 74.1111 20.0639 4638
429 Maharashtra Parbhani Panchegaon-1 76.7094 19.5558 9294
430 Maharashtra Sangli Yevali 74.5167 17.0667 3966
431 Maharashtra Solapur Ranzani 75.4000 17.6167 3403
432 Maharashtra Solapur Madha 75.5164 18.0383 6004
433 Maharashtra Wardha Khandali 78.9256 20.7375 3267
434 Odisha Ganjam Rambha 85.0958 19.5269 3030
435 Odisha Ganjam Tanganapalli 1 84.8797 19.3744 3098
100 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
436 Odisha Khordha Kuha 85.7967 20.2342 3250
437 Punjab Bhatinda Gulabgarh 75.0106 30.1443 3040
438 Punjab Bhatinda Bhagi Bandar 75.0697 30.0251 3325
439 Punjab Bhatinda Balluana 74.7839 30.2237 5405
440 Punjab Faridkot Mumara 74.5885 30.7935 3200
441 Punjab Faridkot Sukhanwala 74.6394 30.6382 3327
442 Punjab Faridkot Baja Khana 74.9772 30.4547 3450
443 Punjab Faridkot Killi 74.5461 30.7861 3923
444 Punjab Faridkot Karir Wali 74.8273 30.4056 4155
445 Punjab Faridkot Sadiq 74.5856 30.7088 4686
446 Punjab Faridkot Mehmunna Sadiq 74.6381 30.6957 5812
447 Punjab Fazilka Kauranwali 74.0561 30.3829 3130
448 Punjab Fazilka Deepulana 74.1346 30.4607 3910
449 Punjab Fazilka Sitogano 74.3602 30.0290 5320
450 Punjab Fazilka Khuyan Sarwar 74.0805 30.1129 5817
Sohangarh(Coloured
451 Punjab Fazilka 74.3892 30.6003 8022
Samples)
452 Punjab Fazilka Abohar 74.1901 30.1480 8768
453 Punjab Mansa Budhlanda-1 75.5176 29.9317 3327
454 Punjab Mansa Budhlanda 75.5444 29.9317 3455
455 Punjab Mansa Raipur 75.2573 29.9041 4455
456 Punjab Muktsar Kabarwala 74.4097 30.1931 3027
457 Punjab Muktsar Doda 74.6370 30.3816 4042
458 Punjab Muktsar Muktsar 74.5149 30.4714 4060
459 Punjab Muktsar Bhalaiana 74.7133 30.3301 6078
460 Punjab Muktsar Sheranwali 74.4644 30.0318 6098
461 Punjab Muktsar Dohak 74.6009 30.6324 6434
462 Punjab Sas Nagar Sirsini 76.7710 30.4540 4586
463 Rajasthan Ajmer Tabiji 74.6170 26.3630 3220
464 Rajasthan Ajmer Lamana 74.4920 26.2330 3350
465 Rajasthan Ajmer Mangaliyawas 74.5080 26.2770 3520
466 Rajasthan Alwar Kathumar 77.0778 27.3161 6330
467 Rajasthan Alwar Lachmangarh 76.8600 27.3500 7000
468 Rajasthan Alwar Ramgarh1 76.8140 27.5940 7900
469 Rajasthan Banswara Maudi Maska 74.3100 23.1500 4250
470 Rajasthan Barmer Thob 72.3580 26.0500 3000
471 Rajasthan Barmer Sedwa 71.1280 25.0670 3220
472 Rajasthan Barmer Sanwlor 71.2333 25.5858 3330
473 Rajasthan Barmer Santara 71.9680 25.9980 3560
474 Rajasthan Barmer Kerala 71.9016 25.9970 3590
475 Rajasthan Barmer Gadra Road 70.6390 25.7400 3850
476 Rajasthan Barmer Sayla 71.7130 26.0274 4000
477 Rajasthan Barmer Gujrokabera 71.3320 26.2018 4230
478 Rajasthan Barmer Kumarokidhani 72.1200 26.2000 4440
479 Rajasthan Barmer Bhadka 71.3500 25.8833 4450
480 Rajasthan Barmer Sasio Ka Kua 71.4125 25.7042 4580
481 Rajasthan Barmer Bhoginji Ka Meetha 72.1257 25.5149 4600
482 Rajasthan Barmer Derasar 71.1630 25.7760 4710
483 Rajasthan Barmer Dhorimana 71.4352 25.2344 4815
484 Rajasthan Barmer Bisukalan 71.2780 26.2410 6150
485 Rajasthan Barmer Balotra 72.2404 25.8218 6200
486 Rajasthan Barmer Gudamalani 71.6988 25.2140 6310
487 Rajasthan Barmer Sanawara 71.4000 25.4800 6320
488 Rajasthan Barmer Sawau Padam Singh 71.8067 26.1503 6570
489 Rajasthan Barmer Thumbli 72.4886 26.2036 8470
101 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
490 Rajasthan Barmer Siyagatala 70.8653 25.3375 8910
491 Rajasthan Barmer Khara Mahecha 72.0265 25.5103 9110
492 Rajasthan Barmer Arniyali 71.9680 25.4670 11930
493 Rajasthan Barmer Loonakalan 71.9829 25.4481 12410
494 Rajasthan Barmer Panchla 70.1670 25.9920 15490
495 Rajasthan Barmer Koloo 71.7130 26.0274 16410
496 Rajasthan Barmer Meghwalo Ki Basti 71.7731 26.0282 21250
497 Rajasthan Barmer Ramsar 70.8719 25.7303 22750
498 Rajasthan Bharatpur Chiksana 77.6667 27.1833 3100
499 Rajasthan Bharatpur Jurahra 77.2270 27.7820 3880
500 Rajasthan Bharatpur Nagar 77.1000 27.4170 3930
501 Rajasthan Bharatpur Salabad 77.3150 26.9786 4660
502 Rajasthan Bharatpur Pahari 77.0830 27.7000 5200
503 Rajasthan Bharatpur Nadbai 77.2130 27.2080 5220
504 Rajasthan Bharatpur Gopalgarh 77.0633 27.6547 6380
505 Rajasthan Bharatpur Sewar 77.4403 27.1822 6670
506 Rajasthan Bharatpur Kaman 77.2697 27.6572 7340
507 Rajasthan Bharatpur Ludhawai_Gwd 77.3950 27.1750 7350
508 Rajasthan Bharatpur Deeg1 77.3330 27.4670 11840
509 Rajasthan Bhilwara Sawaipur 74.8670 25.3070 3020
510 Rajasthan Bhilwara Kanchan-Kala 74.9060 25.7560 3160
511 Rajasthan Bhilwara Hurda 74.6881 25.9023 3460
512 Rajasthan Bhilwara Potlan 74.2174 25.1368 3460
513 Rajasthan Bhilwara Raila Road 74.6000 25.6330 3730
514 Rajasthan Bhilwara Dahimatha 74.3010 25.5280 3780
515 Rajasthan Bhilwara Nangpura 74.1880 25.4540 4000
516 Rajasthan Bhilwara Asind 74.3347 25.7328 4890
517 Rajasthan Bhilwara Malas 74.3294 25.5242 6420
518 Rajasthan Bhilwara Gulabpura 74.6700 25.9000 7000
519 Rajasthan Bikaner Kaloo 73.8853 28.3889 3100
520 Rajasthan Bikaner Karmisar 73.2803 28.0006 3510
521 Rajasthan Bikaner Lunkaransar 73.7500 28.4917 3920
522 Rajasthan Bikaner Lakhasar2 73.8710 28.0960 4010
523 Rajasthan Bikaner Sattasar 73.1920 28.5920 4300
524 Rajasthan Bikaner Kolayat 72.9540 27.8420 4810
525 Rajasthan Bikaner Godu 72.2970 27.9920 5250
526 Rajasthan Bikaner Manaria 73.7720 28.7580 5450
527 Rajasthan Bikaner Hariasar 73.8110 28.5760 5600
528 Rajasthan Bikaner Khara 73.3900 28.2000 8850
529 Rajasthan Bikaner Lakhusar 73.1920 28.3170 9370
530 Rajasthan Bikaner Khajuwala 72.5914 28.6931 11630
531 Rajasthan Bikaner Binjawari 73.4500 28.4670 17320
532 Rajasthan Bundi Dahi Khera 76.1670 25.5170 3000
533 Rajasthan Bundi Kapren 76.0740 25.3910 3200
534 Rajasthan Bundi Delunda 75.8670 25.4710 3500
535 Rajasthan Chittaurgarh Kapasan1 74.3080 24.8610 3590
536 Rajasthan Churu Shawa 74.8420 28.8750 3000
537 Rajasthan Churu Melusar 74.7380 28.5040 3200
538 Rajasthan Churu Rajgarh1 75.3750 28.6330 3400
539 Rajasthan Churu Bamboo 74.1170 27.7330 3740
540 Rajasthan Churu Mehrasar 74.5380 28.3570 4150
541 Rajasthan Churu Neema 75.4722 28.4667 4420
542 Rajasthan Churu Sardarshahar 74.4860 28.4390 4450
543 Rajasthan Churu Soniyasar 74.0208 27.7631 4600
544 Rajasthan Churu Bidasar 74.2830 27.8390 5210
102 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
545 Rajasthan Churu Binasar 74.8750 28.2630 6000
546 Rajasthan Churu Ratangarh 74.6039 28.0561 6450
547 Rajasthan Churu Rampura 74.8630 28.4670 6600
548 Rajasthan Churu Churu 74.9275 28.2955 7080
549 Rajasthan Churu Parihara 74.5619 27.9244 7120
550 Rajasthan Churu Bhojasar 74.5420 27.9720 7400
551 Rajasthan Churu Aspalsar 74.5044 28.5769 7620
552 Rajasthan Churu Tidiyasar 74.7540 28.0660 10720
553 Rajasthan Churu Sujangarh 74.4808 27.7069 11030
554 Rajasthan Churu Sirsala 75.1310 28.4330 12600
555 Rajasthan Churu Dudwa Khara 75.0790 28.4710 13620
556 Rajasthan Churu Dadrewa 75.2330 28.6690 14000
557 Rajasthan Dausa Dausa1 76.3260 26.8980 3820
558 Rajasthan Dausa Higetawari Dhani 77.0330 26.9000 4100
559 Rajasthan Dausa Lawan1 76.2170 26.7830 4120
560 Rajasthan Dausa Bapi 76.2920 26.9750 5300
561 Rajasthan Dausa Jasuta 76.3330 26.9670 6000
562 Rajasthan Dausa Mahuwa 76.9270 27.0490 6250
563 Rajasthan Dhaulpur Mangraul 77.9583 26.8167 3100
564 Rajasthan Dhaulpur Rajakhera 78.1706 26.9031 3170
565 Rajasthan Dhaulpur Dhaulpur 77.8917 26.7000 3200
566 Rajasthan Dhaulpur Saipau 77.7464 26.8217 3240
567 Rajasthan Ganganagar Ganeshgarh 73.9000 29.7460 3300
568 Rajasthan Ganganagar Karanpur1 73.4500 29.8170 3560
569 Rajasthan Ganganagar Suranwali 73.9170 29.6960 4350
570 Rajasthan Ganganagar Gharsana 73.0778 29.0251 8075
571 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Bolanwali 74.4100 29.8380 3020
572 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Munsari 75.0330 29.1000 3100
573 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Sangariya 74.4636 29.8123 3100
574 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Purabsar 74.2830 29.0330 4150
575 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Bhadra 75.1622 29.1176 4935
576 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Panditawali 74.2000 29.4130 5630
577 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Pallu 74.2000 28.9170 11180
578 Rajasthan Hanumangarh Dungrana 75.0970 29.0140 14000
579 Rajasthan Jaipur Didwata 75.7300 26.4940 3000
580 Rajasthan Jaipur Paota 76.0766 27.5846 3150
581 Rajasthan Jaipur Rasala 76.2030 27.1140 3150
582 Rajasthan Jaipur Parun 75.6070 26.5060 3600
583 Rajasthan Jaipur Bhojpura 75.6140 26.6220 3840
584 Rajasthan Jaipur Dawach 75.7540 26.5670 3930
585 Rajasthan Jaipur Choru 75.4500 26.5930 4320
586 Rajasthan Jaipur Kanarpura 75.5720 27.1840 4810
587 Rajasthan Jaipur Mozmabad 75.3630 26.6830 4940
588 Rajasthan Jaipur Sambhar 75.2200 26.9060 6430
589 Rajasthan Jaipur Lasariya 75.5090 26.5570 6620
590 Rajasthan Jaipur Nasnota 75.4430 26.8000 6790
591 Rajasthan Jaipur Madhorajpur 75.6560 26.5770 6910
592 Rajasthan Jaipur Majhi Renwal 75.6830 26.6960 8170
593 Rajasthan Jaipur Pallukhurd 75.3250 26.7360 11020
594 Rajasthan Jaipur Mangarwara 75.2780 26.6100 12410
595 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Gotaru 70.0380 27.3170 3020
596 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Kuria 70.4870 26.6190 3100
597 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Bhainsara 71.4920 26.6310 3120
598 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Chandan 71.3000 26.9920 3420
599 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Lawan 72.0500 26.8720 4000
103 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
600 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Chodahariya 70.5533 27.0600 4030
601 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Longewala 71.7667 27.1500 4350
602 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Shekhowala 71.4230 27.3300 4430
603 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Ghantiyali 71.4630 27.4520 4590
604 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Sankara 71.5818 26.7277 4600
605 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Jaisalmer 70.9100 26.9420 4670
606 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Luna Kalan 71.5710 26.6230 4670
607 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Nathu Ka Bera 70.4150 27.8110 4790
608 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Sribhadria 71.5500 27.0830 5600
609 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Kalewa 71.9040 26.8060 6350
610 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Rajgarh1 71.5450 26.5380 6810
611 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Tanot 70.3670 27.8000 8860
612 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Sadewala 70.2440 27.6350 11510
613 Rajasthan Jaisalmer Khariakua_Dw 70.3250 27.7170 13550
614 Rajasthan Jalore Lathermail 72.3461 25.0536 3020
615 Rajasthan Jalore Bhinmal 72.2625 25.0125 3500
616 Rajasthan Jalore Dhanawara 72.2022 24.9675 4370
617 Rajasthan Jalore Jalore 72.6306 25.3346 4535
618 Rajasthan Jalore Nimla 72.8660 25.5310 4550
619 Rajasthan Jalore Bhagalbhim 72.2227 25.0188 4900
620 Rajasthan Jalore Khanpur 72.3538 25.0303 5690
621 Rajasthan Jalore Bagra 72.6000 25.1922 6630
622 Rajasthan Jalore Halivav 71.5939 24.9911 7700
623 Rajasthan Jalore Bhagli 72.5958 25.2786 7810
624 Rajasthan Jalore Sanchore 71.7946 24.7585 8500
625 Rajasthan Jalore Narta 72.2748 25.0883 11500
626 Rajasthan Jhunjhunu Nawalgarh 75.2533 27.8472 3010
627 Rajasthan Jhunjhunu Mandrela 75.4400 28.3130 3050
628 Rajasthan Jhunjhunu Birmi 75.1778 28.2000 4650
629 Rajasthan Jhunjhunu Alsisar 75.2931 28.3037 5780
630 Rajasthan Jodhpur Kumhara 73.5349 26.7296 3060
631 Rajasthan Jodhpur Devatra 73.3780 26.5100 3590
632 Rajasthan Jodhpur Kolu 72.1800 26.5500 3600
633 Rajasthan Jodhpur Bhavi 73.6067 26.2317 3660
634 Rajasthan Jodhpur Pipad City 73.5497 26.3792 3780
Kheri Salwa Uranium Hot
635
Rajasthan Jodhpur Spot 73.3658 26.4352 4050
636 Rajasthan Jodhpur Bilara Block Hq 73.7106 26.1969 4430
637 Rajasthan Jodhpur Soyla 73.3375 26.8208 4450
638 Rajasthan Jodhpur Osian 72.8964 26.7411 4510
639 Rajasthan Jodhpur Shergarh 72.2794 26.3198 4530
640 Rajasthan Jodhpur Samdari Block Hq 72.5756 26.8488 4620
641 Rajasthan Jodhpur Chabon Ki Dhani Block Hq 73.1671 26.6314 4860
642 Rajasthan Jodhpur Nokhracharna 72.8900 27.2300 5030
643 Rajasthan Jodhpur Daarmi 73.6397 26.7339 5096
644 Rajasthan Jodhpur Nahar Singh Nagar 72.2860 26.3900 5110
645 Rajasthan Jodhpur Sargiya Kallan 73.5400 26.5400 5300
646 Rajasthan Jodhpur Mogra 73.0330 26.1170 5590
647 Rajasthan Jodhpur Borunda 73.7958 26.4692 5900
648 Rajasthan Jodhpur Dechupz 72.3277 26.7714 6230
649 Rajasthan Jodhpur Dhawa 72.7420 26.0580 6720
650 Rajasthan Jodhpur Ramdawas 73.3658 26.3658 7010
651 Rajasthan Jodhpur Bap 72.3462 27.3645 7870
652 Rajasthan Jodhpur Bisalpur 73.3140 26.2330 8080
653 Rajasthan Jodhpur Karani 72.8250 26.2720 8230
104 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
654 Rajasthan Jodhpur Hemnagar 72.7817 26.2961 9060
655 Rajasthan Jodhpur Benan 73.4210 26.3170 9150
656 Rajasthan Jodhpur Gangani 73.2120 26.5100 10680
657 Rajasthan Jodhpur Olvi 73.4580 26.2330 12650
658 Rajasthan Jodhpur Raron Ki Dhani 72.7750 26.1940 13160
Bhandu Kalan Uranium
659
Rajasthan Jodhpur Hotspot 72.9015 26.1294 13930
660 Rajasthan Jodhpur Luni 73.0210 26.0000 15030
661 Rajasthan Jodhpur Binawas Uranium Hotspot 73.3782 26.2907 16020
662 Rajasthan Jodhpur Khatawas Uranium Hotspot 72.8027 26.1193 17900
663 Rajasthan Jodhpur Khudala 72.8320 26.1510 22920
664 Rajasthan Jodhpur Kukunda Uranium Hotspot 73.3223 26.3460 24290
665 Rajasthan Karauli Badh Kamla 76.9250 26.6930 3500
666 Rajasthan Karauli Karauli 77.0172 26.5014 4170
667 Rajasthan Karauli Islampur 77.0170 26.7000 4800
668 Rajasthan Karauli Karsai 76.9330 26.4250 6500
669 Rajasthan Karauli Sahar1 76.7110 26.6080 9900
670 Rajasthan Nagaur Sanward 74.5170 27.5170 3240
671 Rajasthan Nagaur Datau 74.4567 27.4906 3620
672 Rajasthan Nagaur Singhana 74.5125 27.4753 3710
673 Rajasthan Nagaur Jayal Block Hq 74.1863 27.2186 4210
674 Rajasthan Nagaur Chosli 74.2550 26.9300 5200
675 Rajasthan Nagaur Bagot 74.5911 26.8131 5410
676 Rajasthan Nagaur Kuchaman Block Hq 74.8591 27.1483 5410
677 Rajasthan Nagaur Raghunathpura 74.5170 27.3750 5500
678 Rajasthan Nagaur Ladnu Block Hq 74.3908 27.6296 6200
679 Rajasthan Nagaur Nawa 75.0021 27.0329 6710
680 Rajasthan Nagaur Nagaur 73.7500 27.1833 7500
681 Rajasthan Nagaur Dagawas Block Hq 74.0580 26.6458 8700
682 Rajasthan Nagaur Kheevsar Block Hq 73.4140 26.9647 8980
683 Rajasthan Nagaur Degana 74.3547 26.8181 9240
684 Rajasthan Pali Kariasoda 73.6380 25.8330 3060
685 Rajasthan Pali Kirwa 73.2580 25.4960 3520
686 Rajasthan Pali Rani 73.3158 25.3425 4580
687 Rajasthan Pali Sojat Block Hq 73.6698 25.9283 5490
688 Rajasthan Pali Prathvipura 73.8167 26.2000 5950
689 Rajasthan Pali Vaed 72.9670 25.7240 7920
690 Rajasthan Pali Gundoj 73.3130 25.6080 8930
691 Rajasthan Rajsamand Ghata 74.1830 25.7830 3060
692 Rajasthan Rajsamand Nadiawala 73.8630 25.2030 3120
693 Rajasthan Rajsamand Bhim 74.0792 25.7433 3180
694 Rajasthan Rajsamand Gugli 73.8800 25.2300 3430
695 Rajasthan Rajsamand Gavardi 74.1000 24.9040 3820
696 Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur Gangapur2 76.7330 26.4830 3200
697 Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur Tond 76.3970 26.3670 3570
698 Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur Tonk 76.2542 26.3542 3570
699 Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur Bamnawas 76.5610 26.5500 5240
700 Rajasthan Sikar Ramgarh 75.1822 27.2572 3150
701 Rajasthan Sikar Patan 75.9830 27.8000 7320
702 Rajasthan Sirohi Barlot 72.7170 24.9950 3080
703 Rajasthan Sirohi Kalandari 72.6875 24.9250 3210
704 Rajasthan Sirohi Sheoganj 73.0451 25.1450 6300
705 Rajasthan Tonk Mehndwas 75.7250 26.1110 3760
706 Rajasthan Tonk Bantholi 75.5670 25.8830 4290
707 Rajasthan Udaipur Bhoyana 73.9170 24.7170 4450
105 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
708 Rajasthan Udaipur Dingri 73.8670 24.2170 4650
709 Rajasthan Udaipur Mavli1 73.9830 24.7830 5010
710 Tamil Nadu Chennai Tirumangalam 80.1875 13.0833 5740
711 Tamil Nadu Chennai Adayar 80.2627 13.0089 19600
712 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Kallampalayam Pz 77.2833 11.0300 3070
713 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Chinnaripalayam 77.0917 10.7292 3100
714 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Ganganaickenpalayam Pz 77.4356 11.1092 4640
715 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Kunnakalpalayam Pz 77.3272 11.0456 7430
716 Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri Sillarahalli 78.2806 12.0525 3100
717 Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri Sillarahalli 78.2806 12.0525 3100
718 Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri Indoor 78.0583 12.1333 3300
719 Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri Indoor 78.0583 12.1333 3300
720 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Nattam 78.2333 10.2328 3010
721 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Kanakkanpatti 77.5667 10.4750 3460
722 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Vedasandur New 77.9711 10.5475 3490
723 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Thamaraipadi 78.0453 10.4053 4020
724 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Paraipatti 77.9750 10.3583 4220
725 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Natham1 78.2472 10.2222 4660
726 Tamil Nadu Dindigul P.Alagapuri 77.9756 10.5983 4990
727 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Siddayamkottai 77.8356 10.2725 5830
728 Tamil Nadu Erode Nambiyur 77.3208 11.3606 3390
729 Tamil Nadu Erode Ooricheri 77.6058 11.4650 3530
730 Tamil Nadu Erode Pudupalayam1 77.5875 11.5944 3840
731 Tamil Nadu Erode Molengkuttipalayam 77.7022 11.0672 3970
732 Tamil Nadu Erode Vijayamangalam Pz 77.5028 11.2444 4044
733 Tamil Nadu Erode Murlipudur 77.6560 11.6781 4270
734 Tamil Nadu Erode Pattaidurai 77.7394 10.7011 4500
735 Tamil Nadu Erode Vellakoil 77.7153 10.9444 4600
736 Tamil Nadu Erode Puduppai Pz 77.7225 10.9586 5790
737 Tamil Nadu Erode Ingur New 77.5814 11.2258 5860
738 Tamil Nadu Erode Muttur1 77.7333 11.0417 6400
739 Tamil Nadu Erode Erakalpudur(Sivanmalai) 77.5347 11.0308 7000
740 Tamil Nadu Erode Karaiyur1 77.5944 10.7639 8560
741 Tamil Nadu Erode Kavilipalayam 77.2308 11.3802 10700
742 Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram Uthiramerur2 79.7375 12.6083 6080
743 Tamil Nadu Karur Thogamalai 78.4250 10.7292 3160
744 Tamil Nadu Karur Kovilur 77.8289 10.7603 4040
745 Tamil Nadu Karur Vellianani 78.1333 10.8667 4080
746 Tamil Nadu Karur Ayyampalayam Pz 78.0361 11.0625 4660
747 Tamil Nadu Karur Enuguru Dw 78.4878 10.8547 9070
748 Tamil Nadu Krishnagiri Pannandur 78.2794 12.3013 3270
749 Tamil Nadu Krishnagiri Panneswara Madam 78.2469 12.3917 3630
750 Tamil Nadu Krishnagiri Panneswara Madam 78.2469 12.3917 3630
751 Tamil Nadu Krishnagiri Mattur 78.4139 12.3833 3860
752 Tamil Nadu Krishnagiri Mattur 78.4139 12.3833 3860
753 Tamil Nadu Madurai Kolluveeranpatti Pz 77.5308 9.4225 3210
754 Tamil Nadu Madurai Valayankulam 78.0917 9.8042 3690
755 Tamil Nadu Madurai Thirumangalam New 77.9792 9.8167 3890
756 Tamil Nadu Madurai Keelakottai Pz 78.0019 9.7867 4200
757 Tamil Nadu Madurai Tirumangalam Pz 77.8833 9.9208 4430
758 Tamil Nadu Madurai Thirupallai 78.1453 9.9805 4470
759 Tamil Nadu Nagapattinam Valagarai 79.7483 10.6289 3760
760 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Velur 78.0033 11.1083 3200
761 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Gurusamipalayam 78.1344 11.4342 3250
762 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Senthamangalam 78.2333 11.3028 3340
106 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
763 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Pottiredddipatti 78.2744 11.1689 3650
764 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Paramarthi Dw 78.0214 11.1567 3790
765 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Pudur Siddhampoondi 77.9142 11.2361 4013
766 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Thoppur (N) 78.1517 11.1011 4180
767 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Ramapuram 78.0092 11.4403 4730
768 Tamil Nadu Namakkal Ezhur-Olapalayam D 78.1192 11.3658 5430
769 Tamil Nadu Perambalur Chitali 78.9682 11.2406 3590
770 Tamil Nadu Perambalur Kunnam 78.9491 11.3477 3830
771 Tamil Nadu Perambalur Therku Mathevi (Aathukeni) 79.2375 11.1400 3890
772 Tamil Nadu Perambalur Veppur(Nallur) 79.0636 11.3167 4130
773 Tamil Nadu Perambalur Padalur 78.8252 11.0960 6330
774 Tamil Nadu Perambalur Vijayagopalapuram 79.0314 11.2700 6830
775 Tamil Nadu Pudukkottai Thirumayam Dw 78.7455 10.2427 3020
776 Tamil Nadu Pudukkottai Viralimalai Dw 78.5499 10.6083 3110
777 Tamil Nadu Pudukkottai Lekkampatti Pz 78.7264 10.5597 3540
778 Tamil Nadu Pudukkottai Peraiyur Dw 78.4467 9.3569 3580
779 Tamil Nadu Pudukkottai Devuipattinam Dw 78.8976 9.4808 5690
780 Tamil Nadu Pudukottai Mandangudi Dw 78.9283 10.4853 4320
781 Tamil Nadu Pudukottai Sundarapatti Pz 78.7069 10.3588 5270
782 Tamil Nadu Ramanathapuram Kizhakakarai 78.7840 9.2394 6450
783 Tamil Nadu Ramanathapuram Bogalur Dw 78.7078 9.4024 15430
784 Tamil Nadu Ramanathapuram Mimisal Dw 79.1476 9.9283 16210
785 Tamil Nadu Ramanathapuram U Kosamangai Dw 78.7343 9.3152 6930
786 Tamil Nadu Salem Mamudi 78.0517 11.5325 3110
787 Tamil Nadu Salem Tivettipatti 78.0875 11.8667 3270
788 Tamil Nadu Salem Salem Surviellance 78.1664 11.6594 3350
789 Tamil Nadu Salem Puthur Dw 78.7833 11.6264 3370
790 Tamil Nadu Salem Omalur 78.7458 11.7458 3390
791 Tamil Nadu Salem Naikarapatty Dw 78.1061 11.6219 3520
792 Tamil Nadu Salem Sivadapuram Dw 78.1092 11.6472 3960
793 Tamil Nadu Salem Palampatti 78.0722 11.5694 4450
794 Tamil Nadu Salem Karumbapatti 77.8611 11.5822 4930
795 Tamil Nadu Salem Veerapandi Dw 78.0728 11.5736 5400
796 Tamil Nadu Salem Akkaripalayam 78.0500 11.3406 5760
797 Tamil Nadu Salem Attayampatti S.Puram 78.0750 11.5253 6370
798 Tamil Nadu Salem Pulaveri 78.1083 11.6083 7830
799 Tamil Nadu Salem Sevantampatti 78.0917 11.5583 8870
800 Tamil Nadu Sivaganga Rameswaram Dw 79.3204 9.2884 4690
801 Tamil Nadu Sivaganga Tiruvengamputhur Dw 78.7858 9.8304 5700
802 Tamil Nadu Sivaganga Kalayarkoil Dw 78.6344 9.8467 3080
803 Tamil Nadu Sivaganga Manamadurai Pz 78.4597 9.7010 3520
804 Tamil Nadu Theni Koduvilarpatti Pz 77.4919 9.9719 3790
805 Tamil Nadu Theni Periyakulam 77.5500 10.1208 3890
806 Tamil Nadu Theni Sankarapuram Pz 77.3297 9.9069 4040
807 Tamil Nadu Thiruvannamalai Chengam2 78.7917 12.2917 3900
808 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Kadayanallur 77.3458 9.0667 3060
809 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Therkuvalliyur Ow 77.6240 8.3331 3090
810 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Kadayanallur1 77.3500 9.0833 3120
811 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Tenkasi Ow 77.3115 8.9633 3120
812 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Poothatan Kudieruppu Dw 77.5603 8.5783 3260
813 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli P.Chatram 77.6125 9.1183 3270
814 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Udayattur A/B Ow 77.7206 8.2325 3510
815 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Rajapathi Ow 77.7696 8.8517 3850
816 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Seetharappanallur 77.6018 8.7939 4560
817 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Chettikulam 77.6167 8.1667 4790
107 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
818 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Kuttam 77.9366 8.3211 5790
819 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli N. Vijayanarayanam 77.7917 8.5333 6450
820 Tamil Nadu Tiruppur Karavallurpz 77.1692 11.2894 3620
821 Tamil Nadu Tiruppur Kasipalayam (T) 77.3858 11.1156 4350
822 Tamil Nadu Tiruppur Tiruppur Agraharam 77.4133 11.1253 4840
823 Tamil Nadu Tiruppur Arugampalayam 77.4644 11.1247 10580
824 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur Kanakammachatrm 79.7500 13.2083 3130
825 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur Tirupalavanam 80.2485 13.4020 3250
826 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur Mettukandigai 79.9667 13.0667 3360
827 Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur Sangaibedu 80.2977 13.3298 3390
Chozambedu
828
Tamil Nadu Tiruvallur (Tirumullaivayal) 80.1364 13.1203 6300
829 Tamil Nadu Tiruvarur Pangal 79.6417 10.7208 4140
830 Tamil Nadu Trichy Pulivalam 78.6375 11.0167 3350
831 Tamil Nadu Trichy Kovilpatty 78.3000 10.5500 3430
832 Tamil Nadu Trichy Peramangalam 78.6542 10.9867 3550
833 Tamil Nadu Trichy Pullambadi1 78.9125 10.9417 4740
834 Tamil Nadu Trichy Mudaliarchatram 78.6967 10.8003 7750
835 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Tiruchendur-E 78.1222 8.4944 3290
836 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Nagalapuram 78.1306 9.2333 3320
837 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Petmanagar 77.9500 8.6500 3410
838 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Paikulam 77.8556 8.5181 3430
839 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Eppodumvendram 78.0458 9.0292 4570
840 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Villiseri 77.8500 9.0583 5040
841 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Kurukkuchalai 78.0917 8.9306 5920
842 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin Tuticorin1 78.1389 8.8083 7730
843 Tamil Nadu Vellore Kandili 78.4556 12.4778 3670
844 Tamil Nadu Villipuram Rajampalayam 79.1378 11.9459 3059
845 Tamil Nadu Villipuram Chinnasalem 78.8818 11.6375 3200
846 Tamil Nadu Villipuram Gingee 79.4259 12.2521 4410
847 Tamil Nadu Villipuram Kiliyanur 79.7458 12.1008 5045
848 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Virudunagar 77.9542 9.5833 3610
849 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Aviyur Dw 78.1008 9.7389 3680
850 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Sevalpatti 77.9583 9.5583 3750
851 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Alangulam 77.6861 9.3639 4180
852 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Mudukkankulam 78.2058 9.1508 4270
853 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Srivilliputhur1 77.6333 9.5000 4360
854 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Choolapuram 77.5583 9.3833 4520
855 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Vembakkottai-Ow 77.7667 9.3333 4670
856 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Kalloorani 78.1650 9.4639 5090
857 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Palavanatham 78.0750 9.5667 5430
858 Tamil Nadu Virudhunagar Nenmeni1 78.0083 9.3250 19850
859 Telangana Khammam Chirevalli 81.0867 17.5939 3007
860 Telangana Khammam Annarugudem 80.4261 17.2603 3890
861 Telangana Khammam Yerupalem 80.4722 16.8333 4110
862 Telangana Khammam Rebbavaram 80.3369 17.1167 4946
863 Telangana Khammam Sitarampuram 80.6431 17.2008 5400
864 Telangana Mahabubnagar Veepangandla 78.1379 16.1146 3000
865 Telangana Mahabubnagar Kothur-Pz 78.2742 17.1358 3070
866 Telangana Mahabubnagar Alampur X Crossroad-Aq-I 78.0183 15.9147 3080
867 Telangana Mahabubnagar Janumpalle 78.2794 16.3005 3100
868 Telangana Mahabubnagar Gundimal 77.7103 16.8958 3150
869 Telangana Mahabubnagar Kothapalle 77.7996 16.2800 3260
870 Telangana Mahabubnagar Thaduru- Aq-I 78.3597 16.5158 3430
871 Telangana Mahabubnagar Jupally- Aq-I 78.6031 16.6592 5780
108 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
872 Telangana Mahabubnagar Boravalle 77.9760 16.0254 16500
873 Telangana Medak Kohir 77.7172 17.6100 5100
874 Telangana Medak Nizampet 77.8839 18.0953 6640
875 Telangana Medak Pz Of Aq-I, At-Digwal 77.7133 17.6628 7684
876 Telangana Nalgonda Mangapur 79.5389 17.0097 3040
877 Telangana Nalgonda Munagala 79.8336 17.0528 3206
878 Telangana Nalgonda Wankamamidi Aq-I 78.8825 17.3561 3290
879 Telangana Nalgonda Balwemla 79.5944 17.2097 3480
880 Telangana Nalgonda Nagaram- Aq-I 79.0200 17.3569 3500
881 Telangana Nalgonda Wankamamidi Aq-Ii 78.8825 17.3561 3560
882 Telangana Nalgonda Nidamanuru- Pz 79.3750 16.8306 3630
883 Telangana Nalgonda Nagaram-Aq-Ii 79.0200 17.3569 3840
884 Telangana Nalgonda Antampet-Pz-I 78.8889 17.0361 4150
885 Telangana Nalgonda Antampet-Pz-Ii 78.8889 17.0361 4320
886 Telangana Nalgonda Munugodu-Pz 79.0837 17.0773 4320
887 Telangana Nalgonda Nagaram 79.0339 17.3575 5590
888 Telangana Nizamabad Khazipur 77.7944 18.6787 3035
889 Telangana Nizamabad Bairangaidi 77.7843 18.4985 3550
890 Telangana Warangal Dammannapet 79.5250 17.7516 3310
891 Uttar Pradesh Agra Saiyan 77.93848 26.94496 3250
892 Uttar Pradesh Agra Achhnera 77.75565 27.17659 4419
893 Uttar Pradesh Agra Etmadpur 78.18947 27.23328 4512
894 Uttar Pradesh Agra Jagner 77.60434 26.86455 5223
895 Uttar Pradesh Agra Kheragarh 77.82308 26.95628 6636
896 Uttar Pradesh Agra Akola 77.88605 27.07119 11370
897 Uttar Pradesh Agra Fatehpur Sikari 77.65428 27.08437 12300
898 Uttar Pradesh Aligarh Khair 77.83641 27.94351 3146
899 Uttar Pradesh Aligarh Gonda 77.87962 27.83668 3882
900 Uttar Pradesh Etah Jalesar 78.30801 27.47949 3367
901 Uttar Pradesh Fatehpur Malwan 80.73715 26.07108 3179
902 Uttar Pradesh Firozabad Firozabad 78.38092 27.16680 3838
903 Uttar Pradesh G.B.Nagar Bisrakh 77.37709 28.58839 3398
Gautam Buddha
904 Uttar Pradesh Zewar 77.60769 28.13596 3302
Nagar
Gautam Buddha
905 Uttar Pradesh Zewar 77.53917 28.10812 5035
Nagar
906 Uttar Pradesh Hamirpur Maudaha 80.09440 25.68711 3092
907 Uttar Pradesh Hamirpur Rath 79.57604 25.59904 3279
908 Uttar Pradesh Hamirpur Sarila 79.67901 25.77548 4393
909 Uttar Pradesh Hathras Mursan 77.94111 27.56838 4254
910 Uttar Pradesh Hathras Sadabad 78.04008 27.44663 5218
911 Uttar Pradesh Mahamaya Nagar Aharai 77.95120 27.52751 8250
912 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Lohaban 77.72932 27.50069 3370
913 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Bathain Kalan 77.40773 27.75652 3610
914 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Ajnokh 77.41045 27.67341 3688
915 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Gaiyara 77.79860 27.58960 4173
916 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Mat 77.71605 27.63071 4345
917 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Nagla Karan 77.83151 27.52781 4404
918 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Goverdhan 77.47056 27.48276 4463
919 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Chaumuhan 77.57925 27.62082 4536
920 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Raya 77.78480 27.54948 4937
921 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Ajijpur 77.46436 27.75798 5198
922 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Bhagosa 77.45926 27.52486 6623
923 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Farah 77.74939 27.31028 7608
924 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Nohjhil 77.64946 27.84581 9756
109 | Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifer of India
EC >
S.No. State District Location Long Lat 3000
µS/cm
925 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Borpa 77.50702 27.44573 16740
926 Uttar Pradesh Mathura Baroli 77.56217 27.68057 23920
927 Uttar Pradesh Unnao Asoha 80.82993 26.58764 4255
928 Uttarakhand Dehradun Maldevta 78.1203 30.3439 3094
929 Uttarakhand Dehradun Maldevta 78.1203 30.3439 3094
930 West Bengal Howrah Shibpur (Gadiara) 88.0300 22.2258 3084
931 West Bengal Howrah Burikhali 88.1611 22.5069 3275
932 West Bengal Howrah Panchla 88.0631 22.5344 3722
933 West Bengal Howrah Baganda 88.0853 22.3894 3902
934 West Bengal Howrah Ramrajatola 88.2975 22.5892 4193
935 West Bengal Purulia Dadki 86.6771 23.1779 3265
936 West Bengal Purulia Anara 86.5647 23.4913 3510
937 West Bengal South 24 Parganas Hatuganj 88.2538 22.1689 5831
Locations having Chloride > 1000 mg/l in Ground Water in Different States/UT of India
S. Cl > 1000
State District Location Longitude Latitude
No. mg/L
1 Andhra Pradesh Anantpur Igudur 77.9400 14.9700 2411
2 Andhra Pradesh Chittur Basani Khonda 78.5294 13.5519 1800
3 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Kasinadhapuram 82.2306 16.9250 1082
4 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Hamsavaram 82.4937 17.2923 1087
5 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Gollaprolu 82.2865 17.1539 1230
6 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Fishing Horbour 82.2758 16.9851 1446
7 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Santagudipadu 79.9141 16.2534 1002
8 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Mandhadam 80.5316 16.5145 1019
9 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Guntur 80.4317 16.2985 1541
10 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Kolluru 80.8171 16.1308 1721
11 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Prattipadu 80.3318 16.1803 2162
12 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Prabhalaveedu 79.0108 14.7951 1024
13 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Konnidigaripalli 78.9553 13.9856 2369
14 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Kurumaddali 80.9261 16.3311 1095
15 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Jagannathapuram 80.4099 16.7294 1110
16 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Palevada 81.2870 16.5795 2084
17 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Mandavalli 81.1637 16.5177 2602
18 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Kaikaluru1 81.2000 16.5449 2903
19 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Naganathanahalli 77.2333 15.5667 1099
20 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Tungabhadra 79.3083 15.9372 1170
21 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Bapuram1 77.1489 15.3486 1741
22 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Veldurti 77.9249 15.5463 2942
23 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Tikkavaram 79.8617 14.1278 1028
24 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Krishnapuram 79.9689 13.7811 1808
25 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Donakonda 79.4847 15.8331 1035
26 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Guttalaumadivrm 79.5581 16.0164 1808
27 Andhra Pradesh Prakasham Pedda Alavalapadu 79.6267 15.3272 3722
28 Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Heeramandalam 83.9667 18.6667 1170
29 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Pentapadu 81.5264 16.7859 1386
30 Andhra Pradesh West Godavari Narsimhapuram 81.5019 16.5583 3002
31 Delhi Delhi Khera Kalan Pz 77.1181 28.7694 2836
32 Dnh Diu Zolawadi 70.9306 20.7242 4580
33 Gujarat Ahmedabad Viramgam2 72.0384 23.1367 1560
34 Gujarat Ahmedabad Kumarkhan 72.0207 22.9006 3013
35 Gujarat Amreli Mandal 71.5793 21.0994 1136
36 Gujarat Amreli Bherai 71.4868 20.9740 1285
37 Gujarat Amreli Devaliya 71.2505 21.5277 1370
38 Gujarat Anand Kansari1 72.6516 22.3413 1141
39 Gujarat Banaskantha Gangodra 72.3647 24.4397 1044
40 Gujarat Banaskantha Dudhva 71.6690 24.4794 1583
41 Gujarat Bharuch Navetha 72.8281 21.7091 1042
42 Gujarat Bharuch Jambusar2 72.8086 22.0494 1049
43 Gujarat Bharuch Sahol 72.8184 21.4446 1049
44 Gujarat Bharuch Tankari 72.6691 21.9882 1418
45 Gujarat Bhavnagar Mahuva 71.7470 21.1000 1058
46 Gujarat Bhavnagar Ukharala 71.8867 21.7700 2812
47 Gujarat Chhota Udepur Govindpura 73.7400 22.2155 1347
48 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Kalyanpur 69.0542 22.3076 1136
49 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Khakharda 69.3721 22.1048 1392
50 Gujarat Devbhoomi Dwarka Gojines 69.2036 22.0238 1491
S. Arsenic
State District Site Name Longitude Latitude
No. (µg/mL)
1 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Waddipalli 77.4583 14.6717 16.24
2 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Appanapalle-DW14 81.9236 16.5300 18.41
3 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Komaragiri-DW14 82.1806 16.6964 14.28
4 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Munganda-PZ 81.9161 16.5975 17.93
5 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari Selkavedhi-DW14 81.6739 17.4603 12.90
6 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Bhattiprolu-DW 80.7528 16.0867 10.57
7 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Cheruvu Jamulapalem 80.4450 15.9339 24.83
8 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Guttikonda 79.8361 16.4278 17.49
9 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Jonnalagadda-DW14 80.0831 16.2436 21.11
10 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Motupalem 80.5653 15.9319 34.02
11 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Murjampadu 79.8833 16.5833 22.79
12 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Pallapatla-DW 80.7600 15.9700 41.66
13 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Punnapalle-DW14 80.6975 16.0569 35.00
14 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Repalle 80.8444 16.0233 17.51
15 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Rompicherla 79.9092 16.2236 12.39
16 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Tadikonda-DW 80.4522 16.4164 21.78
17 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Varagami 80.3083 16.0764 12.57
18 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Nadupur-DW14 81.1322 16.2803 13.01
19 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Gulyam-DW13 77.1417 15.3667 38.84
20 Andhra Pradesh Nellore Kastam Pahad-DW14 79.5386 14.6794 51.91
21 Andhra Pradesh Prakasam Vadarevu-DW14 80.4108 15.7972 13.70
22 Andhra Pradesh Prakasam Vengaiahpalem 79.5939 15.9222 10.37
23 Bihar Araria Bhargama 87.1500 26.0500 15.37
24 Bihar Araria Hariapur 87.2300 26.2600 10.21
25 Bihar Araria Raniganj 87.2300 26.0700 14.18
26 Bihar Begusarai Badalpura 86.1500 25.3800 18.36
27 Bihar Begusarai Barun'0' 85.9700 25.4600 22.29
28 Bihar Begusarai Dariarpur 86.2300 25.3600 21.29
29 Bihar Begusarai Gopalpur 86.2000 25.4400 18.92
30 Bihar Begusarai Heera Tola 86.4400 25.4600 80.82
31 Bihar Begusarai Kaithma 86.1500 25.3900 11.86
32 Bihar Begusarai Mohanpur Usrai 86.1300 25.5100 13.60
33 Bihar Begusarai Naya Nahar, Dularpur 85.9200 25.5100 18.24
34 Bihar Begusarai Sabdalpur 86.4300 25.4200 10.66
35 Bihar Begusarai Simri 86.2200 25.6000 20.69
36 Bihar Bhagalpur Madrauni Chowk 87.1700 25.4000 18.62
37 Bihar Bhagalpur Marwa 86.9200 25.4000 42.22
38 Bihar Bhojpur Balua 84.5600 25.4900 18.91
39 Bihar Bhojpur Farhda 84.6500 25.6800 26.20
40 Bihar Bhojpur Harnath Kundi 84.5700 25.5700 20.70
41 Bihar Bhojpur Jagatpur 84.6000 25.6700 18.01
42 Bihar Bhojpur Jarawarpur Milki 84.5300 25.6000 117.26
43 Bihar Bhojpur Karnempur 84.3600 25.6700 260.99
44 Bihar Bhojpur Kulharia 84.7500 25.5800 10.95
45 Bihar Bhojpur Rajapur Bazar 84.7900 25.6400 16.33
46 Bihar Bhojpur Simariya 84.7200 25.6700 71.91
47 Bihar Bhojpur Songhata 84.7600 25.6100 43.80
48 Bihar Buxar Barka Rajpur 84.1300 25.6800 67.46
S. Uranium
State District Site Name Longitude Latitude
No. (µg/mL)
1 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur A Roppam-PZ 77.2736 14.0267 170.48
2 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Alampur 78.1639 14.1917 111.58
Kambalaparthi-
3 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur 77.8833 14.1583 46.83
DW14
4 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Kundurpi-DW14 77.0500 14.3000 41.22
5 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Madakasira1 77.2417 13.9583 318.84
6 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Palasamudram 77.7314 13.9728 39.79
7 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur RollaAqII-PZ 77.1039 13.8392 35.95
8 Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Tanakallu-PZ 78.1986 13.9194 236.77
9 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor BalezapalliDW15 79.3808 13.5214 36.16
Basani Khonda-
10 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor 78.5292 13.5531 45.39
DW14
11 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Chintaparti-1 78.7153 13.5042 594.59
12 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Damalcheruvu 79.0472 13.4750 2875.97
13 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Kanipakam-DW14 79.0603 13.2622 37.48
14 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Mungilipattu 79.2333 13.5667 57.74
15 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor Pillarakuppam 79.3289 13.3092 31.79
Ramasamudram-
16 Andhra Pradesh Chittoor 78.4267 13.3667 217.59
DW15
Sanjeeva Reddy
17 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari 81.1492 17.6333 37.44
Palem
18 Andhra Pradesh Guntur Tadikonda-Dw 80.4522 16.4164 64.51
19 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Chinnamandyam 78.7008 13.9456 42.30
20 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa DhodiumPZ 78.2200 14.9447 211.56
21 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Galiveedu-alt 78.5000 14.0000 52.59
22 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa Sanipai 78.9500 14.1167 99.91
23 Andhra Pradesh Krishna Vissannapet New 80.8000 16.9500 50.57
24 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Gulyam-DW13 77.1417 15.3667 125.00
25 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Karivemula 77.6042 15.6167 78.07
26 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool Naganathanahalli 77.2333 15.5667 38.46
27 Andhra Pradesh Prakasam Santamaguluru 79.9167 16.1333 33.45
28 Bihar Begusarai Manjaul 86.1500 25.5600 32.48
29 Bihar BHABUA NUWAN 83.5400 25.2900 32.49
30 Bihar Kishanganj Bahadurganj B 87.8100 26.3000 57.47
31 Bihar Madhepura Abhiyatola, Basaitha 87.0500 25.5300 32.77
32 Bihar Madhepura Uda Kishanganj 86.9500 25.6800 31.39
33 Bihar Nawada Rupau 85.7600 24.8500 39.87
34 Bihar Purnea Kasba 87.5300 25.8500 32.14
35 Bihar Purnea Tikapati 87.2200 25.5300 30.99
36 Bihar Siwan Tarwara 84.4900 26.2000 34.39
37 Chattisgarh Bilaspur Adbhar 81.5915 22.4908 98.60
38 Chattisgarh Bilaspur DamDam 82.1392 22.8267 103.96
39 Chattisgarh Bilaspur Jaroundha 81.5644 22.1535 94.52
40 Chattisgarh Jashpur Durgapara 83.5496 23.0304 136.74
41 Chattisgarh Jashpur Kandora 83.9681 22.7558 39.98
42 Chattisgarh Jashpur Maini 83.5403 22.9806 138.18
43 Chattisgarh Jashpur Raikera(Kunkuri) 84.0250 22.7708 41.45
44 Chattisgarh Kanker Kanker 81.4958 20.2791 124.98
45 Chattisgarh Korba Chhuri 82.6186 22.4756 115.65