Cambridge International AS & A Level: History 9489/21 October/November 2022

Cambridge International AS & A Level
HISTORY 9489/21
Paper 2 Outline Study October/November 2022
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
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considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
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Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2022 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
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9489/21 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 20

PUBLISHED 2022
Part (a) Generic Levels of Response: Marks
Level 4 Connects factors to reach a reasoned conclusion 9–10

Answers are well focused and explain a range of factors supported by relevant
information.
Answers demonstrate a clear understanding of the connections between
causes.
Answers reach a supported conclusion.
Level 3 Explains factor(s) 6–8

Answers demonstrate good knowledge and understanding of the demands of
the question.
Answers include explained factor(s) supported by relevant information.
Level 2 Describes factor(s) 3–5

Answers show some knowledge and understanding of the demands of the
question. (They address causation.)
Answers are may be entirely descriptive in approach with description of
factor(s).
Level 1 Describes the topic/issue 1–2

Answers contain some relevant material about the topic but are descriptive in
nature, making no reference to causation.
Level 0 No creditable content. 0

PUBLISHED 2022
Part (b) Generic Levels of Response: Marks
Level 5 Responses which develop a sustained judgement 17–20

Answers are well focused and closely argued. (Answers show a maintained and
complete understanding of the question.)
Answers are supported by precisely selected evidence.
Answers lead to a relevant conclusion/judgement which is developed and
supported.
Level 4 Responses which develop a balanced argument 13–16

Answers show explicit understanding of the demands of the question.
Answers develop a balanced argument supported by a good range of
appropriately selected evidence.
Answers may begin to form a judgement in response to the question. (At this
level the judgement may be partial or not fully supported.)
Level 3 Responses which begin to develop assessment 9–12

Answers show a developed understanding of the demands of the question.
Answers provide some assessment, supported by relevant and appropriately
selected evidence. However, these answers are likely to lack depth of evidence
and/or balance.
Level 2 Responses which show some understanding of the question 5–8

Answers show some understanding of the focus of the question.
They are either entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question or they
may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited support.
Level 1 Descriptive or partial responses 1–4

Answers contain descriptive material about the topic which is only loosely linked
to the focus of the question. Alternatively, there may be some explicit comment
on the question which lacks support.
Answers may be fragmentary and disjointed.
Level 0 No creditable content. 0

PUBLISHED 2022
Question Answer Marks
1(a) Explain why Napoleon’s domestic policies were popular. 10
Indicative content
• A sense of order – The Concordat with the Catholic church was popular
as most of the population was Catholic and had been distressed by
revolutionary developments such as the Cult of the Supreme Being.
Napoleon was seen as restoring an acceptable order to State-Church
relations.
• A feeling of stability – The country’s finances were put on a sounder
footing following the economic chaos that had beset the country since
1789.
• Aspirations met – Whilst the Concordat did re-establish the Church’s
influence in France, it was not as pre-1789. The Revolution was
recognised and the Church agreed not to seek to recover Church lands.
The clergy were to be paid civil servants appointed by the government
and bound by oath. Other faiths were to be tolerated. This appealed to
supporters of the Revolution who could see that the Church was state-
controlled, a long-held revolutionary aim.
• Government for all – The Civil Code rationalised France’s chaotic legal
system, with uniform laws established through the country and
alongside the principle of equality before the law. The law now seemed
be for all, not a favoured few.
References to developments in education, public works and ‘career open to

the talents’ should be rewarded.
Accept any other valid responses

PUBLISHED 2022
1(b) ‘War caused the French monarchy to fall in 1792.’ How far do you 20
agree?
Indicative content
France had been at war since April 1792 and had suffered several reverses.
French soldiers deserted en masse, and in one case murdered their
General, Dillon. Since 1789, more than 50% of France’s army officers had
fled the country and it took time to train new officers. There was animosity
between the old regulars (Whites) and new volunteers (Blues) who had
joined 1791-92. These volunteers were often poorly armed and untrained.
Added to this was the social and economic disruption caused by war. This
led to a growing sense of fear and paranoia, especially in Paris, about
traitors and counterrevolutionaries, and a desire to apportion blame. This fell
on the monarchy. If this institution was removed then, it followed, the war
would go in France’s favour.
This argument can be questioned. Louis XVI did not inspire trust. His failed
attempt to flee France in June 1791 and his vetoing of legislation led many
to see him as less than enthusiastic about the Revolution. Indeed, he
seemed a positive threat. For example, the issuing of the Brunswick
Manifesto (July 1792), which stated Paris would face severe consequences
if the king were to be harmed, seemed to highlight this threat and gave
credence to the view that the monarchy should go. Economic issues played
a part as the harvest of 1792 was mediocre, leading to a rise in grain prices.
This all added to the febrile atmosphere created by war and the king’s
actions. The result was that talk of getting rid of the monarchy, unthought of
in 1789, was commonplace now by the summer of 1792.
Accept any other valid responses.

PUBLISHED 2022
2(a) Explain why developments in textile machinery increased 10

industrialisation after 1780.
Indicative content
• By the mid-1780s steam engines began to be applied to the spinning

factories in Lancashire. By the early nineteenth century a Crompton’s
‘Mule’ had been developed made of metal and by 1825 Richard
Roberts’ ‘self-acting mule’ (automatic) was operating. The de-
centralised cottage industries were replaced by centralised factory jobs,
driving production and urbanisation.
• There was a growing demand for coal, leading to increased coal
production.
• The need to receive raw materials in bulk (18m lbs of cotton in 1786) in
order to produce manufactured goods in bulk led to changes in
transportation – canals/railways.
• In 1784-86, 43% of all textiles manufactured were exported, rising in
1844-46 to 66%. This stimulated the growth of ports and international
trade.
• Profits produced in the industry were not just re-invested, stimulating
continued development, but invested in other industrial areas
(iron/steel) further encouraging industrialisation.

PUBLISHED 2022
2(b) How far was Chartism’s failure caused by opposition from 20

government?
Indicative content
Both main political parties were opposed to further political reform. In 1839,
the House of Commons rejected a National Petition, 235 votes to 46, a
second petition, in 1842, 287 votes 40 and in 1848, refused the presentation
of a third petition. The government had powerful weapons at its disposal
which thwarted Chartism’s aims. The railways were used to transport troops
speedily to anywhere there were disturbances (e.g. Newport). Almost all
local magistrates supported the government’s opposition, and in 1839 534
Chartists were sent to prison. After 1839 the newly emerging urban police
forces were a further weapon to be used against the Chartists. The
government employed less confrontational tactics, nonetheless still
effective, to deprive Chartism of mass support. New factory reforms were
enacted, trade revived and a factor behind the repeal of the Corn Laws was
Peel’s belief it would give working people cheaper bread, removing a major
source of resentment informing Chartism.
The view can be challenged. The Chartists made significant mistakes. For
example, a petition with six points did not leave much room for compromise
if it was rejected. There was division, also, amongst the leadership over how
best to proceed to achieve political change to better the living and working
conditions of working people. Some favoured ‘moral force’ – the power of
argument and persuasion – others believed in ‘physical force’ – reason had
failed, so violence was needed to bring about change. The 1832 Reform Act
had reduced the likelihood of an alliance between the middle and lower
classes. In 1848 when a Chartist convention was held in London the middle-
classes rallied in great numbers to the call to defend the capital.

PUBLISHED 2022
3(a) Explain why France lost the Franco–Prussian War. 10
Indicative content
• The French military leadership was over-confident, believing their

army’s reorganisation in 1866 made it superior to that possessed by
Prussia and other German states.
• Whilst MacMahon commanded forces in Alsace and Bazaine in
Lorraine there was no strategy to coordinate their actions. The forces of
Prussia and other German states were organised under a unified
command.
• French preparations were inefficient. French troops were sent to the
front from their peace-time stations without their full complement of men
and equipment. Reservists gathered in depots and overflowed railway
stations, hindering traffic. There were six German railways to the
French frontier, but only two French railways.
• Troops from the southern German states fought better than expected
and allowed the number of troops that Prussia and the other German
states could bring to battle to outnumber the French. At the battle of
Gravelotte-St-Privat, Moltke was able to field 180 000 troops to France’s
112 000.
• Bismarck had isolated France diplomatically. He published secret
French overtures, dating from 1867, that France be compensated for
Prussian military success in 1866 by receiving Belgium territory. This
turned public opinion anti-French in Belgium and Britain. Russia had
promised to fight alongside Prussia if Austria came to France’s aid.
Therefore, France could call on no allies to aid her in the war.

PUBLISHED 2022
3(b) To what extent did economic issues cause the German revolutions of 20
1848–49?
Indicative content
In the 1840s the German states were facing a widespread economic

depression which caused a great deal of hardship. Between 1816 and 1848
the population in German states had risen from 24 million to 36 million. This
meant some areas found it increasingly hard to sustain their populations,
and many amongst the peasantry still owed feudal dues to their landowners.
In areas where peasants had become tenant farmers the rents were high.
This produced resentment and a desire for change. In the towns working
and living conditions were poor. The number of strikes and riots multiplied in
the 1830s and 1840s. It is not surprising that the revolutions were principally
urban. The growth of mechanisation threatened skilled artisans as it pushed
down costs and made hand-produced goods relatively expensive. The
economic situation deteriorated further in 1846 with a bad harvest. A potato
blight occurred which led to the erection of barricades in Berlin, the looting
of shops and the storming of the Crown Prince’s palace. The increase in
food prices lead to the fall in demand for other goods and caused
unemployment to rise as businesses laid off workers. All this created unrest
in both urban and rural areas by 1848.
The primacy of economic issues can be challenged. The power in the

German states lay with the princes and the nobility. However, the economic
crisis seemed to show that they lacked the will to alleviate the social
distress. This led to growing criticism from the middle-classes who felt that
they should no longer be excluded from participation in the political process.
The existence of censorship and the secret police restricted the airing of
these grievances and discussion of how to tackle the issues. A sense of
nationalism had developed since 1815 in the German states with the liberal
wish for an end to arbitrary government and the establishment of some form
of parliamentary system. It was felt that national unity would create national
prosperity. In March 1848 Metternich, who since 1815 had opposed
nationalism and liberalism in the German states, fell from power. This
seemed to be a sign that now was the time for such ideas to flourish.
The focus of the question is the German states but reference to why
revolution broke out in Austria (e.g., nationalism amongst the peoples of its
empire) can be rewarded.

PUBLISHED 2022
4(a) Why did the Lincoln–Douglas debates attract so much attention? 10
Indicative content
The Lincoln–Douglas debates took place from August 21st to October 15th
across the state of Illinois. Lincoln and Douglas were both candidates for
election to the Senate seat which was to be decided that autumn. Lincoln
had challenged Douglas to a ‘war of ideas’, and Douglas was happy to
oblige. They held seven debates in the period which caught the attention of
the public across the nation.
• During the debates Douglas strongly advocated the policy of popular

sovereignty but Lincoln reminded him that this went against the recent
Dred Scott judgement that had stated that slavery continued in free
territories.
• In what became known as the Freeport Doctrine Douglas replied that no
law could overcome the opinion of citizens on slavery. This was seen as
a betrayal by many Southern Democrats.
• Lincoln constantly returned to the idea that ‘A House Divided Could Not
Stand’ and argued that black Americans should be entitled to rights
under the Constitution.

PUBLISHED 2022
4(b) To what extent were changes in the party-political system the cause of 20
increased sectionalism in the period 1850–56?
Indicative content
Possible discussions over changes in the party-political system:
• The presidential election of 1852 marked the beginning of the end of the
Whig party. With its northern and southern wings divided over the
Fugitive Slave Law, the best the party could do was to nominate
another hero of the Mexican War, General Winfield Scott. The
Democrats turned away from Millard Fillmore, Taylor's vice president,
who had succeeded to the presidency upon Taylor's death in 1850 and
chose Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire as their candidate. Although
both parties supported the Compromise of 1850, the Democrats were
able to better overcome their internal differences, and Pierce won a
landslide victory in the Electoral College, 254 to 42. This was the end
for the Whigs and caused realignment across the whole political
spectrum.
• The foundation of the Republican Party in 1854 encouraged renewed
sectional tensions. It was a political party which was clearly aimed at
just the Northern section and was designed to fight for their views. This
caused outrage amongst many Southerners even those who had
previously been seen as moderate. It showed that the political system
was becoming increasingly split along sectional lines.
Possible discussion of other factors causing sectional division:
• The application of the Fugitive Salve Act which was included in the
Compromise of 1850 caused sectional tensions to increase. Many
Northerners felt that being made to capture and return fugitive slaves
was against their constitutional rights. On the other hand, Southern
public opinion felt it was part of the commitment of the Compromise to
not destroying slavery completely. The continuing discussions over the
Fugitive Slave Act meant that tensions were constantly being brought to
the fore.
• The events in ‘Bleeding Kansas’ led to increased sectional tensions.
Following the decision that Popular Sovereignty (Kansas-Nebraska Act,
1854) would be used the state was flooded by pro-slavery settlers and
abolitionists wanting to vote in elections and decide how the state
should be run. Two rival state capitals were set up; one that was pro-
slavery in Lecompton and the abolitionists in Topeka. The tensions led
to open warfare in the territory between pro and anti-slavery settlers
and increasingly violent discourse across the country.

PUBLISHED 2022
5(a) Explain why the US economy experienced periods of economic 10

recession in the late nineteenth century.
Indicative content
• Cyclical financial panics occurred in the last third of the nineteenth

century as a result of railroad speculation, fluctuating food prices and an
unbalanced credit heavy economy. There are two main examples in this
period which candidates may discuss the causes of:
• The Panic of 1873. The investment firm of Jay Cooke and Company
went bankrupt in September 1873 as a result of rampant speculation in
railroads. The stock market dropped sharply and caused numerous
businesses to fail. The depression that followed caused approximately 3
million Americans to lose their jobs. The collapse in food prices
impacted America's farm economy, causing great poverty in rural
America. The depression lasted for five years, until 1878.
• The Panic of 1893. The depression set off by the Panic of 1893 was the
greatest depression America had known and was only surpassed by the
Great Depression of the 1930s. In early May 1893, the New York stock
market dropped sharply, and in late June panic selling caused the stock
market to crash. A severe credit crisis resulted, and more than 16 000
businesses had failed by the end of 1893. Included in the failed
businesses were 156 railroads and nearly 500 banks. Unemployment
spread until one in six American men lost their jobs. The depression
inspired ‘Coxey's Army’, a march on Washington of unemployed men.
The protesters demanded that the government provide public works
jobs. Their leader, Jacob Coxey, was imprisoned for 20 days.

PUBLISHED 2022
5(b) To what extent did presidents in the early twentieth century 20

successfully enact Progressive policies?
Indicative content
Candidates will discuss the ideas and actions of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft
and Wilson. The discussion can take place in relation to ideas of
Progressivism as set up by the candidate and also in comparison to each
other.
Discussion of Theodore Roosevelt as a Progressive President:
Presidency, from 1901 to 1909. His legislative achievements have been
described as ‘modest but historic’. They include railroad regulation, meat
inspections and the Pure Food and Drug Act although an uncooperative
Congress meant little radical legislation could be passed. More significant
was TR’s use of the Presidency to act progressively. He ordered the
prosecution of the Northern Securities Company, a railroad trust. The
Supreme Court ordered the trust to be dissolved. TR became known as the
‘trust buster’. He intervened in the anthracite coal miners’ strike of 1902 not
by sending in troops to break the strike, as had been the norm before, but to
urge the two sides to talk to each other. Theodore Roosevelt certainly called
himself a Progressive, especially in the 1912 presidential election. His
conservation initiatives, setting up national parks for the benefit of all, can
also be seen as Progressive. The main limitation of TR’s Progressivism
concerns civil rights, especially of Blacks facing Jim Crow laws in the South,
but there the Democratic Party was too strong.
Discussion of Taft as a Progressive President:
Taft filed twice the number of antitrust suits as Roosevelt, and the Supreme
Court upheld the breakup of Standard Oil under the Sherman Antitrust Act
(1911) during his administration. Through the Mann‐Elkins Act (1910), the
authority of the ICC was again expanded to cover regulation of telephone,
telegraph, and cable companies. Taft actively supported both the Sixteenth
and Seventeenth Amendments (which provided for the federal income tax
and direct election of senators, respectively) and established new agencies,
such as the Bureau of Mines, which set standards of mine safety, and the
Federal Children's Bureau.
Discussion of Wilson as a Progressive President:
Woodrow Wilson’s ‘New Freedom’ initiative of 1912 was directed against
‘the Triple Wall of Privilege’: tariffs, which protected big business; banks,
which harmed small businesses; trusts, which were anti-competitive and
anti-consumer. Thus, in 1913, Wilson manipulated public opinion to make
Congress pass the Underwood-Simmons bill, which cut tariffs to levels not
seen since the 1850s, he introduced the Federal Reserve banking system
and the Federal Trade Commission and he supported the Clayton Anti-Trust
Act of 1914. Wilson even continued Teddy Roosevelt’s conservation
policies, establishing more national parks. In his second term he also
supported votes for women, another Progressive cause.

PUBLISHED 2022
6(a) Explain why unemployment had such a large social impact after 1929. 10
Indicative content
Unemployment was a major problem after 1929 – at the height of the

Depression 25% of Americans did not have a way to earn money; these
figures were even worse for minorities; in Harlem it was estimated that 50%
of people were unemployed. This had major social consequences:
• Homelessness – In 1932 alone, 273 000 families were evicted from

their homes; many of these people went on to live in shanty towns that
became known as ‘Hoovervilles’. One of the biggest of these was in
Central Park in New York. By the winter of 1932 it was estimated that
1.2 million Americans were homeless.
• Health – ‘Peoples’ health suffered as a result of poverty and illnesses
such as rickets and skin diseases became more common.
• The suicide rate increased considerably rising to 18.9 per 100,000
people in 1929.
• Growth in crime.

PUBLISHED 2022
6(b) To what extent were the actions taken during his First Hundred Days 20
key to the success of Roosevelt’s presidency?
Indicative Content:
Possible discussion of effectiveness of ‘100 days’ policies:
• By March 1933 when President Roosevelt was inaugurated the financial

and economic crises facing the USA, already some three years in
duration, had become even worse than they were during the election
campaign. Roosevelt’s decision to take clear action in his first 100 days
was important to his presidency because it acted as a signal and
rallying call to the country.
• During the 100 days Congress passed fifteen major bills to address
urgent social and economic problems, a degree of legislative activity
never matched before or since.
• As well as objective external factors which required urgent action, there
were also political reasons for acting so quickly. His election gave
Roosevelt a store of popularity which he could use to overcome the
obstacles to effective government presented by the US constitution and
especially the separation of powers. In his first few weeks in office, he
was strong enough to take the drastic action which he believed the dire
situation of the USA required.
• This sort of action taken so quickly after his inauguration sent a
message to the country of Roosevelt’s intentions and allowed him to lay
the groundwork for the rest of the New Deal.
Possible discussion of limits of the First 100 days and effectiveness of later
actions:
• Some would argue that the early reforms laid down by Roosevelt were
piecemeal and whilst they saved US capitalism from complete collapse,
they also prevented its replacement by a form of socialist egalitarianism
i.e., they were designed only to stabilise rather than offer radical reform.
• Arguably the reforms of the Second New Deal did more to address
some of the underlying weaknesses of the economy. Candidates might
consider the National Labour Relations Act (aka the Wagner Act); the
Works Progress Administration; the Social Security Act; the fair Labour
Standards Act; the US Housing Authority. These should be assessed in
relation to the success of Roosevelt’s policies.

PUBLISHED 2022
7(a) Explain why the United States became involved in the Cuban War of 10
Independence.
Indicative content
A number of political and economic factors could be developed to explain

the intervention of the US in Cuba including:
• Monroe Doctrine.
• A sense of its own history – a colonial people struggling against a
European power to achieve independence and democracy.
• Cuba Libre’ movement had offices in Florida that held fundraising
events and mounted a large and successful propaganda campaign
across the US.
• US business domination of the Cuban sugar industry – by the 1890’s
90% of Cuba’s production went to the US.
• US businesses also supplied 40% of Cuba’s imports.
• Role of the ‘yellow press’ which agitated public opinion with reports of
Spanish atrocities.
• Aggressive support of T Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
• Sinking of the Maine was the trigger for war.

PUBLISHED 2022
7(b) ‘Trade was the main reason for international involvement in China in 20
the late nineteenth century.’ How far do you agree?
Indicative content
Economic issues were undoubtably important, but a number of other factors

may be identified as contributing to the growing interest in China in the late
nineteenth century.
Trade:
In the mid-nineteenth century the weak Chinese government of the Qing

dynasty had been forced into a series of concessions to European countries
that included the granting of treaty ports or trading centres for the great
powers (Hong Kong, Shanghai etc.) This included legalising trade in opium
from which western traders made huge profits and removing all internal
barriers to European trade. This was reinforced when the USA joined the
imperialist race for control and proposed the Open-Door Policy to regulate
foreign trading in China
Other factors:
Whilst trade was the primary focus, governments saw supporting trade as a
matter of international status so European rivalry played a part. USA
became more involved because acquisition of the Philippines turned US
enterprise toward the possibility of developing trade with China where
Europeans were already making large profits. Japan, having carried our
extensive modernisation was interested in establishing itself as a world
power and as the strongest indigenous power in East Asia and so wanted to
seize control of Chinese territory, especially control of Korea (First Sino–
Japanese War 1894–95 & Treaty of Shimonoseki). Role of missionaries
might also be included, and all factors can be drawn together in the
response to the Boxer rising (1900–01).

PUBLISHED 2022
8(a) Explain why the Rapallo Pact was signed in 1922. 10
Indicative content
Answers will generally focus on aspects of the two countries’ isolation

following the end of First World War and might include:
• Both sides were isolated after First World War; Germany because of the
Treaty of Versailles and Russia because of the Revolution and
withdrawal from First World War.
• Both had been excluded from the League of Nations.
• Both were invited to the Genoa Conference but were offered no
solutions to their diplomatic isolation.
• It resolved outstanding issues between them left over from First World
War including the possibility of reparations
• It established formal relations and trade and military agreements that
were beneficial to both sides.
8(b) To what extent did the Locarno Treaties resolve international tensions 20
in the second half of the 1920s?
Indicative content
A balanced consideration of improvements resulting from Locarno

measured against continuing problems that might include the impact of the
Wall Street Crash at the end of the specified period:
Did resolve: It resolved border issue in Western Europe between Belgium,

France and Germany. Additionally, the security of this agreement was
underwritten by guarantees from Britain and Italy. There was a significant
improvement in Franco–German relations, partly built of economic recovery
and partly on the positive relationship between Briand and Stresemann who
were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. Also led to further
improvement with the Kellogg Briand Pact of 1928 which was a general
renunciation of war as a means of settling disputes that was eventually
signed by 62 states including the USA and the USSR. In the improved
atmosphere of cooperation, the Young Plan was negotiated to reduce
German reparations and resolve some of the problems left by the Dawes
Plan.
Did not resolve: There was no corresponding settlement of border issues in

eastern Europe. Poland was particularly incensed by the failure to provide
guarantees of its borders and Pilsudski said, ‘every honest Pole spits when
he hears the word Locarno.’ Despite the Kellogg Briand Pact there was little
progress in the League of Nations attempt to organise general disarmament
negotiations. The Wall Street Crash led to the collapse of the Young Plan,
rising political extremism and a return to mutual distrust at the end of the
decade.

PUBLISHED 2022
9(a) Explain why Italy left the League of Nations in 1937. 10
Indicative content
Arguments will probably focus on the invasion of Abyssinia and its

consequences in terms of Italian relations with other members of the
League and might include:
• Haile Selassi’s appeal to the League.

• Lack of support from Britain and France.
• Imposition of economic sanctions.
• Pushed Mussolini closer to Hitler who despised the League as an
instrument of the victorious powers of First World War and had left the
League in 1933. Formation of Rome Berlin Axis 1936.
• The argument that the whole affair simply demonstrated the weakness
and ineffectiveness of the League.
9(b) ‘Britain’s military weakness prevented it from pursuing a more active 20

policy against Hitler in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree?
Indicative content
This requires an examination of the military position of Britain, possibly in

relation to the relative recovery of Germany under Hitler. This will need to be
set against other factors that prevented a more active foreign policy.
Military weakness: In the 1920s there was limited spending of armed forces
and there was a general belief that there would not be another major war for
some time (the Ten-Year Rule). Then the Wall Street Crash created a
situation in which there was little funding available for military spending. It
was not until 1934 that a significant programme of military improvement was
started. Even when this was begun Britain still lagged far behind the rapid
re-armament that Hitler began as soon as he came to power.
In considering other reasons candidates might identify a range of factors.

Lack of support from France who concentrated on their own defensive
strategy against future German aggression – building the Maginot line. Lack
of support from public opinion – following the losses of First World War there
was a substantial peace movement in the UK as reflected in the Peace
Ballot of 1935. The League of Nations was seen as the major organ of
international arbitration and this needed unanimity in order to take any
action. Hitler’s aims in revising the severity of Versailles were not seen as
particularly unreasonable.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level

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Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

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Part (a) Generic Levels of Response: Marks

Level 4 Connects factors to reach a reasoned conclusion 9–10

Level 3 Explains factor(s) 6–8

Level 2 Describes factor(s) 3–5

Level 1 Describes the topic/issue 1–2

Level 0 No creditable content. 0

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Part (b) Generic Levels of Response: Marks

Level 5 Responses which develop a sustained judgement 17–20

Level 4 Responses which develop a balanced argument 13–16

Level 3 Responses which begin to develop assessment 9–12

Level 2 Responses which show some understanding of the question 5–8

Level 1 Descriptive or partial responses 1–4

Level 0 No creditable content. 0

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) Explain why Napoleon’s domestic policies were popular. 10

References to developments in education, public works and ‘career open to

Accept any other valid responses

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Question Answer Marks

Accept any other valid responses.

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) Explain why developments in textile machinery increased 10

• By the mid-1780s steam engines began to be applied to the spinning

Accept any other valid responses.

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Question Answer Marks

2(b) How far was Chartism’s failure caused by opposition from 20

Accept any other valid responses.

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) Explain why France lost the Franco–Prussian War. 10

• The French military leadership was over-confident, believing their

Accept any other valid responses.

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Question Answer Marks

In the 1840s the German states were facing a widespread economic

The primacy of economic issues can be challenged. The power in the

Accept any other valid responses.

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) Why did the Lincoln–Douglas debates attract so much attention? 10

• During the debates Douglas strongly advocated the policy of popular

Accept any other valid responses.