9489_s24_ms_22

Cambridge International AS & A Level
HISTORY 9489/22
Paper 2 Outline study May/June 2024
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 60
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2024 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.
This document consists of 23 printed pages.
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 [Turn over

9489/22 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2024
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level
descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
 the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
 the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
 the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
 marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
 marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
 marks are not deducted for errors
 marks are not deducted for omissions
 answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 2 of 23

PUBLISHED
Part (a) Generic Levels of Response: Marks
Level 4 Connects factors to reach a reasoned conclusion 9–10

 Answers are well focused and explain a range of factors supported by
relevant information.
 Answers demonstrate a clear understanding of the connections between
causes.
 Answers reach a supported conclusion.
Level 3 Explains factor(s) 6–8

 Answers demonstrate good knowledge and understanding of the
demands of the question.
 Answers include explained factor(s) supported by relevant information.
Level 2 Describes factor(s) 3–5

 Answers show some knowledge and understanding of the demands of
the question. (They address causation.)
 Answers may be entirely descriptive in approach with description of
factor(s).
Level 1 Describes the topic/issue 1–2

 Answers contain some relevant material about the topic but are
descriptive in nature, making no reference to causation.
Level 0 No creditable content. 0
Part (b) Generic Levels of Response: Marks
Level 5 Responses which develop a sustained judgement 17–20

 Answers are well focused and closely argued. (Answers show a
maintained and complete understanding of the question.)
 Answers are supported by precisely selected evidence.
 Answers lead to a relevant conclusion/judgement which is developed and
supported.
Level 4 Responses which develop a balanced argument 13–16

 Answers show explicit understanding of the demands of the question.
 Answers develop a balanced argument supported by a good range of
appropriately selected evidence.
 Answers may begin to form a judgement in response to the question. (At
this level the judgement may be partial or not fully supported.)
Level 3 Responses which begin to develop assessment 9–12

 Answers show a developed understanding of the demands of the
question.
 Answers provide some assessment, supported by relevant and
appropriately selected evidence. However, these answers are likely to
lack depth of evidence and/or balance.
Level 2 Responses which show some understanding of the question 5–8

 Answers show some understanding of the focus of the question.
 They are either entirely descriptive with few explicit links to the question
or they may contain some explicit comment with relevant but limited
support.

PUBLISHED
Level 1 Descriptive or partial responses 1–4

 Answers contain descriptive material about the topic which is only loosely
linked to the focus of the question. Alternatively, there may be some
explicit comment on the question which lacks support.
 Answers may be fragmentary and disjointed.
Level 0 No creditable content. 0
Annotation symbols
EXP Explanation (an explained valid point)
Tick Detail/evidence is used to support the point
Plus Balanced – Considers the other view
? Unclear
AN Analysis
^ Unsupported assertion
K Knowledge
EVAL Evaluation
NAR Lengthy narrative that is not answering the question
Extendable Use with other annotations to show extended issues

Wavy Line or narrative
Horizontal Factual error
Wavy Line
JU Judgement
ID ID Identifying a factor in (a) responses

SIM SIM Similarity identified
DIFF DIFF Difference identified
N/A Highlighter Highlight a section of text
N/A On-page Allows comments to be entered in speech bubbles

comment on the candidate response.

PUBLISHED
Using the annotations
 Annotate using the symbols above as you read through the script.
 At the end of each question write a short on-page comment:

– be positive – say what the candidate has done, rather than what they have not
– reference the attributes of the level descriptor you are awarding (i.e. make sure your
comment matches the mark you have given)
– be careful with your spelling

PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a) Due to some issues with this question Cambridge has applied a mitigation. 10
When marking responses to this question examiners should do the following:
1 Mark all parts of the paper according to the mark scheme.
2 Compare the mark achieved on 1(a) and the mark achieved on part
(a) of the candidate’s other question.
3 If the candidate has achieved the same mark or higher on 1(a), take
no further action.
4 If the candidate has achieved a lower mark on 1(a), then change the
mark for 1(a) to match the mark on part (a) of the other question.
Indicate on the script that this change has been made by writing your
original mark and ‘OMBA’ (i.e. original mark before adjustment) as an
annotation at the end of the candidate’s response.
Explain why Turgot’s policies faced opposition.
Indicative content
He was First Minister of State and Controller-General of Finances to Louis
XVI, August 1774 to May 1776.
 One of his most significant plans involved redistribution of the tax burden
to impose taxes on the wealthiest citizens who were paying nothing. This
was strongly opposed by the first and second estates who used their
influence at court to block these changes.
 As an advocate of the Enlightenment idea of Physiocracy (Law of Nature)
he favoured a liberalisation of the French economy to generate the
prosperity that would solve the government’s financial problems. This
meant dismantling all obstacles to the flow of free trade, free labour, and
free market pricing. Therefore, those of a more conservative economic
outlook saw such actions as threatening. For example, those who held an
interest in grain speculation, such as several Princes of the Blood.
 He sought to undo local tolls on grain, which were part of a well-
established system of regulated supply, to establish a freer economy.
However, the introduction of this policy occurred at the worst possible
time as 1774 saw a bad harvest, the resumption of dearth and rising
prices. This led to rioting and public disorder, known as ‘The Flour War.’
 In 1776 he introduced his ‘Six Edicts’. Two proved particularly
contentious.
 Abolition of the corvée. A forced labour service owed by commoners to
the State which produced most of its road building programme. It would
be replaced by a property tax payable by all sections of society. Nobles
used their collective voice in the Parlements to declare that not only was
this a dilution of noble privilege but, also, threatened the nobles’ right to
demand comparable service from their own peasants on their estates.
 Abolishing the trade guilds. For the guild masters Turgot’s economic
liberty would destroy their livelihood. They had sunk capital and years of
apprenticeship in a system that guaranteed them both skilled labour and
remunerative prices.
 Turgot’s response to this opposition to his policies was to use lits de
justice and lettres de cachet to carry out the policies. These were seen as
high-handed and only furthered opposition to his policies.
Accept any other valid responses.

PUBLISHED
1(b) ‘By avoiding radical policies, the Directory was able to survive for four 20
years.’ How far do you agree?
Indicative content
Arguments to support this view could be as follows. The actions of the

Committee of Public Safety, the représentants en mission, such as Fouché at
Lyons, and the events of the Terror had produced a strong reaction against
further radicalisation. Added to this was a deep dislike of the De-
Christianisation campaign with its iconoclasm and violence. Therefore, the
seemingly more conservative outlook of the Directory gave it a wide appeal.
By 1799 many parish churches had already reopened, and priests persuaded
to officiate. To many in France the Directory occupied an appealing middle
ground between the excesses of the Ancien Regimé and the Jacobin terror.
The view, however, that the lack of a radical agenda was the key to the
Directory’s survival over four years can be questioned. The Directory was
fortunate that the opposition it faced in the form of Jacobins and Royalists was
weak and divided. They were never going to unite to form a united opposition,
nor could they overcome their own internal divisions. Napoleon’s victories in
Italy provided the Directory with some military glory which increased its
appeal, allowing it to survive. The Directory had the support of the army. It
was the loss of this support which contributed to its fall in 1799. It did adhere
to some revolutionary beliefs. For example, annual elections and the secret
ballot. By eighteenth-century standards the constitution of 1795 a broad
electorate and an extensive franchise.

PUBLISHED
2(a) Explain why the Prussian Union Plan of 1849 was proposed. 10
Indicative content
Also known as the Erfurt Union.
 The success of the Zollverein, created by Prussia, in creating economic

union and beneficial growth for all the members raised the possibility that
political unity might be equally beneficial.
 Although the 1848–49 revolutions in Germany had failed, they had helped
to stir a national consciousness across Germany.
 King Frederick William IV had refused the Frankfurt Parliament’s offer of
the imperial crown but was attracted, still, to the idea of a united Germany
with himself at its head, providing he had the consent of the German
princes.
 In May 1849 General Radowitz, an ardent nationalist and close friend of
the king, put forward the Prussian Union Plan. It aimed to bring about a
united Germany under Prussian leadership.
 The time seemed right because Prussia’s standing was high – the
Frankfurt Parliament had offered the Prussian king the imperial crown
and Prussian forces had suppressed disorder in Frankfurt and a
peasants’ revolt in Baden.
 Austria was distracted by a Hungarian rising and was unable to act until
August 1849 after suppressing the rising.

PUBLISHED
2(b) ‘France was the cause of the Franco–Prussian War, 1870–71.’ How far 20
do you agree?
Indicative content
Arguments to support the central importance of France in causing the war

could be as follows. France sought war in 1870 and acted aggressively. For
example, over the Hohenzollern candidature crisis by demanding an official
renunciation by William I on behalf of Leopold for all time, with the French
ambassador pressing for William I’s personal assurance. Napoleon III was
facing domestic pressures in France. There was a growing demand for
democratic reforms and revolution seemed likely to occur. Therefore, war
would lead to gains in the Rhineland and restore unity in the country. The
French felt the Prussian victories of 1864 and 1866 had diminished the
international standing of France. The lack of any territorial compensation
agreed to by Prussia meant that war seemed the only alternative. The failure
of France’s Mexican expedition increased the pressure for war as the means
to re-establish France’s standing in Europe. The military reforms of 1866 gave
a sense of confidence that France had the means to achieve its aims through
war. They had confidence in their new breech-loading Chassepot rifles and
the Mitrailleuse, an early type of machine gun.
However, this view can be questioned. In his memoirs, Bismarck saw the war
as the result of his master plan to create a united Germany under Prussian
leadership. The war with France was the final stage in this process of
unification, begun with victories in wars against Denmark and Austria (1864
and 1866). In 1862, Bismarck had stated that ‘blood and iron’ would decide
issues, seeming to indicate that Prussia under Bismarck would use war to
achieve its goals. It was Prussian machinations over the Hohenzollern
candidacy for the Spanish throne through the re-working and publication of
the Ems telegram that forced France into declaring war. Prussian
manoeuvrings against France had been present since the Luxembourg crisis
of 1867. French failure to make any territorial gains was a blow to its prestige
and stocked up anti-German feelings, which were later exploited to provoke a
French response for war in 1870.

PUBLISHED
3(a) Explain why Tsar Nicholas II continued the policy of Russification. 10
Indicative content
 He saw himself as an autocrat, like his father. Therefore, he wished to

continue his father’s policies.
 Nicholas II sought through Russification to assimilate non-Russians into
the Russian cultural and political system.
 There was a fear that Russians were losing their demographic domination
because of the Empire’s territorial expansion into Asia. The census of
1897 showed that Russians accounted for only 44 per cent of the
Empire’s population and were one of the slowest growing ethnic groups.
 He saw it as a religious duty – Russification promoted the Orthodox
cause over other religious denominations.
 Anti-Semitism, also, informed the execution of the Russification policy.
Judaism was seen as a challenge because it appeared so non-Russian.

PUBLISHED
3(b) ‘The Bolsheviks were still in power by 1921 because of their use of 20
terror.’ How far do you agree?
Indicative content
Arguments to support the central importance of terror in maintaining the

Bolsheviks’ hold on power could take the following form. It was a useful tool in
not only suppressing opponents of Bolshevik rule, but also acted to police and
discipline party members. This meant that the party leadership, policies, and
actions would not face internal dissent. The murder of the Tsar and the royal
family in August 1918 ensured the Romanovs could not act as a rallying point
for opponents of the Bolsheviks. Whilst there might be complaints about
abandoning ‘socialist legality’ no attempts were made to restrict the power of
the Cheka. The fact that the Cheka was created in December 1917 suggests
the Bolsheviks, from the outset, accepted the necessity of terror as a means
of maintaining political control. It could be argued that the situation faced by
the Bolsheviks between 1917 and 1921 was so hazardous – civil war, foreign
intervention, famine, and imminent economic collapse all threatened to
destroy the existence of the Bolshevik party and its government – that most
party members accepted the necessity of terror.
This view can be challenged. Victory in the Russian Civil War meant there
was no opponent who had the military ability to threaten Bolshevik party rule
in Russia. Trotsky had played a prominent role in this victory as Commissar
for War. Therefore, his actions kept the Bolsheviks in power. The role of Lenin
needs to be noted in ensuring the Bolsheviks were still in power by 1921
(overturning the results of a democratic election, because it did not favour the
Bolsheviks – accepting the opprobrium which followed the treaty of Brest-
Litovsk because it ended Russia’s role in the First World War – the initiation of
the New Economic Policy because War Communism was producing a
growing backlash against the Bolsheviks). It should be noted, also, that
throughout Russia after the October Revolution in 1917 there were idealists
who believed sincerely in the Bolsheviks’ mission to create a new proletarian
world.

PUBLISHED
4(a) Explain why the issue of States’ Rights caused problems in the 1850s. 10
Indicative content
 Although the issue of what rights the states had vs. those of the federal
government had been discussed since the development of the
Constitution, the focus of these disagreements in the 1850s was most
definitely on slavery.
 The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 caused tensions and discussions over the
rights of different states to interpret federal law. As part of the
Compromise of 1850 the act made it illegal not to cooperate with
returning former slaves to their enslavers in other states. Many in the
North felt this went against their constitutional rights and that the
Southerners were holding double standards because it was often those in
the South who argued for the strength of State’s Rights. The issue of
slavery and states’ rights also came to a head in the Kansas-Nebraska
Act which allowed the new states of Kansas and Nebraska to choose
which the y wanted to be on the basis of popular sovereignty. This
produced an influx of ‘settlers from both sides to try to influence the vote
and led to the clashes known a ‘Bloody Kansas’ seen by some as a
precursor to the Civil War.
 The national argument over State’s Rights came to a head in 1857 with
the Dred Scott judgement which upheld the rights of states to the
protection of slave property. After this, many in Southern states began to
argue that it was within the rights of States to secede from the union
which eventually led to the Civil War.

PUBLISHED
4(b) ‘The Republicans won the 1860 election because of the Lincoln-Douglas 20
debates.’ How far do you agree?
Indicative content
Possible discussions around the Lincoln Douglas debates may include the
following points. The Lincoln-Douglas debates took place from August 21st to
October 15th across the state of Illinois. Lincoln had challenged Douglas to a
‘war of ideas’ and Douglas was happy to oblige. They held seven debates in
the period which caught the attention of the public across the nation. During
the debates Douglas strongly advocated the policy of popular sovereignty but
Lincoln reminded him that this went against the recent Dred Scott judgement
that had stated that slavery continued in free territories. In what became
known as the Freeport Doctrine Douglas replied that no law could overcome
the opinion of citizens on slavery. This was seen as a betrayal by many
Southern Democrats. Lincoln constantly returned to the idea that ‘A House
Divided Could Not Stand’ and argued that black Americans should be entitled
to rights under the Constitution. Although Lincoln did not win the Senate seat
(it was decided by a state electoral college) the debates set him up as the
focus of abolitionist thinking and action within the Northern United States. By
the time of the 1860 election the Republicans desperately needed to win
Illinois and other states in the region so Lincoln emerged as the man who
would symbolise the hard-working self-made man of the frontier in these
states.
Possible discussion of other factors in Lincoln’s electoral victory may include

the following points. Anti-slavery feeling also played a role in Lincoln’s victory.
The growth in abolitionist feeling in the Northern states was clearly important
to the political situation of the late 1850s. Many had been radicalised by the
horrors of Bleeding Kansas earlier in the decade and supported extreme
abolitionist positions. After John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry there were
those in the North that celebrated him as a martyr although many also
condemned his actions. Although abolitionists didn’t always agree with Lincoln
most voted for him. In addition, Lincoln was helped by splits within the
Democrat party. The Democrats met at Charleston in April 1860 to choose
their candidate for the election in a angry mood. Northern Democrats wanted
to nominate Stephen Douglas because they felt he had the best chance of
beating Republicans in the North. However, Douglas was an enemy of many
Southern Democrats because of his championing of popular sovereignty in
new territories. Southern Democrats left the convention and later nominated
the then vice-president John C. Breckenridge. This split would prove fatal to
Democratic electoral hopes. Smaller parties also played a part in Lincoln’s
victory. Some politicians wanted to focus on issues other than slavery in the
election. They formed the Constitutional Unionist Party and nominated John
Bell as their candidates. This further split the vote in some areas and helped
hand victory to Lincoln.

PUBLISHED
5(a) Explain why military strategies changed during the Civil War. 10
Indicative content
 The initial strategy of the North was the Anaconda Plan devised by
Winfield Scott. It aimed to strangle the South by means of a naval
blockade and the North’s gaining control of the Mississippi. It was a
gradualist, relatively bloodless strategy and not immediately enforceable
because the North lacked the necessary ships needed to take the
Mississippi river.
 The North did make some advances in the West, where the taking of
Vicksburg in 1863 gave it control of the Mississippi. This could be seen as
a successful implementation of the Anaconda Plan.
 However, it was clear that a different strategy would be needed to defeat
the South completely. This was developed by Ulysses Grant, who was
made the commander of all Northern forces in March 1864. He led armies
on the eastern front to take Richmond while Sherman advanced on the
western front to take Atlanta. The North was now occupying the South,
with Sherman’s March to the Sea in December 1864 destroying much of
its infrastructure and directly inflicting great hardship on civilians.
 The Southern strategy throughout the war was to ‘win by not losing’ and
so, in a sense, did not change very much. Many wanted Davis to follow
the ideas of Washington by fighting a war of attrition. However, this
proved difficult because Southern governors demanded that no section of
the South should be allowed to fall to the North. Thus, a ‘cordon strategy’
was adopted which spread Confederate forces too thinly.

PUBLISHED
5(b) To what extent had the White South accepted the policies of 20
Reconstruction by 1877?
Indicative content
Arguments which suggest that the White South did not accept Reconstruction
may include the following. The main forms of opposition to Reconstruction
included the passage of the Black Codes in 1865–66 and the formation of
groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These violent grassroots bodies attacked
ex-slaves and Southern Republicans to prevent Reconstruction. In addition,
the South resisted as much as it could because it objected to giving freedmen
political equality via the 14th and 15th Amendments because this meant that
freedmen could vote and be voted into office. The South’s view was that the
abolition of slavery via the 13th Amendment did not mean that freedmen
should be granted political equality. This led to Black Codes being passed in
nine Southern states. Furthermore, the South also resisted Reconstruction
because it was imposed and enforced by Northern politicians. President
Johnson, a Southerner himself, opposed Radical Reconstruction and thus the
South did not experience its full enforcement. However, Johnson’s successor,
Ulysses Grant, was determined to ensure equality for the freedmen. As a
result, the Ku Klux Klan became even more active in 1869–71. The South was
prepared to use violence to uphold the supremacy of the whites. Southern
opposition to Reconstruction was based on a fear of racial equality.
Arguments which suggest that the South did accept Reconstruction by 1877
may include points about the 1877 Compromise. For example, by 1877 the
South had accepted that they were once more part of the union and would be
governed by the elected President. However, there were still limitations to this
acceptance and opposition remained despite the Compromise. In 1877, the
Republicans, essentially a Northern party, conceded rule of the South to the
Democrats. Although there had been some moves forward for freedmen this
ensured that political equality became an ever-more distant reality as the
entrenched discrimination that was accepted in the Compromise of 1877
would last for the best part of a century.
Note: Jim Crow Laws are identified as any racial legislation introduced in the
period from 1877 to the mid twentieth century and thus fall outside the remit of
this essay.

PUBLISHED
6(a) Explain why Progressives campaigned for national prohibition in the 10

early twentieth century.
Indicative content
 Attempts to ban the sale of alcohol had been around for most of the
nineteenth century, gaining support in the 1880s and 1890s. The Anti-
Saloon League, formed in 1895, became the main organisation calling for
prohibition. The title of this group is significant. Saloons were almost as
much the focus of the campaign as was alcohol. Saloons were centres of
corrupt and often violent activities, especially in the rapidly expanding
cities of the North. They were seen as being linked to the power of party
bosses and the dominance of machine politics.
 Thus, the campaign for prohibition gained most support from the rural
West, from women, who were also campaigning for the vote at the time,
from nativists against new immigrant communities, from Protestant
churches especially.
 The movement gained more support from 1902 after Wayne Wheeler
became the leader of the Anti-Saloon League. Under his leadership, the
ASL worked within the two-party system, encouraging people to vote
across party lines for the ‘dry’ candidate.
 When the USA joined the First World War in April 1917, prohibitionists
used patriotism to gain more support. Grain used to brew alcohol could
be better used in the war effort. Most leading brewers were German
Americans. By the end of 1917, Congress had passed the 18th
Amendment.

PUBLISHED
6(b) ‘The growth of trusts and corporations caused the economic 20

development of the late nineteenth century.’ How far do you agree?
Indicative content
Possible discussions around the influence of trusts may include the following.
A trust was a device for bringing together any number of companies providing
the same goods or service into a centrally controlled organisation the aim of
which was to dominate the sector. This allowed prices to be fixed or
production controlled. The member companies remained separate entities
while strategic management was done by the trust. The best-known trusts
were the Standard Oil Trust, formed in 1882, and US Steel, formed in 1901. J
D Rockefeller was the head of Standard Oil, Andrew Carnegie of U S Steel.
Other major sectors organised into trusts included copper, tobacco, and
sugar. There were economic reasons for creating trusts: they usually enabled
integration of production, whether horizontal or vertical, allowing companies to
be more efficient. If a trust had a large enough share of the market, then it
could prevent new companies from entering the market. These various
reasons helped increase the profits of trust members and encourage
investment in these industries which had a knock-on effect in the wider
economy. The wider context for the growth of trusts and organisations is that
the US political and legal system of the time allowed these companies to
come together into trusts: the Republicans, friends of big business, controlled
Washington DC, and laissez faire was the predominant ideology of the time.
Possible discussion of other factors which led to economic development may

include the following points. New inventions such as electrical power, the
internal combustion engine, the typewriter [1867], celluloid [1870] and the
telephone [1876] are all technological innovations relevant to this period.
While many inventions were labour-saving devices, leading to unemployment,
others resulted in new products and services which were bought by the ‘early
adopters’ of the time, thus creating new employment opportunities. Thus,
innovative technologies did help the continued growth of the industrial sector.
Other financial/cultural circumstances also led to economic development. For
example, capital came either from American banks or the City of London in
sufficient quantities to allow for investment in industry. The individualistic,
entrepreneurial culture of the USA also led to growth because it ensured
competition between the inventors of the new technologies, for example
incandescent light bulbs and electricity supply. Furthermore, the US system of
patents also encouraged innovation because, unusually, it granted patents to
improvements to inventions as well as the initial invention. This encouraged
many to adapt new products to gain patent rights. In addition, it can be argued
that trusts stunted economic development by driving smaller businesses out
of the market. This meant that there was less potential for the development of
new ideas and greater competition to bring down prices and benefit
consumers for example the railways.

PUBLISHED
7(a) Explain why Britain developed closer diplomatic relations with France 10
after 1898.
Indicative content
A number of factors might be considered, some long-term and some more

immediate. they include:
 The Fashoda Incident 1898 led to a settlement of imperial issues

between Britain and France and led to an improvement of relations
leading to the Entente Cordiale.
 Rise of Germany – Kaiser Wilhelm’s active search for ‘a place in the sun’
coupled with Tirpitz’s Navy Laws raised fears of German intentions and
the threat to Britain’s two-power standard naval policy. An alliance with
France would reduce the need for this.
 Effects of the Boer War – the effort it took for Britain to overcome the
Boers in the War of 1899–1902 raised doubts about the possibility of
having to fight a more widespread war without allies and led to a change
in perspective.
 Since 1870 France had been isolated by Germany in Europe and was
anxious to strengthen its position with new alliances.
 Pressures of maintaining worldwide empire. With increasing threats to its
empire Britain looked for new alliances to shore up its position. An
alliance or understanding with France allowed them to share naval
responsibilities in the Mediterranean and North Sea/Atlantic.

PUBLISHED
7(b) To what extent was New Imperialism based on theories of racial 20

superiority?
Indicative content
In the early nineteenth century a theory was developed which claimed that
there was a hierarchy of races in which white people were argued to be
superior to any other groups. The publication of Darwin’s The Origin of
Species seemed to justify this and became the basis of a theory known as
Social Darwinism. This theory was used to justify the treatment of other races
as inferior and thus to take control of the lands they owned. Consciously or
not, this was in part responsible for the imposition of European style
administration and laws and wherever Europeans settled they placed
themselves at the head of the social hierarchy. They automatically assumed
their systems and culture were superior to those of indigenous populations.
For example, David Livingstone, missionary, and explorer, claimed that it was
his duty to introduce Africans to three Cs: commerce, Christianity, and
civilisation.
On the other hand, whilst the belief in natural superiority might have
underpinned the activities of European powers in the latter part of the
nineteenth century, there were more immediate and practical considerations
that led to the development of New Imperialism. The claim to be intent on
‘improving the lives of the local people’ was a useful justification for
developing their own interests.
Exploration of the interior by expeditions led by people like Livingstone and

Stanley increased awareness of the potential for exploitation of the vast
resources available. As the industrial revolution transformed European states
the search by businesses for new resources and markets provided a
significant impetus to the establishing of new colonies in Africa and Asia
where large profits might be possible.
Colonial expansion was also a matter of prestige when European powers

were seeking to avoid conflict in Europe but still sought to establish their
superiority. So, for example for France following the disaster of 1870 and for
Germany with no colonial history, quick results were important, hence the
‘Scramble for Africa’. For some the moral obligation to end slavery, which was
still practised in some areas of Africa, was an incentive as was the idea of
basic Christian duty to spread the word of God.
New imperialism was also helped by advances in medicine and technology

which reduced the risk of travelling deep into more difficult environments and
gave Europeans a technological advantage over indigenous populations.

PUBLISHED
8(a) Explain why the League of Nations failed to end the conflict that broke 10
out in Manchuria in 1931.
Indicative content
Essentially the generic reasons for the weaknesses of the League were
emphasised by the specific circumstances surrounding the Manchuria crisis.
 In September 1931 the Mukden Railway incident led to a Japanese

invasion of Manchuria – China appealed to the League of Nations to take
action against Japan. China appealed to the League and the matter was
considered under Article 11 whereby any threat of war affecting any of
the Members of the League was declared a matter of concern to the
whole League. The League’s council deliberated on the issue even
without the representatives from China and Japan before arriving at a
resolution.
 Mediation was led by the League of Nations to listen to the complaints but
failed to reach a resolution.
 The Leagues sent a commission led by Lord Lytton to investigate and
provide recommendations. the Japanese army had already established
the Manchurian puppet state of Manchukuo.
 The Commission spent 6 weeks on Manchuria in early 1932 but its report
was not finally published until October 1932, demonstrating the
ineffectiveness of the process.
 On the advice of the report, the League of Nations refused to recognise
Manchukuo as a legitimate state It recommended that the area be
returned to China under supervision of the League.
 The league voted by 42 to 1 to accept Lytton’s findings.
 The one vote against was from Japan which promptly left the League.
 Because of the worldwide depression the major powers were in no
position to impose economic sanctions as should have happened under
collective security protocols and thus the League was proved ineffective
against great power aggression.
 Japan believed that Manchuria was too far away for the European
leaders of the League to be willing to take action so ignored the Lytton
report.
 Britan and France were worried that if they opposed Japan too strongly
their own colonies might come under threat.

PUBLISHED
8(b) ‘The British policy of appeasement was responsible for the outbreak of 20
war in 1939.’ To what extent do you agree?
Indicative content
There is no doubt that appeasement did nothing to discourage Hitler from his
plans but there are other factors that led to war, and it is arguable that even
without appeasement the path to conflict would not have been substantially
different.
Appeasement was a response to a number of pressures and effectively meant

avoiding confrontation over Hitlers actions aimed at revision of the terms of
the Treaty of Versailles. It was underpinned by fears of what another war
might involve, given the experience of the previous war, coupled with a
general feeling that the Treaty of Versailles had been an unjust peace. For
Britain this was coupled with an awareness that they could not act without
French support and certainly for much of the 1930s this would simply not have
been forthcoming. Each concession to Hitler simply encouraged him to go on
to his next move. So, German re-armament went unchallenged after the
failure of the World Disarmament Conference and German withdrawal from
the League in 1933 and Britain even signed the Anglo–German Naval
Agreement of 1935 which effectively condoned expansion of the German
navy far beyond the limits of Versailles. From this Hitler moved on to the
unopposed Anschluss with Austria in March 1938 followed by the Munich
crisis in September of the same year. When Hitler broke his promise of ‘no
more territorial demands in Europe’ by occupying the rest of Czechoslovakia
in March 1939, Britain moved to protect Poland, but Hitler no longer believed
Britain represented any serious threat and did not believe they would go to
war over Poland and so continued with his expansionist plans.
However, Hitler’s long-term plan was to unite all the German people in a
single state and to expand German territory eastwards so this would
eventually have led to war. The Nazi-Soviet Pact seemed to challenge this
plan but was, as both sides realised, simply a temporary arrangement that
allowed Germany to invade Poland. With no threat from the Soviet Union
Hitler believed there would be no challenge to his move against Poland and
this miscalculation was to have serious consequences for him. A number of
factors made any challenge that included the possibility of conflict before the
late 1930s very difficult. France would not move against German plans as
shown in the Rhineland Crisis and the Great Depression left the western allies
in no position for extensive remilitarisation until the mid-1930s so war was
simply not an option. There was also strong public resistance to any idea of
war which would have made any alternative policy very difficult. So whilst war
might ultimately be unavoidable it was not practical until the late 1930s, even
without appeasement.

PUBLISHED
9(a) Explain why Japan believed it was treated as an inferior power in 10

international negotiations during the period 1919–22.
Indicative content
The primary focus will probably be on how Japan was treated at the Versailles
Peace Conference, but candidates should consider the subsequent
developments at the Washington Naval Conference since this was a direct
offshoot of the Versailles Conference commitment to disarmament.
 Though officially one of the major powers Japan was largely excluded
from the major decision making of the ‘Big Three’.
 Initially awarded the former German concession on the Shandong
peninsula this was subsequently taken away by the ‘Big Three’ after
protests from China.
 Japanese attempts to add a racial equality clause to the Treaties was
vetoed by white colonial interests.
 At the Washington Naval Conference, the Japanese were expected to
accept a naval size significantly smaller that their major naval rivals US
and GB (Five Power Treaty 9:9:5)
 Japanese people blamed democratic governments for accepting this
treaty and resentment of western powers grew.

PUBLISHED
9(b) How far does the war against Japan explain the failure of the 20
Kuomintang to limit support for the Communists after 1937?
Indicative content
In July 1937, following the Marco Polo Bridge incident, the Japanese
launched a full-scale invasion of the remaining Chinese territory they did not
yet control. Months earlier at the Xi’an Bridge incident the KMT and the CCP
had formed the Second United Front to challenge Japanese aggression. But
the war against Japan had a significant effect in changing the balance
between the two parties in the struggle for control of China. The main
Japanese thrust was south to take control of the large coastal cities and their
trading facilities. As the CCP were isolated in Yan’an in the northeast of China
it was left to the KMT to deal with the brunt of this attack. By the end of 1937
the government had been forced out of the KMT headquarters in Nanking.
Ruthless Japanese scorched earth policy left hundreds of thousands without
food or shelter. In June 1938, in a desperate attempt to stop Japanese
advances, Chiang ordered destruction of the Yellow River flood control
system and though the subsequent flooding stopped Japanese advance it
also resulted in the death of up to one million peasants. Despite stopping
Japan’s advance, the government incurred significant damage to its support
because of the terrible consequences for its own population. In the meantime,
Chiang established his wartime capital at Chungking from where it appeared
that he did very little to pursue an active campaign against the Japanese
thereby steadily losing the initiative in his struggle against the CCP.
At the same time other factors led to a loss of support for the KMT. Its general
failure to deliver on three basic principles of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang’s focus
on big business had already alienated significant sections of the population
even before the war began. The Chungking government did nothing to
alleviate the impression of underlying corruption and inefficiency. American
aid for the war against Japan was often diverted to other causes and Chiang’s
demands increasingly alienated the US government. Equally it might be
argued that the war weakened Chiang in that it gave real impetus to the
expansion of Communist control from its stronghold in Yan ‘an.
Whilst the Republican army was being defeated in traditional warfare, the
communists organised increasingly successful guerrilla activities, using and
expanding its influence amongst the rural peasantry. Mao employed an
effective propaganda campaign to present hid forces as the successful
defenders of China against the incursions of the Japanese, able to portray the
KMT government as distant and uninvolved whilst his fighters were on the
front line of resistance.
The best responses will need to make a comparative judgement about the
role of different factors in the changing relative strengths of the two sides and
provide relevant support for such a judgement.

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Cambridge International AS & A Level

This document consists of 23 printed pages.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 2 of 23

Part (a) Generic Levels of Response: Marks

Level 4 Connects factors to reach a reasoned conclusion 9–10

Level 3 Explains factor(s) 6–8

Level 2 Describes factor(s) 3–5

Level 1 Describes the topic/issue 1–2

Level 0 No creditable content. 0

Part (b) Generic Levels of Response: Marks

Level 5 Responses which develop a sustained judgement 17–20

Level 4 Responses which develop a balanced argument 13–16

Level 3 Responses which begin to develop assessment 9–12

Level 2 Responses which show some understanding of the question 5–8

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 3 of 23

Level 1 Descriptive or partial responses 1–4

Level 0 No creditable content. 0

EXP Explanation (an explained valid point)

Tick Detail/evidence is used to support the point

Plus Balanced – Considers the other view

NAR Lengthy narrative that is not answering the question

Extendable Use with other annotations to show extended issues

ID ID Identifying a factor in (a) responses

N/A Highlighter Highlight a section of text

N/A On-page Allows comments to be entered in speech bubbles

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 4 of 23

Using the annotations

 At the end of each question write a short on-page comment:

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 5 of 23

Question Answer Marks

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 6 of 23

Question Answer Marks

Arguments to support this view could be as follows. The actions of the

Accept any other valid responses.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 7 of 23

Question Answer Marks

Also known as the Erfurt Union.

 The success of the Zollverein, created by Prussia, in creating economic

Accept any other valid responses.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 8 of 23

Question Answer Marks

Arguments to support the central importance of France in causing the war

Accept any other valid responses.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 9 of 23

Question Answer Marks

3(a) Explain why Tsar Nicholas II continued the policy of Russification. 10

 He saw himself as an autocrat, like his father. Therefore, he wished to

Accept any other valid responses.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 10 of 23

Question Answer Marks