Test 3

I.ISTE:\l:\G

SECTION 1 Questions 1-10

Questions 1 and 2
Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Example Answer
Type of job required: Part-time

Student is studying 1 ........................

Student is in the 2 ........................ year of the course.

Questions 3-5 /
Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDSfor each answer.

Position Awilable Where ProMem

Receptionist in the 3 ........................ evening lectures

4 ........................ in the Child Care Centre too early

Clerical Assistant in the S ........................ evening lectures

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 Listening

Questions 6-10
Complete the form below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBERfor each answer.

STUDENT DETAILS
Name: Anita Newman

Address: 6 ........................

Room No. 7 ........................

Other skills: Speaks some Japanese

Position available: 8 ........................ at the English

Language Centre

Duties: Respond to enquiries and

9 ........................

Time of Interview: Friday at 10 ........................ a.m.

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Test 3

SECTION 2 Questions 11-20

Questions 11-16
Choose the correct letter. A. B or C

SPONSORED WALKING HOLIDAY

11 On the holiday, you will be walking for
A 6 days.
B 8days.
C 10 days.
12 What proportion of the sponsorship money goes to charity?

� Money going
to charity

A B C
13 Each walker's sponsorship money goes to one
A student.
B teacher.
C school.
14 When you start the trek you must be
A interested in getting fit.
8 already quite fit.
C already very fit.
IS As you walk you will carry
A all of your belongings.
B some of your belongings.
C none of your belongings.
16 The Semira Region has a long tradition of
A making carpets.
B weaving blankets.
C carving wood.

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 Listening

Questions 17-10
Complete the form below.

Write ONE WORD ONLYfor each answer.

fflNERARV

Day1 arrive in Kishba

Day2 rest day

spend all day in a

Day3
17 ························

Day4 visit a school

Day5 rest day

Day6
see a 18 .. J..................with old
carvings

Day7 restaay

Day8 swim in a 19 ........................

Day9 visit a 10 ........................

Day10 tlepart from Kishba

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Test 3

SECTION 3 Questions 21-30

Questions 21 and 22
Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

OCEAN RESEAROI

The Robotic Float Project

• Float is shaped like a 21 ........................

• Scientists from 22 ........................ have worked on the project so far

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 Listening

Questions 23-25
Complete the diagram below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER/or each answer.

THE OPERATIONAL CYCLE

Global Satellite

' ,,
..,
"-. Meteorological station
''-. information is
', analysed
'-

Boat

,.::ev Float records

changes in
Float dropped ♦ salinity and
into ocean and , 25 .....................
23 ..................... :
by satellite
I
t

♦--------------------------►:
Average distance travelled:
24 .....................

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Test 3

Questions 16-30
In what time period can data from the float projects help with the following things?

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 26-30.

A At present
B In the near future
C In the long-term future

26 understanding of El Nifio
27 understanding of climate change
28 naval rescues
29 sustainable fishing practices
30 crop selection

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 Listming

SECTION 4 Questions 31--40

Questions 31-34
Choose the correct letter, A. B or C

Hotels and the tourist industry

31 According to the speaker, how might a guest feel when staying in a luxury hotel?
A impressed with the facilities
B depressed by the experience
C concerned at the high costs
32 According to recent research, luxury hotels overlook the need to
A provide for the demands of important guests.
B create a comfortable environment.
C offer an individual and personal welcome.
33 The company focused their research on
A a wide variety of hotels.
B large, luxury hotel chains.
C exotic holiday hotels.
34 What is the impact of the outside environment on a hotel guest?
A It has a considerable effect.
B It has a very limited effect.
C It has no effect whatsoever.

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Test3

Questions 35-40
Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLYfor each answer.

A company providing luxury serviced apartments aims to:

• cater specifically for 3S ........................ travellers
• provide a stylish 36 ........................ for guests to use
• set a trend throughout the 37 ........................ which becomes permanent

Traditional holiday hotels attract people by:

• offering the chance to 38 ........................ their ordinary routine life
• making sure that they are cared for in all respects - like a 39 ........................
• leaving small treats in their rooms - e.g. cosmetics or 40 ........................

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 Reading

READl�G

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage I
below.

Ant Intelligence

When we think of intelligent However, in ants there is no

members of the animal cultural transmission -
kingdom, the creatures that everything must be encoded
spring immediately to mind in the genes - whereas in
are apes and monkeys. But humans the opposite is
in fact the social lives of true. Only basic instincts are
some members of the insect carried in the genes of a
kingdom are sufficiently newborn baby, other skills
complex to suggest more being learned from others in
than a hint of intelligence. the community as the child
Among these, the world of the ant has come grows up. It may seem that this cultural
in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the continuity gives us a huge advantage over
idea that ants demonstrate sparks of ants. They have never mastered fire nor
cognition has certainly not been rejected by progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid
those involved in these investigations. herding crafts are sophisticated when
compared to the agricultural skills of
Ants store food, repel attackers and use
humans five thousand years ago but have
chemical signals to contact one another in
been totally overtaken by modem human
case of attack. Such chemical
agribusiness.
communication can be compared to the
human use of visual and auditory channels Or have they? The farming methods of ants
(as in religious chants, advertising images are at least sustainable. They do not ruin
and jingles, political slogans and martial environments or use enormous amounts of
music) to arouse and propagate moods and energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests
attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, that the crop farming of ants may be more
'.i\nts are so much like human beings as to sophisticated and adaptable than was
be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise thought.
aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, Ants were farmers fifty million years before
use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose
enemies, capture slaves, engage in child in leaves - but some fungi can. The ants
labour, exchange information ceaselessly. therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests,
They do everything but watch television.'
bringing them leaves to feed on, and then

* aphids: small insects of a different species from ants

65
Test 3

use them as a source of food. Farmer ants existed in something like their present form
secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that more than seventy million years ago. Beside
might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to this, prehistoric man looks technologically
fertilise the crop. primitive. Is this then some kind of
intelligence, albeit of a different kind?
It was once thought that the fungus that
ants cultivate was a single type that they Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and
had propagated, essentially unchanged from Zurich Universities has shown that when
the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of desert ants return from a foraging trip, they
Maryland and his colleagues genetically navigate by integrating bearings and
screened 862 different types of fungi taken distances, which they continuously update in
from ants' nests. These turned out to be their heads. They combine the evidence of
highly diverse: it seems that ants are visual landmarks with a mental library of
continually dbmesticating new species. Even local directions, all within a framework which
more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi is consulted and updated. So ants can learn
suggests that the ants improve or modify the too.
fungi by regularly swapping and sharing
And in a twelve-year programme of work,
strains with neighbouring ant colonies.
Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence
Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to that ants can transmit very complex
urban lifestyles - the forcing house of messages. Scouts who had located food in a
intelligence - the evidence suggests that maze returned to mobilise their foraging
ants have lived in urban settings for close on teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at
a hundred million years, developing and the end of which the scout was removed in
maintaining underground cities of order to observe what her team might do.
specialised chambers and tunnels. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact
When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los spot in the maze where the food had been.
Angeles, we are amazed at what has been Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent
accomplished by humans. Yet Hoelldobler the foraging team using odour clues.
and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, Discussion now centres on whether the route
The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant through the maze is communicated as a 'left­
Formica yessensis on the lshikari Coast of right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass
Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to bearing and distance' message.
be composed of 360 million workers and a During the course of this exhaustive study,
million queens living in 4,500 Reznikova has grown so attached to her
interconnected nests across a territory of laboratory ants that she feels she knows
2. 7 square kilometres. them as individuals - even without the paint
Such enduring and intricately meshed levels spots used to mark them. It's no surprise
of technical achievement outstrip by far that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the
anything achieved by our distant ancestors. company of ants', advises readers who ask
We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings what to do with the ants in their kitchen to:
'Watch where you step. Be careful of little
in southern France and elsewhere, dating
lives.'
back some 20,000 years. Ant societies

66
 Reading

Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage l?

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.

2 City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.
3 Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.
4 Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.
5 In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use their sense of smell to find food.
6 The essay, 'In the company of ants', explores ant communication.

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Test 3

Questions 7-13
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-0, below.

Write the correct letter, A-0, in boxes 7-B on your answer sheet.

Ants as farmers
Ants have sophisticated methods of fanning, including herding livestock and growing
crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants
cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert
7 ... . ... .......... ....... into a fonn which they can digest. They use their own natural
8 ........................ as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9 ........................ .
Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species
and by 10 ........................ species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the farming
methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they
use 11 ........................ methods, they do not affect the 12 ........................ and do not
waste 13 ........................ .

A aphids B agricultural C cellulose D exchanging

energy F fertilizers G food ff fungi
growing J interbreeding K natural L other species
secretions N sustainable 0 environment

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 Reading

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
on the following pages.

Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G.

Choose the correct headings for sections A-F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number. i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i The results of the research into blood-variants

ii . Dental evidence
iii Greenberg's analysis of the dental and linguistic evidence
iv Developments in the methods used to study early population
movements
v Indian migration from Canada to the U.S.A.
vi Further genetic evidence relating to the three-wave theory
vii Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to America
viii Conflicting views of the three-wave theory, based on non-genetic
evidence
ix Questions about the causes of prehistoric migration to America
x How analysis of blood-variants measures the closeness of the
relationship between different populations

14 Section A
15 Section B
16 Section C
17 Section D
18 Section E
19 Section F

Example Answer
Section G viii

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Test3

•••.••••••..•.....•...............•..••.••......•..•....................................•..•.................
Population movements and genetics
A Study of the origins and distribution of different populations (e.g. two Indian
human populations used to be based on tribes), one con establish their genetic
archaeological and fossil evidence. A 'distance', which itself can be calibrated
number of techniques developed since to give on indication of the length of time
the 1950s, however, have placed the since these populations lost interbred.
study of these subjects on a sounder and D Williams and his colleagues sampled the
more objective footing. The best blood of over 5,000 American Indians in
information on early population
western North America during a twenty­
movements is now being obtained from
year period. They found that their Gm
the 'archaeology of the living body', the
ollotypes could be divided into two
clues to be found in genetic material.
groups, one of which also corresponded
B Recent work on the problem of when to the genetic typing of Central and South
people first entered the Americas is an American Indians. Other tests showed
example of the value of these new that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut3
techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia formed a third group. From this evidence
have long been accepted as the it was deduced that there hod been three
launching ground for the first human major waves of migration across the
colonisers of the New World1• But was Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-Indian, wave
there one major wave of migration across more than 15,000 years ago was
the Bering Strait into the Americas, or ancestral to all Central and South
several? And when did this event, or American Indians. The second wove,
events, take place? In recent years, new about 14,000-12,000 years ago,
clues have come from research into brought No-Dene hunters, ancestors of
genetics, including the distribution of the Navajo and Apache (who only
genetic markers in modern Native migrated south from Canada about 600
Americans2• or 700 years ago). The third wave,
C An important project, led by the perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw
biological anthropologist Robert Williams, the migration from North-east Asia of
focused on the variants (called Gm groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo
allotypes) of one particular protein - and Aleut.
immunoglobin G - found in the fluid E How far does other research support
portion of human blood. All proteins these conclusions? Geneticist Douglas
'drift', or produce variants, over the Wallace hos studied mitochondrial DNA4
generations, and members of an in blood samples from three widely
interbreeding human population will separated Native American groups: Pimo­
share a set of such variants. Thus, by Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians
comparing the Gm allotypes of two on the Yucot6n peninsula, Mexico, and

1 New World: the American continent, os opposed to the so-called Old World of Europe, Asia ond Africa
2 modem Native American: an American descended from the groups that were native to America
3 Inuit and Aleut: two of the ethnic groups native to the northern regions of North America (i.e. northern Canada ond Greenland)
◄ DNA: the substance in which genetic information is stored

70
 Reading

Ticuno Indians in the Upper Amazon According to Turner, this ties in with the
region of Brazil. As would hove been ideo of a single Paleo-Indian migration
predicted by Robert Willioms's work, all out of North Asia, which he sets at before
three groups appear to be descended 14,000 years ago by calibrating rotes of
from the some ancestral (Paleo-Indian) dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses
population. also suggest that there were two later
migrations of No-Denes and Eskimo­
F There ore two other kinds of research that
Aleut.
hove thrown some light on the origins of
the Native American population; they G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since
involve the study of teeth and of the 1950s, argued that all Native
languages. The biological anthropologist American languages belong to a single
Christy Turner is on expert in the analysis '.Amerind' family, except for No-Dene and
of changing physical characteristics in Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence
human teeth. He argues that tooth to the idea of three main migrations.
crowns and roots5 have a high genetic Greenberg is in a minority among fellow
component, minimally affected by linguists, most of whom favour the notion
environmental and other factors. Studies of a great many waves of migration to
carried out by Turner of many thousands account for the more than l ,000
of New and Old World specimens, both languages spoken at one time by
ancient and modern, suggest that the American Indians. But there is no doubt
majority of prehistoric Americans ore th.at the new genetic and dental evidence
linked to Northern Asian populations by provides strong bocking for Greenberg's
crown and root traits such as incisor6 view. Dates given for the migrations
shoveling {a scooping out on one or both should nevertheless be treated with
surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted caution, except where supported by hard
upper first premolors6 and triple-rooted archaeological evidence.
lower first molors6.

5 crown/root: ports of the tooth

6 incisor/premolor/molor: kinds of teeth

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Test 3

Questions 20 and 21
The discussion of Williams's research indicates the periods at which early people are thought
to have migrated along certain routes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on the map below.

Complete the table below.

Write the correct letter. A-F, in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.

Route Period (num'1er ofyear6 ago)

20 ........................ 15,000 or more

21 ........................ 600to 700

Early Population Movement to the Americas

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 Reading

Questions 22-25
Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also
suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modern native
Americans first reached the continent.

Classify the groups named in the table below as originating from

A the first wave
B the second wave
C the third wave

Write the correct letter. A, B or C, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.

Name of group Wavenumber

Inuit 22 ........................

Apache 23 ........................

Pima-Papago 24 ........................

Ticuna 25 ........................

Question 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.

Christy Turner's research involved the examination of

A teeth from both prehistoric and modem Americans and Asians.
B thousands of people who Jive in either the New or the Old World.
C dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.
D the eating habits of American and Asian populations.

73
Test 3

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.

Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage.

The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a half
has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the
serious imbalances which threaten them. European countries
are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to
European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than
those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration,
the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the
mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There
has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get
together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial
Conference on the protection of Europe's forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from
both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the
destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research
programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at
two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of
concern to Europe involved the largest number otcountties and might be the subject of joint action.
Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or
the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they
will be ignored.
As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and
recreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung' for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests
produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the
essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw
materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they
offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of
freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking.
The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the
first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming
more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to
the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.
The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests
in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for
thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers
and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the
forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such
a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any
ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects
of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.

74
 Reading

That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy­
making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest
decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree's
needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%
and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a
number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and
sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably
accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil
acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve
the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree
species or at least to preserve the 'genetic material' of all bf them. Although forest fires do not affect
all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third
resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on
the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become
generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain
forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is
most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities,
particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed
developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution
relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva
should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical
aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial
support for doctoral theses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the
framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve
harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research
topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference's main concern was to provide
for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31
European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government
representatives with responsibility for forests.

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Test 3

Questions 27-33
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reacting Passage 3?

In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

27 Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of

experts.
28 Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European
Economic Community.
29 Forests are a renewable source of raw material.
30 The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.
31 Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.
32 Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.
33 The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of
change.

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 Reading

Questions 34-39
Look at the following statements issued by the conference.

Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?

Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions ( Questions 34-39).

Write the correct letter. A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.

A All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.

B Fragile mountain forests should be given priority in research programs.
C The surviving natural forests of Europe do not need priority treatment.
D Research is to be better co-ordinated throughout Europe.
E Information on forest fires should be collected and shared.
F Loss of leaves from trees should be more extensively and carefully
monitored.
G Resources should be allocated to research into tree diseases.
H Skiing should be encouraged in thinly populated areas.
I Soil imbalances such as acidification should be treated with compounds of
nitrogen and sulphur.
J Information is to be systematically gathered on any decline in the condition
of forests.
I
34 Resolution 1
3S Resolution 2
36 Resolution 3
37 Resolution 4
38 Resolution 5
39 Resolution 6

Question40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.

40 What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?

A The biological, economic and recreational role of forests
B Plans to protect the forests of Europe
C The priority of European research into ecosystems
D Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management
77