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    Fertilization Process in Human (Internal Fertilization)

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    SPH
    This pdf is about the Fertilization Process in Human (Internal Fertilization). For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos Thanks...!

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    Fertilization Process in Human (Internal Fertilization)

    Uploaded by

    SPH
    21 views32 pages
    This pdf is about the Fertilization Process in Human (Internal Fertilization). For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos Thanks...!

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    This pdf is about the Fertilization Process in Human (Internal Fertilization). For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos Thanks...!

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views32 pages

    Fertilization Process in Human (Internal Fertilization)

    Uploaded by

    SPH
    This pdf is about the Fertilization Process in Human (Internal Fertilization). For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos Thanks...!

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    You are on page 1of 32

    HI Hello

    ْ ‫الس اَل ُم اعلا ْي ُك‬ َّ


    नमस्ते
    ‫م‬
    ِ َّ ‫اة‬
    ‫ٱَّلل‬ ُ ‫حم‬ ْ ‫او ار‬
    ‫اوبا اركاتُ ُه‬

    selfexplanatory.2022
    Saba Parvin Haque
    M.Sc. Life Sciences
    (Specialization in Neurobiology)
    from “Sophia College”
    (Autonomous), Mumbai.
    Saba Parvin Haque
    FERTILIZATION

    Source: (Alves et al., 2020)


    Saba Parvin Haque
    TYPES OF FERTILIZATION?

    https://tlprodfilesmum.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/UploadLinks/UploadLinks_Slide6JPG2020_01_21_11_21_31_PM.JPG
    https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20240227102908/Internal-Fertilization.png Saba Parvin Haque
    INTERNAL VS EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION

    Saba Parvin Haque


    AFTER FERTILIZATION THERE ARE
    POST FERTILIZATION EVENTS.

    Oviparous
    ❑ Lay egg outside female body after fertilization
    E.g. Reptiles, Birds
    ❑ Egg laying Mammals: Monotremes (platypus,
    Echdina) (link between Reptiles & Mammals)
    ❑ Egg large having sufficient nutrient required for
    development of embryo
    ❑ Clutch size- Large
    ❑ Protection of egg/embryo required

    Saba Parvin Haque


    AFTER FERTILIZATION THERE ARE
    POST FERTILIZATION EVENTS.

    Viviparous
    ❑ Fertilize egg is retained within female
    reproductive tract
    ❑ Embryo development occurs with
    uterus/womb
    ❑ Live bearing/birth E.g. Mammals
    ❑ Placenta
    • Nutrient exchange
    • Gas exchange
    • Waste material exchange
    ❑ Clutch size small
    ❑ Embryo remain protected in female body
    ❑ Proper incubation temperature Saba Parvin Haque https://images.app.goo.gl/fYuBrocgGFGtVyHy7 https://images.app.goo.gl/zk8yu3gx1Fdjz4hR6
    AFTER FERTILIZATION THERE ARE
    POST FERTILIZATION EVENTS.

    OvoViviparous

    ❑Fertilized egg is retained in female


    body but nourishment is obtained
    from egg itself
    ❑Example - Shark, Anaconda snake
    ❑Live birth
    ❑Embryo remain protected in female
    body Proper incubation temperature

    Saba Parvin Haque


    https://images.app.goo.gl/ZVwJX6cUAdquHoU78, https://images.app.goo.gl/x4mZ4Ej51dkMKbbQ8
    AFTER FERTILIZATION THERE ARE POST FERTILIZATION EVENTS

    On basis of location of post fertilization embryo development.

    Saba Parvin Haque


    https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Differences-Between-Oviparous-and-Viviparous.jpeg
    AFTER FERTILIZATION THERE ARE POST FERTILIZATION EVENTS

    On basis of location of post fertilization embryo development.

    Saba Parvin Haque


    Internal Fertilization (Human)
    Difficulties:
    1. Fertilization occurs in oviduct - difficult to study
    2. Released sperms are at different stage of maturation
    3. There can be multiple ways of acrosomal reactions?

    Saba Parvin Haque


    EVENTS DURING FERTILIZATION
    1. Capacitation - Ampulla of oviduct 7. Fusion of sperm plasma membrane to
    2. Movement of sperm toward egg egg plasma membrane
    1. Thermotaxis • Izumo- Juno and CD9 protein
    2. Chemotaxis 8. Block to polyspermy
    3. Rheotaxis • Fast block Absent
    3. Entering of sperm into cumulus • Slow block - Calcium mediated
    4. Acrosomal reaction within cumulus 9. Activation of egg
    5. Binding of sperm to Zona pellucida 10. Resumption of meiosis-II
    6. Species specific interaction 11. Egg metabolic activation
    • Sperm recognize - ZP2 protein 12. Fusion of genetic material

    Saba Parvin Haque


    1. CAPACITATION

    Occurs within female reproductive system Ampulla ofHaque


    Saba Parvin oviduct Final maturation of sperms - capable to fertilize egg
    1. CAPACITATION
    ❑Major changes in sperm during
    capacitation
    • Removal of cholesterol by albumin protein
    • Specific protein on sperm surface are lost
    (These proteins block recognition site of
    the sperm protein to ZP)
    ❑K+ efflux
    • K+ ions are transported outside from Soluble adenylyl
    sperm head. cyclase (SACY)
    • Membrane potential become more negative
    ❑Increase calcium permeability
    • Calcium influx (It makes immature sperm
    to mature so as to fertilize with ovum)
    • HCO3 ions and other ions influx sperm.
    Saba Parvin Haque
    1. CAPACITATION
    • Increase of cytosolic pH (HCO3-) (7.2
    to 7.4)
    • Increase fibronectin expression = ↑

    • Effect of increase of cytosolic calcium


    and pH of sperm Soluble Adenylyl
    • Increase dynein activity, Cyclase (SACY)
    -----sperm molecular motor (ATP)
    -----Associated with microtubule which
    form axoneme in sperm tail
    • Hyper-activation of sperms
    • Sperm rapidly migrate toward egg

    Saba Parvin Haque


    2. MOVEMENT OF SPERM TOWARD EGG
    • Sperm flagellar motility (Dynein - ATP)
    • Uterine muscle contraction
    Sperm Up
    • Thermotaxis: Heat sensing; a thermal gradient
    of 2ºC between the isthmus of the oviduct and
    the warmer ampullary region
    • Chemotaxis: Progesterone, CRISP1 sensing
    (rabbit)
    • Sperm rheotaxis: Negative
    • cues from the flow of liquid from the oviduct to the
    uterus
    • Migrate against the direction of the flow-using Fluid Down
    CatSper calcium channels (calcium transporter
    sperm).
    Saba Parvin Haque
    3. ENTERING OF SPERM INTO CUMULUS
    ❑Follicle cells which
    are loosely associated
    are cumulus
    • → sperm move
    through interstial
    space
    • →flagellar motion

    Saba Parvin Haque


    4. ACROSOMAL REACTION OCCUR WITHIN CUMULUS PRIOR TO
    BINDING TO ZONA PELLUCIDA
    • JIN AND COLLEAGUES
    • Fuso genic protein on
    acrosomal membrane
    • Acrosomal membrane
    fuses with sperm plasma
    membrane
    • Enzymes are released&
    Acrosomal Content is
    released
    • Digestion of component
    of Zona pellucida &
    matrix of cumulus 2. Binding to Zona Pellucida

    Saba Parvin Haque


    4. ACROSOMAL REACTION OCCUR WITHIN CUMULUS PRIOR TO
    BINDING TO ZONA PELLUCIDA

    Pathway 1: Acrosomal
    reaction prior to
    interaction with zona
    pellucida, occurs in
    cumulus (Major 90%)
    Pathway 2: Acrosomal
    reaction occur after
    interaction of sperm with
    2P3 protein of zona
    pellucida (Minor 10%) Saba Parvin Haque
    2. Binding to Zona Pellucida
    5. BINDING OF SPERM TO ZONA PELLUCIDA

    Fastest runner reached to Egg

    Saba Parvin Haque


    (5) Entry Into Perivitelline Space
    6. SPECIES SPECIFIC INTERACTION
    ❑ Sperm recognize ZP2 protein ❑Sperm: ZP2 receptor
    ❑ Gain of function experiment: ❑Zona Pellucida: ZP2 Protein
    • Transgenic mouse oocyte were constructed
    • They are expressing mouse zona protein and
    ❑Rat: ZP1, ZP2, ZP3
    one of four human zona protein ❑Human: ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4
    • Human sperm binds to mouse oocyte
    expressing ZP2 protein

    Saba Parvin Haque


    7. FUSION OF SPERM PLASMA MEMBRANE TO EGG
    PLASMA MEMBRANE

    • Equatorial region fusion


    • Izumo-immunoglobulin like protein
    interacts with
    • Juno protein
    • CD9 Protein

    Nucleus &
    Centriole will
    enter in ovum

    https://images.app.goo.gl/7TqPBK6eUBJU1mzv5
    Saba Parvin Haque https://images.app.goo.gl/aeVkkdZ56iLW6Xda6
    8. BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY
    Fertilization

    • Fast block - Absent


    • Slow block - Calcium ion
    mediated (start with a minute of
    sperm interaction)
    • Slow/late/permanent block to
    polyspermy
    • After first sperm interaction
    • Cytosolic Ca2+ increases, release
    from ER

    Saba Parvin Haque


    (7) cortical reaction, and (8) block to polyspermy.
    8. BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY - CA2+ ION
    ❑Role of increased cytosolic Ca2+ ion
    • Activation of CAM kinase
    • Synaptotagmin activation (SNARE
    protein vesicle fusion with plasma
    membrane)
    • Release of ovastacin from cortical
    granules
    • Ovastacin removes ZP2 protein from
    zona pellucida (NO more sperms can
    interact)
    • Loss of function in Ovastacin
    (mutation)
    • No removal of ZP2 protein
    • Polyspermy can occur
    Saba Parvin Haque
    8. BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY - THE ZINC SPARK
    ❑Release of zinc ions (efflux) after entry of first sperm
    ❑Zinc binds to zona pellucida (Zinc shield)
    ❑Zinc inhibit acrosomal enzymes acrosin and MMP2 (Digestion of zona
    pellucida) as well as enzyme necessary for capacitation (No more
    capacitation)

    Saba Parvin Haque


    8. BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY – JUNO PROTEIN
    ❑Juno protein is released from oocyte cell membrane
    • Soluble juno binds to free sperm in peri-vitelline space

    Saba Parvin Haque


    9. ACTIVATION OF EGG
    ❑Fusion of membranes
    ❑Release of PLC-Zeta from sperm head
    ❑PLC-Zeta enters egg cytosol
    ❑PIP2 → DAG + IP3
    ❑IP3 allow release of calcium from ER to
    cytosol

    ❑Ca2+ activates calmodulin activated


    protein kinase (CAM Kinase)
    ❑Removes inhibitors of mRNA
    translation
    • mRNA translation allowed

    Saba Parvin Haque


    10. RESUMPTION OF MEIOSIS II
    Anaphase
    • Egg is released arrested at Promoting
    Complex
    metaphase II
    • Cytostatic factor (Mos) APC ---
    (Do arrest)
    • Ca2+ --- CAM kinase inhibit Mos --
    - APC Active
    • Meiosis II resumption

    (Male nucleus has came so female should also complete


    her meiosis 2)

    Saba Parvin Haque


    11. EGG METABOLIC ACTIVATION
    • Multiple series of Ca2+ waves generated
    • Increase in protein synthesis
    • Increase in respiration rate

    Saba Parvin Haque


    12. FUSION OF GENETIC MATERIAL
    ❑Sperm nucleus – Highly condensed/compact
    • Protamines
    • Highly basic protein
    • High disulphide bond

    ❑Reduced Glutathione - Present in egg


    cytosol
    • Breaks disulphide bonds
    ❑Protamine are removed & replaced by
    normal histone
    ❑Uncoiling of sperm chromatin
    Euchromatin
    ❑Fusion of genetic material occurs

    Saba Parvin Haque


    12. ZYGOTE FORMATION

    https://images.app.goo.gl/eCvG6yRCn2GMjcL27

    Each nucleus enters into


    G1, S, G2 & M phase

    Saba Parvin Haque


    https://images.app.goo.gl/JG6NPZTPckvuorYZ8
    REFERENCES
    • Normal fertilization and implantation. (2015b, April 10). Clinical Gate.
    https://clinicalgate.com/normal-fertilization-and-implantation/
    • https://teachmephysiology.com/reproductive-system/pregnancy/conception/
    • https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internal-fertilization/
    • https://images.app.goo.gl/WvLdfq9zD7LUkL1e6
    • https://images.app.goo.gl/YE2kVtDYzbHypPT66
    • https://images.app.goo.gl/ZSfL9CQpPEW7V8df8

    Saba Parvin Haque

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