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    Unit-IV Band Pass Filters

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    kiran kumar

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    Unit-IV Band Pass Filters

    Uploaded by

    kiran kumar
    9 views16 pages

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    9 views16 pages

    Unit-IV Band Pass Filters

    Uploaded by

    kiran kumar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    Active Band-Pass Filter

    Active Band-Pass Filter

    What is an active Band-Pass Filter?

    • An active band-pass filter is circuit that passes (allows) a particular band of


    frequencies (all the frequencies within a particular band) and blocks (rejects) all
    frequencies outside this band.

    • In general, this frequency band lies between low frequency range and high
    frequency range. So, active band pass filter rejects (blocks) both low and high
    frequency components.

    • An active band pass filter has two cut-off frequencies. These frequencies define
    the selected frequency range.
    Ideal frequency response of Active Band-Pass Filter

    • The figure shows the ideal frequency response


    of a band-pass filter.

    • The band pass filter has two cut-off


    frequencies, fC1 and fC2.

    • It passes the band of frequencies between fC1


    and fC2. Thus, the band fC1 < f < fC2 is called the
    PASS BAND. Hence, the bandwidth is fC2  fC1.

    • It rejects the frequencies less than fC1 and the


    Figure: Ideal frequency response frequencies higher than fC2. Thus, the bands 0 <
    of active band-pass filter f < fC1 and f > fC2 are the stop bands. The band
    pass filter has two stop bands
    Practical frequency response of Active Band-Pass Filter
    • The figure shows the typical practical
    frequency response of a band-pass filter

    Bandwidth

    • The bandwidth (BW) is defined as the


    difference between the upper cut-off
    frequency (fC2) and the lower cut-off
    frequency ( fC1).

    • The cut-off frequency (critical


    frequency) is the frequency at which the
    Figure: Practical frequency response of a gain is 70.7% of its maximum value. The
    band-pass filter cut-off frequency is also called 3 dB
    frequencies.
    Center frequency

    • The frequency about which the passband is


    centered is called the center frequency, f0. It is
    defined as the geometric mean of the critical
    frequencies.

    Quality Factor

    • The quality factor (Q) of a band-pass filter


    is the ratio of the center frequency to the
    Figure: Practical frequency response bandwidth
    of a band-pass filter
    Types of Band-Pass Filters
    • There are two types of band-pass filters, which are classified based on the Quality
    factor . These are

    Band-Pass Filter

    Wide band-pass filter Narrow band-pass filter


    • If Q > 10, the band-pass filter is called
    • If Q  10, the band-pass filter is called
    narrow band-pass filter. In this type,
    wide band-pass filter. In this type, the
    the band-pass is very narrow. i.e., the
    band-pass is wide. i.e., the bandwidth is
    bandwidth very small. In the narrow
    large. The frequency response is shown
    band filter, the gain peaks at the center
    below .
    frequency. The frequency response is
    shown below .

    Figure: Frequency response of Wide band-pass filter Figure: Frequency response of narrow band-pass filter
    Wide Band-Pass Filter
    Wide Band-Pass Filter

    • The figure shows the frequency


    response of wide band-pass filter.
    • The response on the left of the
    dotted line is similar to that of a
    low-pass filter
    • The response on the right of the
    dotted line is similar to that of a
    high-pass filter.
    • Details are given in the next page
    • This indicates that a wide band-
    pass filter can be formed by using a
    low-pass filter and a high-pass
    filter
    • A WIDE band-pass filter can be formed by cascading a high-pass filter and a low-
    pass filter.

    fc1 fc2

    Figure: Block-diagram of a wide band-pass filter


    Circuit Diagram

    Input signal

    High-Pass Filter Low-Pass Filter

    • The figure shows the circuit diagram of an active wide band-pass filter.

    • There are two parts in the circuit diagram of active band pass filter: The first part is
    an active high-pass filter, while the second part is an active low-pass filter.

    • The output of the active high-pass filter is applied as an input of the active low-pass
    filter.
    Figure: Active wide band pass filter

    • The values of R1 and C1 in the high-pass filter decides the lower cut-off frequency
    of the active band-pass filter.

    • The values of R2 and C2 in the low-pass filter decides the upper cut-off frequency
    of the active band-pass filter.
    Narrow Band-Pass Filter
    Narrow Band-Pass Filter
    • The figure shows the circuit diagram of a narrow
    band- pass filter

    • The narrow band filter uses only one op-amp. [Two


    op- amps in the wide band-pass filter].

    • It has two feedback paths. Because it has two


    feedback paths, it is also known as a multiple-
    feedback band-pass filter. One feedback path is
    through the resistor R2 and the other feedback path is
    through the capacitor C1.
    • Components R1 and C1 provide the low-pass
    Figure: Narrow band-pass filter response, and R2 and C2 provide the high-pass
    response.
    • The input signal is applied to the inverting
    input terminal. Thus, op-amp is in the inverting
    configuration.
    • At low frequencies, the capacitors appear to be
    open. Therefore, the input signal cannot reach the
    op amp, and the output is zero.

    • At high frequencies, the capacitors appear to be


    shorted. In this case, the voltage gain is zero
    because the feedback capacitor has zero
    impedance.

    • Between the low and high extremes in frequency,


    there is a band of frequencies where the circuit acts
    like an inverting amplifier.
    Figure: Narrow band-pass filter
    Applications of band-pass filter

    • A band-pass filter is useful in electronic communication systems, such as


    AM/FM receivers, where only a specific range of frequencies should be passed and
    all others blocked.

    • It is also useful in telephone communications equipment for separating the


    different phone conversations that are being simultaneously transmitted over the
    same communication path

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