FILAMER CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL
DEREGULATED STATUS-CHED
Roxas Avenue, Roxas City
Tel. No. (036) 6212-317 Fax No. (036) 6213-075

EdD 604 – ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

CATHERINE L. CANDIDO VIMA A. OLIVARES, B.TH, MAREX, PH.D

EdD-FLT Student Course Facilitator

FINAL EXAMINATION

A. Instructions: Discuss the Psychological Theories as applied to a variety of Educational

settings and other real situations. (Choose 4 only)

Answer:
Every theorist would agree that psychological theories provide framework or
background for understanding human behaviour, thought, and development. By having a broad
based of understanding about the how’s and why’s of human behaviour, we can better
understand ourselves and others. Psychology makes ideas of educational aims clearer.
Psychology indeed contributes largely to a better understanding of the aims of education by
defining them, making them clearer; by limiting them, showing us what can be done and can’t
be done; and by suggesting new features that should be made parts of them.
I would always believe that learning first takes place at home and second to home is
school. We have seen children struggling in their academics, in socializing with other peers,
others might have behaviour problem, and many children don’t know how to handle stress and
pressure, that later on leads to depression and anxiety which of course can affect their status
and performances at home and at school. But we might figure out, why are they like that?
What makes them like that? Or who influence them to be that kind of person they are now. It is
hard to pin point one factor, because it’s quite numerous. The vast study for me involves
different theories in psychology that has large impact when it is applied in specific situations.
Psychological theories in education study learners and learning contexts. Based on the theories,
we then evaluate ways in which factors such as age, culture, gender, physical and social
environment influence learning both inside and outside the classroom and real-life situation.
Theories influence educational programs, curricula, and lesson development, as well as
classroom management approach. With that, psychologists play an important role, these
professionals work directly with children in collaboration with parents and teachers to improve
child’s learning outcomes. Although there are numerous theories in the field of education, here
are theories which I thought so important: behaviourism, cognitivism, social learning and self-
determination theories.
 Let’s analyse the impact of behaviourism by Thorndike and Pavlov and popularized by
Watson, Skinner and others. It influences the sequence and methods used during the teaching
and learning process. Teachers work toward their desire objectives by using external stimuli,
explaining and demonstrating a skill or behaviour, and then inviting student practice and
providing feedback that reinforces the behaviours or skills they wish students to learn or
unlearn. For example: Reinforcement and punishment have indirect effects on behavior and
learning. It is true that reward and punishment have direct or indirect effect on one’s
behaviour. Even in our behaviour itself if we will notice. If we find out that we do bad things
and we’ll be punished, of course we won’t do such again. But if we were praised and rewarded
by doing good things, we are motivated to do more good things. Discipline for me is very
important. Knowing that every actions a child does would have consequences either good or
bad. That is why we have to be responsible enough in making decision and action.
In the view of cognitivism, human behaviour reflects internal processing of the human
mind, rather than simply a conditioned response to external stimuli. Learning involves the
integration of information into a stored and usable body of knowledge. According to Piaget, our
stages of development depend on biological factors such as age. Learning capacity and activity
change over time as a person moves through life. For example, although older people have
accumulated more knowledge, they do not always remain as teachable due to their tendency to
adopt a more fixed outlook over time. Teachers’ efforts then are very important in using varied
strategies that suit to their strength and weaknesses. Behaviourism has significantly shaped the
disciplines of psychology and education, illuminating major influencing factors in human
behaviour and learning. Behaviourism also influences the sequence and methods we teachers
used during our teaching and learning process.
Psychologist Albert Bandura developed the social learning theory as an alternative to
the earlier work of fellow psychologist B.F. Skinner, known for his influence on behaviorism.
People learn through observation. Learners can acquire new behavior and knowledge by merely
observing a model. Social learning theory suggests that social behaviour is learned by observing
and imitating the behaviour of others. Social learning theory examples in everyday life are
common, with one of the most evident being the behaviors of children, as they imitate family
members, friends, famous figures and even television characters. Social media presents plenty
of social learning examples with people imitating others whether acting a movie scene, copying
dance moves from a music video or even in Tiktok app, and not the least, the many social media
challenges people attempt. Now we know that peers become increasingly significant in
adolescence and important for their healthy psychological development, we as teachers, have
to help them learn values and serve as role model for them to follow as in Social Learning
suggests. May our life being their teachers, mentors, second parents, may serve as light. Let us
help them learn how to control their emotions, learn to respond when frustration comes and
get rid of all kinds of bitterness, bullying and aggression. Let us not disregard what the
psychological theories stated with regards to education and life’s situation. Theories are our
basis in life. Those as like Bible, our foundation and guide too in dealing with people, especially
our students as we deal with their performances and behaviour outside and inside the
classroom.
Lastly, the impact of Self-Determination Theory. This theory focuses on motivations
that drive individuals to pursue goals, autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This was
developed by Deci and Ryan. Here are some examples on how SDT can be applied in
educational settings and real life situations: Student Motivation, by providing students with
choices and opportunities to take ownership of their learning can enhance intrinsic motivation
and engagement. Learning environment can be also a factor by fostering a sense of belonging
and community in the classroom can promote positive relationships and collaboration among
students and with teachers and Personal Development, setting personal goals, monitoring
progress, and reflecting on experiences can support individuals in pursuing their aspirations and
enhancing their sense of autonomy. Surrounding oneself with supportive relationships and a
sense of belonging can foster personal growth, resilience, and well-being. By incorporating Self-
Determination Theory in educational settings and real-life contexts, individuals can cultivate
intrinsic motivation, autonomy, competence, and relatedness to support their personal growth,
learning, and well-being. Creating environments that nurture individuals' psychological needs
and enable them to pursue meaningful goals can enhance their motivation, engagement, and
overall satisfaction in various aspects of life.

B. Instructions: Choose only 5 questions to explain

1. How the theories in Psychology of Helping others important to everyone? Discuss

why?

Answer:
Theories in psychology related to helping others play a vital role in shaping our
understanding of human behavior and relationships. From altruism to social exchange theory,
these concepts provide valuable insights into the motivations behind helping behaviors and the
impact they have on individuals and society as a whole. As an educator, I have observed the
significance of these theories in fostering compassion, empathy, and meaningful connections
among people, highlighting why they are essential for everyone's well-being and personal
growth.
One of the key theories in psychology that underscores the importance of helping others is
the social exchange theory. This theory says that individuals engage in helping behaviors based
on a cost-benefit analysis, expecting some form of reward or reciprocity in return. While this
theory may suggest self-interest as a driving force behind helping behaviors, it also highlights
the mutual benefits that can arise from acts of kindness and support. By understanding the
principles of social exchange, individuals can develop a sense of interconnectedness and
cooperation, realizing that helping others can lead to positive outcomes for both parties
involved.
Altruism, another significant theory in psychology, emphasizes selfless concern for the well-
being of others without expecting anything in return. Altruistic behaviors stem from empathy,
compassion, and a genuine desire to alleviate the suffering of others. By embracing altruism,
individuals can cultivate a sense of purpose, fulfillment, and interconnectedness with their
fellow human beings. Acts of kindness and selflessness not only benefit the recipients but also
contribute to the well-being and psychological health of the helper, fostering a sense of unity
and shared humanity.
 Empathy, a fundamental aspect of the psychology of helping others, plays a crucial role in
understanding and responding to the needs of those who are suffering or in distress. Empathy
involves the ability to perceive and share the emotions of others, leading to compassionate
responses and supportive actions. By developing empathy, individuals can form deeper
connections with others, offer meaningful support, and contribute to a more compassionate
and caring society. Empathy enriches interpersonal relationships, promotes social cohesion,
and fosters a sense of community where individuals feel understood, valued, and supported.
The bystander effect, a psychological phenomenon that influences individuals' responses to
emergencies or situations where help is needed, underscores the importance of overcoming
barriers to helping behavior. The bystander effect highlights the impact of diffusion of
responsibility and social influence on individuals' decisions to offer assistance. By raising
awareness of the bystander effect and understanding the factors that inhibit helping behaviors,
individuals can take proactive steps to overcome inertia and take action to help others in need.
Overcoming the bystander effect requires cultivating a sense of responsibility, empathy, and
moral courage to intervene and provide support when it is most needed.
As a teacher, I have witnessed the transformative power of helping others and the positive
impact it has on individuals' well-being and sense of connection. Theories in psychology related
to helping behaviors not only provide theoretical frameworks for understanding human
behavior but also offer practical guidance for fostering empathy, compassion, and altruism in
everyday interactions. By embracing these theories and incorporating them into our lives, we
can build a more compassionate, empathetic, and supportive community where human beings
feel valued, understood, and cared for.

2. Discuss the Nature of Self, its implication and its significance to boast self- esteem of
a person . Site theories to support your answer.

Answer:
The concept of self is a complex and multifaceted aspect of human existence that
influences how individuals perceive themselves, relate to others, and navigate the world
around them. As a teacher of personal development, I have observed the profound
implications of understanding the nature of self on self-esteem, personal growth, and well-
being of my students. By delving into theories that shed light on the nature of self, such as
self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-esteem, students can gain valuable insights into their
identity, capabilities, and worth, ultimately fostering a sense of self-acceptance, confidence,
and empowerment.
Self-concept, a foundational theory in psychology, refers to the beliefs, perceptions, and
evaluations individuals hold about themselves. It encompasses various dimensions,
including physical appearance, abilities, values, and social roles. Developing a positive self-
concept involves aligning one's self-perceptions with reality, acknowledging strengths and
weaknesses, and cultivating self-acceptance and self-respect. By exploring and
understanding the complexities of their self-concept, individuals can enhance their self-
esteem, self-worth, and sense of identity, leading to greater confidence and resilience in the
face of challenges.
 Self-efficacy, a key concept in social cognitive theory proposed by Albert Bandura,
pertains to individuals' beliefs in their ability to succeed in specific tasks or situations. Self-
efficacy influences motivation, behavior, and performance, shaping individuals' aspirations,
perseverance, and resilience. By developing a strong sense of self-efficacy, individuals can
overcome obstacles, pursue personal goals, and cultivate a sense of mastery and
competence. Self-efficacy beliefs play a crucial role in boosting self-esteem by enhancing
individuals' confidence in their capabilities and their capacity to achieve success in various
domains of life.
Self-esteem, an essential component of psychological well-being, refers to the overall
evaluation and feelings individuals have about themselves. Self-esteem can be influenced
by factors such as experiences, social comparisons, and internalized beliefs about
worthiness and adequacy. Cultivating healthy self-esteem involves challenging self-critical
thoughts, embracing self-compassion, and nurturing a positive self-image based on inherent
value and uniqueness. By fostering positive self-esteem, individuals can enhance their
emotional resilience, mental health, and overall quality of life, leading to a greater sense of
self-worth, self-acceptance, and self-confidence.
In my interactions as a teacher of personal development, I have witnessed the
transformative power of understanding the nature of self in boosting self-esteem and
promoting personal growth. Theories that illuminate the complexities of self-concept, self-
efficacy, and self-esteem provide valuable frameworks for my students to explore their
identity, capabilities, and worth, leading to greater self-awareness, self-acceptance, and
self-empowerment. By embracing these theories and applying their principles in daily life,
they can enhance their self-esteem, cultivate resilience, and foster a positive self-image that
is grounded in self-acceptance and self-compassion.

3. Discuss the Social Cognitive theory of Bandura and what does it mean to be a teacher
and a leader?

Answer:
Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory has been a guiding principle in understanding
human behavior, cognition, and motivation, particularly in the realms of education and
leadership. As an educator, I have witnessed the profound impact of Bandura's theory on
shaping instructional practices, fostering self-efficacy, and nurturing effective leadership
qualities. By embodying the principles of social cognitive theory, educators can inspire
learning, empower students, and cultivate a culture of growth and development. Likewise,
leaders who embody the essence of social cognitive theory can inspire and empower their
teams, foster collaboration, and drive collective success.
Social Cognitive Theory, as proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the reciprocal
interaction between cognitive processes, behaviors, and the environment in shaping human
learning and development. Central to this theory is the concept of self-efficacy, individuals'
beliefs in their ability to achieve specific goals and perform tasks successfully. As a teacher, I
have incorporate self-efficacy principles in my teaching practices that can empower my
students to strive for excellence, overcome challenges, and cultivate a growth mindset. By
fostering a supportive and encouraging learning environment that nurtures students' self-
efficacy beliefs, I can inspire motivation, confidence, and resilience in my learners.
The role of a teacher extends beyond imparting knowledge; it encompasses fostering
growth, instilling values, and nurturing potential in students. Embodying the principles of
Social Cognitive Theory, teachers can serve as role models, mentors, and facilitators of
learning experiences that promote self-efficacy, agency, and autonomy in students. By
creating opportunities for students to set and achieve goals, practice self-regulation, and
receive constructive feedback, teachers can empower learners to take ownership of their
learning journey, develop critical thinking skills, and build confidence in their abilities. Being
a teacher means embracing the responsibility to inspire, guide, and support students in
realizing their full potential and becoming lifelong learners.
In the context of leadership, the principles of Social Cognitive Theory are equally
relevant in shaping effective leadership practices that inspire, empower, and motivate
individuals and teams. Leaders who embody self-efficacy beliefs, set challenging yet
attainable goals, and model resilient and adaptive behaviors can create a culture of
excellence, collaboration, and innovation within their organizations. By fostering a
supportive and empowering work environment that values individuals' contributions,
growth, and well-being, leaders can cultivate a sense of purpose, engagement, and
commitment among their team members.
Being a leader entails harnessing the power of influence, empathy, and vision to inspire
others, drive change, and achieve collective goals. By leveraging the principles of Social
Cognitive Theory, leaders can create a positive impact on their teams by modeling ethical
behavior, providing opportunities for skill development, and offering support and
encouragement to facilitate personal and professional growth. Effective leaders recognize
the potential in others, empower them to take initiative, and cultivate a culture of trust,
collaboration, and continuous learning that fuels organizational success and individual
fulfillment.
In my interactions as an indvidual, I have seen how embracing the principles of Social
Cognitive Theory can transform teaching practices and leadership approaches, fostering
motivation, empowerment, and growth in both educational and organizational settings.
Educators and leaders who integrate self-efficacy beliefs, modeling, and reinforcement
principles into their interactions with students and team members can create environments
that promote learning, resilience, and excellence. By embodying the qualities of a teacher
and a leader grounded in Social Cognitive Theory, we can inspire others, foster self-efficacy,
and cultivate a culture of growth, development, and achievement that benefits both
individuals and communities.

4. Discuss the Positive and Negative Reinforcement theories. How this theory affects
ones behavior in his ambition of success.

Answer:
Reinforcement theories, specifically positive and negative reinforcement, play a pivotal
role in shaping behavior, motivation, and outcomes. I have observed the profound impact
of reinforcement theories on human behavior and the pursuit of success. Positive
reinforcement, characterized by the provision of rewards or incentives to encourage desired
behaviors, can fuel intrinsic motivation, foster growth, and drive achievement. On the other
hand, negative reinforcement, involving the removal of aversive stimuli to reinforce
behaviors, can influence perseverance, resilience, and adaptation in the face of challenges.
Understanding how these reinforcement mechanisms operate and their effects on behavior
has provided valuable insights into navigating my ambitions for success and personal
growth.
Positive reinforcement operates on the principle of rewarding desired behaviors to
increase the likelihood of their recurrence. I have witnessed how positive reinforcement can
instill a sense of accomplishment, pride, and satisfaction in individuals when they meet
goals, demonstrate progress, or exhibit desired behaviors. By receiving recognition, praise,
or incentives for their efforts, individuals are motivated to continue their positive actions,
strive for excellence, and pursue success with enthusiasm and determination. Positive
reinforcement serves as a powerful tool in shaping behavior, fostering self-esteem, and
cultivating a mindset geared towards growth and achievement.
In my pursuit of success, positive reinforcement has played a significant role in shaping
my behavior and driving me towards my ambitions. By setting clear goals, acknowledging
milestones, and celebrating achievements, I have been able to maintain a sense of progress,
momentum, and purpose in working towards my objectives. Positive feedback,
encouragement, and support from others have served as catalysts for my motivation,
resilience, and commitment to continuous improvement. Embracing a mindset that values
recognition, reinforcement, and growth opportunities has propelled me to push beyond
limitations, embrace challenges, and strive for success with confidence and determination.
Conversely, negative reinforcement involves the removal of aversive stimuli or
consequences to reinforce desired behaviors. This form of reinforcement can motivate
individuals to engage in behaviors that alleviate discomfort, anxiety, or stress, thereby
strengthening their resolve, tolerance for adversity, and ability to adapt to challenging
circumstances. By escaping or avoiding negative consequences through their actions,
individuals learn to be resilient, resourceful, and proactive in managing obstacles and
achieving their goals. Negative reinforcement can serve as a powerful mechanism for
promoting perseverance, problem-solving skills, and emotional resilience in the face of
setbacks and adversities.
In navigating my ambitions for success, negative reinforcement has also played a role in
shaping my behavior and response to challenges. By viewing obstacles as opportunities for
growth, learning, and self-improvement, I have been able to leverage negative experiences
or feedback as valuable lessons that fuel my determination, persistence, and adaptive
capacity. Recognizing that adversity can be a catalyst for personal development and
resilience, I have embraced a mindset that embraces challenges, feedback, and setbacks as
stepping stones towards achieving my aspirations. By cultivating a sense of purpose, grit,
and flexibility in the face of difficulties, negative reinforcement has enabled me to channel
adversity into opportunities for growth, innovation, and success.
Positive and negative reinforcement theories play a significant role in shaping behavior,
motivation, and outcomes in the pursuit of success. I have experienced firsthand the impact
of these reinforcement mechanisms on driving ambition, fostering resilience, and fueling
 personal growth. By understanding how positive reinforcement can inspire motivation,
confidence, and achievement, and how negative reinforcement can promote perseverance,
adaptability, and resilience, we can harness these powerful mechanisms to navigate
challenges, overcome obstacles, and achieve our aspirations with purpose and
determination. Embracing a balanced approach that leverages the benefits of both forms of
reinforcement can empower us to cultivate a mindset of growth, self-efficacy, and success
in their pursuit of personal and professional goals.

5. How teachers or leaders can handle or can reduce intergroup conflict?

Answer:
Any group or organization wouldn’t be made possible without relationship. Relating
with people requires strong heart, mind and soul. Nothing can beat a strong and harmonious
relationship. “When there is unity, there is power”, that is indeed a powerful statement. The
best illustration for that is a bundle of stick, where it can’t easily get crushed and broke if
people would try to, simply because they were together and stronger. We were created as
relative being where we are capable of relating with others. But of course, we are not living in
that easy way we wanted to. Whether we like it or not, conflict still exist. The existence of
conflictual relations between social groups is a universal feature of human society. Intergroup
conflict is a major factor that affects and shaped the evolution of group living and sociality.
Intergroup conflict is a prevalent challenge in educational settings and leadership roles,
requiring effective strategies to promote understanding and harmony among diverse groups. As
an educator, I have observed and learned how teachers and leaders can address and reduce
intergroup conflict through proactive measures and inclusive practices.
One key strategy that stands out in my experience is the promotion of understanding
and empathy. As a teacher it plays a crucial role in fostering dialogue and empathy among
different groups by encouraging open communication and active listening. By creating a safe
space for my students to express their perspectives and experiences, I can reduce
misunderstandings and stereotypes that often fuel intergroup conflict. Moreover, collaboration
is another powerful tool in mitigating intergroup conflict. By providing opportunities for groups
to work together towards a common goal, as a teacher I can cultivate a sense of camaraderie
and shared purpose. Collaborative projects and activities not only promote teamwork but also
break down barriers and build trust among students from diverse backgrounds.
Addressing prejudices and biases is also essential in handling intergroup conflict. As an
educator I have the responsibility to educate students about the harmful effects of prejudices
and biases, guiding them towards a mindset of inclusivity and respect. By challenging
discriminatory attitudes and promoting diversity awareness, teachers and leaders can create a
more inclusive and harmonious environment for all.
Furthermore, equipping individuals with conflict resolution skills is crucial in navigating
disagreements and discord within groups. Effective communication, active listening, and
negotiation techniques are essential tools that teachers and leaders can impart to empower
individuals to manage conflicts constructively. By promoting a culture of respectful
communication and peaceful conflict resolution, intergroup conflicts can be resolved amicably
and with mutual understanding.
 In my role as a teacher, I have witnessed the power of providing support and mediation
in resolving intergroup conflicts. Teachers and leaders can offer guidance, support, and
mediation services to individuals involved in conflicts, helping them navigate challenges and
reach mutually beneficial solutions. By fostering a culture of support and understanding,
educators can create a community where conflicts are viewed as opportunities for growth and
reconciliation rather than sources of division.

"Faith and theory intertwine as threads in the fabric of human understanding, weaving together
the empirical with the intuitive, the rational with the transcendent."